1
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Beszterda-Buszczak M, Frański R. Oligoester Identification in the Inner Coatings of Metallic Cans by High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Cone Voltage-Induced Fragmentation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2771. [PMID: 38894033 PMCID: PMC11173705 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The application of polyesters as food contact materials is an alternative to epoxy resin coatings, which can be a source of endocrine migrants. By using high-pressure liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) with cone voltage-induced fragmentation in-source, a number of polyester-derived migrants were detected in the extracts of inner coatings of metallic cans. The polyester-derived migrants were detected in each inner coating of fish product-containing cans (5/5) and in one inner coating of meat product-containing can (1/5). They were not detected in the inner coatings of vegetable/fruit product-containing cans (10 samples). The respective detected parent and product ions enabled differentiation between cyclic and linear compounds, as well as unambiguous identification of diol and diacid units. Most of the detected compounds, cyclic and linear, were composed of neopentyl glycol as diol and two diacid comonomers, namely isophthalic acid and hexahydrophthalic acid. The other detected oligoesters were composed of neopentyl glycol or propylene glycol and adipic acid/isophthalic acid as comonomers. The compounds containing propylene glycol as diol were found to be exclusively linear cooligoesters. On the basis of abundances of [M+Na]+ ions, the relative contents of cyclic and linear oligoesters were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Beszterda-Buszczak
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Mazowiecka 48, 60-623 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Rafał Frański
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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2
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Hayrapetyan R, Cariou R, Platel A, Santos J, Huot L, Monneraye V, Chagnon MC, Séverin I. Identification of non-volatile non-intentionally added substances from polyester food contact coatings and genotoxicity assessment of polyester coating's migrates. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 185:114484. [PMID: 38280474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Can's polyester coatings are intended to replace epoxy-phenolic ones due to rising safety concern regarding the potential release of bisphenol A under increased regulations and consumer pressure. In this study, hazard linked to the migration of non-intentionally added substances from a single polyester-coated tin plate (5 batches) to canned food has been studied. Migration tests were performed using acetonitrile (ACN) and ethanol (EtOH) 95 %. Non-targeted analyses by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed the presence of four cyclic oligoesters classified as Cramer class III substances with an estimated exposure (calculated for French population only) below the threshold of toxicological concern value of 1.5 μg/kg b.w./day, suggesting a no safety concern. Moreover, migrates were tested using in vitro genotoxicity DNA damage response (DDR) test and mini mutagenicity test (MMT) with different strains of S. Typhimurium using direct incorporation (TA100, TA98, TA102, TA1537) and pre-incubation (TA100, TA98) methods. Samples were negative in both bioassays suggesting the absence of genotoxicity/mutagenicity of the mixtures. To verify any false negative response due to matrix effect, migrates were spiked with corresponding positive controls in parallel with the MMT and the DDR test. No matrix effect was observed in these experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzanna Hayrapetyan
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Team (NUTox), F-21000, Dijon, France
| | | | - Anne Platel
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Julie Santos
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Ludovic Huot
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Marie-Christine Chagnon
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Team (NUTox), F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Isabelle Séverin
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Team (NUTox), F-21000, Dijon, France.
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3
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Kaseke T, Lujic T, Cirkovic Velickovic T. Nano- and Microplastics Migration from Plastic Food Packaging into Dairy Products: Impact on Nutrient Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism. Foods 2023; 12:3043. [PMID: 37628042 PMCID: PMC10453031 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing use of plastic polymers to manufacture food packaging has raised concerns about the presence of nano- and microplastics (NMPs) in a variety of foods. This review provides the most recent data on NMPs' migration from plastic packaging into dairy products. Also discussed are the possible effects of NMPs on nutrient digestion, absorption, and metabolism. Different kinds of dairy products, including skimmed milk, whole liquid milk, powder milk, and infant formula milk, have been found to contain NMPs of various sizes, shapes, and concentrations. NMPs may interact with proteins, carbohydrates, and fats and have a detrimental impact on how well these nutrients are digested and absorbed by the body. The presence of NMPs in the gastrointestinal tract may impact how lipids, proteins, glucose, iron, and energy are metabolized, increasing the risk of developing various health conditions. In addition to NMPs, plastic oligomers released from food packaging material have been found to migrate to various foods and food simulants, though information regarding their effect on human health is limited. Viewpoints on potential directions for future studies on NMPs and their impact on nutrient digestion, absorption, and health are also presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafadzwa Kaseke
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Lujic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Food Technology, Safety, and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Food Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihajlova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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4
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Kubicova M, Eckardt M, Simat TJ. Migration of oligomers from Tritan™ copolyester: application of hydrolysis for overall oligomer determination. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1074-1095. [PMID: 37489979 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2232244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Tritan™ (a kind of glycol-modified polycyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate) is a novel copolyester mainly in use for the production of sports bottles and food storage containers. Oligomers in three food-grade Tritan™ samples were identified after dissolution-precipitation by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and mass spectrometry and quantified after alkaline hydrolysis to the monomers. The obtained overall oligomer content <1000 Da determined by hydrolysis ranged from 7.2 to 10.6 mg/g material. Three consecutive migration experiments were performed according to the Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011. Oligomer migration values decreased from first to third migration during all simulations. Less than 25 µg/kg (third migrate) were detected in bottle migrates when tested under room temperature storage conditions (40 °C, 24 h) with simulants 3% acetic acid, 20 and 50% ethanol and during hot-fill testing (70 °C, 2 h) with simulants 3% acetic acid and 20% ethanol, respectively, while 170 µg/kg were determined in 50% ethanol after migration at 70 °C for 2 h. Food storage containers that were labelled as microwave-suitable by the supplier were tested according to the Joint Research Centre recommendations for microwave dishware. A strong deformation of the containers as well as a loss of transparency were observed during the tests (100 °C, 2 h with 10% ethanol and 3% acetic acid in an autoclave, 121 °C, 30 min with sunflower oil), questioning the suitability of the material for microwave applications. Maximum oligomer migration was 379 µg/kg during the third migration (sunflower oil at 121 °C for 30 min). Based on the migration data and an in silico oligomer evaluation according to the threshold of toxicological concern concept, no exceedances of daily thresholds for oligomers are expected from a proper use of Tritan™ drinking bottles, even with hot drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kubicova
- Department of Food Chemistry and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Eckardt
- Department of Food Chemistry and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas J Simat
- Department of Food Chemistry and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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5
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Schreier VN, Çörek E, Appenzeller-Herzog C, Brüschweiler BJ, Geueke B, Wilks MF, Schilter B, Muncke J, Simat TJ, Smieško M, Roth N, Odermatt A. Evaluating the food safety and risk assessment evidence-base of polyethylene terephthalate oligomers: A systematic evidence map. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 176:107978. [PMID: 37210807 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) oligomers in food contact materials (FCMs) is well-documented. Consumers are exposed through their migration into foods and beverages; however, there is no specific guidance for their safety evaluation. OBJECTIVES This systematic evidence map (SEM) aims to identify and organize existing knowledge and associated gaps in hazard and exposure information on 34 PET oligomers to support regulatory decision-making. METHODS The methodology for this SEM was recently registered. A systematic search in bibliographic and gray literature sources was conducted and studies evaluated for inclusion according to the Populations, Exposures, Comparators, Outcomes, and Study type (PECOS) framework. Inclusion criteria were designed to record hazard and exposure information for all 34 PET oligomers and coded into the following evidence streams: human, animal, organism (non-animal), ex vivo, in vitro, in silico, migration, hydrolysis, and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion/toxicokinetics/pharmacokinetics (ADME/TK/PK) studies. Relevant information was extracted from eligible studies and synthesized according to the protocol. RESULTS Literature searches yielded 7445 unique records, of which 96 were included. Data comprised migration (560 entries), ADME/TK/PK-related (253 entries), health/bioactivity (98 entries) and very few hydrolysis studies (7 entries). Cyclic oligomers were studied more frequently than linear PET oligomers. In vitro results indicated that hydrolysis of cyclic oligomers generated a mixture of linear oligomers, but not monomers, potentially allowing their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Cyclic dimers, linear trimers and the respective smaller oligomers exhibit physico-chemical properties making oral absorption more likely. Information on health/bioactivity effects of oligomers was almost non-existent, except for limited data on mutagenicity. CONCLUSIONS This SEM revealed substantial deficiencies in the available evidence on ADME/TK/PK, hydrolysis, and health/bioactivity effects of PET oligomers, currently preventing appropriate risk assessment. It is essential to develop more systematic and tiered approaches to address the identified research needs and assess the risks of PET oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena N Schreier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Emre Çörek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Beat J Brüschweiler
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin F Wilks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Benoit Schilter
- Consultant of Food Contact Materials Safety, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas J Simat
- Chair of Food Contact Materials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Martin Smieško
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Roth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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6
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Alberto Lopes J, Tsochatzis ED. Poly(ethylene terephthalate), Poly(butylene terephthalate), and Polystyrene Oligomers: Occurrence and Analysis in Food Contact Materials and Food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2244-2258. [PMID: 36716125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyesters (PES) and polystyrene (PS) are among the most used plastics in the production of food contact materials (FCM). The existence of compounds that could migrate from these materials into food requires a constant analytical control to ensure the safety of consumers due to consumption. It also implies a significant research challenge for their identification and quantification. One of the most important groups of known FCM migrants are the substances known as oligomers. PES and PS oligomers have long been suspected to possess some toxicological effects. The International Agency for Research on Cancer and the European Food Safety Authority alerted recently to the potential carcinogenicity of styrene, with its oligomers consequently being also in the spotlight. At the same time, PES cyclic oligomers are categorized as having Cramer III toxicity. Many recent works on the occurrence of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), and PS oligomers in FCM and food have been published. The oligomeric chemical analysis requires the use of demanding analytical strategies to address their different physicochemical characteristics (melting points, octanol/water partition coefficients, and solubility properties). Chromatographic methods are normally preferred due to the intrinsic complexity of the target matrices, but the reduced amount of reliable analytical standards still hinders the widespread screening analysis of oligomers in food. This work presents the most relevant recent studies and analytical methodologies used in the analysis of PET, PBT, and PS oligomers in food and FCM, as well as current and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alberto Lopes
- European Innovation Council and SMEs Executive Agency, 1210 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E D Tsochatzis
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
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7
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Zhang Z, Zhou J, Yu S, Wei L, Hu Z, Xiang H, Zhu M. Melt-spun bio-based PLA-co-PET copolyester fibers with tunable properties: Synergistic effects of chemical structure and drawing process. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:670-678. [PMID: 36521703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of bio-based copolyester fiber with adjustable crystallization, orientation structure and mechanical property still remains a great challenge. In this study, a series of copolyester fibers based on terephthalic acid (PTA), ethylene glycol (EG) and l-Lactide (L-LA) were prepared via melt copolymerization and spinning. The resultant PLA-co-PET (PETLA) fibers exhibited tunable structure and property due to the synergistic effects of chemical structure and drawing process. The chemical structure of PETLA was confirmed by NMR, FTIR and XRD, which suggested that the random degree of copolymer increased with LA content and the viscosity decreased with the increase of LA content. The crystallization behavior, melting characteristic, thermal stability and rheological property were investigated by DSC, TGA and rheometer, the results indicated that all the PETLA exhibited the crystallization capacity, melting temperature and thermal stability were slightly affected by LA segment. The synergistic effects of LA segment and spinning process on PETLA structure and property were analyzed by WAXD and SAXS. The breaking strength of PETLA fibers dropped from 5.3 cN/dtex of PET to 2.8 cN/dtex of PET85LA15, which still met the requirements of most textile applications. Therefore, our work presented a feasible approach to prepare bio-based polyester fibers with tunable property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jialiang Zhou
- Jiangsu Gem Advanced Fiber Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nantong 226000, China
| | - Senlong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Lifei Wei
- Shanghai Different Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201502, China
| | - Zexu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hengxue Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Wang H, Yu H, Tran TN, Fu K, Kiley K, Kullar S, Hu J, Kamberi M. Chemical Characterization of Leachables in Catheter Device. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:48291-48300. [PMID: 36591149 PMCID: PMC9798755 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Extractables or leachables of biomaterials or residues of additives used in the manufacturing process that are potentially released from a medical device may have an adverse effect on a patient. Chemical characterization of leachable chemicals and degradation products in a medical device is an important aspect of its overall biocompatibility assessment process, which helps to ensure that the therapeutical benefits exceed the potential biological risks associated with the use of the device or its components or materials. By evaluating the types and amounts of chemicals that may migrate from a device to a patient during clinical use, potential toxicological risks can be assessed. A semipolar solvent, 40% ethanol in water (v/v), an appropriate surrogate for blood and blood related substances, was used as an extraction medium to mimic the body fluid in contact with a medical device. The extraction was conducted at 37 °C for 24 h for limited exposure medical devices per ISO 10993-12:2021. From gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, leachable chemicals of polylactams, linear polyamides, cyclic polytetramethylene ether (PTME), poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMEG), cyclic and linear poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol adipate (PTMEGA), cyclic and linear poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol adipamide (PTMEGAA) were structurally elucidated. The workflow presented in this study was proven to be a successful approach for rapid extractable and leachable profiling and identification with confidence.
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9
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Kubicova M, Eckardt M, Simat TJ. Oligomers in polybutylene terephthalate for food contact-strategies on identification, quantification, and risk assessment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:2002-2023. [PMID: 36206019 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2126531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oligomers are a significant group of migrating substances from food contact materials made of polyesters like polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). Twenty-three cyclic and linear oligomers with different end groups including olefin-terminated oligomers, which are associated with thermal stress of the material, were tentatively identified in PBT extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and diode array detection. Quantification approaches based on chromophore concentration, relative response factors, and overall oligomer determination after hydrolysis to the monomer terephthalic acid were employed. An exhaustive extraction of thirteen PBT samples yielded an overall oligomer content of 1.87-6.10 mg/g material (sum of individual oligomers < 1,000 Da) with a predominant content of cyclic over linear oligomers. Migration experiments were performed according to Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011 using the official food simulants as well as cows' milk. A total of 218 µg cyclic oligomers/L milk were detected in the third migrate relevant for risk assessment of repeated-use articles under hot-fill conditions (70 °C, 2 h). The official food simulant for milk, 50% ethanol, was found to overestimate the actual migration into milk by a factor of four. Frying conditions using sunflower oil as the food simulant (200 °C, 10 min) resulted in a migration of 7.5 mg cyclic oligomers/kg oil. The exposure to migrating oligomers is critical in some scenarios when evaluated by the threshold of toxicological concern concept; however, the toxicological evaluation poses a challenge due to the possible hydrolysis of cyclic oligomers in the human gastrointestinal tract. Our experiments display the need for a toxicological evaluation of PBT oligomers because the migration of cyclic oligomers is expected to exceed the current in silico-based thresholds under foreseeable conditions of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kubicova
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Eckardt
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas J Simat
- Chair for Food Chemistry and Food and Skin Contact Materials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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10
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Schreier VN, Appenzeller-Herzog C, Brüschweiler BJ, Geueke B, Wilks MF, Simat TJ, Schilter B, Smieško M, Muncke J, Odermatt A, Roth N. Evaluating the food safety and risk assessment evidence-base of polyethylene terephthalate oligomers: Protocol for a systematic evidence map. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107387. [PMID: 35841728 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) oligomers are ubiquitous in PET used in food contact applications. Consumer exposure by migration of PET oligomers into food and beverages is documented. However, no specific risk assessment framework or guidance for the safety evaluating of PET oligomers exist to date. AIM The aim of this systematic evidence map (SEM) is to identify and organize existing knowledge clusters and associated gaps in hazard and exposure information of PET oligomers. Research needs will be identified as an input for chemical risk assessment, and to support future toxicity testing strategies of PET oligomers and regulatory decision-making. SEARCH STRATEGY AND ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Multiple bibliographic databases (incl. Embase, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection), chemistry databases (SciFinder-n, Reaxys), and gray literature sources will be searched, and the search results will be supplemented by backward and forward citation tracking on eligible records. The search will be based on a single-concept PET oligomer-focused strategy to ensure sensitive and unbiased coverage of all evidence related to hazard and exposure in a data-poor environment. A scoping exercise conducted during planning identified 34 relevant PET oligomers. Eligible work of any study type must include primary research data on at least one relevant PET oligomer with regard to exposure, health, or toxicological outcomes. STUDY SELECTION For indexed scientific literature, title and abstract screening will be performed by one reviewer. Selected studies will be screened in full-text by two independent reviewers. Gray literature will be screened by two independent reviewers for inclusion and exclusion. STUDY QUALITY ASSESSMENT Risk of bias analysis will not be conducted as part of this SEM. DATA EXTRACTION AND CODING Will be performed by one reviewer and peer-checked by a second reviewer for indexed scientific literature or by two independent reviewers for gray literature. SYNTHESIS AND VISUALIZATION The extracted and coded information will be synthesized in different formats, including narrative synthesis, tables, and heat maps. SYSTEMATIC MAP PROTOCOL REGISTRY AND REGISTRATION NUMBER Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6224302.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena N Schreier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Beat J Brüschweiler
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Birgit Geueke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin F Wilks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas J Simat
- Chair of Food Contact Materials, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Benoit Schilter
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Smieško
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Roth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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11
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Yang T, Nowack B. Reply to Comment on "Characterization of Nanoplastics, Fibrils, and Microplastics Released during Washing and Abrasion of Polyester Textiles". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10545-10546. [PMID: 35771741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yang
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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12
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Gong C, Gu Y, Wang X, Yi C. Oligomer Content Determines the Properties and Application of Polycaprolactone. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Gong
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Yu Gu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chunwang Yi
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, P. R. China
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13
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Terrasse J, Martin M, Dubail S, Dole P, Casabianca H. Non-targeted screening of extracts from polyester-phenolic can coatings: Identification of new aldehyde molecules from resole-based resins. Talanta 2022; 243:123351. [PMID: 35272157 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic and substituted phenol based resoles are commonly used in the formulation of can coatings. However, migration analyses of these coatings are very little described compared to other coating technologies. While epoxy and polyester have well known migrants with defined formation mechanisms, Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) specifically related to the phenolic resin are hardly studied in the literature. The goal of the publication is to further explore the influence of the phenolic resole, used in the formulation of can coatings, on extracted NIAS's nature. Six different model polyester-phenolic can coatings were formulated each with a specific phenol, cresol or tertbutylphenol-based resole. Can coating films were extracted for 24 h at 40 °C in acetonitrile before analysis. NIAS identification was done using gas chromatography separation coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analyses. Cyclic polyester oligomers were found in all extracts, with oligomers found in a range of 10 μg/dm2 to 226 μg/dm2, without specific influence of the resole used in formulation. While very few or no peaks were detected from cresol- and phenol-based resoles, 48 peaks were specifically observed in coating extracts of formulas with tertbutylphenol-based resoles as well as in their respective resoles. The most intense peaks were identified as aldehyde compounds by HRMS and NMR analysis. These aldehydes were semi-quantified in similar proportions as polyester oligomers. The presence of such aldehydes has never been reported in the literature regarding NIAS in can coatings. Further study will then be needed to better understand the aldehyde formation mechanism and assess the toxicological profile of such chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Terrasse
- The Valspar (France) Research Corporation SAS Subsidiary of the Sherwin-Williams Company, 14 Rue Chanay, 71700, Tournus, France; Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Marie Martin
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sarah Dubail
- The Valspar (France) Research Corporation SAS Subsidiary of the Sherwin-Williams Company, 14 Rue Chanay, 71700, Tournus, France
| | - Patrice Dole
- CTCPA, Service Sécurité et Qualité des Emballages, Pôle Alimentec - Rue Henri de Boissieu, 01000, Bourg-en-Bresse, France
| | - Hervé Casabianca
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 Rue de la Doua, F-69100, Villeurbanne, France
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14
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Nerín C, Bourdoux S, Faust B, Gude T, Lesueur C, Simat T, Stoermer A, Van Hoek E, Oldring P. Guidance in selecting analytical techniques for identification and quantification of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food contact materials (FCMS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:620-643. [PMID: 35081016 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2012599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous approaches and methodologies for assessing the identity and quantities of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) in food contact materials (FCMs). They can give different results and it can be difficult to make meaningful comparisons. The initial approach was to attempt to prepare a prescriptive methodology but as this proved impossible; this paper develops guidelines that need to be taken into consideration when assessing NIAS. Different approaches to analysing NIAS in FCMs are reviewed and compared. The approaches for preparing the sample for analysis, recommended procedures for screening, identification, and quantification of NIAS as well as the reporting requirements are outlined. Different analytical equipment and procedures are compared. Limitations of today's capabilities are raised along with some research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nerín
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación Analítica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Birgit Faust
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting (TERC), Dow Olefinverbund GmbH, Schkopau, Germany
| | - Thomas Gude
- Swiss Quality Testing Services, Dietikon, Switzerland
| | - Céline Lesueur
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Danone, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Simat
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Angela Stoermer
- Fraunhofer Institute Process Engineering and Packaging, Freising, Germany
| | - Els Van Hoek
- Organic Contaminants & Additives, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Oldring
- Regulatory Affairs Department, Sherwin Williams, Witney, UK
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15
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Bhagia S, Bornani K, Ozcan S, Ragauskas AJ. Terephthalic Acid Copolyesters Containing Tetramethylcyclobutanediol for High-Performance Plastics. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:830-841. [PMID: 34402603 PMCID: PMC8369847 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for high-performance applications for terephthalic acid (TPA) polyesters with high heat resistance, impact toughness, and optical clarity. Bisphenol A (BPA) based polycarbonates and polyarylates have such properties, but BPA is an endocrine disruptor. Therefore, new TPA polyesters that are less hazardous to health and the environment are becoming popular. Tetramethylcyclobutanediol (TMCD) is a difunctional monomer that can be polymerized with TPA and other diols to yield copolyesters with superior properties to conventional TPA polyesters. It has a cyclobutyl ring that makes it more rigid than cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) and EG. Thus, TMCD containing TPA copolyesters can have high heat resistance and impact strength. TPA can be made from abundantly available upcycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Therefore, this review discusses the synthesis of monomers and copolyesters, the impact of diol composition on material properties, molecular weight, effects of photodegradation, health safety, and substitution of cyclobutane diols for future polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarthya Bhagia
- Biosciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee 37831USA
| | - Kamlesh Bornani
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermont 05405USA
| | - Soydan Ozcan
- Manufacturing Science DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee37831USA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennessee 37996USA
- Joint Institute of Biological SciencesBiosciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee 37831USA
- Center for Renewable CarbonDepartment of ForestryWildlifeand FisheriesUniversity of Tennessee Institute of AgricultureKnoxvilleTennessee 37996USA
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