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Stegmann F, Diersing C, Lepenies B. Legionella pneumophila modulates macrophage functions through epigenetic reprogramming via the C-type lectin receptor Mincle. iScience 2024; 27:110700. [PMID: 39252966 PMCID: PMC11382120 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is a pathogen which can lead to a severe form of pneumonia in humans known as Legionnaires disease after replication in alveolar macrophages. Viable L. pneumophila actively secrete effector molecules to modulate the host's immune response. Here, we report that L. pneumophila-derived factors reprogram macrophages into a tolerogenic state, a process to which the C-type lectin receptor Mincle (CLEC4E) markedly contributes. The underlying epigenetic state is characterized by increases of the closing mark H3K9me3 and decreases of the opening mark H3K4me3, subsequently leading to the reduced secretion of the cytokines TNF, IL-6, IL-12, the production of reactive oxygen species, and cell-surface expression of MHC-II and CD80 upon re-stimulation. In summary, these findings provide important implications for our understanding of Legionellosis and the contribution of Mincle to reprogramming of macrophages by L. pneumophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Stegmann
- Institute for Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christina Diersing
- Institute for Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Institute for Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Castelli M, Nardi T, Giovannini M, Sassera D. Addictive manipulation: a perspective on the role of reproductive parasitism in the evolution of bacteria-eukaryote symbioses. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20240310. [PMID: 39288812 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia bacteria encompass noteworthy reproductive manipulators of their arthropod hosts. which influence host reproduction to favour their own transmission, also exploiting toxin-antitoxin systems. Recently, multiple other bacterial symbionts of arthropods have been shown to display comparable manipulative capabilities. Here, we wonder whether such phenomena are truly restricted to arthropod hosts. We focused on protists, primary models for evolutionary investigations on eukaryotes due to their diversity and antiquity, but still overall under-investigated. After a thorough re-examination of the literature on bacterial-protist interactions with this question in mind, we conclude that such bacterial 'addictive manipulators' of protists do exist, are probably widespread, and have been overlooked until now as a consequence of the fact that investigations are commonly host-centred, thus ineffective to detect such behaviour. Additionally, we posit that toxin-antitoxin systems are crucial in these phenomena of addictive manipulation of protists, as a result of recurrent evolutionary repurposing. This indicates intriguing functional analogy and molecular homology with plasmid-bacterial interplays. Finally, we remark that multiple addictive manipulators are affiliated with specific bacterial lineages with ancient associations with diverse eukaryotes. This suggests a possible role of addictive manipulation of protists in paving the way to the evolution of bacteria associated with multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Castelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy
| | - Tiago Nardi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy
| | - Michele Giovannini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Florence , Florence, Italy
| | - Davide Sassera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia, Italy
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3
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Price CTD, Hanford HE, Al-Quadan T, Santic M, Shin CJ, Da'as MSJ, Abu Kwaik Y. Amoebae as training grounds for microbial pathogens. mBio 2024; 15:e0082724. [PMID: 38975782 PMCID: PMC11323580 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00827-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Grazing of amoebae on microorganisms represents one of the oldest predator-prey dynamic relationships in nature. It represents a genetic "melting pot" for an ancient and continuous multi-directional inter- and intra-kingdom horizontal gene transfer between amoebae and its preys, intracellular microbial residents, endosymbionts, and giant viruses, which has shaped the evolution, selection, and adaptation of microbes that evade degradation by predatory amoeba. Unicellular phagocytic amoebae are thought to be the ancient ancestors of macrophages with highly conserved eukaryotic processes. Selection and evolution of microbes within amoeba through their evolution to target highly conserved eukaryotic processes have facilitated the expansion of their host range to mammals, causing various infectious diseases. Legionella and environmental Chlamydia harbor an immense number of eukaryotic-like proteins that are involved in ubiquitin-related processes or are tandem repeats-containing proteins involved in protein-protein and protein-chromatin interactions. Some of these eukaryotic-like proteins exhibit novel domain architecture and novel enzymatic functions absent in mammalian cells, such as ubiquitin ligases, likely acquired from amoebae. Mammalian cells and amoebae may respond similarly to microbial factors that target highly conserved eukaryotic processes, but mammalian cells may undergo an accidental response to amoeba-adapted microbial factors. We discuss specific examples of microbes that have evolved to evade amoeba predation, including the bacterial pathogens- Legionella, Chlamydia, Coxiella, Rickettssia, Francisella, Mycobacteria, Salmonella, Bartonella, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Helicobacter, Campylobacter, and Aliarcobacter. We also discuss the fungi Cryptococcus, and Asperigillus, as well as amoebae mimiviruses/giant viruses. We propose that amoeba-microbe interactions will continue to be a major "training ground" for the evolution, selection, adaptation, and emergence of microbial pathogens equipped with unique pathogenic tools to infect mammalian hosts. However, our progress will continue to be highly dependent on additional genomic, biochemical, and cellular data of unicellular eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. D. Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hannah E. Hanford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Tasneem Al-Quadan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Cheon J. Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Manal S. J. Da'as
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Hong NTX, Baruah K, Nguyen Van H, Vanrompay D, Bossier P. Expression profiles of heat shock protein 70 and high-mobility groups box-1 protein in gnotobiotic brine shrimp challenged with different virulence levels of isogenic Vibrio harveyi strains. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13954. [PMID: 38555529 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Xuan Hong
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Faculty of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Kartik Baruah
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Aquaculture Nutraceuticals Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hung Nguyen Van
- Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 3, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Laboratory of Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Bontemps Z, Paranjape K, Guy L. Host-bacteria interactions: ecological and evolutionary insights from ancient, professional endosymbionts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae021. [PMID: 39081075 PMCID: PMC11338181 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Interactions between eukaryotic hosts and their bacterial symbionts drive key ecological and evolutionary processes, from regulating ecosystems to the evolution of complex molecular machines and processes. Over time, endosymbionts generally evolve reduced genomes, and their relationship with their host tends to stabilize. However, host-bacteria relationships may be heavily influenced by environmental changes. Here, we review these effects on one of the most ancient and diverse endosymbiotic groups, formed by-among others-Legionellales, Francisellaceae, and Piscirickettsiaceae. This group is referred to as Deep-branching Intracellular Gammaproteobacteria (DIG), whose last common ancestor presumably emerged about 2 Ga ago. We show that DIGs are globally distributed, but generally at very low abundance, and are mainly identified in aquatic biomes. Most DIGs harbour a type IVB secretion system, critical for host-adaptation, but its structure and composition vary. Finally, we review the different types of microbial interactions that can occur in diverse environments, with direct or indirect effects on DIG populations. The increased use of omics technologies on environmental samples will allow a better understanding of host-bacterial interactions and help unravel the definition of DIGs as a group from an ecological, molecular, and evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zélia Bontemps
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kiran Paranjape
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lionel Guy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
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Barbosa A, Azevedo NF, Goeres DM, Cerqueira L. Ecology of Legionella pneumophila biofilms: The link between transcriptional activity and the biphasic cycle. Biofilm 2024; 7:100196. [PMID: 38601816 PMCID: PMC11004079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
There has been considerable discussion regarding the environmental life cycle of Legionella pneumophila and its virulence potential in natural and man-made water systems. On the other hand, the bacterium's morphogenetic mechanisms within host cells (amoeba and macrophages) have been well documented and are linked to its ability to transition from a non-virulent, replicative state to an infectious, transmissive state. Although the morphogenetic mechanisms associated with the formation and detachment of the L. pneumophila biofilm have also been described, the capacity of the bacteria to multiply extracellularly is not generally accepted. However, several studies have shown genetic pathways within the biofilm that resemble intracellular mechanisms. Understanding the functionality of L. pneumophila cells within a biofilm is fundamental for assessing the ecology and evaluating how the biofilm architecture influences L. pneumophila survival and persistence in water systems. This manuscript provides an overview of the biphasic cycle of L. pneumophila and its implications in associated intracellular mechanisms in amoeba. It also examines the molecular pathways and gene regulation involved in L. pneumophila biofilm formation and dissemination. A holistic analysis of the transcriptional activities in L. pneumophila biofilms is provided, combining the information of intracellular mechanisms in a comprehensive outline. Furthermore, this review discusses the techniques that can be used to study the morphogenetic states of the bacteria within biofilms, at the single cell and population levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Barbosa
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno F. Azevedo
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Darla M. Goeres
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- The Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Laura Cerqueira
- LEPABE – Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE – Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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Oberkircher LM, Scheiding VM, Rafeld HL, Hanssen E, Hansen JN, Fleischmann MJ, Kessler N, Pitsch D, Wachten D, Kastenmüller W, Brown AS, Hartland EL, van Driel IR, Ng GZ, Garbi N. Opposing roles of resident and infiltrating immune cells in the defense against Legionella longbeachae via IL-18R/IFN-γ/ROS axis in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00042-4. [PMID: 38750967 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
The immune response against Legionella longbeachae, a causative agent of the often-fatal Legionnaires' pneumonia, is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the specific roles of tissue-resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) and infiltrating phagocytes during infection with this pathogen. AMs were the predominant cell type that internalized bacteria 1 day after infection. A total of 3 and 5 days after infection, AM numbers were greatly reduced, whereas there was an influx of neutrophils and, later, monocyte-derived cells (MCs) into lung tissue. AMs carried greater numbers of viable L. longbeachae than neutrophils and MCs, which correlated with a higher capacity of L. longbeachae to translocate bacterial effector proteins required for bacterial replication into the AM cytosol. Cell ablation experiments demonstrated that AM promoted infection, whereas neutrophils and MC were required for efficient bacterial clearance. Interleukin (IL)-18 was important for interferon-γ production by IL-18R+ natural killer cells and T cells, which, in turn, stimulated reactive oxygen species-mediated bactericidal activity in neutrophils, resulting in the restriction of L. longbeachae infection. Ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells also expressed IL-18R but did not play a role in IL-18-mediated L. longbeachae clearance. Our results have identified opposing innate functions of tissue-resident and infiltrating immune cells during L. longbeachae infection that may be manipulated to improve protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Oberkircher
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Victoria M Scheiding
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - H Linda Rafeld
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia; Life & Medical-Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Ian Holmes Imaging Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jan N Hansen
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus J Fleischmann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nina Kessler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David Pitsch
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wachten
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrew S Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L Hartland
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ian R van Driel
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Garrett Z Ng
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Rello J, Allam C, Ruiz-Spinelli A, Jarraud S. Severe Legionnaires' disease. Ann Intensive Care 2024; 14:51. [PMID: 38565811 PMCID: PMC10987467 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-024-01252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legionnaires' disease (LD) is a common but under-diagnosed cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), although rapid detection of urine antigen testing (UAT) and advances in molecular testing have improved the diagnosis. LD entails intensive care unit (ICU) admission in almost one-third of cases, and the mortality rate ranges from 4% to 40%. This review aims to discuss recent advances in the study of this condition and to provide an update on the diagnosis, pathogenesis and management of severe LD. RESULTS The overall incidence of LD has increased worldwide in recent years due to the higher number of patients with risk factors, especially immunosuppression, and to improvements in diagnostic methods. Although LD is responsible for only around 5% of all-cause CAP, it is one of the three most common causes of CAP requiring ICU admission. Mortality in ICU patients, immunocompromised patients or patients with a nosocomial source of LD can reach 40% despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Regarding pathogenesis, no Legionella-specific virulence factors have been associated with severity; however, recent reports have found high pulmonary Legionella DNA loads, and impairments in immune response and lung microbiome in the most severe cases. The clinical picture includes severe lung injury requiring respiratory and/or hemodynamic support, extrapulmonary symptoms and non-specific laboratory findings. LD diagnostic methods have improved due to the broad use of UAT and the development of molecular methods allowing the detection of all Lp serogroups. Therapy is currently based on macrolides, quinolones, or a combination of the two, with prolonged treatment in severe cases. CONCLUSIONS Numerous factors influence the mortality rate of LD, such as ICU admission, the underlying immune status, and the nosocomial source of the infection. The host immune response (hyperinflammation and/or immunoparalysis) may also be associated with increased severity. Given that the incidence of LD is rising, studies on specific biomarkers of severity may be of great interest. Further assessments comparing different regimens and/or evaluating host-directed therapies are nowadays needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Rello
- Global Health ECore, Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Formation Recherche Evaluation (FOREVA) Research Group, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Camille Allam
- Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de Référence des Légionelles, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Équipe Pathogenèse des Légionelles, Université Lyon, Inserm, U1111,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308,École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Sophie Jarraud
- Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de Référence des Légionelles, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Équipe Pathogenèse des Légionelles, Université Lyon, Inserm, U1111,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308,École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- Centre National de Reference des Légionelles, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 103 Grande rue de la Croix Rousse, 69317, Lyon Cedex 04, France.
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Zhou X, Liu X, Zhao H, Guo G, Jiang X, Liu S, Sun X, Yang H. Research advances in microfluidic collection and detection of virus, bacterial, and fungal bioaerosols. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:132. [PMID: 38351367 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Bioaerosols are airborne suspensions of fine solid or liquid particles containing biological substances such as viruses, bacteria, cellular debris, fungal spores, mycelium, and byproducts of microbial metabolism. The global Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the previous emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and influenza have increased the need for reliable and effective monitoring tools for bioaerosols. Bioaerosol collection and detection have aroused considerable attention. Current bioaerosol sampling and detection techniques suffer from long response time, low sensitivity, and high costs, and these drawbacks have forced the development of novel monitoring strategies. Microfluidic technique is considered a breakthrough for high performance analysis of bioaerosols. In recent years, several emerging methods based on microfluidics have been developed and reported for collection and detection of bioaerosols. The unique advantages of microfluidic technique have enabled the integration of bioaerosol collection and detection, which has a higher efficiency over conventional methods. This review focused on the research progress of bioaerosol collection and detection methods based on microfluidic techniques, with special attention on virus aerosols and bacterial aerosols. Different from the existing reviews, this work took a unique perspective of the targets to be collected and detected in bioaerosols, which would provide a direct index of bioaerosol categories readers may be interested in. We also discussed integrated microfluidic monitoring system for bioaerosols. Additionally, the application of bioaerosol detection in biomedicine was presented. Finally, the current challenges in the field of bioaerosol monitoring are presented and an outlook given of future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China
| | - Haiyang Zhao
- Teaching Center for Basic Medical Experiment, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Guanqi Guo
- Teaching Center for Basic Medical Experiment, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiran Jiang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, No. 4, Chongshan East Road, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Huazhe Yang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China.
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Siponen S, Jayaprakash B, Hokajärvi AM, Gomez-Alvarez V, Inkinen J, Ryzhikov I, Räsänen P, Ikonen J, Pursiainen A, Kauppinen A, Kolehmainen M, Paananen J, Torvinen E, Miettinen IT, Pitkänen T. Composition of active bacterial communities and presence of opportunistic pathogens in disinfected and non-disinfected drinking water distribution systems in Finland. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120858. [PMID: 37988808 PMCID: PMC10840642 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Many factors, including microbiome structure and activity in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS), affect the colonization potential of opportunistic pathogens. The present study aims to describe the dynamics of active bacterial communities in DWDS and identify the factors that shape the community structures and activity in the selected DWDSs. Large-volume drinking water and hot water, biofilm, and water meter deposit samples were collected from five DWDSs. Total nucleic acids were extracted, and RNA was further purified and transcribed into its cDNA from a total of 181 water and biofilm samples originating from the DWDS of two surface water supplies (disinfected with UV and chlorine), two artificially recharged groundwater supplies (non-disinfected), and a groundwater supply (disinfected with UV and chlorine). In chlorinated DWDSs, concentrations of <0.02-0.97 mg/l free chlorine were measured. Bacterial communities in the RNA and DNA fractions were analysed using Illumina MiSeq sequencing with primer pair 341F-785R targeted to the 16S rRNA gene. The sequence libraries were analysed using QIIME pipeline, Program R, and MicrobiomeAnalyst. Not all bacterial cells were active based on their 16S rRNA content, and species richness was lower in the RNA fraction (Chao1 mean value 490) than in the DNA fraction (710). Species richness was higher in the two DWDSs distributing non-disinfected artificial groundwater (Chao1 mean values of 990 and 1 000) as compared to the two disinfected DWDSs using surface water (Chao1 mean values 190 and 460) and disinfected DWDS using ground water as source water (170). The difference in community structures between non-disinfected and disinfected water was clear in the beta-diversity analysis. Distance from the waterworks also affected the beta diversity of community structures, especially in disinfected distribution systems. The two most abundant bacteria in the active part of the community (RNA) and total bacterial community (DNA) belonged to the classes Alphaproteobacteria (RNA 28 %, DNA 44 %) and Gammaproteobacteria (RNA 32 %, DNA 30 %). The third most abundant and active bacteria class was Vampirovibrionia (RNA 15 %), whereas in the total community it was Paceibacteria (DNA 11 %). Class Nitrospiria was more abundant and active in both cold and hot water in DWDS that used chloramine disinfection compared to non-chlorinated or chlorine-using DWDSs. Thirty-eight operational taxonomic units (OTU) of Legionella, 30 of Mycobacterium, and 10 of Pseudomonas were detected among the sequences. The (RT)-qPCR confirmed the presence of opportunistic pathogens in the DWDSs studied as Legionella spp. was detected in 85 % (mean value 4.5 × 104 gene copies/100 ml), Mycobacterium spp. in 95 % (mean value 8.3 × 106 gene copies/100 ml), and Pseudomonas spp. in 78 % (mean value 1.6 × 105 gene copies/100 ml) of the water and biofilm samples. Sampling point inside the system (distance from the waterworks and cold/hot system) affected the active bacterial community composition. Chloramine as a chlorination method resulted in a recognizable community composition, with high abundance of bacteria that benefit from the excess presence of nitrogen. The results presented here confirm that each DWDS is unique and that opportunistic pathogens are present even in conditions when water quality is considered excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallamaari Siponen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Anna-Maria Hokajärvi
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vicente Gomez-Alvarez
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Jenni Inkinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ivan Ryzhikov
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pia Räsänen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenni Ikonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna Pursiainen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Kauppinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Kolehmainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Paananen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eila Torvinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilkka T Miettinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland; University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Giovannini M, Petroni G, Castelli M. Novel evolutionary insights on the interactions of the Holosporales (Alphaproteobacteria) with eukaryotic hosts from comparative genomics. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16562. [PMID: 38173299 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Holosporales are an alphaproteobacterial order engaging in obligate and complex associations with eukaryotes, in particular protists. The functional and evolutionary features of those interactions are still largely undisclosed. Here, we sequenced the genomes of two members of the species Bealeia paramacronuclearis (Holosporales, Holosporaceae) intracellularly associated with the ciliate protist Paramecium, which resulted in high correspondence. Consistent with the short-branched early-divergent phylogenetic position, Bealeia presents a larger functional repertoire than other Holosporaceae, comparable to those of other Holosporales families, particularly for energy metabolism and motility. Our analyses indicate that different Holosporales likely experienced at least partly autonomous genome reduction and adaptation to host interactions, for example regarding dependence on host biotin driven by multiple independent horizontal acquisitions of transporters. Among Alphaproteobacteria, this is reminiscent of the convergently evolved Rickettsiales, which however appear more diverse, possibly due to a probably more ancient origin. We identified in Bealeia and other Holosporales the plasmid-encoded putative genetic determinants of R-bodies, which may be involved in a killer trait towards symbiont-free hosts. While it is not clear whether these genes are ancestral or recently horizontally acquired, an intriguing and peculiar role of R-bodies is suggested in the evolution of the interactions of multiple Holosporales with their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michele Castelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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12
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Ma K, Shu R, Liu H, Fu J, Luo ZQ, Qiu J. Ubiquitination of Sec22b by a novel Legionella pneumophila ubiquitin E3 ligase. mBio 2023; 14:e0238223. [PMID: 37882795 PMCID: PMC10746214 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02382-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Protein ubiquitination is one of the most important post-translational modifications that plays critical roles in the regulation of a wide range of eukaryotic signaling pathways. Many successful intracellular bacterial pathogens can hijack host ubiquitination machinery through the action of effector proteins that are injected into host cells by secretion systems. Legionella pneumophila is the etiological agent of legionellosis that is able to survive and replicate in various host cells. The defective in organelle trafficking (Dot)/intracellular multiplication (Icm) type IV secretion system of L. pneumophila injects over 330 effectors into infected cells to create an optimal environment permissive for its intracellular proliferation. To date, at least 26 Dot/Icm substrates have been shown to manipulate ubiquitin signaling via diverse mechanisms. Among these, 14 are E3 ligases that either cooperate with host E1 and E2 enzymes or adopt E1/E2-independent catalytic mechanisms. In the present study, we demonstrate that the L. pneumophila effector Legionella ubiquitin ligase gene 15 (Lug15) is a novel ubiquitin E3 ligase. Lug15 is involved in the remodeling of LCV with polyubiquitinated species. Moreover, Lug15 catalyzes the ubiquitination of host SNARE protein Sec22b and mediates its recruitment to the LCV. Ubiquitination of Sec22b by Lug15 promotes its noncanonical pairing with plasma membrane-derived syntaxins (e.g., Stx3). Our study further reveals the complexity of strategies utilized by L. pneumophila to interfere with host functions by hijacking host ubiquitin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelong Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rundong Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaqi Fu
- Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhao-Qing Luo
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jiazhang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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Ellis NA, Myers KS, Tung J, Davidson Ward A, Johnston K, Bonnington KE, Donohue TJ, Machner MP. A randomized multiplex CRISPRi-Seq approach for the identification of critical combinations of genes. eLife 2023; 12:RP86903. [PMID: 38095310 PMCID: PMC10721215 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying virulence-critical genes from pathogens is often limited by functional redundancy. To rapidly interrogate the contributions of combinations of genes to a biological outcome, we have developed a multiplex, randomized CRISPR interference sequencing (MuRCiS) approach. At its center is a new method for the randomized self-assembly of CRISPR arrays from synthetic oligonucleotide pairs. When paired with PacBio long-read sequencing, MuRCiS allowed for near-comprehensive interrogation of all pairwise combinations of a group of 44 Legionella pneumophila virulence genes encoding highly conserved transmembrane proteins for their role in pathogenesis. Both amoeba and human macrophages were challenged with L. pneumophila bearing the pooled CRISPR array libraries, leading to the identification of several new virulence-critical combinations of genes. lpg2888 and lpg3000 were particularly fascinating for their apparent redundant functions during L. pneumophila human macrophage infection, while lpg3000 alone was essential for L. pneumophila virulence in the amoeban host Acanthamoeba castellanii. Thus, MuRCiS provides a method for rapid genetic examination of even large groups of redundant genes, setting the stage for application of this technology to a variety of biological contexts and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Ellis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Kevin S Myers
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Jessica Tung
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Anne Davidson Ward
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Kathryn Johnston
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Katherine E Bonnington
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Timothy J Donohue
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Matthias P Machner
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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14
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Crépin A, Thiroux A, Alafaci A, Boukerb AM, Dufour I, Chrysanthou E, Bertaux J, Tahrioui A, Bazire A, Rodrigues S, Taupin L, Feuilloley M, Dufour A, Caillon J, Lesouhaitier O, Chevalier S, Berjeaud JM, Verdon J. Sensitivity of Legionella pneumophila to phthalates and their substitutes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22145. [PMID: 38092873 PMCID: PMC10719263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalates constitute a family of anthropogenic chemicals developed to be used in the manufacture of plastics, solvents, and personal care products. Their dispersion and accumulation in many environments can occur at all stages of their use (from synthesis to recycling). However, many phthalates together with other accumulated engineered chemicals have been shown to interfere with hormone activities. These compounds are also in close contact with microorganisms that are free-living, in biofilms or in microbiota, within multicellular organisms. Herein, the activity of several phthalates and their substitutes were investigated on the opportunistic pathogen Legionella pneumophila, an aquatic microbe that can infect humans. Beside showing the toxicity of some phthalates, data suggested that Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and DBP (Di-n-butyl phthalate) at environmental doses (i.e. 10-6 M and 10-8 M) can modulate Legionella behavior in terms of motility, biofilm formation and response to antibiotics. A dose of 10-6 M mostly induced adverse effects for the bacteria, in contrast to a dose of 10-8 M. No perturbation of virulence towards Acanthamoeba castellanii was recorded. These behavioral alterations suggest that L. pneumophila is able to sense ATBC and DBP, in a cross-talk that either mimics the response to a native ligand, or dysregulates its physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Crépin
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Audrey Thiroux
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Aurélien Alafaci
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Amine M Boukerb
- Unité de recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, UR4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Izelenn Dufour
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Eirini Chrysanthou
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10100, Turin, Italy
- Cancer Genomics Lab, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Joanne Bertaux
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Ali Tahrioui
- Unité de recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, UR4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Alexis Bazire
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université Bretagne Sud, EMR CNRS 6076, IUEM, Lorient, France
| | - Sophie Rodrigues
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université Bretagne Sud, EMR CNRS 6076, IUEM, Lorient, France
| | - Laure Taupin
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université Bretagne Sud, EMR CNRS 6076, IUEM, Lorient, France
| | - Marc Feuilloley
- Unité de recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, UR4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Alain Dufour
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université Bretagne Sud, EMR CNRS 6076, IUEM, Lorient, France
| | - Jocelyne Caillon
- Faculté de Médecine, EA3826 Thérapeutiques Cliniques et Expérimentales des Infections, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Lesouhaitier
- Unité de recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, UR4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Unité de recherche Communication Bactérienne et Stratégies Anti-infectieuses, UR4312, Université de Rouen Normandie, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Jean-Marc Berjeaud
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Julien Verdon
- Laboratoire Ecologie and Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
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15
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Wiedemann C, Whittaker JJ, Pérez Carrillo VH, Goretzki B, Dajka M, Tebbe F, Harder JM, Krajczy PR, Joseph B, Hausch F, Guskov A, Hellmich UA. Legionella pneumophila macrophage infectivity potentiator protein appendage domains modulate protein dynamics and inhibitor binding. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126366. [PMID: 37633566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage infectivity potentiator (MIP) proteins are widespread in human pathogens including Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease and protozoans such as Trypanosoma cruzi. All MIP proteins contain a FKBP (FK506 binding protein)-like prolyl-cis/trans-isomerase domain that hence presents an attractive drug target. Some MIPs such as the Legionella pneumophila protein (LpMIP) have additional appendage domains of mostly unknown function. In full-length, homodimeric LpMIP, the N-terminal dimerization domain is linked to the FKBP-like domain via a long, free-standing stalk helix. Combining X-ray crystallography, NMR and EPR spectroscopy and SAXS, we elucidated the importance of the stalk helix for protein dynamics and inhibitor binding to the FKBP-like domain and bidirectional crosstalk between the different protein regions. The first comparison of a microbial MIP and a human FKBP in complex with the same synthetic inhibitor was made possible by high-resolution structures of LpMIP with a [4.3.1]-aza-bicyclic sulfonamide and provides a basis for designing pathogen-selective inhibitors. Through stereospecific methylation, the affinity of inhibitors to L. pneumophila and T. cruzi MIP was greatly improved. The resulting X-ray inhibitor-complex structures of LpMIP and TcMIP at 1.49 and 1.34 Å, respectively, provide a starting point for developing potent inhibitors against MIPs from multiple pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wiedemann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - J J Whittaker
- Groningen Institute for Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - V H Pérez Carrillo
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - B Goretzki
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - M Dajka
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - F Tebbe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - J-M Harder
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - P R Krajczy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Clemens-Schöpf-Institute, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - B Joseph
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - F Hausch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Clemens-Schöpf-Institute, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Guskov
- Groningen Institute for Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - U A Hellmich
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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16
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Dinev T, Velichkova K, Stoyanova A, Sirakov I. Microbial Pathogens in Aquaponics Potentially Hazardous for Human Health. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2824. [PMID: 38137969 PMCID: PMC10745371 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The union of aquaculture and hydroponics is named aquaponics-a system where microorganisms, fish and plants coexist in a water environment. Bacteria are essential in processes which are fundamental for the functioning and equilibrium of aquaponic systems. Such processes are nitrification, extraction of various macro- and micronutrients from the feed leftovers and feces, etc. However, in aquaponics there are not only beneficial, but also potentially hazardous microorganisms of fish, human, and plant origin. It is important to establish the presence of human pathogens, their way of entering the aforementioned systems, and their control in order to assess the risk to human health when consuming plants and fish grown in aquaponics. Literature analysis shows that aquaponic bacteria and yeasts are mainly pathogenic to fish and humans but rarely to plants, while most of the molds are pathogenic to humans, plants, and fish. Since the various human pathogenic bacteria and fungi found in aquaponics enter the water when proper hygiene practices are not applied and followed, if these requirements are met, aquaponic systems are a good choice for growing healthy fish and plants safe for human consumption. However, many of the aquaponic pathogens are listed in the WHO list of drug-resistant bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently needed, making disease control by antibiotics a real challenge. Because pathogen control by conventional physical methods, chemical methods, and antibiotic treatment is potentially harmful to humans, fish, plants, and beneficial microorganisms, a biological control with antagonistic microorganisms, phytotherapy, bacteriophage therapy, and nanomedicine are potential alternatives to these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toncho Dinev
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
| | - Katya Velichkova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
| | - Antoniya Stoyanova
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
| | - Ivaylo Sirakov
- Department of Animal Husbandry–Non-Ruminant Animals and Special Branches, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
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17
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Ellis NA, Myers KS, Tung J, Ward AD, Johnston K, Bonnington KE, Donohue TJ, Machner MP. A randomized multiplex CRISPRi-Seq approach for the identification of critical combinations of genes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.03.527066. [PMID: 36945652 PMCID: PMC10028747 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.03.527066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Identifying virulence-critical genes from pathogens is often limited by functional redundancy. To rapidly interrogate the contributions of combinations of genes to a biological outcome, we have developed a multiplex, randomized CRISPR interference sequencing (MuRCiS) approach. At its center is a new method for the randomized self-assembly of CRISPR arrays from synthetic oligonucleotide pairs. When paired with PacBio long-read sequencing, MuRCiS allowed for near-comprehensive interrogation of all pairwise combinations of a group of 44 Legionella pneumophila virulence genes encoding highly conserved transmembrane proteins for their role in pathogenesis. Both amoeba and human macrophages were challenged with L. pneumophila bearing the pooled CRISPR array libraries, leading to the identification of several new virulence-critical combinations of genes. lpg2888 and lpg3000 were particularly fascinating for their apparent redundant functions during L. pneumophila human macrophage infection, while lpg3000 alone was essential for L. pneumophila virulence in the amoeban host Acanthamoeba castellanii. Thus, MuRCiS provides a method for rapid genetic examination of even large groups of redundant genes, setting the stage for application of this technology to a variety of biological contexts and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Ellis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin S. Myers
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jessica Tung
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne Davidson Ward
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn Johnston
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine E. Bonnington
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Timothy J. Donohue
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthias P. Machner
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Kowalczyk B, Petzold M, Kaczyński Z, Szuster-Ciesielska A, Luchowski R, Gruszecki WI, Fuchs B, Galuska CE, Choma A, Tarasiuk J, Palusińska-Szysz M. Lipopolysaccharide of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Facilitates Interaction with Host Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14602. [PMID: 37834049 PMCID: PMC10572746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the primary causative agent of Legionnaires' disease. The mutant-type strain interrupted in the ORF7 gene region responsible for the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis of the L. pneumophila strain Heysham-1, lacking the O-acetyl groups attached to the rhamnose of the core part, showed a higher surface polarity compared with the wild-type strain. The measurement of excitation energy transfer between fluorophores located on the surface of bacteria and eukaryotic cells showed that, at an early stage of interaction with host cells, the mutant exhibited weaker interactions with Acanthamoeba castellanii cells and THP-1-derived macrophages. The mutant displayed reduced adherence to macrophages but enhanced adherence to A. castellanii, suggesting that the O-acetyl group of the LPS core region plays a crucial role in facilitating interaction with macrophages. The lack of core rhamnose O-acetyl groups made it easier for the bacteria to multiply in amoebae and macrophages. The mutant induced TNF-α production more strongly compared with the wild-type strain. The mutant synthesized twice as many ceramides Cer(t34:0) and Cer(t38:0) than the wild-type strain. The study showed that the internal sugars of the LPS core region of L. pneumophila sg 1 can interact with eukaryotic cell surface receptors and mediate in contacting and attaching bacteria to host cells as well as modulating the immune response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Kowalczyk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (B.K.); (A.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Markus Petzold
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Zbigniew Kaczyński
- Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Szuster-Ciesielska
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Rafał Luchowski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (R.L.); (W.I.G.)
| | - Wiesław I. Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (R.L.); (W.I.G.)
| | - Beate Fuchs
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Core Facility Metabolomics, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (B.F.); (C.E.G.)
| | - Christina E. Galuska
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Core Facility Metabolomics, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (B.F.); (C.E.G.)
| | - Adam Choma
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (B.K.); (A.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Jacek Tarasiuk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (B.K.); (A.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Marta Palusińska-Szysz
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (B.K.); (A.C.); (J.T.)
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Lopez AE, Grigoryeva LS, Barajas A, Cianciotto NP. Legionella pneumophila Rhizoferrin Promotes Bacterial Biofilm Formation and Growth within Amoebae and Macrophages. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0007223. [PMID: 37428036 PMCID: PMC10429650 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00072-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that Legionella pneumophila secretes rhizoferrin, a polycarboxylate siderophore that promotes bacterial growth in iron-deplete media and the murine lung. Yet, past studies failed to identify a role for the rhizoferrin biosynthetic gene (lbtA) in L. pneumophila infection of host cells, suggesting the siderophore's importance was solely linked to extracellular survival. To test the possibility that rhizoferrin's relevance to intracellular infection was missed due to functional redundancy with the ferrous iron transport (FeoB) pathway, we characterized a new mutant lacking both lbtA and feoB. This mutant was highly impaired for growth on bacteriological media that were only modestly depleted of iron, confirming that rhizoferrin-mediated ferric iron uptake and FeoB-mediated ferrous iron uptake are critical for iron acquisition. The lbtA feoB mutant, but not its lbtA-containing complement, was also highly defective for biofilm formation on plastic surfaces, demonstrating a new role for the L. pneumophila siderophore in extracellular survival. Finally, the lbtA feoB mutant, but not its complement containing lbtA, proved to be greatly impaired for growth in Acanthamoeba castellanii, Vermamoeba vermiformis, and human U937 cell macrophages, revealing that rhizoferrin does promote intracellular infection by L. pneumophila. Moreover, the application of purified rhizoferrin triggered cytokine production from the U937 cells. Rhizoferrin-associated genes were fully conserved across the many sequenced strains of L. pneumophila examined but were variably present among strains from the other species of Legionella. Outside of Legionella, the closest match to the L. pneumophila rhizoferrin genes was in Aquicella siphonis, another facultative intracellular parasite of amoebae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto E. Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lubov S. Grigoryeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Armando Barajas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Cianciotto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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20
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Valciņa O, Pūle D, Ķibilds J, Labecka L, Terentjeva M, Krūmiņa A, Bērziņš A. Evaluation of Genetic Diversity and Virulence Potential of Legionella pneumophila Isolated from Water Supply Systems of Residential Buildings in Latvia. Pathogens 2023; 12:884. [PMID: 37513731 PMCID: PMC10385952 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella is an opportunistic pathogen with a biphasic life cycle that occasionally infects humans. The aim of the study was to assess the distribution of virulence genes and genetic diversity among L. pneumophila isolated from water supply systems of residential buildings in Latvia. In total, 492 water samples from 200 residential buildings were collected. Identification of Legionella spp. was performed according to ISO 11731, and 58 isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. At least one Legionella-positive sample was found in 112 out of 200 apartment buildings (56.0%). The study revealed extensive sequence-type diversity, where 58 L. pneumophila isolates fell into 36 different sequence types. A total of 420 virulence genes were identified, of which 260 genes were found in all sequenced L. pneumophila isolates. The virulence genes enhC, htpB, omp28, and mip were detected in all isolates, suggesting that adhesion, attachment, and entry into host cells are enabled for all isolates. The relative frequency of virulence genes among L. pneumophila isolates was high. The high prevalence, extensive genetic diversity, and the wide range of virulence genes indicated that the virulence potential of environmental Legionella is high, and proper risk management is of key importance to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Valciņa
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Daina Pūle
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
- Department of Water Engineering and Technology, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Juris Ķibilds
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Linda Labecka
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Margarita Terentjeva
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Angelika Krūmiņa
- Department of Infectology, Riga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aivars Bērziņš
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
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21
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Ngwaga T, Chauhan D, Salberg AG, Shames SR. Effector-mediated subversion of proteasome activator (PA)28αβ enhances host defense against Legionella pneumophila under inflammatory and oxidative stress conditions. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011473. [PMID: 37347796 PMCID: PMC10321654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is a natural pathogen of amoebae that causes Legionnaires' Disease in immunocompromised individuals via replication within macrophages. L. pneumophila virulence and intracellular replication hinges on hundreds of Dot/Icm-translocated effector proteins, which are essential for biogenesis of the replication-permissive Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV). However, effector activity can also enhance mammalian host defense via effector-triggered immunity. The L. pneumophila effector LegC4 is important for virulence in amoebae but enhances host defense against L. pneumophila in the mouse lung and, uniquely, within macrophages activated with either tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or interferon (IFN)-γ. The mechanism by which LegC4 potentiates cytokine-mediated host defense in macrophages is unknown. Here, we found that LegC4 enhances cytokine-mediated phagolysosomal fusion with Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV) and binds host proteasome activator (PA)28α, which forms a heterooligomer with PA28β to facilitate ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation of oxidant-damaged (carbonylated) proteins. We found that oxidative stress was sustained in the presence of LegC4 and that the LegC4 restriction phenotype was relieved in PA28αβ-deficient macrophages and in the lungs of mice in vivo. Our data also show that oxidative stress is sufficient for LegC4-mediated restriction in macrophages producing PA28αβ. PA28αβ has been traditionally associated with antigen presentation; however, our data support a novel mechanism whereby effector-mediated subversion of PA28αβ enhances cell-autonomous host defense against L. pneumophila under inflammatory and oxidative stress conditions. This work provides a solid foundation to evaluate induced proteasome regulators as mediators of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshegofatso Ngwaga
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Deepika Chauhan
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Abigail G. Salberg
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Stephanie R. Shames
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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22
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Dai F, Guo M, Shao Y, Li C. Novel secreted STPKLRR from Vibrio splendidus AJ01 promotes pathogen internalization via mediating tropomodulin phosphorylation dependent cytoskeleton rearrangement. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011419. [PMID: 37216400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the flagellin of intracellular Vibrio splendidus AJ01 could be specifically identified by tropomodulin (Tmod) and further mediate p53-dependent coelomocyte apoptosis in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. In higher animals, Tmod serves as a regulator in stabilizing the actin cytoskeleton. However, the mechanism on how AJ01 breaks the AjTmod-stabilized cytoskeleton for internalization remains unclear. Here, we identified a novel AJ01 Type III secretion system (T3SS) effector of leucine-rich repeat-containing serine/threonine-protein kinase (STPKLRR) with five LRR domains and a serine/threonine kinase (STYKc) domain, which could specifically interact with tropomodulin domain of AjTmod. Furthermore, we found that STPKLRR directly phosphorylated AjTmod at serine 52 (S52) to reduce the binding stability between AjTmod and actin. After AjTmod dissociated from actin, the F-actin/G-actin ratio decreased to induce cytoskeletal rearrangement, which in turn promoted the internalization of AJ01. The STPKLRR knocked out strain could not phosphorylated AjTmod and displayed lower internalization capacity and pathogenic effect compared to AJ01. Overall, we demonstrated for the first time that the T3SS effector STPKLRR with kinase activity was a novel virulence factor in Vibrio and mediated self-internalization by targeting host AjTmod phosphorylation dependent cytoskeleton rearrangement, which provided a candidate target to control AJ01 infection in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Ming Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Yina Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
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23
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Krøvel AV, Hetland MAK, Bernhoff E, Bjørheim AS, Soma MA, Löhr IH. Long-read sequencing for reliably calling the mompS allele in Legionella pneumophila sequence-based typing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1176182. [PMID: 37256104 PMCID: PMC10226664 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1176182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence-based typing (SBT) of Legionella pneumophila is a valuable tool in epidemiological studies and outbreak investigations of Legionnaires' disease. In the L. pneumophila SBT scheme, mompS2 is one of seven genes that determine the sequence type (ST). The Legionella genome typically contains two copies of mompS (mompS1 and mompS2). When they are non-identical it can be challenging to determine the mompS2 allele, and subsequently the ST, from Illumina short-reads. In our collection of 233 L. pneumophila genomes, there were 62 STs, 18 of which carried non-identical mompS copies. Using short-reads, the mompS2 allele was misassembled or untypeable in several STs. Genomes belonging to ST154 and ST574, which carried mompS1 allele 7 and mompS2 allele 15, were assigned an incorrect mompS2 allele and/or mompS gene copy number when short-read assembled. For other isolates, mainly those carrying non-identical mompS copies, short-read assemblers occasionally failed to resolve the structure of the mompS-region, also resulting in untypeability from the short-read data. In this study, we wanted to understand the challenges we observed with calling the mompS2 allele from short-reads, assess if other short-read methods were able to resolve the mompS-region, and investigate the possibility of using long-reads to obtain the mompS alleles, and thereby perform L. pneumophila SBT from long-reads only. We found that the choice of short-read assembler had a major impact on resolving the mompS-region and thus SBT from short-reads, but no method consistently solved the mompS2 allele. By using Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) sequencing together with Trycycler and Medaka for long-read assembly and polishing we were able to resolve the mompS copies and correctly identify the mompS2 allele, in accordance with Sanger sequencing/EQA results for all tested isolates (n=35). The remaining six genes of the SBT profile could also be determined from the ONT-only reads. The STs called from ONT-only assemblies were also consistent with hybrid-assemblies of Illumina and ONT reads. We therefore propose ONT sequencing as an alternative method to perform L. pneumophila SBT to overcome the mompS challenge observed with short-reads. To facilitate this, we have developed ONTmompS (https://github.com/marithetland/ONTmompS), an in silico approach to determine L. pneumophila ST from long-read or hybrid assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vatland Krøvel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- National Reference Laboratory for Legionella, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Marit A. K. Hetland
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eva Bernhoff
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- National Reference Laboratory for Legionella, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Anna Steensen Bjørheim
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- National Reference Laboratory for Legionella, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Markus André Soma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Iren H. Löhr
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- National Reference Laboratory for Legionella, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Shames SR. Eat or Be Eaten: Strategies Used by Legionella to Acquire Host-Derived Nutrients and Evade Lysosomal Degradation. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0044122. [PMID: 36912646 PMCID: PMC10112212 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00441-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To replicate within host cells, bacterial pathogens must acquire host-derived nutrients while avoiding degradative antimicrobial pathways. Fundamental insights into bacterial pathogenicity have been revealed by bacteria of the genus Legionella, which naturally parasitize free-living protozoa by establishing a membrane-bound replicative niche termed the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV). Biogenesis of the LCV and intracellular replication rely on rapid evasion of the endocytic pathway and acquisition of host-derived nutrients, much of which is mediated by bacterial effector proteins translocated into host cells by a Dot/Icm type IV secretion system. Billions of years of co-evolution with eukaryotic hosts and broad host tropism have resulted in expansion of the Legionella genome to accommodate a massive repertoire of effector proteins that promote LCV biogenesis, safeguard the LCV from endolysosomal maturation, and mediate the acquisition of host nutrients. This minireview is focused on the mechanisms by which an ancient intracellular pathogen leverages effector proteins and hijacks host cell biology to obtain essential host-derived nutrients and prevent lysosomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R. Shames
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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25
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Lombardi A, Borriello T, De Rosa E, Di Duca F, Sorrentino M, Torre I, Montuori P, Trama U, Pennino F. Environmental Monitoring of Legionella in Hospitals in the Campania Region: A 5-Year Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20085526. [PMID: 37107807 PMCID: PMC10138562 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Legionella is a pathogen that colonizes soils, freshwater, and building water systems. People who are most affected are those with immunodeficiencies, so it is necessary to monitor its presence in hospitals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of Legionella in water samples collected from hospitals in the Campania region, Southern Italy. A total of 3365 water samples were collected from January 2018 to December 2022 twice a year in hospital wards from taps and showers, tank bottoms, and air-treatment units. Microbiological analysis was conducted in accordance with the UNI EN ISO 11731:2017, and the correlations between the presence of Legionella and water temperature and residual chlorine were investigated. In total, 708 samples (21.0%) tested positive. The most represented species was L. pneumophila 2-14 (70.9%). The serogroups isolated were 1 (27.7%), 6 (24.5%), 8 (23.3%), 3 (18.9%), 5 (3.1%), and 10 (1.1%). Non-pneumophila Legionella spp. represented 1.4% of the total. Regarding temperature, the majority of Legionella positive samples were found in the temperature range of 26.0-40.9 °C. An influence of residual chlorine on the presence of the bacterium was observed, confirming that chlorine disinfection is effective for controlling contamination. The positivity for serogroups other than serogroup 1 suggested the need to continue environmental monitoring of Legionella and to focus on the clinical diagnosis of other serogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Lombardi
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Tonia Borriello
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira De Rosa
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Di Duca
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Sorrentino
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Torre
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Montuori
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Trama
- General Directorate of Health, Campania Region, Centro Direzionale C3, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Pennino
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini N° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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26
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Pon A, Osinski A, Sreelatha A. Redefining pseudokinases: A look at the untapped enzymatic potential of pseudokinases. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:370-376. [PMID: 36602414 PMCID: PMC10050101 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Catalytically inactive kinases, known as pseudokinases, are conserved in all three domains of life. Due to the lack of catalytic residues, pseudokinases are considered to act as allosteric regulators and scaffolding proteins with no enzymatic function. However, since these "dead" kinases are conserved along with their active counterparts, a role for pseudokinases may have been overlooked. In this review, we will discuss the recently characterized pseudokinases Selenoprotein O, Legionella effector SidJ, and the SARS-CoV2 protein nsp12 which catalyze AMPylation, glutamylation, and RNAylation, respectively. These studies provide structural and mechanistic insight into the versatility and diversity of the kinase fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pon
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Adam Osinski
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Anju Sreelatha
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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27
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Intrabacterial Regulation of a Cytotoxic Effector by Its Cognate Metaeffector Promotes Legionella pneumophila Virulence. mSphere 2023; 8:e0055222. [PMID: 36598225 PMCID: PMC9942577 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00552-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is a natural pathogen of unicellular protozoa that can opportunistically infect macrophages and cause Legionnaires' Disease. Intracellular replication is driven by hundreds of bacterial effector proteins that are translocated into infected host cells by a Dot/Icm type IV secretion system. L. pneumophila effectors are temporally regulated in part by a unique family of translocated regulatory effectors, termed metaeffectors, which bind and modulate the function of a cognate effector in host cells. Regulation of the cytotoxic effector SidI by its cognate metaeffector, MesI, is critical for L. pneumophila virulence in natural and opportunistic hosts. MesI binds and negatively regulates SidI activity in vitro, but how impaired regulation of SidI impairs L. pneumophila intracellular replication is unclear. Using a chromosomally encoded inducible expression system, we found that SidI was toxic to L. pneumophila when uncoupled from MesI. SidI enzymatic activity was required for intrabacterial toxicity since L. pneumophila growth was unaffected by induced expression of a catalytically inactive sidI allele. We also found that MesI translocation into host cells was dispensable for intracellular replication and that MesI-deficient bacteria were rapidly degraded within host cells. These data suggest that MesI promotes L. pneumophila intracellular replication by regulating SidI within the bacterium and reveal a unique role for intrabacterial effector regulation by a translocated metaeffector in L. pneumophila virulence. IMPORTANCE Legionella pneumophila replicates within phagocytic host cells using hundreds of effector protein virulence factors, which canonically subvert the function of host proteins and pathways. L. pneumophila encodes a unique family of translocated effectors called metaeffectors, which bind and regulate the function of a cognate effector in host cells. The metaeffector MesI promotes L. pneumophila virulence by regulating the cytotoxic effector SidI; however, the MesI regulatory mechanism is poorly understood. We discovered a unique intrabacterial role for MesI in L. pneumophila virulence. When uncoupled from MesI, SidI was toxic to L. pneumophila in vitro and triggered robust bacterial degradation in host cells. Furthermore, translocation of MesI was dispensable for intracellular replication, demonstrating that intrabacterial regulation of SidI contributes to L. pneumophila virulence. These data show a novel and important role for translocated effector activity within the bacterium, which challenges the dogma that L. pneumophila effectors function exclusively within host cells.
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28
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Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Legionella Pneumonia. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13020280. [PMID: 36673091 PMCID: PMC9858276 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumonia is a relatively rare but extremely progressive pulmonary infection with high mortality. Traditional cultural isolation remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia. However, its harsh culture conditions, long turnaround time, and suboptimal sensitivity do not meet the clinical need for rapid and accurate diagnosis, especially for critically ill patients. So far, pathogenic detection techniques including serological assays, urinary antigen tests, and mass spectrometry, as well as nucleic acid amplification technique, have been developed, and each has its own advantages and limitations. This review summarizes the clinical characteristics and imaging findings of Legionella pneumonia, then discusses the advances, advantages, and limitations of the various pathogenetic detection techniques used for Legionella pneumonia diagnosis. The aim is to provide rapid and accurate guiding options for early identification and diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia in clinical practice, further easing healthcare burden.
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Svetlicic E, Jaén-Luchoro D, Klobucar RS, Jers C, Kazazic S, Franjevic D, Klobucar G, Shelton BG, Mijakovic I. Genomic characterization and assessment of pathogenic potential of Legionella spp. isolates from environmental monitoring. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1091964. [PMID: 36713227 PMCID: PMC9879626 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1091964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Several species in the genus Legionella are known to cause an acute pneumonia when the aerosols containing the bacteria from man-made water systems are inhaled. The disease is usually caused by Legionella pneumophila, but other species have been implicated in the infection. The disease is frequently manifested as an outbreak, which means several people are affected when exposed to the common source of Legionella contamination. Therefor environmental surveillance which includes isolation and identification of Legionella is performed routinely. However, usually no molecular or genome-based methods are employed in further characterization of the isolates during routine environmental monitoring. During several years of such monitoring, isolates from different geographical locations were collected and 39 of them were sequenced by hybrid de novo approach utilizing short and long sequencing reads. In addition, the isolates were typed by standard culture and MALDI-TOF method. The sequencing reads were assembled and annotated to produce high-quality genomes. By employing discriminatory genome typing, four potential new species in the Legionella genus were identified, which are yet to be biochemically and morphologically characterized. Moreover, functional annotations concerning virulence and antimicrobial resistance were performed on the sequenced genomes. The study contributes to the knowledge on little-known non-pneumophila species present in man-made water systems and establishes support for future genetic relatedness studies as well as understanding of their pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Svetlicic
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniel Jaén-Luchoro
- Department of Infectious Diseases (Sahlgrenska Academy) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Carsten Jers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Snjezana Kazazic
- Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Functional Proteomics, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Damjan Franjevic
- Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Klobucar
- Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark,Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden,*Correspondence: Ivan Mijakovic,
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Scheithauer L, Karagöz MS, Mayer BE, Steinert M. Protein sociology of ProA, Mip and other secreted virulence factors at the Legionella pneumophila surface. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1140688. [PMID: 36936764 PMCID: PMC10017501 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1140688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of L. pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, depends on an arsenal of interacting proteins. Here we describe how surface-associated and secreted virulence factors of this pathogen interact with each other or target extra- and intracellular host proteins resulting in host cell manipulation and tissue colonization. Since progress of computational methods like AlphaFold, molecular dynamics simulation, and docking allows to predict, analyze and evaluate experimental proteomic and interactomic data, we describe how the combination of these approaches generated new insights into the multifaceted "protein sociology" of the zinc metalloprotease ProA and the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase Mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator). Both virulence factors of L. pneumophila interact with numerous proteins including bacterial flagellin (FlaA) and host collagen, and play important roles in virulence regulation, host tissue degradation and immune evasion. The recent progress in protein-ligand analyses of virulence factors suggests that machine learning will also have a beneficial impact in early stages of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Scheithauer
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mustafa Safa Karagöz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Benjamin E. Mayer
- Computational Biology & Simulation, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Steinert,
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Yek KQ, Stojanovski D, Newton HJ. Interaction between host cell mitochondria and Coxiella burnetii. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Yang JL, Li D, Zhan XY. Concept about the Virulence Factor of Legionella. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010074. [PMID: 36677366 PMCID: PMC9867486 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic species of Legionella can infect human alveolar macrophages through Legionella-containing aerosols to cause a disease called Legionellosis, which has two forms: a flu-like Pontiac fever and severe pneumonia named Legionnaires' disease (LD). Legionella is an opportunistic pathogen that frequently presents in aquatic environments as a biofilm or protozoa parasite. Long-term interaction and extensive co-evolution with various genera of amoebae render Legionellae pathogenic to infect humans and also generate virulence differentiation and heterogeneity. Conventionally, the proteins involved in initiating replication processes and human macrophage infections have been regarded as virulence factors and linked to pathogenicity. However, because some of the virulence factors are associated with the infection of protozoa and macrophages, it would be more accurate to classify them as survival factors rather than virulence factors. Given that the molecular basis of virulence variations among non-pathogenic, pathogenic, and highly pathogenic Legionella has not yet been elaborated from the perspective of virulence factors, a comprehensive explanation of how Legionella infects its natural hosts, protozoans, and accidental hosts, humans is essential to show a novel concept regarding the virulence factor of Legionella. In this review, we overviewed the pathogenic development of Legionella from protozoa, the function of conventional virulence factors in the infections of protozoa and macrophages, the host's innate immune system, and factors involved in regulating the host immune response, before discussing a probably new definition for the virulence factors of Legionella.
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The Effect Citrox BCL on Legionella pneumophila Mechanisms of Biofilm Formation, Oxidative Stress and Virulence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112186. [DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is responsible for causing Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever, also known as legionellosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanistic effect of a mixture of natural antimicrobials (Citrox BCL) in preventing L. pneumophila biofilm formation and reducing its in vitro virulence. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were detected at 0.06%, and the MBC was established at 0.125%. Based on the growth curve profile, the sub-inhibitory concentration of 0.02% was further used to study the mechanistic implications in the absence of a cytotoxic effect on A549 cells. At 24 h post-infection, Citrox BCL reduced (p = 0.005) the intracellular growth of L. pneumophila when the A549 cells or the bacteria were pre-treated with 0.02% Citrox BCL. This result was replicated when Citrox BCL was added during the 24 h infection assay leading to a reduction in intracellular growth (p = 0.003). Herein we show that at the sub-inhibitory concentration of 0.02%, Citrox CBL lowers the ROS levels in infected A549 cells and causes a 45% reduction in L. pneumophila EPS production, a reduction associated with the decline in biofilm formation. Overall, our results corroborate the low c-di-GMP production with the decrease in biofilm formation and low EPS levels. The low EPS levels seemed to be caused by the downregulation of the tatB and tatC gene expressions. Moreover, inhibition of pvcA and pvcB gene expressions, leading to lower siderophore levels, suggests that Citrox BCL reduces the ability of L. pneumophila to sequester iron and reduce biofilm formation through iron starvation.
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Huh JY, Choi SH, Jo KW, Huh JW, Hong SB, Shim TS, Lim CM, Koh Y. Incidence and risk factors associated with progression to severe pneumonia among adults with non-severe Legionella pneumonia. Acute Crit Care 2022; 37:543-549. [PMID: 36330734 PMCID: PMC9732192 DOI: 10.4266/acc.2022.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legionella species are important causative organisms of severe pneumonia. However, data are limited on predictors of progression to severe Legionella pneumonia (LP). Therefore, the risk factors for LP progression from non-severe to the severe form were investigated in the present study. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study that included adult LP patients admitted to a 2,700-bed referral center between January 2005 and December 2019. RESULTS A total of 155 patients were identified during the study period; 58 patients (37.4%) initially presented with severe pneumonia and 97 (62.6%) patients with non-severe pneumonia. Among the 97 patients, 28 (28.9%) developed severe pneumonia during hospitalization and 69 patients (71.1%) recovered without progression to severe pneumonia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed platelet count ≤150,000/mm3 (odds ratio [OR], 2.923; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.100-8.105; P=0.034) and delayed antibiotic treatment >1 day (OR, 3.092; 95% CI, 1.167-8.727; P=0.026) were significant independent factors associated with progression to severe pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS A low platelet count and delayed antibiotic treatment were significantly associated with the progression of non-severe LP to severe LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Huh
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Gwangmyeong, Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Wook Jo
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Gwangmyeong, Korea
| | - Jin Won Huh
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Bum Hong
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Sun Shim
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chae-Man Lim
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Younsuck Koh
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kanarek P, Bogiel T, Breza-Boruta B. Legionellosis risk-an overview of Legionella spp. habitats in Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:76532-76542. [PMID: 36161570 PMCID: PMC9511453 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An increase in the number of reports of legionellosis in the European Union and the European Economic Area have been recorded in recent years. The increase in cases is significant: from 6947 reports in 2015 to 11,298 in 2019. This is alarming as genus Legionella, which comprises a large group of bacteria inhabiting various aquatic systems, poses a serious threat to human health and life, since more than 20 species can cause legionellosis, with L. pneumophila being responsible for the majority of cases. The ability to colonize diverse ecosystems makes the eradication of these microorganisms difficult. A detailed understanding of the Legionella habitat may be helpful in the effective control of this pathogen. This paper provides an overview of Legionella environments in Europe: natural (lakes, groundwater, rivers, compost, soil) and anthropogenic (fountains, air humidifiers, water supply systems), and the role of Legionella spp. in nosocomial infections, which are potentially fatal for children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kanarek
- Department of Microbiology and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 6 Bernardyńska Street, 85-029, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bogiel
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 9 Skłodowska-Curie Street, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Barbara Breza-Boruta
- Department of Microbiology and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 6 Bernardyńska Street, 85-029, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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36
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Iliadi V, Staykova J, Iliadis S, Konstantinidou I, Sivykh P, Romanidou G, Vardikov DF, Cassimos D, Konstantinidis TG. Legionella pneumophila: The Journey from the Environment to the Blood. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206126. [PMID: 36294446 PMCID: PMC9605555 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of a potentially fatal form of pneumonia in 1976 and in the annual convention of the American Legion was the first time that Legionella spp. was identified. Thereafter, the term Legionnaires’ disease (LD) was established. The infection in humans is transmitted by the inhalation of aerosols that contain the microorganisms that belong to the Legionellaceae family and the genus Legionella. The genus Legionella contains genetically heterogeneous species and serogroups. The Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1) is the most often detected strain in outbreaks of LD. The pathogenesis of LD infection initiates with the attachment of the bacterial cells to the host cells, and subsequent intracellular replication. Following invasion, Legionella spp. activates its virulence mechanisms: generation of specific compartments of Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV), and expression of genes that encode a type IV secretion system (T4SS) for the translocation of proteins. The ability of L. pneumophila to transmigrate across the lung’s epithelium barrier leads to bacteremia, spread, and invasion of many organs with subsequent manifestations, complications, and septic shock. The clinical manifestations of LD depend on the bacterial load in the aerosol, the virulence factors, and the immune status of the patient. The infection has two distinct forms: the non- pneumatic form or Pontiac fever, which is a milder febrile flu-like illness, and LD, a more severe form, which includes pneumonia. In addition, the extrapulmonary involvement of LD can include heart, brain, abdomen, and joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iliadi
- Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Kommunarov Street 281, 426034 Izhevsk, Russia
| | - Jeni Staykova
- Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Sofia, Byalo More Str. 8, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sergios Iliadis
- Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Kommunarov Street 281, 426034 Izhevsk, Russia
| | | | - Polina Sivykh
- State Budgetary Health City Polyclinic No 2 (GBUZ GB2) of Krasnodar, Seleznev Street 4/10, 350059 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Gioulia Romanidou
- Nephrology Department, General Hospital “Sismanogleio”, 69100 Komotini, Greece
| | - Daniil F. Vardikov
- Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tkachey Str. 70-16, 192029 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dimitrios Cassimos
- Pediatric Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theocharis G. Konstantinidis
- Blood Transfusion Center, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis Dragana Campus, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2551-352005
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Lu X, Zhang JX, Zhang L, Wu D, Tian J, Yu LJ, He L, Zhong S, Du H, Deng DF, Ding YZ, Wen H, Jiang M. Comprehensive understanding the impacts of dietary exposure to polyethylene microplastics on genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): tracking from growth, microbiota, metabolism to gene expressions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156571. [PMID: 35688245 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pollution has been recognized as a threat to sustainable fisheries due to the risks of MPs contamination in the process of feed production and susceptibility of fish to ingest MPs from the aquatic environment. In this study, we applied comprehensive approaches to investigate the impacts of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) on juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus) through 9-week dietary exposure based on growth performance, gut microbiota, liver metabolism, and gene expressions in brain and liver tissues. Dietary exposure to two kinds of PE-MPs with different median size (27 μm and 63 μm, respectively) concentration-dependently decreased weight gain (WG), while increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) of the tilapia. Dietary administration of PE-MPs also significantly reduced the activities of intestinal protease and amylase. PE-MPs particles of the larger size groups (63 μm) were mainly detected in feces, but those of the smaller ones (27 μm) tended to be accumulated in intestine. PE-MPs ingestion resulted in the alteration of gut microbiota composition, with Fusobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Firmicutes as the overrepresented bacterial taxa. Metabolomic assays of liver samples in fish fed the diets containing 8 % of PE-MPs revealed the particle size-specific variations in composition of differential metabolites and metabolism pathways such as amino acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Gene expressions of brain and liver samples were analyzed by RNA-seq. Photoperiodism and circadian rhythm were the representative biological processes enriched for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified from the brain. Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) was the most enriched pathway revealed by a joint transcriptomic and metabolic pathway analysis for the liver, followed by propanoate and pyruvate metabolism. Furthermore, an integration analysis of the gut microbiome and liver transcriptome data identified significant associations between several pathogenic bacteria taxa and immune pathways. Our findings demonstrated that the sizes and concentrations of PE-MPs are critically related to their toxic impacts on microbiota community, metabolism, gene expressions and thus fish growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Jie-Xin Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Genetics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Juan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Li-Juan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Li He
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- Department of Genetics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hao Du
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Dong-Fang Deng
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
| | - Yong-Zhen Ding
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Hua Wen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Ming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
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Roussotte M, Massy E. Case report of arthritis caused by Legionella anisa and review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:633. [PMID: 35858834 PMCID: PMC9297545 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legionella spp. is recognized as a common cause of community acquired pneumonia, with Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 being the most prevalent. At least 70 species are described so far but few are identified in pathogenic conditions. Data on extrapulmonary infections are scarce. CASE PRESENTATION A 73-yar-old male with chronic lymphoid leukemia was hospitalized for an insidious wrist arthritis. Ultrasound of the wrist showed a carpal and radiocarpal fluid effusion with positive Doppler signal. While routine bacterial cultures remained sterile, 16S rRNA PCR identified Legionella anisa. Ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice a day for a period of six weeks improved arthritis with full recovery at the end of the treatment. CONCLUSION Legionella non pneumophila are a rare cause of septic arthritis especially found in immunosuppressed patients and identification of species could help clinician to adapt antibiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roussotte
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Rhumatologie Sud, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165, Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - E Massy
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Rhumatologie Sud, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165, Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69310, Pierre Bénite, France.
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Nácher-Vázquez M, Barbosa A, Armelim I, Azevedo AS, Almeida GN, Pizarro C, Azevedo NF, Almeida C, Cerqueira L. Development of a Novel Peptide Nucleic Acid Probe for the Detection of Legionella spp. in Water Samples. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1409. [PMID: 35889127 PMCID: PMC9318766 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella are opportunistic intracellular pathogens that are found throughout the environment. The Legionella contamination of water systems represents a serious social problem that can lead to severe diseases, which can manifest as both Pontiac fever and Legionnaires' disease (LD) infections. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using nucleic acid mimic probes (NAM-FISH) is a powerful and versatile technique for bacterial detection. By optimizing a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) sequence based on fluorescently selective binding to specific bacterial rRNA sequences, we established a new PNA-FISH method that has been successfully designed for the specific detection of the genus Legionella. The LEG22 PNA probe has shown great theoretical performance, presenting 99.9% specificity and 96.9% sensitivity. We also demonstrated that the PNA-FISH approach presents a good signal-to-noise ratio when applied in artificially contaminated water samples directly on filtration membranes or after cells elution. For water samples with higher turbidity (from cooling tower water systems), there is still the need for further method optimization in order to detect cellular contents and to overcome interferents' autofluorescence, which hinders probe signal visualization. Nevertheless, this work shows that the PNA-FISH approach could be a promising alternative for the rapid (3-4 h) and accurate detection of Legionella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Nácher-Vázquez
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (M.N.-V.); (A.B.); (I.A.); (A.S.A.); (N.F.A.); (C.A.)
- INIAV, IP—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Vairão, 4485-655 Vila Do Conde, Portugal;
| | - Ana Barbosa
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (M.N.-V.); (A.B.); (I.A.); (A.S.A.); (N.F.A.); (C.A.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Armelim
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (M.N.-V.); (A.B.); (I.A.); (A.S.A.); (N.F.A.); (C.A.)
| | - Andreia Sofia Azevedo
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (M.N.-V.); (A.B.); (I.A.); (A.S.A.); (N.F.A.); (C.A.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Nieto Almeida
- INIAV, IP—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Vairão, 4485-655 Vila Do Conde, Portugal;
| | - Cristina Pizarro
- INSA—National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Nuno Filipe Azevedo
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (M.N.-V.); (A.B.); (I.A.); (A.S.A.); (N.F.A.); (C.A.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Almeida
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (M.N.-V.); (A.B.); (I.A.); (A.S.A.); (N.F.A.); (C.A.)
- INIAV, IP—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Vairão, 4485-655 Vila Do Conde, Portugal;
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Laura Cerqueira
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (M.N.-V.); (A.B.); (I.A.); (A.S.A.); (N.F.A.); (C.A.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Legionnaires' Disease: Update on Diagnosis and Treatment. Infect Dis Ther 2022; 11:973-986. [PMID: 35505000 PMCID: PMC9124264 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-022-00635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionellosis is the infection caused by bacteria of the genus Legionella, including a non-pneumonic influenza-like syndrome, and Legionnaires’ disease is a more serious illness characterized by pneumonia. Legionellosis is becoming increasingly important as a public health problem throughout the world; although it is an underreported disease, studies have consistently documented a high incidence. In addition, health costs associated with the disease are high. Diagnosis of Legionnaires’ disease is based mainly on the detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in urine. However, there have been advances in detection tests for patients with legionellosis. New methodologies show greater sensitivity and specificity, detect more species and serogroups of Legionella spp., and have the potential for use in epidemiological studies. Testing for Legionella spp. is recommended at hospital admission for severe community-acquired pneumonia, and antibiotics directed against Legionella spp. should be included early as empirical therapy. Inadequate or delayed antibiotic treatment in Legionella pneumonia has been associated with a worse prognosis. Either a fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin or moxifloxacin) or a macrolide (azithromycin preferred) is the recommended first-line therapy for Legionnaires’ disease; however, little information is available regarding adverse events or complications, or about the duration of antibiotic therapy and its association with clinical outcomes. Most published studies evaluating antibiotic treatment for Legionnaires’ disease are observational and consequently susceptible to bias and confounding. Well-designed studies are needed to assess the usefulness of diagnostic tests regarding clinical outcomes, as well as randomized trials comparing fluoroquinolones and macrolides or combination therapy that evaluate outcomes and adverse events.
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Ge Z, Yuan P, Chen L, Chen J, Shen D, She Z, Lu Y. New Global Insights on the Regulation of the Biphasic Life Cycle and Virulence Via ClpP-Dependent Proteolysis in Legionella pneumophila. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100233. [PMID: 35427813 PMCID: PMC9112007 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila, an environmental bacterium that parasitizes protozoa, causes Legionnaires’ disease in humans that is characterized by severe pneumonia. This bacterium adopts a distinct biphasic life cycle consisting of a nonvirulent replicative phase and a virulent transmissive phase in response to different environmental conditions. Hence, the timely and fine-tuned expression of growth and virulence factors in a life cycle–dependent manner is crucial for survival and replication. Here, we report that the completion of the biphasic life cycle and bacterial pathogenesis is greatly dependent on the protein homeostasis regulated by caseinolytic protease P (ClpP)-dependent proteolysis. We characterized the ClpP-dependent dynamic profiles of the regulatory and substrate proteins during the biphasic life cycle of L. pneumophila using proteomic approaches and discovered that ClpP-dependent proteolysis specifically and conditionally degraded the substrate proteins, thereby directly playing a regulatory role or indirectly controlling cellular events via the regulatory proteins. We further observed that ClpP-dependent proteolysis is required to monitor the abundance of fatty acid biosynthesis–related protein Lpg0102/Lpg0361/Lpg0362 and SpoT for the normal regulation of L. pneumophila differentiation. We also found that the control of the biphasic life cycle and bacterial virulence is independent. Furthermore, the ClpP-dependent proteolysis of Dot/Icm (defect in organelle trafficking/intracellular multiplication) type IVB secretion system and effector proteins at a specific phase of the life cycle is essential for bacterial pathogenesis. Therefore, our findings provide novel insights on ClpP-dependent proteolysis, which spans a broad physiological spectrum involving key metabolic pathways that regulate the transition of the biphasic life cycle and bacterial virulence of L. pneumophila, facilitating adaptation to aquatic and intracellular niches. ClpP is the major determinant of biphasic life cycle–dependent protein turnover. ClpP-dependent proteolysis monitors SpoT abundance for cellular differentiation. ClpP-dependent regulation of life cycle and bacterial virulence is independent. ClpP-dependent proteolysis of T4BSS and effector proteins is vital for virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuang Ge
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Run Ze Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiome Study, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peibo Yuan
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingming Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Run Ze Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiome Study, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang She
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Run Ze Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Microbiome Study, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Costa Catta-Preta CM, Cézar de Azevedo-Martins A, de Souza W, Motta MCM. Effect of the endoplasmic reticulum stressor tunicamycin in Angomonas deanei heat-shock protein expression and on the association with the endosymbiotic bacterium. Exp Cell Res 2022; 417:113162. [PMID: 35460679 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) presents unique properties to establishing bacterium symbiosis in eukaryotic cells since it synthesizes and glycosylates essential molecules like proteins and lipids. Tunicamycin (TM) is an antibiotic that inhibits the first step in the N-linked glycosylation in eukaryotes and has been used as an ER stress inducer to activate the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). Mutualistic symbiosis in trypanosomatids is characterized by structural adaptations and intense metabolic exchanges, thus we investigated the effects of TM in the association between Angomonas deanei and its symbiotic bacterium, through ultrastructural and proteomic approaches. Cells treated with the inhibitor showed a decrease in proliferation, enlargement of the ER and Golgi cisternae and an increased distance between the symbiont and the ER. TM proved to be an important tool to better understand ER stress in trypanosomatids, since changes in protein composition were observed in the host protozoan, especially the expression of the Hsp90 chaperone. Furthermore, data obtained indicates the importance of the ER for the adaptation and maintenance of symbiotic associations between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, considering that this organelle has recognized importance in the biogenesis and division of cell structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Moura Costa Catta-Preta
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21491-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Allan Cézar de Azevedo-Martins
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21491-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21491-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina M Motta
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21491-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, RJ, Brazil.
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Ricci ML, Fillo S, Ciammaruconi A, Lista F, Ginevra C, Jarraud S, Girolamo A, Barbanti F, Rota MC, Lindsay D, Gorzynski J, Uldum SA, Baig S, Foti M, Petralito G, Torri S, Faccini M, Bonini M, Gentili G, Senatore S, Lamberti A, Carrico JA, Scaturro M. Genome analysis of Legionella pneumophila ST23 from various countries reveals highly similar strains. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/6/e202101117. [PMID: 35236759 PMCID: PMC8899845 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ST23 isolated in Italy are analysed by cgMLST and SNP approaches and they are also compared with ST23 from other countries. They are found to be phylogenetically related independently on year, town, or country of isolation. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1) sequence type (ST) 23 is one of the most commonly detected STs in Italy where it currently causes all investigated outbreaks. ST23 has caused both epidemic and sporadic cases between 1995 and 2018 and was analysed at genomic level and compared with ST23 isolated in other countries to determine possible similarities and differences. A core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST), based on a previously described set of 1,521 core genes, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) approaches were applied to an ST23 collection including genomes from Italy, France, Denmark and Scotland. DNAs were automatically extracted, libraries prepared using NextEra library kit and MiSeq sequencing performed. Overall, 63 among clinical and environmental Italian Lp1 isolates and a further seven and 11 ST23 from Denmark and Scotland, respectively, were sequenced, and pangenome analysed. Both cgMLST and SNPs analyses showed very few loci and SNP variations in ST23 genomes. All the ST23 causing outbreaks and sporadic cases in Italy and elsewhere, were phylogenetically related independent of year, town or country of isolation. Distances among the ST23s were further shortened when SNPs due to horizontal gene transfers were removed. The Lp1 ST23 isolated in Italy have kept their monophyletic origin, but they are phylogenetically close also to ST23 from other countries. The ST23 are quite widespread in Italy, and a thorough epidemiological investigation is compelled to determine sources of infection when this ST is identified in both LD sporadic cases and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Ricci
- Department of Infectious Diseases Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,ESCMID Study Group for Legionella Infections (ESGLI), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Fillo
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Christophe Ginevra
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Legionella Pathogenesis Team, University of Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France; National Reference Centre of Legionella, Institute of Infectious Agents, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,ESCMID Study Group for Legionella Infections (ESGLI), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Jarraud
- Universitè Lyon 1, CNR Legionella, Lyon, France.,ESCMID Study Group for Legionella Infections (ESGLI), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Fabrizio Barbanti
- Department of Infectious Diseases Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Diane Lindsay
- Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories, Glasgow, Scotland.,ESCMID Study Group for Legionella Infections (ESGLI), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jamie Gorzynski
- Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Søren A Uldum
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark.,ESCMID Study Group for Legionella Infections (ESGLI), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sharmin Baig
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Marina Foti
- Agency for Health Protection of Metropolitan Area of Milan (ATS), Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Torri
- Department of Laboratory of Medicine, Hospital Niguarda, Ca' Granda, Milan, Italy
| | - Marino Faccini
- Agency for Health Protection of Metropolitan Area of Milan (ATS), Milan, Italy
| | - Maira Bonini
- Agency for Health Protection of Metropolitan Area of Milan (ATS), Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gentili
- Agency for Health Protection of Metropolitan Area of Milan (ATS), Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Senatore
- Agency for Health Protection of Metropolitan Area of Milan (ATS), Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Lamberti
- Agency for Health Protection of Metropolitan Area of Milan (ATS), Milan, Italy
| | - Joao André Carrico
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,ESCMID Study Group for Legionella Infections (ESGLI), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Scaturro
- Department of Infectious Diseases Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy .,ESCMID Study Group for Legionella Infections (ESGLI), Basel, Switzerland
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Krøvel AV, Bernhoff E, Austerheim E, Soma MA, Romstad MR, Löhr IH. Legionella pneumophila in Municipal Shower Systems in Stavanger, Norway; A Longitudinal Surveillance Study Using Whole Genome Sequencing in Risk Management. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030536. [PMID: 35336109 PMCID: PMC8954845 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an incidence of Legionnaires disease (LD) in 2007, where a municipal shower system was the likely source of infection, Stavanger municipality initiated a surveillance program for Legionella as part of establishing internal risk evaluation and prevention routines. More than 250 shower systems were examined for cultivatable Legionella pneumophila. The prevalence and diversity of serogroups (sg) and sequence types (STs) of L. pneumophila were mapped using available typing techniques over a period of more than 10 years (2010–2021). The surveillance showed an overall reduction in the L. pneumophila colonisation rate in municipal systems from 11 to 4.5% following prevention measures during the period, with the highest colonisation rate in complex systems (e.g., larger nursing homes and sports complexes). Further, an approximately even distribution between sg1 and 2–14 was seen. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that only a limited number of STs were detected, and they were consistent at specific locations over time. This study showed that environmental surveillance data in combination with available typing techniques and WGS can give the municipality a better tool for risk management and an overview of ST distributions that can be a valuable asset in future source investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vatland Krøvel
- NORCE—Norwegian Research Centre, Environment Department, Professor Olav Hansenssvei 15, N-4021 Stavanger, Norway;
- National Reference Laboratory for Legionella, Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, P.O. Box 8100, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway; (E.B.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.R.); (I.H.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eva Bernhoff
- National Reference Laboratory for Legionella, Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, P.O. Box 8100, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway; (E.B.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.R.); (I.H.L.)
| | - Elin Austerheim
- NORCE—Norwegian Research Centre, Environment Department, Professor Olav Hansenssvei 15, N-4021 Stavanger, Norway;
| | - Markus André Soma
- National Reference Laboratory for Legionella, Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, P.O. Box 8100, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway; (E.B.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.R.); (I.H.L.)
| | - Monica Regine Romstad
- National Reference Laboratory for Legionella, Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, P.O. Box 8100, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway; (E.B.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.R.); (I.H.L.)
| | - Iren Høyland Löhr
- National Reference Laboratory for Legionella, Department of Medical Microbiology, Stavanger University Hospital, P.O. Box 8100, N-4068 Stavanger, Norway; (E.B.); (M.A.S.); (M.R.R.); (I.H.L.)
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Talapko J, Frauenheim E, Juzbašić M, Tomas M, Matić S, Jukić M, Samardžić M, Škrlec I. Legionella pneumophila-Virulence Factors and the Possibility of Infection in Dental Practice. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020255. [PMID: 35208710 PMCID: PMC8879694 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is defined as a bacterium that can cause severe pneumonia. It is found in the natural environment and in water, and is often found in water tanks. It can be an integral part of biofilms in nature, and the protozoa in which it can live provide it with food and protect it from harmful influences; therefore, it has the ability to move into a sustainable but uncultured state (VBNC). L. pneumophila has been shown to cause infections in dental practices. The most common transmission route is aerosol generated in dental office water systems, which can negatively affect patients and healthcare professionals. The most common way of becoming infected with L. pneumophila in a dental office is through water from dental instruments, and the dental unit. In addition to these bacteria, patients and the dental team may be exposed to other harmful bacteria and viruses. Therefore, it is vital that the dental team regularly maintains and decontaminates the dental unit, and sterilizes all accessories that come with it. In addition, regular water control in dental offices is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Talapko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Erwin Frauenheim
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Martina Juzbašić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Matej Tomas
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Suzana Matić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Melita Jukić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
- General Hospital Vukovar, Županijska 35, HR-32000 Vukovar, Croatia
| | - Marija Samardžić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
| | - Ivana Škrlec
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (E.F.); (M.J.); (M.T.); (S.M.); (M.J.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Guillemot J, Ginevra C, Allam C, Kay E, Gilbert C, Doublet P, Jarraud S, Chapalain A. TNF-α response in macrophages depends on clinical Legionella pneumophila isolates genotypes. Virulence 2022; 13:160-173. [PMID: 35030980 PMCID: PMC8765069 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.2022861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionnaires' Disease (LD) is a severe pneumonia mainly caused in Europe by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1). Sequence-based typing methods reveal that some sequence types (ST) are overrepresented in clinical samples such as ST1 and ST47, suggesting that some strains are more fit for infection than others. In the present study, a collection of 108 Lp1 clinical isolates were used to evaluate the strain-dependent immune responses from human macrophages. Clinical Lp1 isolates induced differential TNFα secretion from macrophages. ST1 isolates induced a significantly higher TNF-α secretion than non-ST1, whereas ST47 isolates induced a significantly lower TNF-α secretion than non-ST47 isolates. ST1 isolates induced a significantly higher cell death than ST47 isolates evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase activity (cytotoxicity) and caspase-3 activity (apoptosis). Treatment of macrophages with anti-TNF-α antibodies significantly reduced the cell death in macrophages infected with ST1 or ST47 strains. The TNF-α secretion was neither explained by a differential bacterial replication nor by the number or type (bystander or infected) of TNF-α producing cells following infection but by a differential response from macrophages. The Paris ST1 reference strain elicited a significantly higher TNF-α gene transcription and a higher induction of NF-κB signaling pathway than the Lorraine ST47 reference strain.Clinical Lp1 isolates induce a diverse immune response and cell death, which could be related to the genotype. The two predominant sequence-types ST1 and ST47 trigger opposite inflammatory response that could be related to the host susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Guillemot
- Ciri, Centre International de Recherche En Infectiologie, Équipe Pathogenèse Des Légionelles, Université Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Ginevra
- Ciri, Centre International de Recherche En Infectiologie, Équipe Pathogenèse Des Légionelles, Université Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut Des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de Référence Des Légionelles, Lyon, France
| | - Camille Allam
- Ciri, Centre International de Recherche En Infectiologie, Équipe Pathogenèse Des Légionelles, Université Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut Des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de Référence Des Légionelles, Lyon, France
| | - Elisabeth Kay
- Ciri, Centre International de Recherche En Infectiologie, Équipe Pathogenèse Des Légionelles, Université Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Gilbert
- Ciri, Centre International de Recherche En Infectiologie, Équipe Pathogenèse Des Légionelles, Université Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Doublet
- Ciri, Centre International de Recherche En Infectiologie, Équipe Pathogenèse Des Légionelles, Université Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Jarraud
- Ciri, Centre International de Recherche En Infectiologie, Équipe Pathogenèse Des Légionelles, Université Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut Des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de Référence Des Légionelles, Lyon, France
| | - Annelise Chapalain
- Ciri, Centre International de Recherche En Infectiologie, Équipe Pathogenèse Des Légionelles, Université Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France
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47
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Molecular Methods for Pathogenic Bacteria Detection and Recent Advances in Wastewater Analysis. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13243551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With increasing concerns about public health and the development of molecular techniques, new detection tools and the combination of existing approaches have increased the abilities of pathogenic bacteria monitoring by exploring new biomarkers, increasing the sensitivity and accuracy of detection, quantification, and analyzing various genes such as functional genes and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG). Molecular methods are gradually emerging as the most popular detection approach for pathogens, in addition to the conventional culture-based plate enumeration methods. The analysis of pathogens in wastewater and the back-estimation of infections in the community, also known as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), is an emerging methodology and has a great potential to supplement current surveillance systems for the monitoring of infectious diseases and the early warning of outbreaks. However, as a complex matrix, wastewater largely challenges the analytical performance of molecular methods. This review synthesized the literature of typical pathogenic bacteria in wastewater, types of biomarkers, molecular methods for bacterial analysis, and their recent advances in wastewater analysis. The advantages and limitation of these molecular methods were evaluated, and their prospects in WBE were discussed to provide insight for future development.
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48
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Tóth D, Horváth GV, Juhász G. The interplay between pathogens and Atg8 family proteins: thousand-faced interactions. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:3237-3252. [PMID: 34670023 PMCID: PMC8634866 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation and recycling process that can also remove pathogenic intracellular bacteria and viruses from within cells (referred to as xenophagy) and activate the adaptive immune responses. But autophagy-especially Atg proteins including Atg8 family members-can also have proviral and probacterial effects. In this review, we summarize known interactions of bacterial, parasitic, and viral proteins with Atg8 family proteins and the outcome of these interactions on pathogen replication, autophagy, or mitophagy. We discuss the value of prediction software and the research methodology in the study of pathogen protein-Atg8 family protein interactions, with selected examples of potential LC3-interacting region motif-containing SARS-CoV-2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Tóth
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor V Horváth
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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49
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Alafaci A, Crépin A, Beaubert S, Berjeaud JM, Delafont V, Verdon J. Exploring the Individual Bacterial Microbiota of Questing Ixodes ricinus Nymphs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071526. [PMID: 34361961 PMCID: PMC8303981 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes ricinus is the most common hard tick species in Europe and an important vector of pathogens of human and animal health concerns. The rise of high-throughput sequencing has facilitated the identification of many tick-borne pathogens and, more globally, of various microbiota members depending on the scale of concern. In this study, we aimed to assess the bacterial diversity of individual I. ricinus questing nymphs collected in France using high-throughput 16S gene metabarcoding. From 180 dragging-collected nymphs, we identified more than 700 bacterial genera, of which about 20 are abundantly represented (>1% of total reads). Together with 136 other genera assigned, they constitute a core internal microbiota in this study. We also identified 20 individuals carrying Borreliella. The most abundant species is B. afzelii, known to be one of the bacteria responsible for Lyme disease in Europe. Co-detection of up to four Borreliella genospecies within the same individual has also been retrieved. The detection and co-detection rate of Borreliella in I. ricinus nymphs is high and raises the question of interactions between these bacteria and the communities constituting the internal microbiota.
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Legionella pneumophila-Epidemiology and Characterization of Clinical Isolates, Slovenia, 2006-2020. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11071201. [PMID: 34359283 PMCID: PMC8308060 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11071201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of severe Legionnaires’ disease (LD). Although an increasing number of LD cases have been observed, published data from Slovenia are very limited and data on molecular epidemiology are even scarcer. The present retrospective study (2006–2020) reports the results of the microbiological diagnosis of LD, as well as the epidemiology and characterization of the Legionella clinical isolates. We tested urine samples from 15,540 patients with pneumonia symptoms for L. pneumophila infection by urine antigen test, of which 717 (4.6%) tested positive. Isolation of L. pneumophila was successfully performed from 88 clinical specimens, with 82 (93.2%) being identified as L. pneumophila sg 1 and six (6.8%) as L. pneumophila sg 2–14. Sequence-based typing (SBT) identified 33 different sequence types (STs), the most frequent being ST1 and ST23. Sequence type 1 mainly comprised isolates belonging to the Philadelphia subgroup, and ST23 mostly to Allentown/France. The standard SBT scheme, as well as Dresden phenotyping for L. pneumophila, presented a high diversity among isolates.
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