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Ryan JJ, Kreiner DS, Teichner G, Gontkovsky ST. Validity of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Second Edition (WASI-II) as an Indicator of Neurological Disease/Injury: A Pilot Study. Brain Inj 2021; 35:1624-1629. [PMID: 34546137 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.1978547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Second Edition is commonly used by neuropsychologists in the assessment of intellectual functioning, there is a paucity of published literature examining its utility in detecting neurological disease/injury. This study constitutes an attempt to validate the four-subtest WASI-II (4-FSIQ) for use with patients with neurological disease/injury. METHOD Participants were 59 patients referred for outpatient neuropsychological evaluation. Thirty-two individuals with diagnoses of dementia, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and other neurological disorders constituted the neurological group. A control group was comprised of 27 individuals with diagnoses of psychiatric disorders or age-related cognitive decline. RESULTS The WASI-II subtest and composite scores of the neurological group were all significantly (ps < .0001) lower than those of the control sample, but pattern differences between the groups were absent. When premorbid IQs and WASI-II IQs were compared, neurological patients with neurological disease/injury displayed evidence of intellectual deterioration; whereas, control participants did not. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the 4-WASI-II is sensitive to the biological condition of the brain and provide preliminary validation for its use in the neuropsychological assessment of a diagnostically heterogeneous sample of patients with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Ryan
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, Missouri, USA
| | - David S Kreiner
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, Missouri, USA
| | - Gordon Teichner
- Department of Psychological Science, Charleston Neuropsychology, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Samuel T Gontkovsky
- Department of Psychological Science, Twin Valley Behavioral Healthcare, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Ryan JJ, Gontkovsky ST. Reliabilities of Discrepancy Scores and Supplemental Tables for the WASI–II. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/07342829211040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed data from the WASI–II manual to determine discrepancy score reliabilities of the Verbal Comprehension (VCI) and Perceptual Reasoning (PRI) indexes and the four subtests in the child and adult standardization samples. Reliabilities of the VCI–PRI discrepancy scores range from .78 to .86 for children and .82 to .89 for adults and generally are large enough to justify hypothesis generation. Discrepancy score reliabilities of the subtests range from .64 to .82 and .66 to .84 for children and adults, respectively, and therefore must be considered on a score-by-score basis in formulating hypotheses. Tables are provided to identify significant differences between pairs of subtests and to determine ipsative strengths and weaknesses when each subtest is compared to the mean of four subtests. The use of confidence intervals for the interpretation of discrepancy scores is presented. If additional discrepancy score reliabilities and cut-offs are desired, the necessary formulas are provided.
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Wang D, Jorge A, Lipski WJ, Kratter IH, Henry LC, Richardson RM. Lateralized Effect of Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation Location on Verbal Abstraction. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1843-1852. [PMID: 33818819 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regionalized thalamic activity has been implicated in language function, and yet the effect of thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) on language-related clinical outcomes is underexplored. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine if the location of stimulation within the thalamus correlates with changes in language-related neuropsychological outcomes following DBS for essential tremor. METHODS Thirty patients with essential tremor underwent comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations before and after DBS surgery targeting the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus. Changes in neuropsychological functions were evaluated. The relationships between language-related outcomes and stimulation location were assessed using both categorical and linear methods. Any significant results were further validated using linear discriminant analysis. RESULTS Most neuropsychological functions remained unchanged at the group level. However, outcome on a measure of verbal abstraction was significantly dependent on stimulation location along the anterior-posterior axis within the left ventral lateral thalamus, with anterior stimulation associated with reduced verbal abstraction performance. This result was supported by linear discriminant analysis, which showed that stimulation locations with improved and reduced verbal abstraction function were best separated by a vector nearly parallel to the anterior-posterior axis. No stimulation location dependence was found for verbal abstraction outcome in the right thalamus or for outcomes of other language functions in either hemisphere. CONCLUSION We demonstrate an effect of thalamic DBS on verbal abstraction as a function of left thalamic topography. This finding provides clinical evidence for the lateralization and regionalization of thalamic language function that may be relevant for understanding nonmotor effects of stimulation. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengyu Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ahmed Jorge
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Witold J Lipski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian H Kratter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Luke C Henry
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R Mark Richardson
- Brain Modulation Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Yankowitz LD, Herrington JD, Yerys BE, Pereira JA, Pandey J, Schultz RT. Evidence against the "normalization" prediction of the early brain overgrowth hypothesis of autism. Mol Autism 2020; 11:51. [PMID: 32552879 PMCID: PMC7301552 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequently cited Early Overgrowth Hypothesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) postulates that there is overgrowth of the brain in the first 2 years of life, which is followed by a period of arrested growth leading to normalized brain volume in late childhood and beyond. While there is consistent evidence for early brain overgrowth, there is mixed evidence for normalization of brain volume by middle childhood. The outcome of this debate is important to understanding the etiology and neurodevelopmental trajectories of ASD. METHODS Brain volume was examined in two very large single-site samples of children, adolescents, and adults. The primary sample comprised 456 6-25-year-olds (ASD n = 240, typically developing controls (TDC) n = 216), including a large number of females (n = 102) and spanning a wide IQ range (47-158). The replication sample included 175 males. High-resolution T1-weighted anatomical MRI images were examined for group differences in total brain, cerebellar, ventricular, gray, and white matter volumes. RESULTS The ASD group had significantly larger total brain, cerebellar, gray matter, white matter, and lateral ventricular volumes in both samples, indicating that brain volume remains enlarged through young adulthood, rather than normalizing. There were no significant age or sex interactions with diagnosis in these measures. However, a significant diagnosis-by-IQ interaction was detected in the larger sample, such that increased brain volume was related to higher IQ in the TDCs, but not in the ASD group. Regions-of-significance analysis indicated that total brain volume was larger in ASD than TDC for individuals with IQ less than 115, providing a potential explanation for prior inconsistent brain size results. No relationships were found between brain volume and measures of autism symptom severity within the ASD group. LIMITATIONS Our cross-sectional sample may not reflect individual changes over time in brain volume and cannot quantify potential changes in volume prior to age 6. CONCLUSIONS These findings challenge the "normalization" prediction of the brain overgrowth hypothesis by demonstrating that brain enlargement persists across childhood into early adulthood. The findings raise questions about the clinical implications of brain enlargement, since we find that it neither confers cognitive benefits nor predicts increased symptom severity in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Yankowitz
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 425 S. University Ave, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - John D Herrington
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19105, USA
| | - Benjamin E Yerys
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19105, USA
| | - Joseph A Pereira
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Juhi Pandey
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19105, USA
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 2716 South St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19105, USA
- Department of Pediatrics Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19105, USA
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Linke AC, Kinnear MK, Kohli JS, Fong CH, Lincoln AJ, Carper RA, Müller RA. Impaired motor skills and atypical functional connectivity of the sensorimotor system in 40- to 65-year-old adults with autism spectrum disorders. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 85:104-112. [PMID: 31732217 PMCID: PMC6948185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in fine and gross motor function, coordination, and balance in early development are common in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). It is unclear whether these deficits persist into adulthood and whether they may be exacerbated by additional motor problems that often emerge in typical aging. We assessed motor skills and used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to study intrinsic functional connectivity of the sensorimotor network in 40- to 65-year-old adults with ASDs (n = 17) and typically developing matched adults (n = 19). Adults with ASDs scored significantly lower on assessments of motor skills compared with an age-matched group of typical control adults. In addition, functional connectivity of the sensorimotor system was reduced and the pattern of connectivity was more heterogeneous in adults with ASDs. A negative correlation between functional connectivity of the motor system and motor skills, however, was only found in the typical control group. Findings suggest behavioral impairment and atypical brain organization of the motor system in middle-age adults with ASDs, accompanied by pronounced heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Carola Linke
- Department of Psychology, The Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mikaela Kelsey Kinnear
- Department of Psychology, The Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jiwandeep Singh Kohli
- Department of Psychology, The Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Hilton Fong
- Department of Psychology, The Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alan John Lincoln
- The Department of Clinical Psychology, Alliant International University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ruth Anna Carper
- Department of Psychology, The Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Ralph-Axel Müller
- Department of Psychology, The Brain Development Imaging Laboratories, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Lange S, Shield K, Rehm J, Anagnostou E, Popova S. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: neurodevelopmentally and behaviorally indistinguishable from other neurodevelopmental disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:322. [PMID: 31660907 PMCID: PMC6816158 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of universally accepted diagnostic criteria and the high rate of psychiatric comorbidity make it difficult to diagnose Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). In an effort to improve the diagnosis of FASD, the current study aimed to identify a neurodevelopmental profile that is both sensitive and specific to FASD. METHODS A secondary analysis was conducted on data obtained from the Canadian component of the World Health Organization International Study on the Prevalence of FASD. Data on neurodevelopmental status and behavior were derived from a battery of standardized tests and the Child Behavior Checklist for 21 children with FASD, 28 children with other neurodevelopmental disorders, and 37 typically developing control children, aged 7 to 11 years. Two latent profile analyses were performed to derive discriminative profiles: i) children with FASD compared with typically developing control children, and ii) children with FASD compared with typically developing control children and children with other neurodevelopmental disorders. The classification function of the resulting profiles was evaluated using the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Confidence intervals (CIs) were approximated using 10,000 bootstrapped samples. RESULTS The neurodevelopmental profile of FASD tested consisted of impairments in perceptual reasoning, verbal comprehension, visual-motor speed and motor coordination, processing speed (nonverbal information), attention and executive function, visuospatial processing, and language, in combination with rule-breaking behavior and attention problems. When children with FASD were compared with typically developing control children, a 2-class model fit the data best and resulted in a sensitivity of 95.2% (95% CI: 84.2-100.0%), specificity of 89.2% (95% CI: 78.4-97.5%), PPV of 83.3% (95% CI: 66.7-96.2%), and NPV of 97.1% (95% CI: 90.3-100.0%). When children with FASD were compared with typically developing control children and children with other neurodevelopmental disorders, the neurodevelopmental profile correctly identified only 56.9% (95% CI: 45.1-69.2%) of typically developing children and children with other neurodevelopmental disorders as not having FASD, and thus the profile was found not to be specific to children with FASD. CONCLUSION The findings question the uniqueness of children with FASD with respect to their neurodevelopmental impairments and behavioral manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Lange
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Kevin Shield
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, 150 Kilgour Rd., East York, ON, M4G 1R8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Svetlana Popova
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor Street, West, Toronto, ON, M5S 1V4, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
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Inhibitory control mediates a negative relationship between body mass index and intelligence: A neurocognitive investigation. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 19:392-408. [PMID: 30725324 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The structure and function of the human brain is closely related to cognitive processes of the mind and physiological processes of the body, suggesting that an intricate relationship exists between cognitive health, body health, and underlying neural architecture. In the current study, morphometric differences in cortical and subcortical gray matter regions, white matter integrity, and resting-state functional connectivity was assessed to determine what combinations of neural variables best explain an interconnected behavioral relationship between body mass index (BMI), general intelligence, and specific measures of executive function. Data for 82 subjects were obtained from the Nathan Kline Institute Rockland Sample. Behavioral results indicated a negative relationship between BMI and intelligence, which exhibited mediation by an inhibitory measure of executive function. Neural analyses further revealed generally contrasting associations of BMI, intelligence, and executive function with cortical morphometric regions important for inhibitory control and directed attention. Moreover, BMI related to morphometric alterations in components of a frontolimbic network, namely reduced thickness in the anterior cingulate cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, whereas intelligence and inhibitory control primarily related to increased thickness and volume in parietal regions, as well as significantly increased across-network connectivity of visual and default mode resting-state networks. These results propose that medial prefrontal structure and interconnected frontolimbic and frontoparietal networks are important to consider in the relationship between BMI, intelligence, and executive function.
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Stewart E, Catroppa C, Lah S. A novel cognitive behavioural intervention with Theory of Mind (ToM) training for children with epilepsy: protocol for a case series feasibility study. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2019; 5:12. [PMID: 30680226 PMCID: PMC6339364 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-019-0393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with epilepsy have significant social impairments, yet evidence-based interventions to address these social difficulties are lacking. Emerging research has shown that social difficulties in children with epilepsy relate to underlying impairments in Theory of Mind (ToM). This paper outlines the protocol for a pilot study that will evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of a novel cognitive behavioural intervention with ToM training for children with epilepsy. METHODS The intervention will be evaluated in a single-arm case series feasibility study. Ten to 12 children with common forms of epilepsy (8 to 12 years old) will be recruited to participate in 4 small group workshops, held over 4 consecutive weeks. Parents will attend a brief review at the end of each session with their child. Children will complete 4 one-to-one assessments with an investigator assessing ToM and social competence: twice at baseline (4 weeks and 1 day before the intervention), at post-intervention (last day of the intervention) and at follow-up (4 weeks post intervention). Parents will complete online questionnaires at these same 4 time points assessing ToM and social competence of their child. Parents and children will both complete a weekly measure of social competence from baseline 1 to follow-up. Following completion of the intervention, parents will complete two standardised questionnaires assessing treatment acceptability and barriers and facilitators to attendance; children will complete a single questionnaire on treatment acceptability. Information about feasibility outcomes (i.e. recruitment and retention, processing time, suitability of tasks) will be gathered by investigators during the trial. Together, outcomes will be used to refine research methods and make a decision about whether the intervention should be evaluated in a larger scale trial. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this is the first psychosocial intervention to address social competence problems in children with epilepsy. Findings will provide information about a potentially effective treatment that could improve longer term social outcomes for this group. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR): ACTRN12618000974202, registered June 8 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Stewart
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, 94 to 100 Mallet Street, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2040 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Cognition and its Disorders (ARC CCD), Sydney, Australia
- Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cathy Catroppa
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Suncica Lah
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, 94 to 100 Mallet Street, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2040 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Cognition and its Disorders (ARC CCD), Sydney, Australia
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Stiede JT, Alexander JR, Wellen B, Bauer CC, Himle MB, Mouton-Odum S, Woods DW. Differentiating tic-related from non-tic-related impairment in children with persistent tic disorders. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 87:38-45. [PMID: 30195099 PMCID: PMC6240497 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with persistent (chronic) tic disorders (PTDs) experience impairment across multiple domains of functioning, but given high rates of other non-tic-related conditions, it is often difficult to differentiate the extent to which such impairment is related to tics or to other problems. The current study used the Child Tourette's Syndrome Impairment Scale - Parent Report (CTIM-P) to examine parents' attributions of their child's impairment in home, school, and social domains in a sample of 58 children with PTD. Each domain was rated on the extent to which the parents perceived that impairment was related to tics versus non-tic-related concerns. In addition, the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) was used to explore the relationship between tic-related impairment and tic severity. Results showed impairment in school and social activities was not differentially attributed to tics versus non-tic-related impairment, but impairment in home activities was attributed more to non-tic-related concerns than tics themselves. Moreover, tic severity was significantly correlated with tic-related impairment in home, school, and social activities, and when the dimensions of tic severity were explored, impairment correlated most strongly with motor tic complexity. Results suggest that differentiating tic-related from non-tic-related impairment may be clinically beneficial and could lead to treatments that more effectively target problems experienced by children with PTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Stiede
- Marquette University, 604 N. 16th St., Milwaukee, WI 53233, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R Alexander
- Marquette University, 604 N. 16th St., Milwaukee, WI 53233, United States of America
| | - Brianna Wellen
- University of Utah, 201 Presidents Cir., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States of America
| | - Christopher C Bauer
- Marquette University, 604 N. 16th St., Milwaukee, WI 53233, United States of America
| | - Michael B Himle
- University of Utah, 201 Presidents Cir., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Mouton-Odum
- Psychology Houston, PC, 7660 Woodway, Suite 599, Houston, TX 77063, United States of America
| | - Douglas W Woods
- Marquette University, 604 N. 16th St., Milwaukee, WI 53233, United States of America.
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Prescot A, Sheth C, Legarreta M, Renshaw PF, McGlade E, Yurgelun-Todd D. Altered Cortical GABA in Female Veterans with Suicidal Behavior: Sex Differences and Clinical Correlates. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2018; 2:2470547018768771. [PMID: 29756082 PMCID: PMC5947869 DOI: 10.1177/2470547018768771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Suicide is a public health concern in the civilian and veteran populations. Stressful life events are precipitating factors for suicide. The neurochemical underpinnings of the association between stress/trauma and suicide risk are unclear, especially in regards to sex differences. We hypothesized that gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter may be a neurochemical candidate that is critical in the association between stress and suicide risk in veterans. Methods Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) at 3.0 Tesla was used to measure in vivo neurochemistry in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; predominantly the dorsal ACC) of 81 veterans (16 females), including 57 (11 females) who endorsed past suicidal ideation (SI) and/or suicide attempt (SA) and 24 (5 females) with no history of SI and/or SA. Suicidal behavior (SB) was defined as the presence of SI and/or SA. Results We observed no significant differences in GABA/ Creatine+phosphocreatine (Cr+PCr) between veterans with SB (SB+) and without SB (SB-). However, the female SB+ group showed significantly reduced GABA/Cr+PCr vs. the female SB- group. We observed a trend-level significant negative correlation between GABA/Cr+PCr and the defensive avoidance (DA) subscale on the Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) in the SB+ group. In contrast, the SB- group exhibited a positive relationship between the two variables. Furthermore, we found significant negative correlations between GABA/Cr+PCr and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) scores as well as between GABA/Cr+PCr and several subscales of the TSI in female veterans. Conclusions This study suggests that reduced GABA/Cr+ PCr ratio in the ACC, which may be related to altered inhibitory capacity, may underlie suicide risk in female veterans. Further, the negative association between GABA/Cr+PCr and stress symptomatology and depression scores suggests that MRS studies may shed light on intermediate phenotypes of SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Prescot
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah School of
Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chandni Sheth
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of
Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Margaret Legarreta
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans
Affairs Medical Center, VA VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical
Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Perry F. Renshaw
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of
Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans
Affairs Medical Center, VA VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical
Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Erin McGlade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of
Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans
Affairs Medical Center, VA VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical
Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Deborah Yurgelun-Todd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of
Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans
Affairs Medical Center, VA VISN 19 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical
Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Sinclair LI, Pleydell-Pearce CW, Day INM. Possible positive effect of the APOE ε2 allele on cognition in early to mid-adult life. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 146:37-46. [PMID: 29032015 PMCID: PMC5725639 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ε4 allele possession is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Its effects earlier in life are less well understood. Previous studies have reported both detrimental effects and a lack of effect on cognition outside dementia. We used genotype based recall from the ALSPAC study to investigate whether APOE genotype influences cognition in earlier adult life. METHODS We invited all individuals with the rarer ε22 or ε44 genotypes and equal numbers of those with ε32, ε33 or ε34 APOE genotypes (total n invited = 1936, ages 23-67). Participants were screened for dementia using the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R). Participants were asked to complete a 3 h battery of neuropsychological tests covering a range of cognitive domains. The primary outcome was performance on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). Transformation of variables was used where required to permit parametric testing. As genotypes are unlikely to be confounded unadjusted analyses were performed. RESULTS 114 participants were recruited to the study (39 ε33, 27 ε34, 15 ε44, 26 ε32 & 7 ε22). ε4+ participants had higher scores on the cognitive failures questionnaire (10 point increase, p = 0.006) but no deficits on objective cognitive testing. ε2 carriers had slightly better episodic memory performance (p = 0.016), slightly improved n-back accuracy and better executive functioning (trails A&B, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS It is intriguing that the ε2+ group performed better as this group have a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease. Most previous studies have analysed as ε4/non ε4 so may have missed this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey I Sinclair
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
| | - Christopher W Pleydell-Pearce
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, The Priory Road Complex, Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK.
| | - Ian N M Day
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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12
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Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neurological Status (RBANS) performance in non-clinical individuals with high levels of autistic traits. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Clark CN, Nicholas JM, Agustus JL, Hardy CJD, Russell LL, Brotherhood EV, Dick KM, Marshall CR, Mummery CJ, Rohrer JD, Warren JD. Auditory conflict and congruence in frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia 2017; 104:144-156. [PMID: 28811257 PMCID: PMC5637159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired analysis of signal conflict and congruence may contribute to diverse socio-emotional symptoms in frontotemporal dementias, however the underlying mechanisms have not been defined. Here we addressed this issue in patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD; n = 19) and semantic dementia (SD; n = 10) relative to healthy older individuals (n = 20). We created auditory scenes in which semantic and emotional congruity of constituent sounds were independently probed; associated tasks controlled for auditory perceptual similarity, scene parsing and semantic competence. Neuroanatomical correlates of auditory congruity processing were assessed using voxel-based morphometry. Relative to healthy controls, both the bvFTD and SD groups had impaired semantic and emotional congruity processing (after taking auditory control task performance into account) and reduced affective integration of sounds into scenes. Grey matter correlates of auditory semantic congruity processing were identified in distributed regions encompassing prefrontal, parieto-temporal and insular areas and correlates of auditory emotional congruity in partly overlapping temporal, insular and striatal regions. Our findings suggest that decoding of auditory signal relatedness may probe a generic cognitive mechanism and neural architecture underpinning frontotemporal dementia syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla N Clark
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer M Nicholas
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdomt
| | - Jennifer L Agustus
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J D Hardy
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy L Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emilie V Brotherhood
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina M Dick
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R Marshall
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Mummery
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason D Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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