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Yamba Yamba L, Hansen K, Wasserstrom L, Su YC, Ahl J, Riesbeck K. The importance of Haemophilus influenzae in community-acquired pneumonia: an emerging pathogen in the elderly regardless of comorbidities compared to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2024; 16:15. [PMID: 39182132 PMCID: PMC11344911 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-024-00136-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemophilus influenzae community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is common, and it is equally common to Streptococcus pneumoniae in some settings. The purpose of this study was to provide additional data on patients affected by H. influenzae CAP and their outcomes. METHODS Streptococcus pneumoniae-caused CAP (111 cases) was compared to CAP with H. influenzae (53 cases). Patients were adults (≥ 18 years) from the prospective study "Etiology of community acquired pneumonia in Sweden" (ECAPS), which was established during the years 2016-2018. RESULTS Cases with H. influenzae CAP were significantly older compared to S. pneumoniae CAP (median 77 vs 70 years, p = 0.037) albeit similar comorbidities. Haemophilus influenzae was generally absent in the bloodstream compared to S. pneumoniae (18% vs 2%, p = 0.01) but clinical presentations were comparable. Only a minority of patients, 34% with H. influenzae and 41% with S. pneumoniae CAP had underlying lung disease. CONCLUSION In the light of childhood immunization campaigns against S. pneumoniae and the increasing numbers of pneumococcal vaccinations among the elderly, coupled with an aging population, the incidence of CAP caused by H. influenzae may increase. Further research is needed to understand the impact of H. influenzae CAP and to a development of a vaccine against this emerging microbe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Yamba Yamba
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms Gata 59, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karin Hansen
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms Gata 59, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lisa Wasserstrom
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms Gata 59, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
- Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine Skåne, Infection Control and Prevention, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yu-Ching Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms Gata 59, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Ahl
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms Gata 59, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms Gata 59, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
- Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine Skåne, Infection Control and Prevention, Lund, Sweden.
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2
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Llor C, Plate A, Bjerrum L, Gentile I, Melbye H, Staiano A, van Hecke O, Verbakel JY, Hopstaken R. C-reactive protein point-of-care testing in primary care-broader implementation needed to combat antimicrobial resistance. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1397096. [PMID: 39100952 PMCID: PMC11294078 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1397096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents the perspective of an international group of experts, providing an overview of existing models and policies and guidance to facilitate a proper and sustainable implementation of C-reactive protein point-of-care testing (CRP POCT) to support antibiotic prescribing decisions for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) with the aim to tackle antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AMR threatens to render life-saving antibiotics ineffective and is already costing millions of lives and billions of Euros worldwide. AMR is strongly correlated with the volume of antibiotics used. Most antibiotics are prescribed in primary care, mostly for RTIs, and are often unnecessary. CRP POCT is an available tool and has been proven to safely and cost-effectively reduce antibiotic prescribing for RTIs in primary care. Though established in a few European countries during several years, it has still not been implemented in many European countries. Due to the complexity of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing behavior, a multifaceted approach is necessary to enable sustainable change. The effect is maximized with clear guidance, advanced communication training for primary care physicians, and delayed antibiotic prescribing strategies. CRP POCT should be included in professional guidelines and implemented together with complementary strategies. Adequate reimbursement needs to be provided, and high-quality, and primary care-friendly POCT organization and performance must be enabled. Data gathering, sharing, and discussion as incentivization for proper behaviors should be enabled. Public awareness should be increased, and healthcare professionals' awareness and understanding should be ensured. Impactful use is achieved when all stakeholders join forces to facilitate proper implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Llor
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Via Roma Health Center, Catalonian Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Plate
- Institute of Primary Care, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Bjerrum
- Center for General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan Gentile
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Hasse Melbye
- General Practice Research Unit, Department of Community Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Annamaria Staiano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Oliver van Hecke
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Y. Verbakel
- NIHR Community Healthcare Medtech and IVD Cooperative, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- LUHTAR, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Academisch Centrum voor Huisartsgeneeskunde, Leuven & NIHR Community Healthcare Medtech and IVD Cooperative, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rogier Hopstaken
- GP Practice De Kuil, Hapert, Netherlands
- Department of General Practice, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
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3
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Hansen K, Yamba Yamba L, Wasserstrom L, Rünow E, Göransson T, Nilsson A, Ahl J, Riesbeck K. Exploring the microbial landscape: uncovering the pathogens associated with community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1258981. [PMID: 38152664 PMCID: PMC10752608 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1258981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the etiology, clinical features, and outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults. Understanding the causative pathogens is essential for effective treatment and prevention. Design Between 2016-2018, 518 hospitalized adults with CAP and 241 controls without symptoms were prospectively enrolled. Urine samples were collected for pneumococcal urinary antigen tests and nasopharyngeal swabs for viral and bacterial analysis, combined with routine diagnostic care. Results Among the included CAP patients, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common pathogen, detected in 28% of patients, followed by Haemophilus influenzae in 16%. Viruses were identified in 28%, and concurrent viruses and bacteria were detected in 15%. There was no difference in mortality, length of stay, or symptoms at hospitalization when comparing patients with bacterial, viral, or mixed etiologies. Among the control subjects without respiratory symptoms, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, or Moraxella catarrhalis were detected in 5-7%, and viruses in 7%. Conclusion Streptococcus pneumoniae emerged as the predominant cause of CAP, followed closely by viruses and H. influenzae. Intriguingly, symptoms and outcome were similar regardless of etiology. These findings highlight the complexity of this respiratory infection and emphasize the importance of comprehensive diagnostic and treatment strategies.Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier [NCT03606135].
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hansen
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Linda Yamba Yamba
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lisa Wasserstrom
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Clinical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Rünow
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tommy Göransson
- Clinical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Ahl
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Clinical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden
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4
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Moretti M, De Boek L, Ilsen B, Demuyser T, Vanderhelst E. Therapeutical strategies in cavitary legionnaires' disease, two cases from the field and a systematic review. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2023; 22:105. [PMID: 38031167 PMCID: PMC10687996 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-023-00652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legionnaires' Disease (LD) rarely evolves into pulmonary abscesses. The current systematic review has been designed to explore therapeutical strategies in pulmonary cavitary LD. METHODS A research strategy was developed and applied to the databases Embase, Pubmed, and Web of Science from the 1st of January 2000 to the 1st of November 2022. Original articles, case series, case reports, and guidelines written in English, French, German, Italian, and Dutch were considered. Furthermore, medical records of patients treated at the University Hospital UZ Brussel for LD cavitary pneumonia, between the 1st of January 2016 to the 1st of January 2022, were reviewed. RESULTS Two patients were found by the UZ Brussel's medical records investigation. Through the literature review, 23 reports describing 29 patients, and seven guidelines were identified. The overall evidence level was low. RESULT OF SYNTHESIS (CASE REPORTS) The median age was 48 years and 65% were male. A polymicrobial infection was detected in 11 patients (44%) with other aerobic bacteria being the most commonly found. At diagnosis, 52% of patients received combination therapy, and fluoroquinolones were the preferred antimicrobial class. Anaerobic coverage was neglected in 33% of patients. RESULT OF SYNTHESIS (GUIDELINES) Three guidelines favor monotherapy with fluoroquinolones or macrolides, while one suggested an antimicrobial combination in case of severe LD. Four guidelines recommended anaerobic coverage in case of lung abscesses. CONCLUSION To date, the evidence supporting cavitary LD treatment is low. Monotherapy lowers toxicity and might be as effective as combination therapy. Finally, anaerobes should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Moretti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair ziekenhuis Brussel (UZB), Brussels, Belgium.
- The ESCMID Study Group for Legionella infections (ESGLI), Gerbergasse 14, Basel, 4001, Switzerland.
| | - Lisanne De Boek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair ziekenhuis Brussel (UZB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Ilsen
- Department of Radiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair ziekenhuis Brussel (UZB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Demuyser
- The ESCMID Study Group for Legionella infections (ESGLI), Gerbergasse 14, Basel, 4001, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology, Universitair ziekenhuis Brussel (UZB), Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, AIMS Lab, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eef Vanderhelst
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair ziekenhuis Brussel (UZB), Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Israelsen SB, Tingsgård S, Thorlacius-Ussing L, Knudsen A, Lindegaard B, Johansen IS, Mygind LH, Ravn P, Benfield T. Short-course antibiotic therapy of 5 days in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP5): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069013. [PMID: 37479519 PMCID: PMC10364160 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The optimal duration of antibiotic therapy for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is unsettled. Short-course therapy has proved successful in clinical trials but is not yet implemented in everyday clinical practice. Validation of results from randomised controlled trials is crucial to evaluate existing evidence and provide clinicians with assurance of using new treatment strategies. In a pragmatic framework, we aim to assess the use of short-course antibiotic therapy guided by the onset of clinical stability in patients hospitalised with CAP. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study is a randomised controlled trial with a non-inferiority design that will examine the efficacy of short-course antibiotic therapy in patients hospitalised with CAP. From six hospitals across Denmark, we plan to enrol 564 patients between 2019 and 2024. Within 3-5 days after initiating antibiotic therapy, participants will be randomised 1:1 to parallel treatment arms: (1) short-course antibiotic therapy of 5 days or (2) antibiotic therapy of at least 7 days. The primary outcome will be 90-day readmission-free survival and will be estimated as an absolute risk difference with a predefined non-inferiority margin of -6%. Secondary outcomes will comprise other safety measures including new antibiotics, adverse events, length of hospital stay and postdischarge outpatient visits. Both intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses will be performed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of the Capital Region of Denmark (identifier number: H-19014479). Trial data will be made available in anonymous form when the trial has ended. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04089787, ClinicalTrials.Gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bastrup Israelsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Sandra Tingsgård
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Louise Thorlacius-Ussing
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Andreas Knudsen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Lindegaard
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, North Zealand, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Isik S Johansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lone Hagens Mygind
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Pernille Ravn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section for Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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6
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Ozbay S, Ayan M, Ozsoy O, Akman C, Karcioglu O. Diagnostic and Prognostic Roles of Procalcitonin and Other Tools in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13111869. [PMID: 37296721 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13111869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is among the most common causes of death and one of the leading healthcare concerns worldwide. It can evolve into sepsis and septic shock, which have a high mortality rate, especially in critical patients and comorbidities. The definitions of sepsis were revised in the last decade as "life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection". Procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and complete blood count, including white blood cells, are among the most commonly analyzed sepsis-specific biomarkers also used in pneumonia in a broad range of studies. It appears to be a reliable diagnostic tool to expedite care of these patients with severe infections in the acute setting. PCT was found to be superior to most other acute phase reactants and indicators, including CRP as a predictor of pneumonia, bacteremia, sepsis, and poor outcome, although conflicting results exist. In addition, PCT use is beneficial to judge timing for the cessation of antibiotic treatment in most severe infectious states. The clinicians should be aware of strengths and weaknesses of known and potential biomarkers in expedient recognition and management of severe infections. This manuscript is intended to present an overview of the definitions, complications, and outcomes of CAP and sepsis in adults, with special regard to PCT and other important markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Ozbay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sivas Numune Education and Research Hospital, Sivas 58040, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ayan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sivas Numune Education and Research Hospital, Sivas 58040, Turkey
| | - Orhan Ozsoy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sivas Numune Education and Research Hospital, Sivas 58040, Turkey
| | - Canan Akman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17100, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Karcioglu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Taksim Education and Research Hospital, Beyoglu, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
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7
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Musher DM. Doxycycline to Treat Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:692-693. [PMID: 35926091 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Musher
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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8
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The Role of CRP POC Testing in the Fight against Antibiotic Overuse in European Primary Care: Recommendations from a European Expert Panel. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13020320. [PMID: 36673130 PMCID: PMC9857389 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tackling antibiotic resistance represents one of the major challenges in modern medicine, and limiting antibiotics' overuse represents the first step in this fight. Most antibiotics are prescribed in primary care settings, and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are one of the most common indications for their prescription. An expert panel conducted an extensive report on C-reactive protein point-of-care (CRP POC) testing in the evaluation of LRTIs and its usefulness to limit antibiotic prescriptions. The expert panel stated that CRP POC testing is a potentially useful tool to limit antibiotic prescriptions for LRTI in a community setting. CRP POC must be used in conjunction with other strategies such as improved communication skills and the use of other molecular POC testing. Potential barriers to the adoption of CRP POC testing are financial and logistical issues. Moreover, the efficacy in limiting antibiotic prescriptions could be hampered by the fact that, in some countries, patients may gain access to antibiotics even without a prescription. Through the realization of a better reimbursement structure, the inclusion in standardized procedures in local guidelines, and better patient education, CRP point-of-care testing can represent a cornerstone in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.
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9
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Gadsby NJ, Musher DM. The Microbial Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults: from Classical Bacteriology to Host Transcriptional Signatures. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0001522. [PMID: 36165783 PMCID: PMC9769922 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00015-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
All modern advances notwithstanding, pneumonia remains a common infection with substantial morbidity and mortality. Understanding of the etiology of pneumonia continues to evolve as new techniques enable identification of already known organisms and as new organisms emerge. We now review the etiology of pneumonia (at present often called "community-acquired pneumonia") beginning with classic bacteriologic techniques, which identified Streptococcus pneumoniae as the overwhelmingly common cause, to more modern bacteriologic studies, which emphasize Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, and normal respiratory flora. Urine antigen detection is useful in identifying Legionella and pneumococcus. The low yield of bacteria in recent studies is due to the failure to obtain valid sputum samples before antibiotics are administered. The use of high-quality sputum specimens enables identification of recognized ("typical") bacterial pathogens as well as a role for commensal bacteria ("normal respiratory flora"). Nucleic acid amplification technology for viruses has revolutionized diagnosis, showing the importance of viral pneumonia leading to hospitalization with or without coinfecting bacterial organisms. Quantitative PCR study of sputum is in its early stages of application, but regular detection of high counts of bacterial DNA from organisms that are not seen on Gram stain or grown in quantitative culture presents a therapeutic dilemma. This finding may reflect the host microbiome of the respiratory tract, in which case treatment may not need to be given for them. Finally, host transcriptional signatures might enable clinicians to distinguish between viral and bacterial pneumonia, an important practical consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi J. Gadsby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M. Musher
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Administration Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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10
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Waagsbø B, Tranung M, Damås JK, Heggelund L. Antimicrobial therapy of community-acquired pneumonia during stewardship efforts and a coronavirus pandemic: an observational study. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:379. [PMID: 36242006 PMCID: PMC9569007 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-02178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most frequent infection diagnosis in hospitals. Antimicrobial therapy for CAP is depicted in clinical practice guidelines, but adherence data and effect of antibiotic stewardship measures are lacking. Methods A dedicated antibiotic team pointed out CAP as a potential target for antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) measures at a 1.000-bed, tertiary care, teaching university hospital in Norway from March until May for the years 2016 throughout 2021. The aim of the AMS program was to increase diagnostic and antimicrobial therapy adherence to national clinical practice guideline recommendations through multiple and continuous AMS efforts. Descriptive statistics were retrospectively used to delineate antimicrobial therapy for CAP. The primary outcomes were proportions that received narrow-spectrum beta-lactams, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy. Results 1.112 CAP episodes were identified. The annual proportion that received narrow-spectrum beta-lactams increased from 56.1 to 74.4% (p = 0.045). Correspondingly, the annual proportion that received broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy decreased from 34.1 to 17.1% (p = 0.002). Trends were affected by the coronavirus pandemic. Mortality and 30-day readmission rates remained unchanged. De-escalation strategies were frequently unutilized, and overall therapy duration exceeded clinical practice guideline recommendations substantially. Microbiologically confirmed CAP episodes increased from 33.7 to 56.2% during the study period. Conclusion CAP is a suitable model condition that is sensitive to AMS measures. A continuous focus on improved microbiological diagnostics and antimicrobial therapy initiation is efficient in increasing adherence to guideline recommendations. There is an unmet need for better antimicrobial de-escalation strategies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12890-022-02178-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Waagsbø
- St. Olavs Hospital, Regional centre for disease control in Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Trondheim University hospital, Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Morten Tranung
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Hospital Pharmacy Trust, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Kristian Damås
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Heggelund
- Department of Internal Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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11
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Athlin S, Magnuson A, Spindler C, Hedlund J, Strålin K, Nauclér P. Pneumococcal urinary antigen testing for antimicrobial guidance in community-acquired pneumonia: a register-based cohort study. J Infect 2022; 85:167-173. [PMID: 35618153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of pneumococcal urinary antigen test (UAT) usage on broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). METHODS Patients admitted to 32 Swedish hospitals between 2011-2014 were retrospectively included from the Swedish National Quality Register of CAP. Using propensity score matched data, stratified by CRB-65 score, we studied the effect of performing UAT and of positive test results on treatment with broad-spectrum β-lactam monotherapy (BSBM) and antibiotics with coverage for atypical bacteria compared to narrow-spectrum β-lactam monotherapy (NSBM). RESULTS UAT was performed for 4,995/14,590 (34.2%) patients, 603/4,995 (12.1%) of whom had positive test results. At day three, performing UAT was not associated with decreased use of BSBM (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.94-1.23) but was associated with increased atypical coverage among patients with CRB-65 score 2 (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.06-2.02). A positive UAT was associated with decreased BSBM use (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.25-0.60) and decreased atypical coverage (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.16-0.37), predominantly in non-severe CAP. At day one, performing UAT was associated with atypical coverage among patients with CRB-65 scores 2 (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.69-3.98) and 3-4 (OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.55-8.79), and a positive test reduced the odds of BSBM treatment among CRB-65 score 3-4 patients (OR 3.49, 95% CI 1.02-12.0). CONCLUSIONS Performing UAT had no overall effect on decreasing the use of BSBM treatment by day three of hospitalization, yet non-severely ill patients with positive UAT results were less likely to be treated with BSBM and antibiotics with atypical coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Athlin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Anders Magnuson
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Carl Spindler
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Hedlund
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Strålin
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nauclér
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital; Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Waagsbø B, Buset EM, Longva JÅ, Bjerke M, Bakkene B, Ertesvåg AS, Holmen H, Nikodojevic M, Tran TT, Christensen A, Nilsen E, Damås JK, Heggelund L. Diagnostic stewardship aiming at expectorated or induced sputum promotes microbial diagnosis in community-acquired pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:203. [PMID: 35236305 PMCID: PMC8889388 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Studies on aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) vary in terms of microbial sampling methods, anatomical locations, and laboratory analyses, since no gold standard exists. In this large, multicentre, retrospective, regional study from Norway, our primary objective was to report the results of a strategic diagnostic stewardship intervention, targeting diagnostic yield from lower respiratory tract sampling. The secondary objective was to report hospitalized CAP aetiology and the diagnostic yield of various anatomical sampling locations.
Methods Medical records from cases diagnosed with hospitalized CAP were collected retrospectively from March throughout May for three consecutive years at six hospitals. Between year one and two, we launched a diagnostic stewardship intervention at the emergency room level for the university teaching hospital only. The intervention was multifaceted aiming at upscaling specimen collection and enhancing collection techniques. Year one at the interventional hospital and every year at the five other emergency hospitals were used for comparison.
Results Of the 1280 included cases of hospitalized CAP, a microbiological diagnosis was established for 29.1% among 1128 blood cultures and 1444 respiratory tract specimens. Blood cultures were positive for a pathogenic respiratory tract microbe in 4.9% of samples, whereas upper and lower respiratory tract samples overall provided a probable microbiological diagnosis in 21.3% and 47.5%, respectively. Expectorated or induced sputum overall provided aetiology in 51.7% of the samples. At the interventional hospital, the number of expectorated or induced sputum samples were significantly increased, and diagnostic yield from expectorated or induced sputum was significantly enhanced from 41.2 to 62.0% after the intervention (p = 0.049). There was an over-representation of samples from the interventional hospital during the study period. Non-typeable Haemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae accounted for 25.3% and 24.7% of microbiologically confirmed cases, respectively. Conclusion Expectorated or induced sputum outperformed other sampling methods in providing a reliable microbiological diagnosis for hospitalized CAP. A diagnostic stewardship intervention significantly improved diagnostic yield of lower respiratory tract sampling.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07199-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Waagsbø
- Regional Centre for Disease Control in Central Norway Regional Health Authority, St. Olavs Hospital Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | - Jørn-Åge Longva
- Department of Medicine, Ålesund Hospital, Møre and Romsdal Hospital Trust, Ålesund, Norway
| | - Merete Bjerke
- Central Norway Hospital Pharmacy Trust, Ålesund, Norway
| | | | | | - Hanne Holmen
- Central Norway Hospital Pharmacy Trust, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - To Thy Tran
- Central Norway Hospital Pharmacy Trust, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Christensen
- Department of Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Einar Nilsen
- Department of Microbiology, Møre and Romsdal Hospital Trust, Ålesund, Norway
| | - Jan Kristian Damås
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Heggelund
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Internal Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
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Narrow-spectrum antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in Dutch adults (CAP-PACT): a cross-sectional, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised, non-inferiority, antimicrobial stewardship intervention trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 22:274-283. [PMID: 34627499 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults hospitalised to a non-intensive care unit (ICU) ward with moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia are frequently treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, despite Dutch guidelines recommending narrow-spectrum antibiotics. Therefore, we investigated whether an antibiotic stewardship intervention would reduce the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in patients with moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia without compromising their safety. METHODS In this cross-sectional, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised, non-inferiority trial (CAP-PACT) done in 12 hospitals in the Netherlands, we enrolled immunocompetent adults (≥18 years) who were admitted to a non-ICU ward and had a working diagnosis of moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia. All participating hospitals started in a control period and every 3 months a block of two hospitals transitioned from the control to the intervention period, with all hospitals eventually ending in the intervention period. The unit of randomisation was the hospital (cluster), and electronic randomisation (by an independent data manager) decided the sequence (the time of intervention) by which hospitals would cross over from the control period to the intervention period. Blinding was not possible. The antimicrobial stewardship intervention was a bundle targeting health-care providers and comprised education, engaging opinion leaders, and prospective audit and feedback of antibiotic use. The co-primary outcomes were broad-spectrum days of therapy per patient, tested by superiority, and 90-day all-cause mortality, tested by non-inferiority with a non-inferiority margin of 3%, and were analysed in the intention-to-treat population, comprising all patients who were enrolled in the control and intervention periods. This trial was prospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02604628. FINDINGS Between Nov 1, 2015, and Nov 1, 2017, 5683 patients were assessed for eligibility, of whom 4084 (2235 in the control period and 1849 in the intervention period) were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. The adjusted mean broad-spectrum days of therapy per patient were reduced from 6·5 days in the control period to 4·8 days in the intervention period, yielding an absolute reduction of -1·7 days (95% CI -2·4 to -1·1) and a relative reduction of 26·6% (95% CI 18·0-35·3). Crude 90-day mortality was 10·9% (242 of 2228 died) in the control period and 10·8% (199 of 1841) in the intervention period, yielding an adjusted absolute risk difference of 0·4% (90% CI -2·7 to 2·4), indicating non-inferiority. INTERPRETATION In patients hospitalised with moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia, a multifaceted antibiotic stewardship intervention might safely reduce broad-spectrum antibiotic use. FUNDING None.
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Stalteri Mastrangelo R, Santesso N, Bognanni A, Darzi A, Karam S, Piggott T, Baldeh T, Schünemann F, Ventresca M, Morgano GP, Moja L, Loeb M, Schunemann H. Consideration of antimicrobial resistance and contextual factors in infectious disease guidelines: a systematic survey. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046097. [PMID: 34330853 PMCID: PMC8327810 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Guidelines that include antimicrobial recommendations should explicitly consider contextual factors that influence antimicrobial resistance and their downstream effects on resistance selection. The objectives were to analyse (1) how, and to what extent, tuberculosis, gonorrhoea and respiratory tract infection guidelines are considering antimicrobial resistance; (2) are of acceptable quality and (3) if they can be easily contextualised to fit the needs of specific populations and health systems. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and searched Ovid MEDLINE and Embase from 1 January 2007 to 7 June 2019 for tuberculosis, gonorrhoea and respiratory tract infection guidelines published in English. We also searched guideline databases, key websites and reference lists. We identified guidelines and recommendations that considered contextual factors including antimicrobial resistance, values, resource use, equity, acceptability and feasibility. We assessed quality of the guidelines using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II tool focusing on the domains scope and purpose, rigour of development, and editorial independence. RESULTS We screened 10 365 records, of which 74 guidelines met inclusion criteria. Of these guidelines, 39% (n=29/74) met acceptable quality scores. Approximately two-thirds of recommendations considered antimicrobial resistance at the population and/or outcome level. Five of the 29 guidelines reported all factors required for recommendation contextualisation. Equity was the least considered across guidelines. DISCUSSION Relatively few guidelines for highly prevalent infectious diseases are considering resistance at a local level, and many do not consider contextual factors necessary for appropriate antimicrobial use. Improving the quality of guidelines targeting specific regional areas is required. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020145235.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Stalteri Mastrangelo
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy Santesso
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and MacGRADE Centres, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonio Bognanni
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Darzi
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and MacGRADE Centres, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samer Karam
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and MacGRADE Centres, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Piggott
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and MacGRADE Centres, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tejan Baldeh
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and MacGRADE Centres, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Finn Schünemann
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and MacGRADE Centres, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Institut für Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center & Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Ventresca
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gian Paolo Morgano
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Moja
- Department of Health Product Policy and Standards, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mark Loeb
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holger Schunemann
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada and MacGRADE Centres, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Institut für Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center & Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Bisgaard L, Andersen CA, Jensen MSA, Bjerrum L, Hansen MP. Danish GPs' Experiences When Managing Patients Presenting to General Practice with Symptoms of Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: A Qualitative Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060661. [PMID: 34205866 PMCID: PMC8228607 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common indications for antibiotic prescribing in general practice is acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). This study aimed to explore general practitioners' (GPs') considerations and experiences when managing patients with symptoms of an acute LRTI. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven GPs in the North Denmark Region from January to March 2020. Data were analysed by means of systematic text condensation. The analysis revealed four themes: (1) practicalities of assessing patients with LRTI, (2) assessment of the patient, (3) treatment decisions, and (4) patient expectations. The GPs described having developed individual diagnostic strategies and routines when managing patients with symptoms of an acute LRTI. However, a general assessment of the patient was essential to all the GPs and the diagnosis was seldom based on a single symptom or finding. Most GPs described having great faith in abnormal lung auscultation. The use of C-reactive protein testing served several purposes, such as deciding on the severity of the infection, prescribing antibiotics or not, and as a communicative tool. Diagnostic uncertainty is a driver of antibiotic use and clinical practice might benefit from the development of clinical prediction rules for diagnosing pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Bisgaard
- Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.A.A.); (M.S.A.J.); (M.P.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-23-81-20-81
| | - Camilla Aakjær Andersen
- Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.A.A.); (M.S.A.J.); (M.P.H.)
| | - Morten Sig Ager Jensen
- Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.A.A.); (M.S.A.J.); (M.P.H.)
| | - Lars Bjerrum
- Section of General Practice and Research Unit for General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Malene Plejdrup Hansen
- Center for General Practice, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.A.A.); (M.S.A.J.); (M.P.H.)
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Dessie T, Jemal M, Maru M, Tiruneh M. Multiresistant Bacterial Pathogens Causing Bacterial Pneumonia and Analyses of Potential Risk Factors from Northeast Ethiopia. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:6680343. [PMID: 33763137 PMCID: PMC7964111 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6680343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, mostly caused by different species of bacterial pathogens. Hence, patient management needs awareness of the pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). This study was aimed to assess the type of bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among pneumonia suspected patients at Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. Potential risk factors were also assessed to apply preventive measures accordingly. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study design was employed among pneumonia suspected patients from February to April 2020 at Dessie Referral Hospital. Sociodemographic characteristics and associated risk factors were collected using a pretested questionnaire, and clinical data were extracted by reviewing medical records. Sputum specimens were collected and inoculated into chocolate agar, blood agar, mannitol salt agar, and MacConkey agar which are then incubated at 35°C or 37°C for 24-48 hours. Bacterial species were identified based on Gram stain, colony characteristics, and biochemical techniques. The data were entered in to Epi-Info version 7.1.5 and analyzed with SPSS software version 20. p value <0.05 at 95% CI was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 406 sputum specimens were collected and cultured, among which 157 (38.7%) were positive for different bacterial pathogens. The predominant pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae (28.0%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (24.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (18.5%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.0%). Majority of the isolates exhibited resistance to ampicillin with 81.5% followed by penicillin with 75.9% and amoxicillin-clavulanate with 61.2%. Multivariable logistic regression showed a significant association of culture positivity with older age (AOR = 2.43, CI: 1.12-5.28, p value = 0.025), cigarette smoking (AOR = 4.67, CI: 2.39-9.20, p value <0.001), and alcohol use (AOR = 5.58, CI: 3.14-9.92, p value <0.001). Resistance to ampicillin and penicillin was associated with repeated prescription and use. CONCLUSIONS This study found high prevalence of bacterial pneumonia in the study area, and high rate of bacterial resistance was observed in ampicillin, penicillin, and amoxicillin-clavulanate. Repeated prescriptions and use of antimicrobials were significantly independent factors of bacterial resistance. Therefore, patient management needs identification of bacteria by routine culture with antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Dessie
- Amhara Public Health Institute, Dessie Branch, P.O. Box 686, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mohabaw Jemal
- University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Minwuyelet Maru
- Amhara Public Health Institute, Dessie Branch, P.O. Box 686, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Moges Tiruneh
- University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Gavrilova AA, Bontsevich RA, Vovk YR, Balabanova AA. Modern approaches to pharmacotherapy of Community-Acquired Pneumonia. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.6.52318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The study presents current views on the pharmacotherapy of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). This study also describes in general terms the current pharmacoepidemiological situation of the CAP in Russia and abroad, which can both help medical professionals make an informed choice when choosing a pharmacotherapy, and inspire them to follow-up research and observations.
The aim of the study is to conduct an analysis of the available research on the pharmacotherapy of CAP in order to accelerate the accumulation and assimilation of knowledge in the field of this pathology.
Materials and methods: The following databases of medical publications and electronic libraries were used to search for the relevant sources of information: PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, Crossref, and eLIBRARY.RU.
Results and discussion: The choice of a rational antimicrobial therapy (AMT) for CAP is of high relevance due to the widespread of the pathology. The article highlights modern approaches to the pharmacotherapy of CAP in adults, including a review of promising new drugs, and presents the main problematic issues related to the emergence of antibiotic resistance of pathogens, as well as methods to combat it.
Conclusion: The analyzed and generalized results of the conducted research allow the authors to make a conclusion about the feasibility of a more detailed study and raising the level of awareness of medical professionals in this pathology.
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Corrected and Republished from: A Nonfunctional Opsonic Antibody Response Frequently Occurs after Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Is Associated with Invasive Disease. mSphere 2020; 5:5/6/e01102-20. [PMID: 33328351 PMCID: PMC7758726 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01102-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous reports on the dynamics of antipneumococcal immunity in relation to immunization with pneumococcal vaccines and on the prevalence of naturally acquired immunity in various populations have been published. In contrast, studies on the dynamics of the humoral immune response triggered by pneumococcal infection are scarce. Naturally acquired opsonic antipneumococcal antibodies are commonly found in nonvaccinated adults and confer protection against infection and colonization. Despite this, only limited data exist regarding the adaptive immune response after pneumococcal exposure. To investigate the dynamics of naturally acquired antipneumococcal immunity in relation to an episode of infection, opsonic antibody activity was studied with paired acute-phase and convalescent-phase sera obtained from 54 patients with pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) using an opsonophagocytic assay (OPA). Results were compared with clinical characteristics and anticapsular immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations. Interestingly, a nonfunctional opsonic antibody response (characterized by a decreased convalescent-phase serum OPA titer compared to that of the acute-phase serum or undetectable titers in both sera) was observed in 19 (35%) patients. The remaining individuals exhibited either an increased convalescent-phase OPA titer (n = 24 [44%]) or a detectable, but unchanged, titer at both time points (n = 11 [20%]). Invasive pneumococcal disease (i.e., bacteremia) was significantly more common among patients with a nonfunctional convalescent-phase response than in patients with other convalescent-phase responses. Anticapsular Ig concentrations were higher among patients with detectable convalescent-phase OPA titers (P = 0.003), and the greatest Ig concentration increase was observed among patients with an increased convalescent-phase response (P = 0.002). Our findings indicate that an episode of pneumococcal infection may act as an immunizing event. However, in some cases when patients with CAP also suffer from bacteremia, a nonfunctional opsonic antibody response may occur. Furthermore, the results suggest that factors other than anticapsular Ig concentrations determine opsonic antibody activity in serum. IMPORTANCE Numerous reports on the dynamics of antipneumococcal immunity in relation to immunization with pneumococcal vaccines and on the prevalence of naturally acquired immunity in various populations have been published. In contrast, studies on the dynamics of the humoral immune response triggered by pneumococcal infection are scarce. This study provides valuable information that will contribute to fill this knowledge gap. Our main results indicate that a functional immune response may fail after CAP, predominantly among patients with simultaneous bacteremia.
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Fally M, Israelsen S, Anhøj J, Benfield T, Tarp B, Kolte L, Ravn P. The increasing importance of Haemophilus influenzae in community-acquired pneumonia: results from a Danish cohort study. Infect Dis (Lond) 2020; 53:122-130. [PMID: 33231116 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2020.1846776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have shown that the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) varies considerably among different healthcare settings. Because empiric therapies for CAP should cover the major pathogens, reports examining CAP aetiology are considered crucial, particularly in Nordic countries that still rely on penicillin G or V treatments for most patients with CAP. The primary objective of our study was to report CAP aetiology. Secondary objectives included the estimation of positivity rates for different tests and the odds of a positive test for various subgroups. METHODS In this cohort study, microbiological data were analysed for an overall cohort (variable degree of microbiological testing) and for a subgroup that was tested for both, bacteria, viruses and fungi, using routine methods (defined as extensive testing). RESULTS The overall cohort comprised 2,264 patients, including 315 who were extensively tested. Bacterial and viral monoinfections were the most commonly identified infections. The dominant pathogen identified among extensively tested patients was Haemophilus influenzae (23.7%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (20.6%). The tests with the highest positivity rates were sputum cultures (34.7%) and viral polymerase chain reaction (PCR, 24.4%). The odds of achieving a microbiological diagnosis increased significantly when extensive testing was performed compared with selective testing (OR 2.86, 95% CI 2.24-3.64). CONCLUSION Our study indicated that H. influenzae is the dominant responsible pathogen for bacterial CAP in Denmark. Thus, we believe that the current treatment recommendations that encourage the use of penicillin G or V for the majority of patients with CAP need to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Fally
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section for Pulmonary Diseases, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Simone Israelsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Amager Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jacob Anhøj
- Centre of Diagnostic Investigation, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Amager Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Britta Tarp
- Diagnostic Centre, Silkeborg Regional Hospital, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Lilian Kolte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Pernille Ravn
- Supervisor Department of Internal Medicine, Section for Infectious Diseases, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
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Fally M, Diernaes E, Israelsen S, Tarp B, Benfield T, Kolte L, Ravn P. The impact of a stewardship program on antibiotic administration in community-acquired pneumonia: Results from an observational before-after study. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 103:208-213. [PMID: 33232831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A majority of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) receive antibiotics. According to the evidence, 5-7 days of treatment should be sufficient for most patients. Many, however, are treated longer than recommended. We have previously conducted a quality improvement study to ensure guideline-conform treatment for CAP. However, the impact of the interventions on antibiotic use has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To estimate the impact of an eight-month stewardship program on antibiotic use. METHODS We conducted a before-after study comparing a four-month baseline period with data from a corresponding follow-up period. We performed univariable and multivariable logistic regression to compare odds for ≤7 days of total antibiotic treatment, ≤3 days of intravenous treatment and the proportion of correct empiric antibiotics. As sensitivity analysis, we repeated the univariable logistic regression on a propensity score-matched cohort by using the same variables we used for adjustments in the multivariable analysis. We also performed subgroup analyses for patients stable ≤72 h of admission. RESULTS In total, 771 patients were included. Compared to preintervention, the unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for ≤7 days of total antibiotic treatment were 1.84 (95% CI 1.34-2.54) for the whole population and 2.08 (1.41-3.10) for the stable patients. The OR for ≤3 days of intravenous antibiotics were 1.16 (0.87-1.54) and 1.38 (0.87-2.22), respectively. The OR for correct empiric antibiotics were 1.96 (1.45-2.68) and 1.82 (1.23-2.69). Comparable results regarding all outcomes were derived from the other analyses. CONCLUSION The program resulted in a significantly lower overall antibiotic exposure and a higher proportion of patients treated with the recommended antibiotics without a the reduction of exposure to intravenous antibiotics significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Fally
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section for Pulmonary Diseases, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - Emma Diernaes
- Diagnostic Centre, Silkeborg Regional Hospital, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Simone Israelsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Amager Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Britta Tarp
- Diagnostic Centre, Silkeborg Regional Hospital, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Amager Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Lilian Kolte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hilleroed, Denmark
| | - Pernille Ravn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section for Infectious Diseases, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
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Hill AT. Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Adults: A Consensus Statement Regarding Initial Strategies. Chest 2020; 158:1802-1803. [PMID: 33160518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Hill
- Centre for Inflammation Research at the University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, and the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
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Di Bella S, Beović B, Fabbiani M, Valentini M, Luzzati R. Antimicrobial Stewardship: From Bedside to Theory. Thirteen Examples of Old and More Recent Strategies from Everyday Clinical Practice. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9070398. [PMID: 32664288 PMCID: PMC7399849 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
“Antimicrobial stewardship” is a strategy that promotes the responsible use of antimicrobials. The objective of this paper is to focus on consolidated and more recent improvements in clinical strategies that should be adopted in hospitalized patients to ameliorate their infectious diseases’ outcome and to reduce the antibiotic resistance risk through judicious use of antibiotics. We present 13 common clinical scenarios, the respective suggested interventions and the explanations of the supporting evidence, in order to help clinicians in their decision-making process. Strategies including the choice of antibiotic and dose optimization, antibiotic spectrum narrowing (de-escalation), shortening of duration, shift to oral route or outpatient parenteral antibiotic (including elastomeric pumps), and biomarkers are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Bella
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Bojana Beović
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Massimiliano Fabbiani
- Infectious Disease Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Michael Valentini
- Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, 34128 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Roberto Luzzati
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
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Improved treatment of community-acquired pneumonia through tailored interventions: Results from a controlled, multicentre quality improvement project. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234308. [PMID: 32525882 PMCID: PMC7289425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of healthcare utilisation and death worldwide. Treatment according to evidence-based clinical guidelines can reduce mortality, antibiotic exposure and length of hospital stay related to CAP. Local problem Several studies, including a pilot study from one of our sites, indicate that physicians show a low grade of guideline adherence when managing patients with CAP. Methods To improve the guideline-based treatment of patients with CAP admitted to hospital, we designed a quality improvement study. Four process indicators were combined in a CAP care bundle: chest X-ray, CURB-65 severity score, lower respiratory tract samples and antibiotics within 8 hours from admission. After a 4-month baseline period, we applied multiple interventions at three hospitals during 8 months. Progression in our process indicators was measured continuously and compared with a control site without interventions. After the 8-month intervention period, we continued with a 4-month follow-up period to assess the sustainability of the improvements. Results The care bundle utilisation rate within 8 hours increased from 11% at baseline to 41% in the follow-up period at the intervention sites, whereas it remained below 3% at the control site. The most considerable improvements have been observed regarding documentation of CURB-65 (34% at baseline, 68% at follow-up) and the collection of lower respiratory tract samples (43% at baseline, 63% at follow-up). Conclusion Our study has demonstrated poor adherence to CAP guidelines at all sites at baseline. After implementing multiple tailored interventions, guideline adherence increased substantially. In conclusion, we recommend that CAP guidelines should be actively adapted in order to be followed in a daily routine.
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Triana AJ, Molinares JL, Del Rio-Pertuz G, Meza JL, Ariza-Bolívar O, Robledo-Solano A, Acosta-Reyes J. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia: A critical appraisal using the AGREE II instrument. Int J Clin Pract 2020; 74:e13478. [PMID: 31927777 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to appraise the methodological quality of published clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) using AGREE II instrument for further enhancing the CAP CPG development. METHODS We performed a systematic review of published CPGs on CAP from January 2007 to May 2019. All reviewers independently assessed each CPG using the AGREE II instrument. A standardised score was calculated for each of the six domains. RESULTS Our search strategy identified 4125 citations but just 18 met our inclusion criteria. Agreement among reviewers was very good: 0.98. The domains that scored better were: "scope and purpose" and "clarity and presentation". Those that scored worse were "editorial independence", and "applicability". According to the AGREE II evaluation for each Guideline, the NICE, IDSA, BTS, SWAB, Korea, Consensur II, Colombian and Peruvian CPGs were the only recommended with no further modifications. In addition, ERS and SEPAR CPGs were recommended with modifications, with lower scores regarding the editorial independence and applicability. CONCLUSION In conclusion, published CPGs for CAP management vary in quality with a need to improve the methodological and applicability rigour. This could be achieved following the standards for guidelines development and a better emphasis on how to apply CPGs recommendations in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel J Triana
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Jorge L Molinares
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Gaspar Del Rio-Pertuz
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Jose L Meza
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Orlando Ariza-Bolívar
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Andrea Robledo-Solano
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universidad del Norte and Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Jorge Acosta-Reyes
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Edin A, Eilers H, Allard A. Evaluation of the Biofire Filmarray Pneumonia panel plus for lower respiratory tract infections. Infect Dis (Lond) 2020; 52:479-488. [PMID: 32319831 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2020.1755053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Standard diagnostic methods for lower respiratory tract infections are currently too slow and insensitive to guide early clinical decisions concerning treatment and isolation. Syndrome-specific, diagnostic panels have potential to provide information about aetiology quickly. Available panels have been of limited use in lower respiratory tract infections due to slow turn-around-time, lack of quantification of important pathogens and lack of detection of resistance genes.Materials/methods: We evaluated the newly developed Biofire® Filmarray® Pneumonia Panel plus (Biomérieux). Eighty-eight consecutive lower respiratory tract samples were analyzed by both standard microbiological methods, as requested by the referring clinician, and by the panel. The agreement with standard methods, empirical treatment coverage and possible impact on isolation practices were assessed by comparing the results from standard diagnostic methods with the panel results in relation to clinical data and information of antimicrobial therapy.Results: Both qualitative and semi-quantitative results from the panel generally displayed good agreement with standard methods and by combining methods, a possible aetiology was detected in 73% of patients. Due to the panel approach, the panel detected viruses more frequently. In 25% of the 60 patients assessed for empirical treatment coverage, a pathogen not covered by current therapy was detected and in 30% of in-house patients the panel results were found to potentially influence clinical decisions related to isolation care.Conclusions: The new diagnostic panel shows promise in improving aetiological diagnostics of lower respiratory tract infections. Correctly applied it has potential to offer support in clinical decision-making within hours of sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Edin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hinnerk Eilers
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annika Allard
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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A Nonfunctional Opsonic Antibody Response Frequently Occurs after Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Is Associated with Invasive Disease. mSphere 2020; 5:5/1/e00925-19. [PMID: 32024704 PMCID: PMC7002313 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00925-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous reports on the dynamics of antipneumococcal immunity in relation to immunization with pneumococcal vaccines and on the prevalence of naturally acquired immunity in various populations have been published. In contrast, studies on the dynamics of the humoral immune response triggered by pneumococcal infection are scarce. This study provides valuable information that will contribute to fill this knowledge gap. Our main results indicate that a functional immune response frequently fails to occur after CAP, predominantly among patients with simultaneous bacteremia. Naturally acquired opsonic antipneumococcal antibodies are commonly found in nonvaccinated adults and confer protection against infection and colonization. Despite this, only limited data exist regarding the adaptive immune response after pneumococcal exposure. To investigate the dynamics of naturally acquired antipneumococcal immunity in relation to an episode of infection, opsonic antibody activity was studied with paired acute-phase and convalescent-phase sera obtained from 54 patients with pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) using an opsonophagocytic assay (OPA). Results were compared with clinical characteristics and anticapsular immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations. Interestingly, a nonfunctional opsonic antibody response (characterized by a decreased convalescent-phase serum OPA titer compared to that of the acute-phase serum or undetectable titers in both sera) was observed in 19 (35%) patients. A nonfunctional convalescent-phase response was significantly more common among patients with invasive pneumococcal disease (i.e., bacteremia) than in patients without invasive disease (53%; P = 0.019). Remaining individuals exhibited either an increased convalescent-phase OPA titer (n = 24 [44%]) or a detectable, but unchanged, titer at both time points (n = 11 [20%]). No correlation was found between anticapsular Ig concentrations and OPA titers. Our findings indicate that an episode of pneumococcal infection may act as an immunizing event, leading to an improved antipneumococcal adaptive immune status. However, in some cases, when patients with CAP also suffer from bacteremia, a nonfunctional opsonic antibody response may occur. Furthermore, the results suggest that factors other than anticapsular Ig concentrations are important for opsonic antibody activity in serum. IMPORTANCE Numerous reports on the dynamics of antipneumococcal immunity in relation to immunization with pneumococcal vaccines and on the prevalence of naturally acquired immunity in various populations have been published. In contrast, studies on the dynamics of the humoral immune response triggered by pneumococcal infection are scarce. This study provides valuable information that will contribute to fill this knowledge gap. Our main results indicate that a functional immune response frequently fails to occur after CAP, predominantly among patients with simultaneous bacteremia.
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Violi F, Calvieri C, Cangemi R. Effect of corticosteroids on myocardial injury among patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia: rationale and study design. The colosseum trial. Intern Emerg Med 2020; 15:79-86. [PMID: 31152308 PMCID: PMC7223724 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-019-02117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is often complicated by elevation of cardiac troponin, a marker of myocardial injury that can be isolated or associated with myocardial infarction (MI). A retrospective study showed that corticosteroid treatment lowers the incidence of MI during the hospital stay. No data exist so far on the effect of corticosteroids on myocardial injury in CAP patients. The primary objective of the study is to evaluate if methylprednisolone is able to reduce myocardial injury, as assessed by serum high-sensitivity cardiac T Troponin (hs-cTnT), in a cohort of patients hospitalized for CAP. Secondary aims are to evaluate the potential effect of methylprednisolone on cardiovascular events during hospitalization, at 30 days from hospital admission and during 2 years' follow-up. The trial will also examine whether the potential protective effects of methylprednisolone might be due to platelet activation down-regulation. Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. One hundred twenty-two eligible patients will be randomized to a week treatment with iv methylprednisolone (20 mg b.i.d) or placebo from hospital admission. Serum hs-cTnT will be measured at admission and every day until up 3 days from admission. ECG will be monitored every day until discharge. After discharge, all patients will be followed-up 2 years. This is the first clinical trial aimed at examining whether methylprednisolone treatment may reduce myocardial injury. The results of this trial may constitute the basis for conducting a larger multicenter trial aimed to evaluate the effect of corticosteroid on cardiovascular events in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Violi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Camilla Calvieri
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrologic and Geriatric Sciences, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Cangemi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Lanoix JP, El Samad Y, Schmit JL, Legrain A, Joseph C, Smail A, Douadi C, Adjidé C, Merlin-Brochart J, Couvreur V. Effect Of Motivational Team On Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Health Care Workers. Infect Dis (Lond) 2019; 51:302-304. [PMID: 30676810 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2018.1548774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Lanoix
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , University Hospital of Amiens-Picardie , Amiens , France
| | - Youssef El Samad
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , University Hospital of Amiens-Picardie , Amiens , France
| | - Jean-Luc Schmit
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , University Hospital of Amiens-Picardie , Amiens , France
| | - Agathe Legrain
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , University Hospital of Amiens-Picardie , Amiens , France
| | - Cédric Joseph
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , University Hospital of Amiens-Picardie , Amiens , France
| | - Amar Smail
- b Department of Internal Medicine , University Hospital of Amiens-Picardie , Amiens , France
| | - Céline Douadi
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , University Hospital of Amiens-Picardie , Amiens , France
| | - Crespin Adjidé
- c Department of Hygiene , University Hospital of Amiens-Picardie , Amiens , France
| | | | - Virginie Couvreur
- d Department of Occupational Health , University Hospital of Amiens-Picardie , Amiens , France
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