Testicular gametogenic and steroidogenic activities in cyclophosphamide treated rat: a correlative study with testicular oxidative stress

Effect of resveratrol on spermatogenesis in breeding boars and the proteomic analysis for testes

Effect of resveratrol (RSV) on spermatogenesis and the mechanism of resveratrol in promoting spermatogenesis of breeding boars was explored by feeding sexually mature Duroc boars with normal diet and 20 mg/kg resveratrol diet for 14 days to the control group and experimental group, respectively. Semen volume, sperm density, motility, viability and abnormality rate were analyzed on day 0, 7, and 14. Blood samples were collected, and levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone (T) in serum were analyzed. On day 14, the testis tissue was collected for antioxidant and proteomics analysis etc. The semen volume, sperm density, motility, and viability of the experimental group and the contents of serum FSH, LH, T and plasma SOD activity were significantly higher than those in the control group. However, the serum IL-6, TNF-α and plasma MDA were remarkably lower in experimental group. The above results showed that resveratrol can simulate spermatogenesis in breeding boars. Proteomic results demonstrated that three differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were up-regulated and 12 DEPs were down-regulated; ODF1, calmodulin, Cabs1, and Hp were involved in spermatogenesis; and the main enriched metabolic pathway is steroid hormone synthesis pathway. Therefore, the improvement in sperm quality by resveratrol may be achieved by regulating the changes in outer dense fiber 1, calmodulin, spermatid specific 1, and haptoglobin expression and steroid synthesis pathway.

El Gendy A, Serag A, Abd El-Fadeal NM, Abdel-Karim RI, Mostafa MM, El-Sheikh DH, Zayed MA. Acacia saligna extract alleviates quetiapine-induced sexual toxicity in male albino rats: Insights from UPLC-MS/MS metabolite profiling, structural and PI3K/NF-κB pathway assessments

Background

Quetiapine (QET) abuse has increased due to its anxiolytic and hedonic effects, necessitating protective adjunct treatments. Acacia saligna (A. saligna) flowers, used in traditional medicine, have potential health benefits.

Aim

To investigate the protective role of A. saligna flower extract against QET-induced sexual toxicity, and to elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms through metabolomic and physiological studies.

Methods

A. saligna extract was subjected to metabolite profiling via High-Resolution Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS). Forty-eight adult male albino rats were assigned into six groups for 30 days. The intracavernosal pressure (ICP), semen, biochemical, hormonal, histological, genetic and Western blot (WB) analyses were determined.

Results

A. saligna extract is rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and unsaturated fatty acids. QET significantly decreased ICP and negatively affected semen parameters. A. saligna mitigated decreased sperm motility and ameliorated overexpressed proinflammatory genes in QET-55 group. A. saligna ameliorated the reduction of the antioxidant biomarkers, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), concurrent with downregulation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) protein. A. saligna counteracted the disrupted testicular and prostatic structures revealed by histological examination.

Conclusion

The extract from A. saligna, which contains a high concentration of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory chemicals, effectively mitigates sexual toxicity caused by QET. This study provided the first known explanation of the hypothesized processes behind the protective properties of A. saligna through biological, biochemical, and histological parameters. The results emphasize the potential of A. saligna as a safeguarding agent against drug-induced sexual toxicity.

Alkylating agents-induced gonadotoxicity in prepubertal males: Insights on the clinical and preclinical front

Rising cure rates in pediatric cancer patients warrants an increased attention toward the long-term consequences of the diagnosis and treatment in survivors. Chemotherapeutic agents can be gonadotoxic, rendering them at risk for infertility post-survival. While semen cryopreservation is an option that can be provided for most (post)pubertal boys before treatment, this is unfortunately not an option prepubertal in age, simply due to the lack of spermatogenesis. Over the last couple of years, studies have thus focused on better understanding the testis niche in response to various chemotherapeutic agents that are commonly administered and their direct and indirect impact on the germ cell populations. These are generally compounds that have a high risk of infertility and have been classified into risk categories in curated fertility guidelines. However, with it comes the lack of evidence and the challenge of using informative models and conditions most reflective of the physiological scenario, in short, the appropriate study designs for clinically relevant outcomes. Besides, the exact mechanism(s) of action for many of these "risk" compounds as well as other agents is unclear. Understanding their behavior and effect on the testis niche will pave the way for incorporating new strategies to ultimately combat infertility. Of the various drug classes, alkylating agents pose the highest risk of gonadotoxicity as per previously established studies as well as risk stratification guidelines. Therefore, this review will summarize the findings in the field of male fertility concerning gonadotoxicity of akylating agents as a result of chemotherapy exposure.

Enniatin B1 induces damage to Leydig cells via inhibition of the Nrf2/HO-1 and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways

Enniatin B1 (ENN B1) is a mycotoxin that can be found in various foods. However, whether ENN B1 is hazardous to the reproductive system is still elusive. Leydig cells are testosterone-generating cells that reside in the interstitial compartment between seminiferous tubules. Dysfunction of Leydig cells could result in male infertility. This study aimed to examine the toxicological effects of ENN B1 against TM3 Leydig cells. ENN B1 significantly inhibited cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. ENN B1 treatment also decreased the expression of functional genes in Leydig cells. Moreover, ENN B1 induced Leydig cells apoptosis and oxidative stress. Mechanistically, ENN B1 leads to the upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 in Leydig cells. In addition, ENN B1 inhibited the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which is critical for the induction of oxidative stress. Additionally, ENN B1 treatment repressed the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in Leydig cells. Rescue experiments showed that activation of STAT3 resulted in alleviation of ENN B1-induced damage in Leydig cells. Collectively, our study demonstrated that ENN B1 induced Leydig cell dysfunction via multiple mechanisms.

Protective effect of propolis on the antioxidant enzymes activities, characteristics of epididymal spermatozoa and histopathological structure of testis from rats treated with cyclophosphamide

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el posible efecto terapéutico del propóleo sobre la peroxidación lipídica testicular inducida por ciclofosfamida (CP) y sobre los cambios asociados en los parámetros espermatológicos en los espermatozoides epididimarios y la estructura histopatológica de los testículos de rata. Las ratas se separaron aleatoriamente en 4 grupos con 7 ratas en cada grupo. Se formaron grupos como; 1.er grupo: grupo control (ratas no tratadas), 2.º grupo: grupo tratado con propóleo, 3.er grupo: grupo tratado con CP y 4.º grupo: grupo tratado con CP+propóleo. Se administró propóleo a las ratas en una dosis de 200 mg·kg bw -1 mediante alimentación forzada durante 7 días (d). Se administró CP a las ratas en una dosis única de 150 mg·kg pc -1 por vía intraperitoneal. La administración de propóleo se inició 2 días antes de la administración de CP y continuó durante 7 días. Niveles de malondialdehído (MDA) y glutatión reducido (GSH), actividades de catalasa (CAT), glutatión peroxidasa (GSH-Px), glutatión S-transferasa (GST) y superóxido dismutasa (SOD), parámetros espermatológicos, peso de los órganos reproductivos. y se determinó la estructura histopatológica. En comparación con el grupo de control, los niveles de MDA y las actividades de SOD aumentaron significativamente; Si bien las actividades de CAT y GST disminuyeron, no se encontraron cambios en los niveles de GSH ni en las actividades de GSH-Px en el grupo CP. En el grupo tratado con CP, hubo una disminución en la motilidad de los espermatozoides del epidídimo, la densidad de los espermatozoides en los espermatozoides del epidídimo y el peso de los testículos, la próstata, el epidídimo y la vesícula seminal; mientras que hubo un aumento en la proporción de espermatozoides anormales en comparación con el grupo de control en los espermatozoides epididimarios. El propóleo normalizó los parámetros bioquímicos y espermatológicos en los espermatozoides epididimarios. El examen histopatológico del tejido testicular mostró que los cambios histopatológicos más significativos, como restos celulares, invaginación y degeneración, ocurrieron en el grupo CP. En la patogénesis de la toxicidad testicular inducida por la PC puede desempeñar un papel el deterioro del equilibrio oxidante-antioxidante y el propóleo puede reducir los efectos secundarios graves de las alteraciones inducidas por la PC.

Exposure to China dust exacerbates testicular toxicity induced by cyclophosphamide in mice

This study investigated the potential effects of China dust (CD) exposure on cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced testicular toxicity in mice, focusing on spermatogenesis and oxidative damage. CP treatment reduced testicular and epididymal weight and sperm motility and enhanced sperm abnormality. Histopathological examination presented various morphological alterations in the testis, including increased exfoliation of spermatogenic cells, degeneration of early spermatogenic cells, vacuolation of Sertoli cells, a decreased number of spermatogonia/spermatocytes/spermatids, along with a high number of apoptotic cells. In addition, the testis exhibited reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and glutathione reductase (GR) activity and enhanced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Meanwhile, CD exposure exacerbated testicular histopathological alterations induced by CP. CD exposure also aggravated oxidative damage by increasing the lipid peroxidative product MDA and decreasing GSH levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in the testis. These results suggest that CD exposure exacerbates CP-induced testicular toxicity in mice, which might be attributed to the induction of lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant activity.

Comparative evaluation of solvent extracts of Azanza garckeana fruit pulp on hormonal profiles, spermiogram and antioxidant activities in rabbit bucks

The study investigated the comparative influence of different extraction solvents on spermiogram, hormonal profiles and antioxidant activities in rabbit bucks. Adult New Zealand White rabbit bucks (n=18), with average live weight of 1.2±0.03 kg and aged 10-18 mo were fed ad libitum on a commercial diet. They were administered five different Azanza garckeana (AG) fruit pulp extracts at 500 mg/kg via oral gavage, comprising control group (Con), crude (AG Cr), methanol (AG M), n-hexane (AG H), ethyl acetate (AG E)and aqueous (AG AQ) for four weeks. The extracts improved the spermiogram in rabbit bucks administered methanol (AG M) and the reaction time was significantly (P<0.05) lower in AG E group when compared to other groups. The ejaculate volume, sperm motility, pH and sperm concentration were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the AG M group when compared to the other groups. There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in concentrations of blood testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone in methanol extract group (AG M). While the glutathione and malondialdehyde concentrations were (P<0.05) lower, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the groups administered methanol extract (AG M). It was concluded that AG M extracts of AG pulp elicited the best response in spermiogram, hormonal concentrations and antioxidant activities in New Zealand White rabbit bucks. Its use as the extraction solvent is recommended.

Frankincense extract protects against testicular damage through augmentation of antioxidant defense mechanisms and modulation of apoptotic genes expression

Frankincense (Boswellia sacra Fluck.,) is traditionally used in the treatment of altered male fertile potential in several countries. This study evaluated the cytoprotective action of B. sacra oleo gum resin extract against cyclophosphamide (CP) induced testicular toxicity in rats (in-vivo) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cytotoxicity in human Leydig cells (in-vitro). The methanolic extract of B. sacra was standardized for the presence of different boswellic acids using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and volatile constituents in the extract were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Two doses of B. sacra extract were used in the in-vivo study. The HPLC analysis showed that extract contains about 36% w/w of total boswellic acids and GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of another 71 different constituents. Administration of B. sacra extract to rats increased serum testosterone levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and sperm count with improved sperm quality in a dose-dependent manner, when compared to CP treated animals. Boswellia sacra extract also protected the human Leydig cells against LPS-induced damage and increased the expression of the Bcl-2 gene along with a decrease in caspase-3 gene expression. The results of this study show that B. sacra extract has a protective effect on the male reproductive system.

An integrative approach to uncover the components, mechanisms, and functions of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions on male infertility

Male infertility is a major and growing health problem with an estimated global prevalence of 4.2%. The current therapy is limited by the unknown etiology of MI, emphasizing the critical requirement forward to a more efficient method or medication. Through thousands of years, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been shown to be effective in treating MI effectively. However, the components, mechanisms and functions of TCM prescriptions on MI are still obscure, severely limiting its clinical application. In order to discover the molecular mechanism of TCM against MI, our study presents a comprehensive approach integrated data mining, network pharmacology, molecular docking, UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, and experimental validation. Here, we begin to acquire 289 clinical TCM prescriptions for MI from a TCM hospital's outpatient department. Then, Core Chinese Materia Medica (CCMM) was then retrieved from the TCM Inheritance Support System (TCMISS), which was utilized to discover the underlying rules and connections in clinical prescriptions. After that, 98 CCMM components and 816 MI targets were obtained from ten distinct databases. Additionally, the network pharmacology methods, including network construction, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment, PPI analysis, were utilized to reveal that kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and beta-sitosterol are the core components of CCMM in treating MI. The mechanisms and functions of CCMM against MI are hormone regulation, anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidant stress, and anti-inflammatory. Furthermore, the strong connections between four core components and six key targets were verified using a molecular docking method. Following that, the core components of the CCMM extract were identified using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS analysis. Finally, in vivo experiments demonstrated that CCMM and four core components could improve the density, motility, viability of sperm, lecithin corpuscle density, decrease the rate of sperm malformation and testis tissue damage, and regulate the protein expressions of AKT1, MAPK3/1, EGFR, and TNF-α in a mouse model of MI. UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS analysis and in vivo experiments further validated the results of data mining, network pharmacology, and molecular docking. Our study could uncover the components, mechanisms, and functions of TCM prescriptions against MI and develop a new integrative approach to demonstrate TCM's multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway approach to disease treatment.

Beneficial Effect of Methanolic Extract of Frankincense (Boswellia Sacra) on Testis Mediated through Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis

Boswellia sacra oleo gum resin (Burseraceae) commonly known as frankincense is traditionally used in many countries for its beneficial effect on male fertility. This study explores its effect on the male reproductive system after a 60-day repeated administration at two different doses to rats (in vivo) and on human Leydig cells (in vitro). The methanolic extract of B. sacra was analyzed for the presence of various constituents by preliminary phytochemical analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) while quantitative analysis of boswellic acids was done by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Administration of B. sacra extract to rats elevated the serum testosterone levels with an associated reduction in serum levels of FSH and LH. An increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase, was seen. A dose-dependent increase in the sperm count and sperm motility was also observed. The in vivo results were supported by changes in the expression of the Bcl-2 gene and caspase-3 gene in human Leydig cells in vitro. The results of this study support the traditional use of B. sacra to increase male fertility.

Glutamine restores testicular glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense and upregulates NO/cGMP signaling in sleep deprivation-induced reproductive dysfunction in rats

Oxidative stress has been linked with sleep deprivation (SD)-induced pathological conditions and reproductive dysfunction. On the other hand, glutamine has been established to have antioxidant property. However, the impact of SD, with or without glutamine, on male reproductive function is yet to be elucidated. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the role of SD, with or without glutamine, on male reproductive function and possible associated mechanisms. Ten-week old male Wistar rats weighing 175.6 g± 0.42 were randomly assigned into vehicle that received per os (p.o.) distilled water, glutamine (1 g/kg; po), SD, and SD + glutamine that received treatments as glutamine and SD. Treatment/exposure lasted for 72 h. The results showed that SD led to reduced body weight, seminiferous luminal and epididymal sperm density, low sperm quality, increased testicular and epididymal malondialdehyde, uric acid, DNA fragmentation, and testicular injury markers. In addition, SD caused a reduction in reduced glutathione level and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase. Also, SD increased tumor necrotic factor-α, interleukin-1β, and nuclear factor-kappa B levels. Furthermore SD led to impaired libido and erectile dysfunction, and suppression of circulatory nitric oxide, gonadotropins and testosterone, and penile cGMP. However, glutamine attenuated the effects induced by SD. Taken together, the findings of this study demonstrate that SD induces reproductive dysfunction via glutathione-dependent defense depletion and down-regulation of NO/cGMP signaling, which was abolished by glutamine supplementation.

Antioxidant capacity differs across social ranks and with ascension in males of a group-living fish

Animals that live in groups often form hierarchies in which an individual's behaviour and physiology varies based on their social rank. Occasionally, a subordinate can ascend into a dominant position and the ascending individual must make rapid behavioural and physiological adjustments to solidify their dominance. These periods of social transition and instability can be stressful and ascending individuals often incur large metabolic costs that could influence their oxidative status. Most previous investigations examining the link between oxidative status and the social environment have done so under stable social conditions and have evaluated oxidative status in a single tissue. Therefore, evaluations of how oxidative status is regulated across multiple tissues during periods of social flux would greatly enhance our understanding of the relationship between oxidative status and the social environment. Here, we assessed how antioxidant capacity in three tissues (brain, gonad, and muscle) varied among dominant, subordinate, and ascending males of the group-living cichlid fish, Neolamprologus pulcher. Antioxidant capacity in the brain and muscle of ascending males was intermediate to that of dominant (highest levels) and subordinate males (lowest levels) and correlated with differences in social and locomotor behaviours, respectively. Gonad antioxidant capacity was lower in ascending males than in dominant males. However, gonad antioxidant capacity was positively correlated with the size of ascending males' gonads suggesting that ascending males may increase gonad antioxidant capacity as they develop their gonads. Overall, our results highlight the widespread physiological consequences of social ascension and emphasize the importance of tissue-specific measures of oxidative status.

Unravelling the Protective Effects of Emodin Against Cyclophosphamide Induced Gonadotoxicity in Male Wistar Rats

Background

Over the past few decades, cyclophosphamide (CP) has been extensively used as a broad-spectrum alkylating agent for the treatment of various cancers and solid tumors. However, the therapeutic actions on CP are not limited to only cancer cells, as it simultaneously exerts significant toxicities on healthy cells through the instigation of oxidative stress and oxidative damages. CP induced testicular toxicity is associated with impaired spermatogenesis, reduced sperm functionality, reproductive hormone and testicular weight. This study was aimed at unravelling the protective effects of emodin (EMD) on testicular toxicity following CP treatment.

Methods

Twenty-four male Wistar rats were allotted into 4 groups as normal control group (NCG), CP control group (CPCG), EMD25+CP (25 mg/kg in 5% tween 80) and EMD50+CP groups (50 mg/kg in 5% tween 80). EMD was orally administered for 35 consecutive days, while four doses of CP (100 mg/kg/week) were administered intraperitoneally from the second to fifth week of treatment. Thereafter, the animals were sacrificed and histopathological examination of the testes as well as serum/testicular biochemical assays were conducted.

Results

The results revealed that CP significantly impeded sperm function parameters including sperm count, viability and motility as well as decreased reproductive hormones (testosterone, LH and FSH) levels. In addition, CP enhanced testicular oxidative stress and proinflammatory markers (MDA, IL-6 and TNF-α), while simultaneously decreasing testicular antioxidant enzymes (GSH, GPx, SOD and CAT). Evidence of marked histopathological alterations was also observed in the H&E stained testicular tissues of CP treated rats. EMD significantly prevented these CP induced negative effects.

Conclusion

This study provides a basis for the potential use of EMD in counteracting chemotherapy induced testicular toxicity. The results further suggest that EMD testicular protective effects in CP-treated rats may be mediated through its modulatory role on oxidative stress and inflammation.

Therapeutic effects of chitosan-embedded vitamin C, E nanoparticles against cisplatin-induced gametogenic and androgenic toxicity in adult male rats

Cisplatin, an anticancer drug used in treating various types of cancers, can cause reproductive toxicities during chemotherapy. Keeping this in view, the present study was designed to investigate the possible protective effects of normal vitamin C and E and vitamin C and E nanoparticles (embedded in chitosan) against cisplatin-induced reproductive toxicities. Vitamins C, E, and their nanoparticles in this regard proved to be an effective therapy. The work aimed to treat cisplatin-induced reproductive toxicities through vitamin C and E and their nanoparticles. Cisplatin exposure caused significant reduction in the weight, testosterone level, and changed lipid profile. Similarly, cisplatin induced significant widespread testicular atrophy and testicular lesions as evidenced by the gaps in the epithelium and loss of differentiating germ cells. Vitamin C and E and their nanoparticles rescued the weight, testosterone level, and testicular disturbances, which is associated with improved histological view of testicular tissues. The current study highlights evidence that designing a medication of vitamin C and E nanoparticles is useful in mitigating cisplatin-induced reproductive toxicity in cancerous male patients underlying chemotherapy.

Protective effects of sinapic acid against cyclophosphamide-induced testicular toxicity via inhibiting oxidative stress, caspase-3 and NF-kB activity in BALB/c mice

Cyclophosphamide (CP), as a chemotherapeutic agent, with the generation of oxidative stress leads to testicular toxicity. Sinapic acid (SA), as a phenylpropanoid compound has therapeutic activities. This research was planned to evaluate the improving effects of SA versus testicular injury induced by CP. Forty-eight mice were distributed into six groups: untreated, SA (5 and 10 mg/kg), CP (200 mg/kg) and CP + SA (5 and 10 mg/kg). SA was administrated for 7 successive days and CP was administered intraperitoneally on the 3rd day of study. On the 10th day of research, testicular toxicity was evaluated by sperm parameters test, tissue (oxidative stress parameters) and serum (testosterone) biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical (Caspase-3 and NF-kB) assays. The findings illustrated that CP induces atypical appearance in tissue structure, disorder of sperm parameters dysfunction, decrease of testosterone, oxidative stress (an increase of MDA and decrease of GSH), apoptosis and inflammation in testicular tissue. SA administration protected testis from oxidative stress and improves testosterone level and structure. Moreover, immunohistochemical findings also showed that SA can inhibit Caspase-3 and NF-kB activity. Data have confirmed that SA could protect testis structure and its functions against CP-induced injury through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities.

Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) attenuates Cyclophosphamide-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats: Evidence for sperm apoptosis and p53/Bcl-2 expression

Cyclophosphamide is an antitumor agent that causes disorders in fertility. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Spirulina platensis against Cyclophosphamide-induced testicular toxicity. 42 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. Experimental groups included three groups. The first experimental group received Cyclophosphamide at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight (BW) orally. The second and third experimental groups received 5 mg/kg BW Cyclophosphamide and 500 and 1,000 mg/kg BW S. platensis orally, respectively. The control groups included a control group, and two S. platensis control groups. Following 28 days, two flow cytometry techniques were used to determine sperm apoptosis and testicular protein expression of tumor protein (p53) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). p53 is a tumor suppressor protein that causes the cell to enter the apoptosis cycle after DNA damage and Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic protein that acts through the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. FITC-Annexin V assay was used for sperm apoptosis evaluation. For protein expression assay, primary and secondary antibodies staining were performed. The Cyclophosphamide group showed a significant increase in sperm apoptosis compared to the control group. Cyclophosphamide significantly increased p53 and decreased Bcl-2 expression compared to the control group. S. platensis co-treated groups exhibited a significant decrease in sperm apoptosis compared to the Cyclophosphamide group. Moreover, S. platensis co-treated groups displayed a significant decreasing in p53 and increasing in Bcl-2 expression compared to the Cyclophosphamide group. The results of this study indicated that S. platensis protected rats against Cyclophosphamide-induced reproductive toxicity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Cyclophosphamide is the chemotherapy agent used to treat different cancers. Cyclophosphamide has side effects on the male reproductive system. Spirulina plantesis has a protective effect because of its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. Co-administration of Spirulina plantesis with Cyclophosphamide reduces sperm apoptosis also decreases P53 protein expression and increases Bcl-2 protein expression. This study validated the anti-apoptotic potential of Spirulina plantesis against Cyclophosphamide-induced male reproductive toxicity.

Effects of quetiapine administration on sperm quality and testicular histology

Quetiapine is one of the most commonly prescribed antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia in adults, in particular. In this study, quetiapine's effects were assessed on healthy sperm production in rats at repeated-pharmacological doses. Additionally, the effects of quetiapine on oxidative status and hormonal balance were also evaluated in rats. Quetiapine was administered to rats orally at 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg body weight doses for 28 days. At the end of this period, body and organ weights were measured, sperm concentration, motility, and morphology were determined, sperm damage was assessed, and histopathological analysis of testicular tissue was performed. Additionally, serum FSH, LH, and testosterone levels as male reproductive hormones were measured. Catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde levels were determined for evaluating the oxidative status of testicular tissue. The findings obtained in this study showed that relative epididymis weights and sperm concentration decreased and abnormal sperm morphology increased in quetiapine-administered rats. Irregularity of typical architecture of the seminiferous tubules and germinal cell disorganization was observed in testicular sections of 20 and 40 mg/kg quetiapine-administered rats. Further, serum LH and testosterone levels decreased in 20 and 40 mg/kg quetiapine-administered rats. Additionally, decreased catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in testicular tissue of quetiapine-administered rats and increased malondialdehyde levels in testicular tissue of 40 mg/kg quetiapine-administered rats were measured. In conclusion, quetiapine treatment decreased sperm quality, altered hormone levels, and induced oxidative stress may be considered potential contributors to this adverse effect.

Reproductive toxicity of cadmium in pubertal male rats induced by cell apoptosis

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that is widely present in modern industrial production. It is a known, highly toxic environmental endocrine disruptor. Long-term exposure to Cd can cause varying degrees of damage to the liver, kidney, and reproductive system of organisms, especially the male reproductive system. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of Cd toxicity in the male reproductive system during puberty. Eighteen healthy 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (control group, low-dose group, and high-dose group) according to their body weight, with six in each group. Cd (0, 1, and 3 mg/kg/day) was given by gavage for 28 consecutive days. The results showed that Cd exposure to each dose group caused a decrease in the testicular organ coefficient and sperm count, compared with the control group. Cd exposure resulted in significant changes in testicular morphology in the 3 mg/kg/day Cd group. In the 1 and 3 mg/kg/day Cd groups, serum testosterone decreased and apoptosis of testicular cells increased significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, compared with the control group, the activity of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in each Cd exposure dose group decreased, but the content of malondialdehyde in the high-dose, 3 mg/kg/day Cd treatment group significantly increased (p < 0.05). Although Cd exposure caused an increase in the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 in the testicular tissues (p < 0.05), Bcl-2 expression was unchanged (p > 0.05). The expression level of Akt mRNA in testicular tissue of rats in the high-dose 3 mg/kg/day Cd group was increased (p < 0.05). Our data suggest that Cd affected testosterone levels, and apoptosis was observed in spermatids.

An Integrated Analysis of Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Experiment Validation to Explore the New Candidate Active Component and Mechanism of Cuscutae Semen-Mori Fructus Coupled-Herbs in Treating Oligoasthenozoospermia

PURPOSE

One of the most common types of male infertility is recognized as oligoasthenozoospermia (OA), characterized by low sperm count and quality in males. As a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Cuscutae Semen-Mori Fructus coupled-herbs (CSMFCH) has been known to act a curative effect on OA for thousands of years. Nevertheless, the substantial basis and molecular mechanism of CSMFCH in treating OA remain elusive.

METHODS

Herein, an integrated approach, including network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experiment validation, was utilized to reveal the new candidate active component and mechanism of CSMFCH in treating OA.

RESULTS

The results show that kaempferol is the most significant bioactive component of CSMFCH on OA. The mechanism and targets of CSMFCH against OA are relevant to hormone regulation, oxidant stress, and reproductive promotion. In order to validate network pharmacology results, molecular docking and experiment validation were conducted. In detail, molecular docking was employed to verify the strong binding interactions between kaempferol and the core targets. UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS was used to identify kaempferol in the CSMFCH extract. In vitro and in vivo experiments further proved CSMFCH and kaempferol could enhance the mouse Leydig (TM3) and mouse Sertoli (TM4) cell viability, improve the male reproductive organ weights, sperm quality, and decrease testis tissue damage in the OA mouse model induced by CP.

CONCLUSION

Our results not only identify the new candidate active component of CSMFCH in treating OA but also provide new insights into the mechanisms of CSMFCH against OA.

Effect of Rourea coccinea on ethanol-induced male infertility in Wistar albino rats

Ethanol consumption is a risk factor of male infertility. The use of medicinal plants offers an alternative for the treatment of male infertility in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the Rourea coccinea effect on ethanol-induced male infertility in Wistar rats. Twenty-five (25) male Wistar rats were randomised into five groups of five rats and treated by oesophageal gavage over a 28-day period. Group 1 (negative control) received distilled water; Group 2 (positive control) received 30% ethanol at 7 mg/kg body weight; Group 3 (reference control) received 30% ethanol co-treated with the reference drug, clomiphene citrate; Groups 4 and 5 (test groups) received 30% ethanol co-treated with Rourea coccinea hydro-ethanolic extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. Testosterone hormone, sperm parameters and testicular histopathology were evaluated. Ethanol treatment induced a significant reduction (p < .05) in sperm count, motility, viability and a significant increase in sperm abnormalities because of the significant decrease (p < .05) in testosterone levels. These data correlate with the alterations observed in the seminiferous tubule on histopathological examination of the testes. However, co-treatment of ethanol with Rourea coccinea extract or the reference drug restored the ethanol-induced toxic effects on the reproductive organs, sperm profile and testosterone level.

Protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes against the reproductive toxicity of cyclophosphamide is associated with the p38MAPK/ERK and AKT signaling pathways

Spermatogenic dysfunction caused by cyclophosphamide (CP) chemotherapy has seriously influenced the life quality of patients. Unfortunately, treatments for CP-induced testicular spermatogenic dysfunction are limited, and the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. For the first time, here, we explored the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSC-exos) on CP-induced testicular spermatogenic dysfunction in vitro and in vivo. BMSC-exos could be taken up by spermatogonia (GC1-spg cells). CP-injured GC1-spg cells and BMSC-exos were cocultured at various doses, and then, cell proliferation was measured using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. In addition, photophosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), and protein kinase B (AKT) proteins was evaluated by western blotting as well as apoptosis in GC1-spg cells measured using flow cytometry. Treatment with BMSC-exos enhanced cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis of CP-injured GCI-spg cells. Phosphorylated levels of ERK, AKT, and p38MAPK proteins were reduced in CP-injured spermatogonia when co-treated with BMSC-exos, indicating that BMSC-exos acted against the reproductive toxicity of CP via the p38MAPK/ERK and AKT signaling pathways. In experiments in vivo, CP-treated rats received BMSC-exos by injection into the tail vein, and testis morphology was compared between treated and control groups. Histology showed that transfusion of BMSC-exos inhibited the pathological changes in CP-injured testes. Thus, BMSC-exos could counteract the reproductive toxicity of CP via the p38MAPK/ERK and AKT signaling pathways. The findings provide a potential treatment for CP-induced male spermatogenic dysfunction using BMSC-exos.

Glutathione (GSH) improves sperm quality and testicular morphology in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known to cause reproductive impairment. In men, it has been linked to altered sperm quality and testicular damage. Oxidative stress (OS) plays a pivotal role in the development of DM complications. Glutathione (GSH) is a part of a nonenzymatic antioxidant defense system that protects lipid, protein, and nucleic acids from oxidative damage. However, the protective effects of exogenous GSH on the male reproductive system have not been comprehensively examined. This study determined the impact of GSH supplementation in ameliorating the adverse effect of type 1 DM on sperm quality and the seminiferous tubules of diabetic C57BL/6NTac mice. GSH at the doses of 15 mg kg⁻¹ and 30 mg kg⁻¹ was given intraperitoneally to mice weekly for 6 consecutive weeks. The mice were then weighed, euthanized, and had their reproductive organs excised. The diabetic (D Group) showed significant impairment of sperm quality and testicular histology compared with the nondiabetic (ND Group). Diameters of the seminiferous lumen in diabetic mice treated with 15 mg kg⁻¹ GSH (DGSH15) were decreased compared with the D Group. Sperm motility was also significantly increased in the DGSH15 Group. Improvement in testicular morphology might be an early indication of the protective roles played by the exogenous GSH in protecting sperm quality from effects of untreated type 1 DM or diabetic complications. Further investigation using different doses and different routes of GSH is necessary to confirm this suggestion.

Ameliorative effect of alpha lipoic acid and royal jelly against the side effects of cyclophosphamide in liver of albino rats

Background

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a cytotoxic anticancer drug used for the treatment of neoplastic diseases. The present study aimed to examine biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural effects of CP on rat liver and determine the hepatoprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid (LA) or royal jelly (RJ) against CP.

Results

The present study revealed that CP-induced significant increase in hepatic marker enzymes (ALT and AST), and elevation in malonaldehyde (MDA) was concomitant with a significant decrease of superoxide dismutase (SOD). It caused histopathological changes in the liver of rat including vacuolation, infiltration, degeneration, and necrosis. Ultrastructurally, the hepatocytes appeared degenerated with multiple small- and medium-sized lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Kupffer cell showed a shrunken nucleus. Administration of LA and RJ resulted in an obvious improvement in the altered level of ALT, AST, MDA, and SOD activities when compared with the CP-treated group in addition to marked amelioration in histopathology and ultrastructure of the liver.

Conclusions

LA is markedly effective than RJ in protecting rats against CP-induced biochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural changes. This protection may be due to its antioxidant properties and scavenging abilities against active free radicals.

Effect of hydroalcoholic Allium atroviolaceum L. on the pathology of testicular tissue in cyclophosphamide-treated mice

Background

The most important side effects of Cyclophosphamide, as an anticancer broad-spectrum drug, are the negative effects on the reproduction and fertility because of oxidative stress. Considering the antioxidant properties of medicinal plants, especially those of the Allium genus, this paper studied the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium atroviolaceum L. on the pathology of testicular tissue in CP-treated mice.

Methods

Groups of this experimental study consisted of normal saline recipients; three groups receiving A. atroviolaceum extract at 50, 100, 200 mg/kg; three groups receiving A. atroviolaceum extract at 50, 100, and 200 mg/g and 6.6 mg/kg of Cyclophosphamide; and a group given Cyclophosphamide at 1.6 mg/kg. All injections were performed intra-peritoneally. After 30 days, the testicular histological profile as well as the number of spermatozoa, the number of primary and round spermatocytes, and the number of spermatogonia were investigated.

Results

Cyclophosphamide treatment significantly reduced the lumen diameter, the seminiferous tubule diameter, the epithelial thickness, as well as decreased the quantity of spermatozoa and round and primary spermatocytes compared to the control group. Cyclophosphamide groups treated with A. atroviolaceum extract at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg in a significant manner improved these variables (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

A. atroviolaceum extract can significantly improve Cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity and pathological process on testicular tissue. It seems that this plant, with high antioxidant capacity, can be considered a complementary therapy for Cyclophosphamide to prevent undesirable effects on the reproductive system.

Water and Food restriction decreases immunoreactivity of oestrogen receptor alpha and antioxidant activity in testes of sexually mature Coturnix coturnix japonica

Food and water are closely associated with reproductive willingness in vertebrates. These are important for animals and their non-availability act as stressors which decrease sex steroid secretion suppressing reproductive behaviour. Oestrogen plays a crucial role in reproduction via its receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ). This study tested the hypothesis that ERα in testes of male Japanese quail is regulated during water and food deprivations. The present study reveals that both water and food deprivations cause oxidative stress and subsequently decrease catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, while these increase malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide. Both deprivations reduce plasma oestradiol whereas elevate corticosterone level. The immunofluorescent localization of ERα in the testes occurs predominantly in the seminiferous tubules of control while reduces after both food and water deprivations. All types of spermatogenic cells were seen in control testis, while after water and food deprivations size of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenic cells population decreased. Scanning electron microscopic study exhibited fully mature sperms in clusters with head and elongated flagellum, whereas after water deprivation maximum sperms were distorted, scattered with highly reduced head. On food deprivation, only few sperms were seen with head and tail. Thus, taking into account the localization of ERα in testis, it is obvious that oestrogens produced locally are involved in regulation of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis during stress.

The effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Ceratonia Silique L. on spermatogenesis index in rats treated with cyclophosphamide: An experimental study

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effects of Ceratonia extract on improving the toxicity induced by cyclophosphamide (CP) on spermatogenesis. Materials and Methods: 54 male Wistar rats (4 months old) weighing 200-250 gr were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 9/each).

OBJECTIVE

"group 1 (control) underwent the normal diet and water; group 2 (sham) received 2 ml/day normal saline; group 3 (positive control) received 300 mg/kg/day Ceratonia extract; group 4 (Ceratonia + CP) received Ceratonia extract (300 mg/kg/day) + 5 mg/kg/day CP (Endoxan, baxter oncology gmbh, Germany) after 4 hr; group 5 (CP) received 5 mg/kg/day CP + normal saline 4 hr after it; and group 6 (CP + Ceratonia) received Ceratonia extract (300 mg/kg/day) 4 hr after 5 mg/kg/day CP." 24 hr after the last gavage, heart blood sampling was performed to measure the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), ferric reducing antioxidant power, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone. The left caudal epididymis was cut in the Ham's F10 and the released spermatozoa were used to analyze sperm parameters. The histology of the right testes was studied using stereological techniques and the left testes were used to measure the level of tissue MDA and ferric reducing antioxidant power.

RESULTS

A significant increase in the mean level of MDA (p = 0.013) was seen in the CP compared to the control group. Sperm motility (p = 0.001) and count (p = 0.002), serum and tissue total antioxidant (p ≤ 0.001) and serum testosterone levels (p = 0.019) decreased in the CP compared to the control group. Ceratonia extract could significantly prevent the adverse effects of CP on sperm motility (p < 0.001), the mean levels of tissue MDA (p = 0.018), serum total antioxidant (p = 0.045), and testosterone (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The Ceratonia extract can modify the reproductive toxicity of CP in rat due to the presence of antioxidant compounds.

Protective effect of curcumin on fertility in cyclophosphamide exposed rats: Involvement of multiple pathways

This study assesses the effect of curcumin on cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced functional alterations of the testicular, brain, and pituitary axis in common rodents, rats. Only CPA was given at 150 mg/kg body weight only on Day 1 or orally pre and posttreated with curcumin at 20 mg/kg body weight successively for 14 days. The outcomes showed that curcumin pre and posttreatments significantly affected the elevation of biomarkers of oxidative stress in CPA-induced rats, moreover, it increased nonenzymatic antioxidant levels in the epididymis, testes, and brain of the treated rats used in this study. In addition, followed by the preservation of histo-architectures of the epididymis, testes, and brain in the rats treated with CPA, curcumin helped in increasing the sperm quality and quantity and suppressing both the inflammatory indices and the activities of caspase-3, while pretreatment with curcumin gave a better result than posttreatment with curcumin. This may, therefore, represent a prospective adjuvant against CPA-induced spermatogenic deficits in humans. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Jointly, through the antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin, it instigated the toxicity of CPA-induced to be modulated along the testicular, brain, and pituitary axis in the rats. This may, therefore, represent a prospective therapeutic adjuvant against CPA-induced spermatogenic deficits in humans.

Reproductive toxic effects and possible mechanisms of zonisamide in male rats

Zonisamide (ZNS) is an anticonvulsant which is used to treat the symptoms of epilepsy. Although it is frequently used during reproductive ages, studies that investigated the effects of ZNS on reproductive system are limited. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effects of ZNS on male reproductive system by oral administration to rats in 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg doses for 28 days. After the exposure period, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and DNA damage, as biomarkers of reproductive toxic effects, were determined, and histopathological examination of testis was performed. In addition, levels of the hormones that play a role in the regulation of reproductive functions, such as follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone were measured and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers that take part in the reproductive pathologies such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde, were determined. Reproductive toxic effects related to ZNS administration were shown by the significant decrease of sperm concentration and normal sperm morphology in ZNS groups. Additionally, pathological findings were observed in the testicular tissues of ZNS-administered groups dose dependently. In addition, serum LH and testosterone levels were significantly decreased in the ZNS groups. Decreased catalase activities and increased malondialdehyde levels in ZNS groups were evaluated as oxidative stress findings in the testis tissue. It could be expressed that ZNS administration induced dose-dependent reproductive toxic effects in rats, and pathological findings associated with the reproductive system could be the result of that hormonal changes and testicular oxidative stress, which in turn might be considered as possible mechanisms of male reproductive toxicity.

Protective effect of gallic acid on apoptosis of sperm and in vitro fertilization in adult male mice treated with cyclophosphamide

BACKGROUND

Alteration of free radicals (reactive oxygen species) causes mammals' sperm damage. Gallic acid (GA) is known as an antioxidant which is effective against oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effects of GA on the sperm apoptosis and in vitro fertilization (IVF) in adult male mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CP).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Following a pilot study to find the dose responses of GA, 40 adult male naval medical research institute (NMRI) mice (32 ± 3 g) were divided into five groups (n = 8): control, sham (normal saline, NS: 0.2 mL per day), CP (15 mg kg^-1 per week; intraperitoneal, IP), GA (12.5 mg kg ^-1 per day; IP), and GA+CP. After the treatment, sperm parameters were analyzed. The apoptosis of sperm was measured by Annexin-PI staining method followed by flow cytometry detection. Fertility was assessed by IVF method among the groups.

RESULTS

The difference in sperm parameter and fertility rate between the control (% 80.05 ± 6.53) and cyclophosphomide groups (% 51.82 ± 10.78) was significant (P < .001) but GA plus CP (% 78.16 ± 5.71) restored the fertilization rate (P < .001). Also, a remarkable increase was noted regarding apoptotic sperm in CP group vs the control group. The comparison in the five groups shows that GA cotreatment was significantly effective in reducing the apoptosis rate caused by cyclophosphamide (P < .05).

CONCLUSION

It was ultimately attained that GA has a potent antioxidant effect which could inhibit the detrimental effect of CP on the apoptosis and fertility rate of sperm in the mouse.

Effects of resveratrol on reducing spermatogenic dysfunction caused by high-intensity exercise

BACKGROUND

Long-term high-intensity exercise can lead to reproductive endocrine and spermatogenic dysfunction. This research is to investigate the effect of resveratrol on the reduction of reproductive dysfunction induced by high-intensity exercise, and to screen relevant factors and signal transduction pathways.

METHODS

Rats were randomly divided into three groups, a control group, an intensive exercise group (IE group), and a resveratrol-treated group (RSV group). After 9 weeks of exercise, the sperm density and reproductive hormone concentrations were measured, along with antioxidation, inflammatory cytokine production, and histological analyses performed for each group. In addition, a proteomics analysis of the IE group and RSV group were conducted.

RESULTS

We found that compared with the control group, the average sperm density (P < 0.05) and testosterone concentration (P < 0.05) in the IE group decreased significantly. Additionally, in testis tissue the concentration of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 (P < 0.01) and TNF-α (P < 0.01) increased significantly. Also, a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (P < 0.01) and a significant increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (P < 0.01) were noted. In the RSV group, the average sperm density (P < 0.01), testosterone (P < 0.01) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (P < 0.01) all increased in comparison to the IE group, and the concentration of IL-6 (P < 0.01) and TNF-α (P < 0.01) were found to be significantly decreased. Compared with the IE group, the SOD activity in the RSV group was significantly increased (P < 0.01), while the MDA content decreased (P < 0.01). Furthermore, histological analysis showed that the number of spermatogenic epithelial cells in the RSV group was higher than that of the IE group. There were a number of spermatogenic regulatory proteins identified in the proteomics analysis, including Clusterin, Piwi like homolog 1 (Piwil1), Zona pellucida binding protein (Zpbp), Heat shock-related 70 kDa protein 2 (Hspa2), Centrin 1, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome 2 protein (Bbs2). It was found that the proteins that differed between the two groups were mainly involved in pathways such as complement and coagulation cascades, the extracellular matrix-receptor interactions, etc. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that after high-intensity exercise, the inflammatory cascade in the tissue of the testis increases with decreased resistance to oxidation and disordered spermatogenic function. Resveratrol can improve the reproductive dysfunction of rats that was induced by high-intensity exercise. It mostly promotes reproductive function by increasing testosterone secretion, reducing the inflammatory response, improving the antioxidant capacity, affecting the expression of spermatogenic regulatory proteins, and enhancing the signal transduction pathway of spermatogenesis.

Potential inhibitory effect of swimming exercise on the Kisspeptin-GnRH signaling pathway in male rats

Aerobic exercises are considered as an effective method of improving several undesirable health outcomes; however, their implications in the male reproductive axis have remained controversial. The present study evaluated the impact of physical exercise on the male reproductive system in rats and investigated the potential central and peripheral mechanisms involved in it. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control and exercise groups, with 10 rats per group. The rats were subjected to a swimming exercise for 60 min/day for five days a week and the protocol was followed for six constitutive weeks. We found that the swimming exercise significantly decreased the testicular weight and the testicular somatic index. Furthermore, there was a marked reduction in several sperm characteristics, including sperm count, motility, morphology, and viability in the exercised rats. The serum levels of reproductive hormones, i.e., testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were significantly decreased. A histological examination of testes and epididymis revealed defective spermatogenesis. Molecular analysis revealed the downregulation of the expression of mRNAs of the hypothalamic kisspeptin (Kiss1), Kiss1 receptor (Kiss1r), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH1), GnRH1 receptor (GnRHr), and testicular Kiss1r along with an upregulation in the gene expression of GnRHr in the pituitary. We also observed a significant reduction in the activity and the expression of mRNAs of testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and a marked elevation in the levelsof malondialdehyde (MDA). These findings implied that chronic swimming exercise suppressed the Kisspeptin-GnRH signaling pathway, consequently reducing the production of male reproductive hormones. A simultaneous increase in the oxidative stress could contribute to exercise-induced inhibition of male reproductive functions. To conclude, an appropriate training program is important to maximize the benefits and minimize the side effects of physical exercises on the male reproductive system.

Ameliorative Effects of Aquilaria malaccensis Leaves Aqueous Extract on Reproductive Toxicity Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Male Rats

Background

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely used anti-neoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that is associated with adverse side effects including reproductive toxicity. Aquilaria malaccensis (AM) is a traditional medicinal plant which was reported to exhibit high anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging properties. The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of AM leaves extract on sperm quality following toxic exposure to CP.

Methods

Forty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated into eight groups of six rats (n = 6): control, CP only (200 mg kg⁻¹), AM only (100 mg kg⁻¹, 300 mg kg⁻¹ and 500 mg kg⁻¹) and CP + AM (100 mg kg⁻¹, 300 mg kg⁻¹ and 500 mg kg⁻¹). Animals were sacrificed after 63 days of treatment and the sperm from the caudal epididymis was taken for sperm analysis.

Results

The body and the reproductive organs weight, sperm count and motility did not differ between CP and other groups (P > 0.05). A significant increase (P < 0.05) in percentage of the dead and abnormal sperm were seen in the CP alone treated group compared to the control group. Co-administration of AM to the CP exposed rats significantly reduced the (P < 0.05) percentage of abnormal sperm as compared to the CP only group.

Conclusion

Overall, the present results represent the potential of AM to protect against CP induced reproductive toxicity.

Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Protect Cyclophosphamide-induced Testicular Toxicity in Mice

Background:

Cyclophosphamide (CP), as a chemotherapy drug, causes severe damage in testicular tissue through producing free radicals. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (NC) exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of NC on CP-induced testicular damage in mice.

Methods:

In this experimental study, thirty-two male mice were divided into four groups (eight mice in each group). The control group was received intraperitoneally (IP) normal saline, NC group was received NC for three consecutive days (100 μg/kg, IP), CP group was received CP (200 mg/kg, IP), and the CP + NC group received NC, three consecutive days before receiving CP. After 2 days, testicles were assessed for biochemical, histomorphometrical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses.

Results:

CP administration caused statistically significant increases in sperm abnormality, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl levels, reactive oxygen species, level and apoptosis, and decreases in sperm count, sperm viability, testosterone, glutathione activity, the mean thickness of the germinal epithelium, diameter of seminiferous tubules in mice. Degeneration, necrosis, arrest of spermatogenesis, congestion, and atrophy in testicular tissue confirmed the low Johnsen's Testicular score in CP group. Administration of NC significantly ameliorated the CP-induced adverse effects on testis compared with the CP group. In addition, pretreatment mice with NC significantly reduced caspase-3 immunoreactivity induced by CP in testis.

Conclusions:

This study showed that NC with scavenging free radicals and antiapoptotic properties enable to reduce the side effects of CP in the testicular tissue.

Ameliorative effect of Allium sativum extract on busulfan-induced oxidative stress in mice sperm

Busulfan is known to cause several adverse effects including reproductive toxicity in humans. Garlic (Allium sativum), a widely distributed medicinal plant, is highly regarded for its medicinal activities including antioxidant property. This study was conducted to assess whether garlic extract could serve as protective agents against testicular toxicity during busulfan treatment in a mice model. Seventy-two adult male mice were randomly divided into nine groups. In groups 1,2 and 3, distilled water, busulfan, and dimethyl sulfoxide and in the treatment groups hydro-alcoholic extract of garlic was administered orally at different doses per day (groups 4, 5 and 6; 200, 400, 800 mg kg^-1 respectively). Groups 7, 8 and 9 were treated with the extract (200, 400 and 800 mg kg^-1, respectively) plus busulfan. Following euthanasia, blood samples and epididymal sperm were collected. The busulfan-treated group showed significant decreases in sperm quality parameters, and serum levels of testosterone, LH and FSH was observed in the busulfan-treated mice. In addition, the TAC levels and antioxidant enzymes activities were reduced and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were increased in the busulfan-treated mice. Notably, garlic extract co-administration caused a considerable recovery in sperm quality parameters, TAC levels, antioxidant enzymes activities, hormonal changes and MDA level. Based on our results, garlic has antioxidant effects against busulfan-induced testicular damages in mice.

Attenuation of Sulfite-Induced Testicular Injury in Rats by Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Sulfite salts, including sodium metabisulfte, are widely used as preservatives in foods and pharmaceutical agents. Previous studies suggest that oxidative stress may be an important mediator of testicular injury. The present study was designed to elucidate the effect of exposure to sodium metabisulfite by gavage without or with Zingiber officinale (ginger) extract on the rat testes. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, ginger-treated (500 mg/kg/day), sodium metabisulfite- (SMB-) treated (260 mg/kg/day), and SMB + ginger- (SZ-) treated groups. After 28 days, the rats were anesthetized by ether and, after laparotomy, blood was collected from the heart to determine testosterone level by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Then left testes and cauda epididymis of all animals were removed for histological examination and sperm analysis, and right testes were removed for assessing lipid peroxidation (indexed by malondialdehyde [MDA]) and antioxidant enzymes. The results showed that spermatogenesis, epididymal morphometry, and sperm parameters were affected by SMB. There was a significant increase in MDA level and a significant reduction in the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase (CAT) in the SMB-treated rats compared to the control. Ginger treatment of SMB-exposed rats significantly increased testosterone level and the number of different spermatogenic cells. The level of MDA reversed to the control levels and the activities of GPx and GR were significantly increased when SMB was coadministered with ginger extract. It is concluded that coadministration of ginger, through its antioxidant and androgenic properties, exerts a protective effect against SMB-induced testicular oxidative stress.

Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate Increases Obesity-Induced Damage to the Male Reproductive System in Mice

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluated the effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and obesity on male reproductive organ function in male mice and the potential mechanism of male secondary hypogonadism (SH) in such mice.

METHODS

140 mice were assigned to six groups for 12 weeks: normal, DEHP, DIO, DIO + DEHP low, DIO + DEHP middle, and DIO + DEHP high. The effects of DEHP and obesity upon the reproductive organs were determined by measuring sperm count and motility, relative testis and epididymis weight, hormone level, and pathological changes. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining malondialdehyde, T-AOC, SOD, GSH, H2O2, CAT, and GSH-PX in testicular tissues. Nrf2 and Keap1 protein were measured by Western blotting.

RESULTS

DEHP and obesity reduced sperm count and motility, relative testis and epididymis weight, and testosterone level but increased the levels of MDA, H2O2, leptin, and estradiol. Pathological injury was observed in the testicular Leydig cells. Moreover, the activity of CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px enzymes was inhibited. Nrf2 protein expression was reduced but that of Keap1 was increased.

CONCLUSIONS

DEHP and obesity jointly caused damage to male productive function. Oxidative stress in testicular tissue, and a high level of leptin, may provide some evidence to clarify the mechanisms of male SH with DEHP and obesity.

Protective effect of Lespedeza cuneata ethanol extract on Bisphenol A-induced testicular dysfunction in vivo and in vitro

PURPOSE

Bisphenol A (BPA) has been regarded as a possible risk factor for reproductive health. We examined potential reproductive health benefits of Lespedeza cuneata ethanol extract (LCE). Previously, Lespedeza cuneata showed many therapeutic effects. However, the protective effect of LCE on BPA-induced testicular dysfunction and its mechanisms have not been precisely studied.

METHODS

Mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 7). Sperm counts and motility were measured by light microscope. Testosterone, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL-cholesterol, glucose, free fatty acids, hs-CRP, Angiotensinogen, Angiotensin II, GOT, GPT, TBARS, GSH, CAT, and SOD1 were measured in mouse serum. The potential protective effects of the LCE on mouse sertoli cells were evaluated.

RESULTS

Oral administration of LCE in BPA-exposed male mice restored testis weight, sperm count, motility, and testosterone levels by inhibiting markers in serum. In addition, treatment with LCE in BPA-treated TM4 sertoli cells recovered cell viability by attenuating Bax expression and activating caspase 3 and PARP.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that LCE prevented BPA-induced testicular dysfunction and cell viability in BPA-treated TM4 sertoli cells. Our study also suggests that LCE has the potential to protect male reproductive health.

Effect of ghrelin on total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, sperm parameters and fertility in mice against oxidative damage caused by cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphamide is a drug used for chemotherapy and as an immune-suppressive in the organ transplantation. Despite its many clinical implications in the treatment of cancers, this drug has toxic effects on the reproductive system. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ghrelin against the damages caused by cyclophosphamide. In this experimental study, 40 male mice were randomly divided into four groups: (i) control; (ii) cyclophosphamide; (iii) cyclophosphamide + ghrelin; and (iv) ghrelin. Cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg body weight), once a week, and ghrelin (80 μg/kg body weight), daily, were administered intraperitoneally for 5 weeks. After 5 weeks, the epididymides were removed and the lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity and sperm parameters were examined. The fertility rate was evaluated by performance in vitro fertilisation. In the mice exposed to cyclophosphamide, the number of spermatozoa and viability, as well as total antioxidant capacity, decreased significantly (p < .05). The increase in the abnormal sperm and MDA levels was observed (p < .05). In addition, the fertility rate decreased in this group, while the use of ghrelin significantly improved the above disorders in the treatment group (p < .05). The findings of this study showed that ghrelin attenuates negative effects caused by cyclophosphamide in the sperm parameters and enhances the fertility.

Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) extract ameliorates ovarian damage induced by subchronic cadmium exposure in mice: Potential δ-ALA-D involvement

Females are born with a finite number of oocyte-containing follicles and ovary damage results in reduced fertility. Cadmium accumulates in the reproductive system, damaging it, and the cigarette smoke is a potential exposure route. Natural therapies are relevant to health benefits and disease prevention. This study verified the effect of cadmium exposure on the ovaries of mice and the blueberry extract as a potential therapy. Blueberry therapy was effective in restoring reactive species levels and δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity, and partially improved the viability of cadmium-disrupted follicles. This therapy was not able to restore the 17 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Extract HPLC evaluation indicated the presence of quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercetin, and ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid was the major substance and its concentration was 620.24 µg/mL. Thus, cadmium accumulates in the ovaries of mice after subchronic exposure, inducing cellular damage, and the blueberry extract possesses antioxidant properties that could protect, at least in part, the ovarian tissue from cadmium toxicity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 188-196, 2017.

Immunosuppressants and Male Reproduction

Prolonged use of immunosuppressant medications is occasionally seen in infertile men with chronic inflammatory conditions; autoimmune disorders; or an organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Chronic inflammation impacts negatively on male reproductive endpoints, so immunosuppressant therapy can produce improvements. Corticosteroids have been used to treat antisperm antibodies and even as an empirical treatment for male infertility in general. Trials of these methods have provided mixed results on semen quality and fertility, with improvement, no change and negative effects reported by different investigators. In a substantial number of observational studies, patients on long-term therapy with prednisone for chronic inflammatory disease, testosterone levels were lower compared to untreated controls, though randomized controlled trials have not been conducted. Similarly decreases in testosterone have been reported in men receiving corticosteroids to minimize transplant rejection; however, most were treated with multiple immunosuppressive medications that may have contributed to this effect. A large number of trials of healthy men treated with corticosteroids have shown some disruption in reproductive hormone levels, but other studies reported no effect. Studies in monkeys, rats (at human equivalent dose), cattle, sheep, and horses have shown endocrine disruption, including low testosterone with dexamethasone treatment. Of the cytostatic immunosuppressives, which have high potential for cellular damage, cyclophosphamide has received the most attention, sometimes lowering sperm counts significantly. Methotrexate may decrease sperm numbers in humans and has significant negative impacts in rodents. Other chemotherapeutic drugs used as immunosuppressants are likely to impact negatively on male fertility endpoints, but few data have been collected. The TNF-α Inhibitors have also received little experimental attention. There is some evidence that the immunophilin modulators: cyclosporine, sirolimus, and everolimus cause endocrine disruption and semen quality impairment. As we review in this chapter, results in experimental species are concerning, and well-designed studies are lacking for the effects of these medications on reproductive endpoints in men.

The mechanisms of cyclophosphamide-induced testicular toxicity and the protective agents

INTRODUCTION

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating antineoplastic agent with known toxicity to the male reproductive system. Areas covered: This review summarizes the known mechanisms by which CP exerts its toxic effects on the male reproductive system and the methods utilized to prevent such effects so that it could be further investigated and applied in clinical use. Keywords including ['Cyclophosphamide' AND 'male reproductive' OR' sperm toxicity' OR 'spermatotoxicity' OR 'infertility] were searched through Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus databases based on PRISMA guidelines. After removing duplicates and irrelevant data, 76 papers were reviewed concerning the outcomes of treatment of male mice, rats, and humans with CP and the effects of co-administration of various natural and synthetic compounds on male reproductive system. Expert opinion: CP exerts its effect mainly by inducing oxidative stress and changing gene expression in spermatocytes variably during different stages of development. These effects could be either restored or prevented by the administration of compounds with antioxidant properties and those which target the biochemical alterations induced by CP.