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Spreitzer I, Keife J, Strasser T, Kalaba P, Lubec J, Neuhaus W, Lubec G, Langer T, Wackerlig J, Loryan I. Pharmacokinetics of Novel Dopamine Transporter Inhibitor CE-123 and Modafinil with a Focus on Central Nervous System Distribution. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16956. [PMID: 38069277 PMCID: PMC10707468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
S-CE-123, a novel dopamine transporter inhibitor, has emerged as a potential candidate for cognitive enhancement. The objective of this study was to compare the tissue distribution profiles, with a specific focus on central nervous system distribution and metabolism, of S-CE-123 and R-modafinil. To address this objective, a precise liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method was developed and partially validated. Neuropharmacokinetic parameters were assessed using the Combinatory Mapping Approach. Our findings reveal distinct differences between the two compounds. Notably, S-CE-123 demonstrates a significantly superior extent of transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), with an unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu,brain) of 0.5, compared to R-modafinil's Kp,uu,brain of 0.1. A similar pattern was observed for the transport across the blood-spinal cord barrier. Concerning the drug transport across cellular membranes, we observed that S-CE-123 primarily localizes in the brain interstitial space, whereas R-modafinil distributes more evenly across both sides of the plasma membrane of the brain's parenchymal cells (Kp,uu,cell). Furthermore, our study highlights the substantial differences in hepatic metabolic stability, with S-CE-123 having a 9.3-fold faster metabolism compared to R-modafinil. In summary, the combination of improved BBB transport and higher affinity of S-CE-123 to dopamine transporters in comparison to R-modafinil makes S-CE-123 a promising candidate for further testing for the treatment of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Spreitzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (I.S.); (T.L.)
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Josefin Keife
- Translational Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Strasser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (I.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Predrag Kalaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (I.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Jana Lubec
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (G.L.)
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria (G.L.)
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (I.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Judith Wackerlig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (I.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Irena Loryan
- Translational Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics Group, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Samadi M, Beigi L, Yadegari F, Ansari AM, Majidzadeh-A K, Eskordi M, Farahmand L. Recognition of functional genetic polymorphism using ESE motif definition: a conservative evolutionary approach to CYP2D6/CYP2C19 gene variants. Genetica 2022; 150:289-297. [PMID: 35913522 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-022-00161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Although predicting the effects of variants near intron-exon boundaries is relatively straightforward, predicting the functional Exon Splicing Enhancers (ESEs) and the possible effects of variants within ESEs remains a challenge. Considering the essential role of CYP2D6/CYP2C19 genes in drug metabolism, we attempted to identify variants that are most likely to disrupt splicing through their effect on these ESEs. ESEs were predicted in these two genes using ESEfinder 3.0, incorporating a series of filters (increased threshold and evolutionary conservation). Finally, reported mutations were evaluated for their potential to disrupt splicing by affecting these ESEs. Initially, 169 and 243 ESEs were predicted for CYP2C19/CYP2D6, respectively. However, applying the filters, the number of predicted ESEs was reduced to 26 and 19 in CYP2C19/CYP2D6, respectively. Comparing prioritized predicted ESEs with known sequence variants in CYP2C19/CYP2D6 genes highlights 18 variations within conserved ESEs for each gene. We found good agreement in cases where such predictions could be compared to experimental evidence. In total, we prioritized a subset of mutational changes in CYP2C19/CYP2D6 genes that may affect the function of these genes and lead to altered drug responses. Clinical studies and functional analysis for investigating detailed functional consequences of the mentioned mutations and their phenotypic outcomes is mostly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Samadi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laleh Beigi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yadegari
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Madjid Ansari
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keivan Majidzadeh-A
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Eskordi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Reckweg JT, Uthaug MV, Szabo A, Davis AK, Lancelotta R, Mason NL, Ramaekers JG. The clinical pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). J Neurochem 2022; 162:128-146. [PMID: 35149998 PMCID: PMC9314805 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
5‐methoxy‐N,N‐dimethyltryptamine (5‐MeO‐DMT) is a naturally occurring tryptamine that primarily acts as an agonist at the 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2A receptors, whereby affinity for the 5‐HT1A subtype is highest. Subjective effects following 5‐MeO‐DMT administration include distortions in auditory and time perception, amplification of emotional states, and feelings of ego dissolution that usually are short‐lasting, depending on the route of administration. Individual dose escalation of 5‐MeO‐DMT reliably induces a “peak” experience, a state thought to be a core predictor of the therapeutic efficacy of psychedelics. Observational studies and surveys have suggested that single exposure to 5‐MeO‐DMT can cause rapid and sustained reductions in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. 5‐MeO‐DMT also stimulates neuroendocrine function, immunoregulation, and anti‐inflammatory processes, which may contribute to changes in mental health outcomes. To date, only one clinical trial has been published on 5‐MeO‐DMT, demonstrating the safety of vaporized dosing up to 18 mg. Importantly, the rapid onset and short duration of the 5‐MeO‐DMT experience may render it more suitable for individual dose‐finding strategies compared with longer‐acting psychedelics. A range of biotech companies has shown an interest in the development of 5‐MeO‐DMT formulations for a range of medical indications, most notably depression. Commercial development will therefore be the most important resource for bringing 5‐MeO‐DMT to the clinic. However, fundamental research will also be needed to increase understanding of the neurophysiological and neural mechanisms that contribute to the potential clinical effects of 5‐MeO‐DMT and its sustainability and dissemination over time. Such studies are less likely to be conducted as part of drug development programs and are more likely to rely on independent, academic initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Reckweg
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dept of Neuropsychology and psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - M V Uthaug
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dept of Neuropsychology and psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - A Szabo
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A K Davis
- Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education, College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Lancelotta
- Center for Psychedelic Drug Research and Education, College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - N L Mason
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dept of Neuropsychology and psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - J G Ramaekers
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dept of Neuropsychology and psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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Deodhar M, Turgeon J, Michaud V. Contribution of CYP2D6 Functional Activity to Oxycodone Efficacy in Pain Management: Genetic Polymorphisms, Phenoconversion, and Tissue-Selective Metabolism. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1466. [PMID: 34575542 PMCID: PMC8468517 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxycodone is a widely used opioid for the management of chronic pain. Analgesic effects observed following the administration of oxycodone are mediated mostly by agonistic effects on the μ-opioid receptor. Wide inter-subject variability observed in oxycodone efficacy could be explained by polymorphisms in the gene coding for the μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1). In humans, oxycodone is converted into several metabolites, particularly into oxymorphone, an active metabolite with potent μ-opioid receptor agonist activity. The CYP2D6 enzyme is principally responsible for the conversion of oxycodone to oxymorphone. The CYP2D6 gene is highly polymorphic with encoded protein activities, ranging from non-functioning to high-functioning enzymes. Several pharmacogenetic studies have shown the importance of CYP2D6-mediated conversion of oxycodone to oxymorphone for analgesic efficacy. Pharmacogenetic testing could optimize oxycodone therapy and help achieve adequate pain control, avoiding harmful side effects. However, the most recent Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines fell short of recommending pharmacogenomic testing for oxycodone treatment. In this review, we (1) analyze pharmacogenomic and drug-interaction studies to delineate the association between CYP2D6 activity and oxycodone efficacy, (2) review evidence from CYP3A4 drug-interaction studies to untangle the nature of oxycodone metabolism and its efficacy, (3) report on the current knowledge linking the efficacy of oxycodone to OPRM1 variants, and (4) discuss the potential role of CYP2D6 brain expression on the local formation of oxymorphone. In conclusion, we opine that pharmacogenetic testing, especially for CYP2D6 with considerations of phenoconversion due to concomitant drug administration, should be appraised to improve oxycodone efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Deodhar
- Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (M.D.); (J.T.)
| | - Jacques Turgeon
- Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (M.D.); (J.T.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Veronique Michaud
- Precision Pharmacotherapy Research and Development Institute, Tabula Rasa HealthCare, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (M.D.); (J.T.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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Dean AC, Nurmi EL, Morales AM, Cho AK, Seaman LC, London ED. CYP2D6 genotype may moderate measures of brain structure in methamphetamine users. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12950. [PMID: 32767519 PMCID: PMC7865018 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic methamphetamine use is linked to abnormalities in brain structure, which may reflect neurotoxicity related to metabolism of the drug. As the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme is central to the metabolism of methamphetamine, genotypic variation in its activity may moderate effects of methamphetamine on brain structure and function. This study explored the relationship between CYP2D6 genotype and measures of brain structure and cognition in methamphetamine users. Based on the function of genetic variants, a CYP2D6 activity score was determined in 82 methamphetamine-dependent (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition [DSM-IV] criteria) and 79 healthy-control participants who completed tests of cognitive function (i.e., attention, memory, and executive function); most were also evaluated with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (66 methamphetamine-dependent and 52 controls). The relationship between CYP2D6 activity score and whole brain cortical thickness differed by group (interaction p = 0.024), as increasing CYP2D6 activity was associated with thinner cortical thickness in the methamphetamine users (β = -0.254; p = 0.035), but not in control subjects (β = 0.095; p = 0.52). Interactions between CYP2D6 activity and group were nonsignificant for hippocampal volume (ps > 0.05), but both hippocampi showed trends similar to those observed for cortical thickness (negative relationships in methamphetamine users [ps < 0.05], and no relationships in controls [ps > 0.50]). Methamphetamine users had lower cognitive scores than control subjects (p = 0.007), but there was no interaction between CYP2D6 activity score and group on cognition (p > 0.05). Results suggest that CYP2D6 genotypes linked to higher enzymatic activity may confer risk for methamphetamine-induced deficits in brain structure. The behavioral consequences of these effects are unclear and warrant additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C. Dean
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Erika L. Nurmi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Department of Mental Health, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Angelica M. Morales
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Arthur K. Cho
- Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Lauren C. Seaman
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Edythe D. London
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90024 USA
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6
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Konstandi M, Andriopoulou CE, Cheng J, Gonzalez FJ. Sex steroid hormones differentially regulate CYP2D in female wild-type and CYP2D6-humanized mice. J Endocrinol 2020; 245:301-314. [PMID: 32171179 PMCID: PMC7202972 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The CYP2D subfamily catalyses the metabolism of about 25% of prescribed drugs, including the majority of antidepressants and antipsychotics. At present, the mechanism of hepatic CYP2D regulation remains largely unknown. This study investigated the role of sex steroid hormones in CYP2D regulation. For this purpose, Cyp2d22 expression was assessed in the distinct phases of the estrous cycle of normocyclic C57BL/6J (WT) female mice. Cyp2d22 was also evaluated in ovariectomised WT and CYP2D6-humanized (hCYP2D6) mice that received hormonal supplementation with either 17β-estradiol (E2) and/or progesterone. Comparisons were also made to male mice. The data revealed that hepatic Cyp2d22 mRNA, protein and activity levels were higher at estrous compared to the other phases of the estrous cycle and that ovariectomy repressed Cyp2d22 expression in WT mice. Tamoxifen, an anti-estrogenic compound, also repressed hepatic Cyp2d22 via activation of GH/STAT5b and PI3k/AKT signaling pathways. Both hormones prevented the ovariectomy-mediated Cyp2d22 repression. In case of progesterone, this may be mediated by inhibition of the PI3k/AKT/FOX01 pathway. Notably, Cyp2d22 mRNA levels in WT males were similar to those in ovariectomised mice and were markedly lower compared to females at estrous, a differentiation potentially regulated by the GH/STAT5b pathway. Sex steroid hormone-related alterations in Cyp2d22 mRNA expression were highly correlated with Hnf1a mRNA. Interestingly, fluctuations in Cyp2d22 in hippocampus and cerebellum followed those in liver. In contrast to WT mice, ovariectomy induced hepatic CYP2D6 expression in hCYP2D6 mice, whereas E2 and/or progesterone prevented this induction. Apparently, sex steroid hormones display a significant gender- and species-specific role in the regulation of CYP2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Konstandi
- University of Ioannina, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Ioannina GR-451 10, Greece
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Metabolism, Bethesda 20892, MD, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to Dr Maria Konstandi, Phone +30 2651007554,
| | - Christina E. Andriopoulou
- University of Ioannina, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Ioannina GR-451 10, Greece
| | - Jie Cheng
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Metabolism, Bethesda 20892, MD, USA
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Metabolism, Bethesda 20892, MD, USA
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Tolledo EC, Miksys S, Gonzalez FJ, Tyndale RF. Propranolol is a mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP2D and CYP2D6 in humanized CYP2D6-transgenic mice: Effects on activity and drug responses. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:701-712. [PMID: 31648367 PMCID: PMC7012948 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Genetics and drug interactions contribute to large interindividual variation in human CYP2D6 activity. Here, we have characterized propranolol inhibition of human and mouse CYP2D using transgenic (TG) mice, which express both mouse CYP2D and human CYP2D6, and wild-type (WT) mice. Our purpose was to develop a method for in vivo manipulation of CYP2D6 enzyme activity which could be used to investigate the role of CYP2D6 in drug-induced behaviours. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Dextromethorphan metabolism to dextrorphan was used to measure CYP2D activity and to characterize propranolol inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Effects of propranolol pretreatment (24 hr) on serum levels of the CYP2D6 substrate haloperidol and haloperidol-induced catalepsy were also studied. KEY RESULTS Dextrorphan formation velocity in vitro was threefold higher in liver microsomes of TG compared to WT mice. Propranolol acted as a mechanism-based inhibitor (MBI), inactivating CYP2D in liver microsomes from TG and WT mice, and humans. Pretreatment (24 hr) of TG and WT mice with 20 mg·kg-1 intraperitoneal propranolol reduced dextrorphan formation in vivo and by liver microsomes in vitro. Serum haloperidol levels and catalepsy were increased. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Propranolol was a potent MBI of dextrorphan formation in liver microsomes from TG and WT mice, and humans. The inhibition parameters in TG overlapped with those in WT mice and in humans. Inhibition of CYP2D with propranolol in vivo in TG and WT mice altered drug responses, allowing further investigation of variations in CYP2D6 on drug interactions and drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgor Cole Tolledo
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Sharon Miksys
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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Wang YK, Yang XN, Liang WQ, Xiao Y, Zhao Q, Xiao XR, Gonzalez FJ, Li F. A metabolomic perspective of pazopanib-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice. Xenobiotica 2019; 49:655-670. [PMID: 29897827 PMCID: PMC6628935 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1489167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the metabolism of pazopanib, a metabolomics approach was performed based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry. A total of 22 pazopanib metabolites were identified in vitro and in vivo. Among these metabolites, 17 were novel, including several cysteine adducts and aldehyde derivatives. By screening using recombinant CYPs, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 were found to be the main forms involved in the pazopanib hydroxylation. Formation of a cysteine conjugate (M3), an aldehyde derivative (M15) and two N-oxide metabolites (M18 and M20) from pazopanib could induce the oxidative stress that may be responsible in part for pazopanib-induced hepatotoxicity. Morphological observation of the liver suggested that pazopanib (300 mg/kg) could cause liver injury. The aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase in serum significantly increased after pazopanib (150, 300 mg/kg) treatment; this liver injury could be partially reversed by the broad-spectrum CYP inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT). Metabolomics analysis revealed that pazopanib could significantly change the levels of L-carnitine, proline and lysophosphatidylcholine 18:1 in liver. Additionally, drug metabolism-related gene expression analysis revealed that hepatic Cyp2d22 and Abcb1a (P-gp) mRNAs were significantly lowered by pazopanib treatment. In conclusion, this study provides a global view of pazopanib metabolism and clues to its influence on hepatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wei-Qing Liang
- Center for Medicinal Resources Research, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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9
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Chattopadhyay M, Chowdhury AR, Feng T, Assenmacher CA, Radaelli E, Guengerich FP, Avadhani NG. Mitochondrially targeted cytochrome P450 2D6 is involved in monomethylamine-induced neuronal damage in mouse models. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10336-10348. [PMID: 31113867 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major human disease associated with degeneration of the central nervous system. Evidence suggests that several endogenously formed 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-mimicking chemicals that are metabolic conversion products, especially β-carbolines and isoquinolines, act as neurotoxins that induce PD or enhance progression of the disease. We have demonstrated previously that mitochondrially targeted human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), supported by mitochondrial adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase, can efficiently catalyze the conversion of MPTP to the toxic 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion. In this study, we show that the mitochondrially targeted CYP2D6 can efficiently catalyze MPTP-mimicking compounds, i.e. 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline, and 9-methyl-norharmon, suspected to induce PD in humans. Our results reveal that activity and respiration in mouse brain mitochondrial complex I are significantly affected by these toxins in WT mice but remain unchanged in Cyp2d6 locus knockout mice, indicating a possible role of CYP2D6 in the metabolism of these compounds both in vivo and in vitro These metabolic effects were minimized in the presence of two CYP2D6 inhibitors, quinidine and ajmalicine. Neuro-2a cells stably expressing predominantly mitochondrially targeted CYP2D6 were more sensitive to toxin-mediated respiratory dysfunction and complex I inhibition than cells expressing predominantly endoplasmic reticulum-targeted CYP2D6. Exposure to these toxins also induced the autophagic marker Parkin and the mitochondrial fission marker Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) in differentiated neurons expressing mitochondrial CYP2D6. Our results show that monomethylamines are converted to their toxic cationic form by mitochondrially directed CYP2D6 and result in neuronal degradation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrittika Chattopadhyay
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Anindya Roy Chowdhury
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ting Feng
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Charles-Antoine Assenmacher
- the Department of Pathobiology, MJR-VHUP, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- the Department of Pathobiology, MJR-VHUP, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- the Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Narayan G Avadhani
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,
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10
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Li J, Xing F, Chen F, He L, So KF, Liu Y, Xiao J. Functional 3D Human Liver Bud Assembled from MSC-Derived Multiple Liver Cell Lineages. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:510-521. [PMID: 29895168 PMCID: PMC7103600 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718780332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe shortage of donor liver organs requires the development of alternative methods to provide transplantable liver tissues such as stem cell-derived organoids. Despite several studies describing the generation of vascularized and functional liver tissues, none have succeeded in assembling human liver buds containing hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). Here, we report a reproducible, easy-to-follow, and comprehensive self-assembly protocol to generate three-dimensional (3D) human liver buds from naïve mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), MSC-derived hepatocytes, and HSC- and LSEC-like cells. By optimizing the ratio between these different cell lineages, the cell mixture self-assembled into 3D human liver buds within 72 h in vitro, and exhibited similar characteristics with early-stage murine liver buds. In a murine model of acute liver failure, the mesenteric transplantation of self-assembled human liver buds effectively rescued animal death, and triggered hepatic ameliorative effects that were better than the ones observed after splenic transplantation of human hepatocytes or naïve MSCs. In addition, transplanted human liver buds underwent maturation during injury alleviation, after which they exhibited a gene expression profile signature similar to the one of adult human livers. Collectively, our protocol provides a promising new approach for the in vitro construction of functional 3D human liver buds from multiple human MSC-derived hepatic cell lineages; this new technique would be useful for clinical transplantation and regenerative medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and
Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiyue Xing
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Tissue Transplantation and
Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s
Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liumin He
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yingxia Liu
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s
Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Xiao
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s
Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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11
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Bissig KD, Han W, Barzi M, Kovalchuk N, Ding L, Fan X, Pankowicz FP, Zhang QY, Ding X. P450-Humanized and Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Models for Studying Xenobiotic Metabolism and Toxicity. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1734-1744. [PMID: 30093418 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical evaluation of drug candidates in experimental animal models is an essential step in drug development. Humanized mouse models have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional animal models. The purpose of this mini-review is to provide a brief survey of currently available mouse models for studying human xenobiotic metabolism. Here, we describe both genetic humanization and human liver chimeric mouse models, focusing on the advantages and limitations while outlining their key features and applications. Although this field of biomedical science is relatively young, these humanized mouse models have the potential to transform preclinical drug testing and eventually lead to a more cost-effective and rapid development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Dimiter Bissig
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Weiguo Han
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Mercedes Barzi
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Nataliia Kovalchuk
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Liang Ding
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Francis P Pankowicz
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
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12
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Su Y, Chen Z, Yan L, Lian F, You J, Wang X, Tang N. Optimizing combination of liver-enriched transcription factors and nuclear receptors simultaneously favors ammonia and drug metabolism in liver cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 362:504-514. [PMID: 29253535 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The HepG2 cell line is widely used in studying liver diseases because of its immortalization, but its clinical application is limited by its low expression of the urea synthesis key enzymes and cytochromes P450 (CYPs). On the basis of our previous work, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of arginase 1 (Arg1) and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) in HepG2 cells. We also screened for the optimal combination of liver enrichment transcription factors (LETFs) and xenobiotic nuclear receptors that can promote the expression of key urea synthases and five major CYPs in HepG2 cells. Thus, recombinant HepG2 cells were established. Results showed that C/EBPβ, not C/EBPα, could upregulate expression of Arg1 and PGC1α and HNF4α cooperatively regulate the expression of OTC. The two optimal combinations C/EBPβ+HNF4α+HNF6+PXR and C/EBPβ+HNF4α+HNF6+CAR were selected. Compared with the control cells, the recombinant HepG2 cells modified by the two optimal combinations exhibited enhanced ammonia metabolism and CYP enzyme activity. Moreover, the HepG2/(C/EBPβ+HNF4α+HNF6+PXR) cells more strongly reduced ammonia than any other combination tested in this study. The present work indicated that optimizing the combination of transcription factors will simultaneously promote hepatocyte ammonia metabolism and drug metabolism. The recombinant HepG2 liver cell line constructed by the optimal combination provided an improved alternative means for bioartificial liver applications and drug toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfa Su
- Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhanfei Chen
- Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Linlin Yan
- Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fen Lian
- Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianhua You
- Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nanhong Tang
- Fujian Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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13
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Giri P, Delvadia P, Gupta L, Patel N, Trivedi P, Lad K, Patel HM, Srinivas NR. Consequences of daily corticosteroid dosing with or without pre-treatment with quinidine on the in vivo cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) enzyme in rats: effect on O-demethylation activity of dextromethorphan and expression levels of CYP2D1 mRNA. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1-10. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1275064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Giri
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India and
| | - Prashant Delvadia
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India and
| | - Laxmikant Gupta
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India and
| | - Nirmal Patel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India and
| | - Priyal Trivedi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India and
| | - Krishna Lad
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India and
| | - Hiren M. Patel
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nuggehally R. Srinivas
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India and
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14
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MacLeod AK, McLaughlin LA, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR. Application of Mice Humanized for CYP2D6 to the Study of Tamoxifen Metabolism and Drug-Drug Interaction with Antidepressants. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:17-22. [PMID: 27756789 PMCID: PMC5193068 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is an estrogen receptor antagonist used in the treatment of breast cancer. It is a prodrug that is converted by several cytochrome P450 enzymes to a primary metabolite, N-desmethyltamoxifen (NDT), which is then further modified by CYP2D6 to a pharmacologically potent secondary metabolite, 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen (endoxifen). Antidepressants (ADs), which are often coprescribed to patients receiving tamoxifen, are also metabolized by CYP2D6 and evidence suggests that a drug-drug interaction between these agents adversely affects the outcome of tamoxifen therapy by inhibiting endoxifen formation. We evaluated this potentially important drug-drug interaction in vivo in mice humanized for CYP2D6 (hCYP2D6). The rate of conversion of NDT to endoxifen by hCYP2D6 mouse liver microsomes (MLMs) in vitro was similar to that of the most active members of a panel of 13 individual human liver microsomes. Coincubation with quinidine, a CYP2D6 inhibitor, ablated endoxifen generation by hCYP2D6 MLMs. The NDT-hydroxylation activity of wild-type MLMs was 7.4 times higher than that of hCYP2D6, whereas MLMs from Cyp2d knockout animals were inactive. Hydroxylation of NDT correlated with that of bufuralol, a CYP2D6 probe substrate, in the human liver microsome panel. In vitro, ADs of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class were, by an order of magnitude, more potent inhibitors of NDT hydroxylation by hCYP2D6 MLMs than were compounds of the tricyclic class. At a clinically relevant dose, paroxetine pretreatment inhibited the generation of endoxifen from NDT in hCYP2D6 mice in vivo. These data demonstrate the potential of ADs to affect endoxifen generation and, thereby, the outcome of tamoxifen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kenneth MacLeod
- Division of Cancer Research, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A McLaughlin
- Division of Cancer Research, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, Level 9, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
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15
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Lozupone M, Panza F, Stella E, La Montagna M, Bisceglia P, Miscio G, Galizia I, Daniele A, di Mauro L, Bellomo A, Logroscino G, Greco A, Seripa D. Pharmacogenetics of neurological and psychiatric diseases at older age: has the time come? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:259-277. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1246533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madia Lozupone
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro,’, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro,’, Bari, Italy
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’ at ‘Pia Fondazione Card. G. Panico,’, Tricase, Lecce, Italy
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Stella
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maddalena La Montagna
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paola Bisceglia
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Miscio
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Galizia
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Lazzaro di Mauro
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro,’, Bari, Italy
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’ at ‘Pia Fondazione Card. G. Panico,’, Tricase, Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
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16
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Pan X, Ning M, Jeong H. Transcriptional Regulation of CYP2D6 Expression. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:42-48. [PMID: 27698228 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism exhibits large interindividual variability. Although genetic variations in the CYP2D6 gene are well known contributors to the variability, the sources of CYP2D6 variability in individuals of the same genotype remain unexplained. Accumulating data indicate that transcriptional regulation of CYP2D6 may account for part of CYP2D6 variability. Yet, our understanding of factors governing transcriptional regulation of CYP2D6 is limited. Recently, mechanistic studies of increased CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism in pregnancy revealed two transcription factors, small heterodimer partner (SHP) and Krüppel-like factor 9, as a transcriptional repressor and an activator, respectively, of CYP2D6. Chemicals that increase SHP expression (e.g., retinoids and activators of farnesoid X receptor) were shown to downregulate CYP2D6 expression in the humanized mice as well as in human hepatocytes. This review summarizes the series of studies on the transcriptional regulation of CYP2D6 expression, potentially providing a basis to better understand the large interindividual variability in CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Pan
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (X.P., M.N., H.J.), and Department of Pharmacy Practice (H.J.), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Miaoran Ning
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (X.P., M.N., H.J.), and Department of Pharmacy Practice (H.J.), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hyunyoung Jeong
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (X.P., M.N., H.J.), and Department of Pharmacy Practice (H.J.), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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17
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Panza F, Lozupone M, Stella E, Miscio G, La Montagna M, Daniele A, di Mauro L, Bellomo A, Logroscino G, Greco A, Seripa D. The pharmacogenetic road to avoid adverse drug reactions and therapeutic failures in revolving door patients with psychiatric illnesses: focus on the CYP2D6 isoenzymes. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2016.1232148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Mavila N, Trecartin A, Spurrier R, Xiao Y, Hou X, James D, Fu X, Truong B, Wang C, Lipshutz GS, Wang KS, Grikscheit TC. Functional Human and Murine Tissue-Engineered Liver Is Generated from Adult Stem/Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:238-248. [PMID: 28170183 PMCID: PMC5442734 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease affects large numbers of patients, yet there are limited treatments available to replace absent or ineffective cellular function of this crucial organ. Donor scarcity and the necessity for immunosuppression limit one effective therapy, orthotopic liver transplantation. But in some conditions such as inborn errors of metabolism or transient states of liver insufficiency, patients may be salvaged by providing partial quantities of functional liver tissue. After transplanting multicellular liver organoid units composed of a heterogeneous cellular population that includes adult stem and progenitor cells, both mouse and human tissue‐engineered liver (TELi) form in vivo. TELi contains normal liver components such as hepatocytes with albumin expression, CK19‐expressing bile ducts and vascular structures with α‐smooth muscle actin expression, desmin‐expressing stellate cells, and CD31‐expressing endothelial cells. At 4 weeks, TELi contains proliferating albumin‐expressing cells and identification of β2‐microglobulin‐expressing cells demonstrates that the majority of human TELi is composed of transplanted human cells. Human albumin is detected in the host mouse serum, indicating in vivo secretory function. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of mouse serum after debrisoquine administration is followed by a significant increase in the level of the human metabolite, 4‐OH‐debrisoquine, which supports the metabolic and xenobiotic capability of human TELi in vivo. Implanted TELi grew in a mouse model of inducible liver failure. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:238–248
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Mavila
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew Trecartin
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California, USA
| | - Ryan Spurrier
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California, USA
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaogang Hou
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California, USA
| | - David James
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California, USA
| | - Xiaowei Fu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brian Truong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Clara Wang
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California, USA
| | - Gerald S. Lipshutz
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kasper S. Wang
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California, USA
| | - Tracy C. Grikscheit
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California, USA
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19
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Panza F, Lozupone M, Stella E, Lofano L, Gravina C, Urbano M, Daniele A, Bellomo A, Logroscino G, Greco A, Seripa D. Psychiatry meets pharmacogenetics for the treatment of revolving door patients with psychiatric disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:1357-1369. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1204913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panza
- a Geriatric Unit and Geriatric Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences , IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy.,b Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs , University of Bari "Aldo Moro" , Bari , Italy.,c Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology , University of Bari "Aldo Moro" at "Pia Fondazione Card. G. Panico" , Lecce , Italy
| | - Madia Lozupone
- b Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs , University of Bari "Aldo Moro" , Bari , Italy.,d Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Eleonora Stella
- d Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Lucia Lofano
- e Psychiatric Unit, Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs , University of Bari "Aldo Moro" , Bari , Italy
| | - Carolina Gravina
- a Geriatric Unit and Geriatric Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences , IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy
| | - Maria Urbano
- a Geriatric Unit and Geriatric Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences , IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- f Institute of Neurology , Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- d Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- b Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs , University of Bari "Aldo Moro" , Bari , Italy.,c Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology , University of Bari "Aldo Moro" at "Pia Fondazione Card. G. Panico" , Lecce , Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- a Geriatric Unit and Geriatric Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences , IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- a Geriatric Unit and Geriatric Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences , IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy
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20
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Cheng Y, Liang X, Feng L, Liu D, Qin M, Liu S, Liu G, Dong M. Effects of phillyrin and forsythoside A on rat cytochrome P450 activitiesin vivoandin vitro. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:297-303. [PMID: 27310729 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1193262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China, and
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China, and
| | - Liying Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China, and
| | - Duo Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengnan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China, and
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China, and
| | - Gaofeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China, and
| | - Mei Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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21
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Farooq M, Kelly EJ, Unadkat JD. CYP2D6 Is Inducible by Endogenous and Exogenous Corticosteroids. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:750-7. [PMID: 26965986 PMCID: PMC4851303 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.069229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 has been widely considered to be noninducible on the basis of human hepatocyte studies, in vivo data suggests that it is inducible by endo- and xenobiotics. Therefore, we investigated if the experimental conditions routinely used in human hepatocyte studies may be a confounding factor in the lack of in vitro induction of CYP2D6. Sandwich cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) were preincubated with or without dexamethasone (100 nM) for 72 hours before incubation with 1μM endogenous (cortisol or corticosterone) or exogenous (dexamethasone or prednisolone) corticosteroids. At 72 hours, CYP2D6 mRNA, protein, and activity were quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, quantitative proteomics, and formation of dextrorphan from dextromethorphan, respectively. In the absence of supplemental dexamethasone, CYP2D6 activity, mRNA, and protein were significantly and robustly (>10-fold) induced by all four corticosteroids. However, this CYP2D6 induction was abolished in cells preincubated with supplemental dexamethasone. These data show, for the first time, that CYP2D6 is inducible in vitro but the routine presence of 100 nM dexamethasone in the culture medium masks this induction. Our cortisol data are in agreement with the clinical observation that CYP2D6 is inducible during the third trimester of pregnancy when the plasma concentrations of cortisol increase to ∼1μM. These findings, if confirmed in vivo, have implications for predicting CYP2D6-mediated drug-drug interactions and call for re-evaluation of regulatory guidelines on screening for CYP2D6 induction by xenobiotics. Our findings also suggest that cortisol may be a causative factor in the in vivo induction of CYP2D6 during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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22
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Madeen EP, Löhr CV, You H, Siddens LK, Krueger SK, Dashwood RH, Gonzalez FJ, Baird WM, Ho E, Bramer L, Waters KM, Williams DE. Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene transplacental carcinogenesis in wild-type, Cyp1b1 knockout, and CYP1B1 humanized mice. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:163-171. [PMID: 26990437 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1 family is active toward numerous environmental pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Utilizing a mouse model, null for Cyp1b1 and expressing human CYP1B1, we tested the hypothesis that hCYP1B1 is important for dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) transplacental carcinogenesis. Wild-type mCyp1b1, transgenic hCYP1B1 (mCyp1b1 null background), and mCyp1b1 null mice were assessed. Each litter had an equal number of siblings with Ahrb-1/d and Ahrd/d alleles. Pregnant mice were dosed (gavage) on gestation day 17 with 6.5 or 12 mg/kg of DBC or corn oil. At 10 months of age, mortality, general health, lymphoid disease and lung tumor incidence, and multiplicity were assessed. hCYP1B1 genotype did not impact lung tumor multiplicity, but tended to enhance incidence compared to Cyp1b1 wild-type mice (P = 0.07). As with Cyp1b1 in wild-type mice, constitutive hCYP1B1 protein is non-detectable in liver but was induced with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Wild-type mice were 59% more likely to succumb to T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL). Unlike an earlier examination of the Ahr genotype in this model (Yu et al., Cancer Res, 2006;66:755-762), but in agreement with a more recent study (Shorey et al., Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 2013;270:60-69), this genotype was not associated with lung tumor incidence, multiplicity, or mortality. Sex was not significant with respect to lung tumor incidence or mortality but males exhibited significantly greater multiplicity. Lung tumor incidence was greater in mCyp1b1 nulls compared to wild-type mice. To our knowledge, this is the first application of a humanized mouse model in transplacental carcinogenesis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin P Madeen
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Cancer Prevention and Intervention Program, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Christiane V Löhr
- Cancer Prevention and Intervention Program, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Hannah You
- Cancer Prevention and Intervention Program, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Cancer Prevention and Intervention Program, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Sharon K Krueger
- Cancer Prevention and Intervention Program, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Roderick H Dashwood
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease Prevention, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William M Baird
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Emily Ho
- Cancer Prevention and Intervention Program, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Lisa Bramer
- Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Katrina M Waters
- Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - David E Williams
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Cancer Prevention and Intervention Program, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Superfund Research Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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23
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Gricman Ł, Vogel C, Pleiss J. Identification of universal selectivity-determining positions in cytochrome P450 monooxygenases by systematic sequence-based literature mining. Proteins 2015; 83:1593-603. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gricman
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Constantin Vogel
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart; Allmandring 31 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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24
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Ford KA, Ryslik G, Sodhi J, Halladay J, Diaz D, Dambach D, Masuda M. Computational predictions of the site of metabolism of cytochrome P450 2D6 substrates: comparative analysis, molecular docking, bioactivation and toxicological implications. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:291-319. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1047026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Zhang RR, Zheng YW, Li B, Tsuchida T, Ueno Y, Nie YZ, Taniguchi H. Human hepatic stem cells transplanted into a fulminant hepatic failure Alb-TRECK/SCID mouse model exhibit liver reconstitution and drug metabolism capabilities. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:49. [PMID: 25889844 PMCID: PMC4414454 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chimeric mice with humanized livers were recently established by transplanting human hepatocytes. This mouse model that is repopulated with functional human hepatocytes could be a useful tool for investigating human hepatic cell biology and drug metabolism and for other preclinical applications. Successfully transplanting human hepatocytes into mice requires that recipient mice with liver failure do not reject these human cells and provide a suitable microenvironment (supportive niche) to promote human donor cell expansion and differentiation. To overcome the limitations of current mouse models, we used Alb-TRECK/SCID mice for in vivo human immature hepatocyte differentiation and humanized liver generation. METHODS 1.5 μg/kg diphtheria toxin was administrated into 8-week-old Alb-TRECK/SCID mice, and the degree of liver damage was assessed by serum aspartate aminotransferase activity levels. Forty-eight hours later, mice livers were sampled for histological analyses, and the human donor cells were then transplanted into mice livers on the same day. Chimeric rate and survival rate after cell transplantation was evaluated. Expressions of human hepatic-related genes were detected. A human albumin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed after 50 days of transplantation. On day 60 after transplantation, drug metabolism was examined in mice. RESULTS Both human primary fetal liver cells and hepatic stem cells were successfully repopulated in the livers of Alb-TRECK/SCID mice that developed lethal fulminant hepatic failure after administering diphtheria toxin; the repopulation rate in some mice was nearly 100%. Compared with human primary fetal liver cells, human hepatic stem cell transplantation rescued Alb-TRECK/SCID mice with lethal fulminant hepatic failure, and human hepatic stem cell-derived humanized livers secreted more human albumin into mouse sera and also functioned as a "human liver" that could metabolize the drugs ketoprofen and debrisoquine. CONCLUSION Our model of a humanized liver in Alb-TRECK/SCID mice may provide for functional applications such as drug metabolism, drug to drug interactions, and promote other in vivo and in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Ran Zhang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan. .,Department of Advanced Gastroenterological Surgical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Bin Li
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Tomonori Tsuchida
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yasuharu Ueno
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yun-Zhong Nie
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Hideki Taniguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan. .,Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.
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26
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Ning M, Koh KH, Pan X, Jeong H. Hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 4α transactivation of cytochrome P450 (Cyp) 2d40 promoter is enhanced during pregnancy in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 94:46-52. [PMID: 25598084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that transactivation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 promoter by hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 4α is enhanced during pregnancy, and this is triggered in part by altered expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP) and Krüppel-like factor 9 (KLF9). The objective of this study is to determine whether this is conserved for mouse endogenous Cyp2d gene(s). Among the eight Cyp2d homologs of mouse we examined, only Cyp2d40 expression was found induced (by 6-fold) at term pregnancy as compared to pre-pregnancy level. In mice where hepatic Hnf4α was knocked-down, the pregnancy-mediated increase in Cyp2d40 expression was abrogated. Results from transient transfection, promoter reporter assays, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that HNF4α transactivates Cyp2d40 promoter via direct binding to -117/-105 of the gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed a 2.3-fold increase in HNF4α recruitment to Cyp2d40 promoter during pregnancy. Results from mice treated with an SHP inducer (i.e., GW4064) and HepG2 cells co-transfected with KLF9 suggest that neither SHP nor KLF9 is involved in the increased HNF4α transactivation of Cyp2d40 promoter during pregnancy. Together, our results indicate that while the underlying molecular mechanism is different from that for CYP2D6, Cyp2d40 is induced during pregnancy through enhanced transactivation by HNF4α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoran Ning
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St. (MC 865), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Kwi Hye Koh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St. (MC 886), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Xian Pan
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St. (MC 865), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Hyunyoung Jeong
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St. (MC 865), Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St. (MC 886), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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27
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Upton LM, Brock PM, Churcher TS, Ghani AC, Gething PW, Delves MJ, Sala KA, Leroy D, Sinden RE, Blagborough AM. Lead clinical and preclinical antimalarial drugs can significantly reduce sporozoite transmission to vertebrate populations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:490-7. [PMID: 25385107 PMCID: PMC4291391 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03942-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve malarial elimination, we must employ interventions that reduce the exposure of human populations to infectious mosquitoes. To this end, numerous antimalarial drugs are under assessment in a variety of transmission-blocking assays which fail to measure the single crucial criteria of a successful intervention, namely impact on case incidence within a vertebrate population (reduction in reproductive number/effect size). Consequently, any reduction in new infections due to drug treatment (and how this may be influenced by differing transmission settings) is not currently examined, limiting the translation of any findings. We describe the use of a laboratory population model to assess how individual antimalarial drugs can impact the number of secondary Plasmodium berghei infections over a cycle of transmission. We examine the impact of multiple clinical and preclinical drugs on both insect and vertebrate populations at multiple transmission settings. Both primaquine (>6 mg/kg of body weight) and NITD609 (8.1 mg/kg) have significant impacts across multiple transmission settings, but artemether and lumefantrine (57 and 11.8 mg/kg), OZ439 (6.5 mg/kg), and primaquine (<1.25 mg/kg) demonstrated potent efficacy only at lower-transmission settings. While directly demonstrating the impact of antimalarial drug treatment on vertebrate populations, we additionally calculate effect size for each treatment, allowing for head-to-head comparison of the potential impact of individual drugs within epidemiologically relevant settings, supporting their usage within elimination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Upton
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - P M Brock
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - T S Churcher
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - A C Ghani
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - P W Gething
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M J Delves
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - K A Sala
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - D Leroy
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R E Sinden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom Jenner Institute, the University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A M Blagborough
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Koh KH, Pan X, Zhang W, McLachlan A, Urrutia R, Jeong H. Krüppel-like factor 9 promotes hepatic cytochrome P450 2D6 expression during pregnancy in CYP2D6-humanized mice. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:727-35. [PMID: 25217496 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.093666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), a major drug-metabolizing enzyme, is responsible for metabolism of approximately 25% of marketed drugs. Clinical evidence indicates that metabolism of CYP2D6 substrates is increased during pregnancy, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To identify transcription factors potentially responsible for CYP2D6 induction during pregnancy, a panel of genes differentially expressed in the livers of pregnant versus nonpregnant CYP2D6-humanized (tg-CYP2D6) mice was compiled via microarray experiments followed by real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) verification. As a result, seven transcription factors-activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5), early growth response 1 (EGR1), forkhead box protein A3 (FOXA3), JUNB, Krüppel-like factor 9 (KLF9), KLF10, and REV-ERBα-were found to be up-regulated in liver during pregnancy. Results from transient transfection and promoter reporter gene assays indicate that KLF9 itself is a weak transactivator of CYP2D6 promoter but significantly enhances CYP2D6 promoter transactivation by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4α), a known transcriptional activator of CYP2D6 expression. The results from deletion and mutation analysis of CYP2D6 promoter activity identified a KLF9 putative binding motif at -22/-14 region to be critical in the potentiation of HNF4α-induced transactivation of CYP2D6. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed a direct binding of KLF9 to the putative KLF binding motif. Results from chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed increased recruitment of KLF9 to CYP2D6 promoter in the livers of tg-CYP2D6 mice during pregnancy. Taken together, our data suggest that increased KLF9 expression is in part responsible for CYP2D6 induction during pregnancy via the potentiation of HNF4α transactivation of CYP2D6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwi Hye Koh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (K.H.K., H.J.), Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (X.P., H.J.), College of Pharmacy, and Department of Pediatrics (W.Z.) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.M.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, and Departments of Biology and Molecular Biology, Epigenomics Translational Program, Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (R.U.)
| | - Xian Pan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (K.H.K., H.J.), Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (X.P., H.J.), College of Pharmacy, and Department of Pediatrics (W.Z.) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.M.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, and Departments of Biology and Molecular Biology, Epigenomics Translational Program, Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (R.U.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (K.H.K., H.J.), Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (X.P., H.J.), College of Pharmacy, and Department of Pediatrics (W.Z.) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.M.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, and Departments of Biology and Molecular Biology, Epigenomics Translational Program, Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (R.U.)
| | - Alan McLachlan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (K.H.K., H.J.), Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (X.P., H.J.), College of Pharmacy, and Department of Pediatrics (W.Z.) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.M.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, and Departments of Biology and Molecular Biology, Epigenomics Translational Program, Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (R.U.)
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (K.H.K., H.J.), Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (X.P., H.J.), College of Pharmacy, and Department of Pediatrics (W.Z.) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.M.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, and Departments of Biology and Molecular Biology, Epigenomics Translational Program, Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (R.U.)
| | - Hyunyoung Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy Practice (K.H.K., H.J.), Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (X.P., H.J.), College of Pharmacy, and Department of Pediatrics (W.Z.) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology (A.M.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, and Departments of Biology and Molecular Biology, Epigenomics Translational Program, Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (R.U.)
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29
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Helldén A, Madadi P. Pregnancy and pharmacogenomics in the context of drug metabolism and response. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 14:1779-91. [PMID: 24192125 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that profound physiological and biochemical changes occur throughout the course of pregnancy. At the same time, the role of pharmacogenomics in modulating the metabolism and response profile to numerous medications has been elucidated. Yet, the clinical impact of pharmacogenomics during pregnancy is less well understood. We present an overview of factors modulating the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medications throughout the time span of pregnancy while providing insights on how pharmacogenomics may contribute to interindividual variability in drug metabolism and response amongst pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Helldén
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
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30
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Peñas-LLedó EM, LLerena A. CYP2D6 variation, behaviour and psychopathology: implications for pharmacogenomics-guided clinical trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 77:673-83. [PMID: 24033670 PMCID: PMC3971983 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual and population differences in polymorphic cytochrome P450 enzyme function have been known for decades. The biological significance of these differences has now been deciphered with regard to drug metabolism, action and toxicity as well as disposition of endogenous substrates, including neuroactive compounds. While the cytochrome P450 enzymes occur abundantly in the liver, they are expressed in most tissues of the body, albeit in varying amounts, including the brain. The latter location of cytochrome P450s is highly pertinent for susceptibility to neuropsychiatric diseases, not to mention local drug metabolism at the site of psychotropic drug action in the brain. In the current era of personality medicine with companion theranostics (i.e. the fusion of therapeutics with diagnostics), this article underscores that such versatile biological roles of cytochrome P450s offer multiple points of entry for personalized medicine and rational therapeutics. We focus our discussion on CYP2D6, one of the most intensively researched drug and endogenous compound metabolism pathways, with a view to relevance for, and optimization of, pharmacogenomic-guided clinical trials. Working on the premise that CYP2D6 is related to human behaviour and certain personality traits such as serotonin and dopamine system function, we further suggest that the motivation of healthy volunteers to participate in clinical trials may in part be influenced by an under- or over-representation of certain CYP2D6 metabolic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Peñas-LLedó
- CICAB Clinical Research Centre, Extremadura University Hospital and Medical SchoolBadajoz
| | - Adrián LLerena
- CICAB Clinical Research Centre, Extremadura University Hospital and Medical SchoolBadajoz
- CIBERSAM, ISCIIIMadrid, Spain
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31
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Kuno S, Sakurai F, Shimizu K, Matsumura N, Kim S, Watanabe H, Tashiro K, Tachibana M, Yokoi T, Mizuguchi H. Development of mice exhibiting hepatic microsomal activity of human CYP3A4 comparable to that in human liver microsomes by intravenous administration of an adenovirus vector expressing human CYP3A4. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 29:296-304. [PMID: 24492672 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-13-rg-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) plays a crucial role in the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of drugs. However, it is difficult to properly predict the pharmacokinetics and hepatotoxicity of drugs in humans using data from experimental animals, because the catalytic activities of CYP3A4 and other drug-metabolizing enzymes differ between human and animal organs. In order to easily generate an animal model for proper evaluation of human CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism, we developed a human CYP3A4-expressing adenovirus (Ad) vector based on our novel Ad vector exhibiting significantly lower hepatotoxicity (Ad-E4-122aT-hCYP3A4). Intravenous administration of Ad-E4-122aT-hCYP3A4 at a dose of 2 × 10(11) virus particles/mouse produced a mouse exhibiting human CYP3A4 activity at a level similar to that in the human liver, as shown in the dexamethasone metabolic experiment using liver microsomes. The area under the curve (AUC) of 6βOHD was 2.7-fold higher in the Ad-E4-122aT-hCYP3A4-administered mice, compared with the mice receiving a control Ad vector. This Ad vector-expressing human CYP3A4 would thus be a powerful tool for evaluating human CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism in the livers of experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Kuno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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32
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Koh KH, Pan X, Shen HW, Arnold SLM, Yu AM, Gonzalez FJ, Isoherranen N, Jeong H. Altered expression of small heterodimer partner governs cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 induction during pregnancy in CYP2D6-humanized mice. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:3105-13. [PMID: 24318876 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.526798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Substrates of a major drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP2D6 display increased elimination during pregnancy, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown in part due to a lack of experimental models. Here, we introduce CYP2D6-humanized (Tg-CYP2D6) mice as an animal model where hepatic CYP2D6 expression is increased during pregnancy. In the mouse livers, expression of a known positive regulator of CYP2D6, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), did not change during pregnancy. However, HNF4α recruitment to CYP2D6 promoter increased at term pregnancy, accompanied by repressed expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP). In HepG2 cells, SHP repressed HNF4α transactivation of CYP2D6 promoter. In transgenic (Tg)-CYP2D6 mice, SHP knockdown led to a significant increase in CYP2D6 expression. Retinoic acid, an endogenous compound that induces SHP, exhibited decreased hepatic levels during pregnancy in Tg-CYP2D6 mice. Administration of all-trans-retinoic acid led to a significant decrease in the expression and activity of hepatic CYP2D6 in Tg-CYP2D6 mice. This study provides key insights into mechanisms underlying altered CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism during pregnancy, laying a foundation for improved drug therapy in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwi Hye Koh
- From the Department of Pharmacy Practice and
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Vascularized and functional human liver from an iPSC-derived organ bud transplant. Nature 2013; 499:481-4. [PMID: 23823721 DOI: 10.1038/nature12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1402] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A critical shortage of donor organs for treating end-stage organ failure highlights the urgent need for generating organs from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Despite many reports describing functional cell differentiation, no studies have succeeded in generating a three-dimensional vascularized organ such as liver. Here we show the generation of vascularized and functional human liver from human iPSCs by transplantation of liver buds created in vitro (iPSC-LBs). Specified hepatic cells (immature endodermal cells destined to track the hepatic cell fate) self-organized into three-dimensional iPSC-LBs by recapitulating organogenetic interactions between endothelial and mesenchymal cells. Immunostaining and gene-expression analyses revealed a resemblance between in vitro grown iPSC-LBs and in vivo liver buds. Human vasculatures in iPSC-LB transplants became functional by connecting to the host vessels within 48 hours. The formation of functional vasculatures stimulated the maturation of iPSC-LBs into tissue resembling the adult liver. Highly metabolic iPSC-derived tissue performed liver-specific functions such as protein production and human-specific drug metabolism without recipient liver replacement. Furthermore, mesenteric transplantation of iPSC-LBs rescued the drug-induced lethal liver failure model. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the generation of a functional human organ from pluripotent stem cells. Although efforts must ensue to translate these techniques to treatments for patients, this proof-of-concept demonstration of organ-bud transplantation provides a promising new approach to study regenerative medicine.
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Pybus BS, Marcsisin SR, Jin X, Deye G, Sousa JC, Li Q, Caridha D, Zeng Q, Reichard GA, Ockenhouse C, Bennett J, Walker LA, Ohrt C, Melendez V. The metabolism of primaquine to its active metabolite is dependent on CYP 2D6. Malar J 2013; 12:212. [PMID: 23782898 PMCID: PMC3689079 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of the 8-aminoquinoline (8AQ) drug primaquine (PQ) has been historically linked to CYP-mediated metabolism. Although to date no clear evidence exists in the literature that unambiguously assigns the metabolic pathway or specific metabolites necessary for activity, recent literature suggests a role for CYP 2D6 in the generation of redox active metabolites. METHODS In the present study, the specific CYP 2D6 inhibitor paroxetine was used to assess its effects on the production of specific phenolic metabolites thought to be involved in PQ efficacy. Further, PQ causal prophylactic (developing liver stage) efficacy against Plasmodium berghei in CYP 2D knockout mice was assessed in comparison with a normal C57 background and with humanized CYP 2D6 mice to determine the direct effects of CYP 2D6 metabolism on PQ activity. RESULTS PQ exhibited no activity at 20 or 40 mg/kg in CYP 2D knockout mice, compared to 5/5 cures in normal mice at 20 mg/kg. The activity against developing liver stages was partially restored in humanized CYP 2D6 mice. CONCLUSIONS These results unambiguously demonstrate that metabolism of PQ by CYP 2D6 is essential for anti-malarial causal prophylaxis efficacy.
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Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) metabolize many drugs that act on the central nervous system (CNS), such as antidepressants and antipsychotics; drugs of abuse; endogenous neurochemicals, such as serotonin and dopamine; neurotoxins; and carcinogens. This takes place primarily in the liver, but metabolism can also occur in extrahepatic organs, including the brain. This is important for CNS-acting drugs, as variation in brain CYP-mediated metabolism may be a contributing factor when plasma levels do not predict drug response. This review summarizes the characterization of CYPs in the brain, using examples from the CYP2 subfamily, and discusses sources of variation in brain CYP levels and metabolism. Some recent experiments are described that demonstrate how changes in brain CYP metabolism can influence drug response, toxicity and drug-induced behaviours. Advancing knowledge of brain CYP-mediated metabolism may help us understand why patients respond differently to drugs used in psychiatry and predict risk for psychiatric disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases and substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Correspondence to: R.F. Tyndale, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto ON M5S 1A8;
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Cheng J, Zhen Y, Miksys S, Beyoğlu D, Krausz KW, Tyndale RF, Yu A, Idle JR, Gonzalez FJ. Potential role of CYP2D6 in the central nervous system. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:973-84. [PMID: 23614566 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.791410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
1. Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is a pivotal enzyme responsible for a major drug oxidation polymorphism in human populations. Distribution of CYP2D6 in brain and its role in serotonin metabolism suggest that CYP2D6 may have a function in the central nervous system. 2. To establish an efficient and accurate platform for the study of CYP2D6 in vivo, a human CYP2D6 (Tg-2D6) model was generated by transgenesis in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice using a P1 phage artificial chromosome clone containing the complete human CYP2D locus, including the CYP2D6 gene and 5'- and 3'-flanking sequences. 3. Human CYP2D6 was expressed not only in the liver but also in the brain. The abundance of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in brain of Tg-2D6 is higher than in WT mice, either basal levels or after harmaline induction. Metabolomics of brain homogenate and cerebrospinal fluid revealed a significant up-regulation of L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, pantothenic acid, 2'-deoxycytidine diphosphate (dCDP), anandamide, N-acetylglucosaminylamine and a down-regulation of stearoyl-L-carnitine in Tg-2D6 mice compared with WT mice. Anxiety tests indicate Tg-2D6 mice have a higher capability to adapt to anxiety. 4. Overall, these findings indicate that the Tg-2D6 mouse model may serve as a valuable in vivo tool to determine CYP2D6-involved neurophysiological metabolism and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Caccia S, Pasina L, Nobili A. How pre-marketing data can be used for predicting the weight of drug interactions in clinical practice. Eur J Intern Med 2013; 24:217-21. [PMID: 23279878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Unexpected drug interactions have led to the withdrawal of many drugs, raising concern about the gap between what is known at the time of approval and the risk of serious effects in the longer term, particularly in high-risk populations generally excluded from drug development. This is because the majority of drug interaction studies are done using in vitro methods, or in healthy young volunteers who may not reflect the complexity of patients, and the settings in which the drug will be used in clinical practice. Pre-marketing interaction studies should therefore be designed to make information easily accessible and clinically transferable. They should be adequate in terms of sample size, population, comorbidity, phenotyping and/or genotyping, end-points and outcome measures, and conducted in conditions of dose, route and timing of co-administration that reproduce the proposed therapeutic indications of the new drug. Although young volunteers have the advantage of minimizing some confounding effects introduced by diseases or polypharmacy, patients drawn from populations for whom the drug is intended would be more relevant and accurate, providing the studies are feasible and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Caccia
- Laboratory for Quality Assessment of Geriatric Therapies Services, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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Henderson CJ, McLaughlin LA, Wolf CR. Evidence that cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b5 reductase can act as sole electron donors to the hepatic cytochrome P450 system. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:1209-17. [PMID: 23530090 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.084616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously described the development of genetic models to study the in vivo functions of the hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) system, through the hepatic deletion of either cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase [POR; HRN (hepatic reductase null) line] or cytochrome b(5) [HBN (hepatic cytochrome b(5) null) line]. However, HRN mice still exhibit low levels of mono-oxygenase activity in spite of the absence of detectable reductase protein. To investigate whether this is because cytochrome b(5) and cytochrome b(5) reductase can act as the sole electron donor to the P450 system, we crossed HRN with HBN mice to generate a line lacking hepatic expression of both electron donors (HBRN). HBRN mice exhibited exacerbation of the phenotypic characteristics of the HRN line: liver enlargement, hepatosteatosis, and increased expression of certain P450s. Also, drug metabolizing activities in vitro were further reduced relative to the HRN model, in some cases to undetectable levels. Pharmacokinetic studies in vivo demonstrated that midazolam half-life, C(max), and area under the concentration-time curve were increased, and clearance was decreased, to a greater extent in the HBRN line than in either the HBN or HRN model. Microsomal incubations using NADPH concentrations below the apparent K(m) of cytochrome b(5) reductase, but well above that for POR, led to the virtual elimination of 7-benzyloxyquinoline turnover in HRN samples. These data provide strong evidence that cytochrome b(5)/cytochrome b(5) reductase can act as a sole electron donor to the P450 system in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospitaland Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Jiang XL, Shen HW, Mager DE, Yu AM. Pharmacokinetic interactions between monoamine oxidase A inhibitor harmaline and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and the impact of CYP2D6 status. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:975-86. [PMID: 23393220 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.050724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT or street name "5-MEO") is a newer designer drug belonging to a group of naturally occurring indolealkylamines. Our recent study has demonstrated that coadministration of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitor harmaline (5 mg/kg) increases systemic exposure to 5-MeO-DMT (2 mg/kg) and active metabolite bufotenine. This study is aimed at delineating harmaline and 5-MeO-DMT pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions at multiple dose levels, as well as the impact of CYP2D6 that affects harmaline PK and determines 5-MeO-DMT O-demethylation to produce bufotenine. Our data revealed that inhibition of MAO-A-mediated metabolic elimination by harmaline (2, 5, and 15 mg/kg) led to a sharp increase in systemic and cerebral exposure to 5-MeO-DMT (2 and 10 mg/kg) at all dose combinations. A more pronounced effect on 5-MeO-DMT PK was associated with greater exposure to harmaline in wild-type mice than CYP2D6-humanized (Tg-CYP2D6) mice. Harmaline (5 mg/kg) also increased blood and brain bufotenine concentrations that were generally higher in Tg-CYP2D6 mice. Surprisingly, greater harmaline dose (15 mg/kg) reduced bufotenine levels. The in vivo inhibitory effect of harmaline on CYP2D6-catalyzed bufotenine formation was confirmed by in vitro study using purified CYP2D6. Given these findings, a unified PK model including the inhibition of MAO-A- and CYP2D6-catalyzed 5-MeO-DMT metabolism by harmaline was developed to describe blood harmaline, 5-MeO-DMT, and bufotenine PK profiles in both wild-type and Tg-CYP2D6 mouse models. This PK model may be further employed to predict harmaline and 5-MeO-DMT PK interactions at various doses, define the impact of CYP2D6 status, and drive harmaline-5-MeO-DMT pharmacodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ling Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Joffe H, Deckersbach T, Lin NU, Makris N, Skaar TC, Rauch SL, Dougherty DD, Hall JE. Metabolic activity in the insular cortex and hypothalamus predicts hot flashes: an FDG-PET study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:3207-15. [PMID: 22723326 PMCID: PMC3791433 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hot flashes are a common side effect of adjuvant endocrine therapies (AET; leuprolide, tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors) that reduce quality of life and treatment adherence in breast cancer patients. Because hot flashes affect only some women, preexisting neurobiological traits might predispose to their development. Previous studies have implicated the insula during the perception of hot flashes and the hypothalamus in thermoregulatory dysfunction. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to understand whether neurobiological factors predict hot flashes. DESIGN [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) brain scans coregistered with structural magnetic resonance imaging were used to determine whether metabolic activity in the insula and hypothalamic thermoregulatory and estrogen-feedback regions measured before and in response to AET predict hot flashes. Findings were correlated with CYP2D6 genotype because of CYP2D6 polymorphism associations with tamoxifen-induced hot flashes. OUTCOME MEASURES We measured regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose uptake (rCMRglu) in the insula and hypothalamus on FDG-PET. RESULTS Of 18 women without hot flashes who began AET, new-onset hot flashes were reported by 10 (55.6%) and were detected objectively in nine (50%) participants. Prior to the use of all AET, rCMRglu in the insula (P ≤ 0.01) and hypothalamic thermoregulatory (P = 0.045) and estrogen-feedback (P = 0.007) regions was lower in women who reported developing hot flashes. In response to AET, rCMRglu was further reduced in the insula in women developing hot flashes (P ≤ 0.02). Insular and hypothalamic rCMRglu levels were lower in intermediate than extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers. CONCLUSIONS Trait neurobiological characteristics predict hot flashes. Genetic variability in CYP2D6 may underlie the neurobiological predisposition to hot flashes induced by AET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadine Joffe
- Center for Women's Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Cai H, Jiang J, Yang Q, Chen Q, Deng Y. Functional characterization of a first avian cytochrome P450 of the CYP2D subfamily (CYP2D49). PLoS One 2012; 7:e38395. [PMID: 22675558 PMCID: PMC3366968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The CYP2D family members are instrumental in the metabolism of 20-25% of commonly prescribed drugs. Although many CYP2D isoforms have been well characterized in other animal models, research concerning the chicken CYP2Ds is limited. In this study, a cDNA encoding a novel CYP2D enzyme (CYP2D49) was cloned from the chicken liver for the first time. The CYP2D49 cDNA contained an open reading frame of 502 amino acids that shared 52%-57% identities with other CYP2Ds. The gene structure and neighboring genes of CYP2D49 are conserved and similar to those of human CYP2D6. Additionally, similar to human CYP2D6, CYP2D49 is un-inducible in the liver and expressed predominantly in the liver, kidney and small intestine, with detectable levels in several other tissues. Metabolic assays of the CYP2D49 protein heterologously expressed in E. coli and Hela cells indicated that CYP2D49 metabolized the human CYP2D6 substrate, bufuralol, but not debrisoquine. Moreover, quinidine, a potent inhibitor of human CYP2D6, only inhibited the bufuralol 1'-hydroxylation activity of CYP2D49 to a negligible degree. All these results indicated that CYP2D49 had functional characteristics similar to those of human CYP2D6 but measurably differed in the debrisoquine 4'-hydroxylation and quinidine inhibitory profile. Further structure-function investigations that employed site-directed mutagenesis and circular dichroism spectroscopy identified the importance of Val-126, Glu-222, Asp-306, Phe-486 and Phe-488 in keeping the enzymatic activity of CYP2D49 toward bufuralol as well as the importance of Asp-306, Phe-486 and Phe-488 in maintaining the conformation of CYP2D49 protein. The current study is only the first step in characterizing the metabolic mechanism of CYP2D49; further studies are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Cai
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqun Deng
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Shen HW, Jiang XL, Gonzalez FJ, Yu AM. Humanized transgenic mouse models for drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic research. Curr Drug Metab 2012; 12:997-1006. [PMID: 22023319 DOI: 10.2174/138920011798062265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Extrapolation of the metabolic, pharmacokinetic and toxicological data obtained from animals to humans is not always straightforward, given the remarkable species difference in drug metabolism that is due in large part to the differences in drug-metabolizing enzymes between animals and humans. Furthermore, genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes may significantly alter pharmacokinetics, drug efficacy and safety. Thus, humanized transgenic mouse lines, in which the human drug-metabolizing enzymes are expressed in mouse tissues in the presence or absence of mouse orthologues, have been developed to address such challenges. These humanized transgenic mice are valuable animal models in understanding the significance of specific human drug-metabolizing enzymes in drug clearance and pharmacokinetics, as well as in predicting potential drug-drug interactions and chemical toxicity in humans. This review, therefore, aims to summarize the development and application of some humanized transgenic mouse models expressing human drug-metabolizing enzymes. The limitations of these genetically modified mouse models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wu Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 541 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-1200, USA
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Abstract
There are considerable interindividual variations in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) in humans, which may lead to undesired drug effects in pharmacotherapy. Some of the mechanistic causes are known, e.g., genetic polymorphism, inhibition and induction of ADME enzymes and transporters, while others such as posttranscriptional regulation of ADME genes are under active study. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large group of small, noncoding RNAs that control posttranscriptional expression of target genes. More than 1000 miRNAs have been identified in the human genome, which may regulate thousands of protein-coding genes. Some miRNAs directly or indirectly control the expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes, ATP-binding cassette or solute carrier transporters and/or nuclear receptors. Consequently, intervention of miRNA epigenetic signaling may alter ADME gene expression, change the capacity of drug metabolism and transport, and influence the sensitivity of cells to xenobiotics. In addition, the expression of some ADME regulatory miRNAs is significantly changed in cells following the exposure to a given drug, and the consequent changes in ADME gene expression might result in distinct ADME properties and drug response. In this review, we summarized recent findings on the role of noncoding miRNAs in epigenetic regulation of ADME genes and discussed the potential impact on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-1200, USA
| | - Yu-Zhuo Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-1200, USA
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Kamiya A, Miyajima A. Mice with artificial human liver. Hepatology 2012; 55:974-6. [PMID: 22362602 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihide Kamiya
- Institute of Medical Science University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
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Lentiviral transgenic microRNA-based shRNA suppressed mouse cytochromosome P450 3A (CYP3A) expression in a dose-dependent and inheritable manner. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30560. [PMID: 22291988 PMCID: PMC3265487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochomosome P450 enzymes (CYP) are heme-containing monooxygenases responsible for oxidative metabolism of many exogenous and endogenous compounds including drugs. The species difference of CYP limits the extent to which data obtained from animals can be translated to humans in pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetics studies. Transgenic expression of human CYP in animals lacking or with largely reduced endogenous CYP counterparts is recognized as an ideal strategy to correct CYP species difference. CYP3A is the most abundant CYP subfamily both in human and mammals. In this study, we designed a microRNA-based shRNA (miR-shRNA) simultaneously targeting four members of mouse CYP3A subfamily (CYP3A11, CYP3A16, CYP3A41 and CYP3A44), and transgenic mice expressing the designed miR-shRNA were generated by lentiviral transgenesis. Results showed that the CYP3A expression level in transgenic mice was markedly reduced compared to that in wild type or unrelated miR-shRNA transgenic mice, and was inversely correlated to the miR-shRNA expression level. The CYP3A expression levels in transgenic offspring of different generations were also remarkably lower compared to those of controls, and moreover the inhibition rate of CYP3A expression remained comparable over generations. The ratio of the targeted CYP3A transcriptional levels was comparable between knockdown and control mice of the same gender as detected by RT-PCR DGGE analysis. These data suggested that transgenic miR-shRNA suppressed CYP3A expression in a dose-dependent and inheritable manner, and transcriptional levels of the targeted CYP3As were suppressed to a similar extent. The observed knockdown efficacy was further confirmed by enzymatic activity analysis, and data showed that CYP3A activities in transgenic mice were markedly reduced compared to those in wild-type or unrelated miR-shRNA transgenic controls (1.11±0.71 vs 5.85±1.74, 5.9±2.4; P<0.01). This work laid down a foundation to further knock down the remaining murine CYP3As or CYPs of other subfamilies, and a basis to generate CYP knockdown animals of other species.
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Scheer N, Kapelyukh Y, McEwan J, Beuger V, Stanley LA, Rode A, Wolf CR. Modeling human cytochrome P450 2D6 metabolism and drug-drug interaction by a novel panel of knockout and humanized mouse lines. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 81:63-72. [PMID: 21989258 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.075192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly polymorphic human cytochrome P450 2D6 enzyme is involved in the metabolism of up to 25% of all marketed drugs and accounts for significant individual differences in response to CYP2D6 substrates. Because of the differences in the multiplicity and substrate specificity of CYP2D family members among species, it is difficult to predict pathways of human CYP2D6-dependent drug metabolism on the basis of animal studies. To create animal models that reflect the human situation more closely and that allow an in vivo assessment of the consequences of differential CYP2D6 drug metabolism, we have developed a novel straightforward approach to delete the entire murine Cyp2d gene cluster and replace it with allelic variants of human CYP2D6. By using this approach, we have generated mouse lines expressing the two frequent human protein isoforms CYP2D6.1 and CYP2D6.2 and an as yet undescribed variant of this enzyme, as well as a Cyp2d cluster knockout mouse. We demonstrate that the various transgenic mouse lines cover a wide spectrum of different human CYP2D6 metabolizer phenotypes. The novel humanization strategy described here provides a robust approach for the expression of different CYP2D6 allelic variants in transgenic mice and thus can help to evaluate potential CYP2D6-dependent interindividual differences in drug response in the context of personalized medicine.
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Abstract
"Humanized" mice offer a window into aspects of human physiology that are otherwise inaccessible. The best available methods for liver humanization rely on cell transplantation into immunodeficient mice with liver injury but these methods have not gained widespread use due to the duration and variability of hepatocyte repopulation. In light of the significant progress that has been achieved in clinical cell transplantation through tissue engineering, we sought to develop a humanized mouse model based on the facile and ectopic implantation of a tissue-engineered human liver. These human ectopic artificial livers (HEALs) stabilize the function of cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes through juxtacrine and paracrine signals in polymeric scaffolds. In contrast to current methods, HEALs can be efficiently established in immunocompetent mice with normal liver function. Mice transplanted with HEALs exhibit humanized liver functions persistent for weeks, including synthesis of human proteins, human drug metabolism, drug-drug interaction, and drug-induced liver injury. Here, mice with HEALs are used to predict the disproportionate metabolism and toxicity of "major" human metabolites using multiple routes of administration and monitoring. These advances may enable manufacturing of reproducible in vivo models for diverse drug development and research applications.
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48
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Guengerich FP, Cheng Q. Orphans in the human cytochrome P450 superfamily: approaches to discovering functions and relevance in pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:684-99. [PMID: 21737533 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of technical advances in recombinant DNA technology and nucleotide sequencing, entire genome sequences have become available in the past decade and offer potential in understanding diseases. However, a central problem in the biochemical sciences is that the functions of only a fraction of the genes/proteins are known, and this is also an issue in pharmacology. This review is focused on issues related to the functions of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. P450 functions can be categorized in several groups: 1) Some P450s have critical roles in the metabolism of endogenous substrates (e.g., sterols and fat-soluble vitamins). 2) Some P450s are not generally critical to normal physiology but function in relatively nonselective protection from the many xenobiotic chemicals to which mammals (including humans) are exposed in their diets [as well as more anthropomorphic chemicals (e.g., drugs, pesticides)]. 3) Some P450s have not been extensively studied and are termed "orphans" here. With regard to elucidation of any physiological functions of the orphan P450s, the major subject of this review, it is clear that simple trial-and-error approaches with individual substrate candidates will not be very productive in addressing questions about function. A series of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/informatics approaches are discussed, along with some successes with both human and bacterial P450s. Current information on what are still considered "orphan" P450s is presented. The potential for application of some of these approaches to other enzyme systems is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA.
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Structural features of cytochromes P450 and ligands that affect drug metabolism as revealed by X-ray crystallography and NMR. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:1451-68. [PMID: 21103389 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (P450s) play a major role in the clearance of drugs, toxins, and environmental pollutants. Additionally, metabolism by P450s can result in toxic or carcinogenic products. The metabolism of pharmaceuticals by P450s is a major concern during the design of new drug candidates. Determining the interactions between P450s and compounds of very diverse structures is complicated by the variability in P450-ligand interactions. Understanding the protein structural elements and the chemical attributes of ligands that dictate their orientation in the P450 active site will aid in the development of effective and safe therapeutic agents. The goal of this review is to describe P450-ligand interactions from two perspectives. The first is the various structural elements that microsomal P450s have at their disposal to assume the different conformations observed in X-ray crystal structures. The second is P450-ligand dynamics analyzed by NMR relaxation studies.
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Winter JC, Amorosi DJ, Rice KC, Cheng K, Yu AM. Stimulus control by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in wild-type and CYP2D6-humanized mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:311-5. [PMID: 21624387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies we have observed that, in comparison with wild type mice, Tg-CYP2D6 mice have increased serum levels of bufotenine [5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine] following the administration of 5-MeO-DMT. Furthermore, following the injection of 5-MeO-DMT, harmaline was observed to increase serum levels of bufotenine and 5-MeO-DMT in both wild-type and Tg-CYP2D6 mice. In the present investigation, 5-MeO-DMT-induced stimulus control was established in wild-type and Tg-CYP2D6 mice. The two groups did not differ in their rate of acquisition of stimulus control. When tested with bufotenine, no 5-MeO-DMT-appropriate responding was observed. In contrast, the more lipid soluble analog of bufotenine, acetylbufotenine, was followed by an intermediate level of responding. The combination of harmaline with 5-MeO-DMT yielded a statistically significant increase in 5-MeO-DMT-appropriate responding in Tg-CYP2D6 mice; a comparable increase occurred in wild-type mice. In addition, it was noted that harmaline alone was followed by a significant degree of 5-MeO-DMT-appropriate responding in Tg-CYP2D6 mice. It is concluded that wild-type and Tg-CYPD2D6 mice do not differ in terms of acquisition of stimulus control by 5-MeO-DMT or in their response to bufotenine and acetylbufotenine. In both groups of mice, harmaline was found to enhance the stimulus effects of 5-MeO-DMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Winter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 102 Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214-3000, USA.
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