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Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Islam N, Haribabu Y, Alobaidi R, Shalamzari A, Graham G, Kuo LW, Sykora P, Rosenthal DS. CD133 Stimulates Cell Proliferation via the Upregulation of Amphiregulin in Melanoma. Cells 2024; 13:777. [PMID: 38727313 PMCID: PMC11083289 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
CD133, a cancer stem cell (CSC) marker in tumors, including melanoma, is associated with tumor recurrence, chemoresistance, and metastasis. Patient-derived melanoma cell lines were transduced with a Tet-on vector expressing CD133, generating doxycycline (Dox)-inducible cell lines. Cells were exposed to Dox for 24 h to induce CD133 expression, followed by RNA-seq and bioinformatic analyses, revealing genes and pathways that are significantly up- or downregulated by CD133. The most significantly upregulated gene after CD133 was amphiregulin (AREG), validated by qRT-PCR and immunoblot analyses. Induced CD133 expression significantly increased cell growth, percentage of cells in S-phase, BrdU incorporation into nascent DNA, and PCNA levels, indicating that CD133 stimulates cell proliferation. CD133 induction also activated EGFR and the MAPK pathway. Potential mechanisms highlighting the role(s) of CD133 and AREG in melanoma CSC were further delineated using AREG/EGFR inhibitors or siRNA knockdown of AREG mRNA. Treatment with the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib blocked CD133-induced cell growth increase and MAPK pathway activation. Importantly, siRNA knockdown of AREG reversed the stimulatory effects of CD133 on cell growth, indicating that AREG mediates the effects of CD133 on cell proliferation, thus serving as an attractive target for novel combinatorial therapeutics in melanoma and cancers with overexpression of both CD133 and AREG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Nusrat Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Yogameenakshi Haribabu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Ryyan Alobaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Azadeh Shalamzari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Garrett Graham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
| | - Peter Sykora
- Amelia Technologies, LLC., Washington, DC 20001, USA;
| | - Dean S Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (C.M.S.-R.); (N.I.); (Y.H.); (R.A.); (A.S.); (G.G.); (L.-W.K.)
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2
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Hildebrand EM, Polovnikov K, Dekker B, Liu Y, Lafontaine DL, Fox AN, Li Y, Venev SV, Mirny LA, Dekker J. Mitotic chromosomes are self-entangled and disentangle through a topoisomerase-II-dependent two-stage exit from mitosis. Mol Cell 2024; 84:1422-1441.e14. [PMID: 38521067 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The topological state of chromosomes determines their mechanical properties, dynamics, and function. Recent work indicated that interphase chromosomes are largely free of entanglements. Here, we use Hi-C, polymer simulations, and multi-contact 3C and find that, by contrast, mitotic chromosomes are self-entangled. We explore how a mitotic self-entangled state is converted into an unentangled interphase state during mitotic exit. Most mitotic entanglements are removed during anaphase/telophase, with remaining ones removed during early G1, in a topoisomerase-II-dependent process. Polymer models suggest a two-stage disentanglement pathway: first, decondensation of mitotic chromosomes with remaining condensin loops produces entropic forces that bias topoisomerase II activity toward decatenation. At the second stage, the loops are released, and the formation of new entanglements is prevented by lower topoisomerase II activity, allowing the establishment of unentangled and territorial G1 chromosomes. When mitotic entanglements are not removed in experiments and models, a normal interphase state cannot be acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Hildebrand
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | - Bastiaan Dekker
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Denis L Lafontaine
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - A Nicole Fox
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sergey V Venev
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Leonid A Mirny
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Job Dekker
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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3
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Cobbe N, Di Cara F, Spradling AC, Vass S. Margarete Heck (1959-2023): Cell biologist, geneticist, and incandescent social spark. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202311145. [PMID: 38060039 PMCID: PMC10702365 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202311145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Margarete M.S. Heck, professor of cell biology and genetics, University of Edinburgh, died peacefully at home amid her loving family under a blue moon on August 30, 2023, after a long journey with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Allan C. Spradling
- Carnegie Institution for Science and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sharron Vass
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Scotland, UK
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4
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Jian JY, Osheroff N. Telling Your Right Hand from Your Left: The Effects of DNA Supercoil Handedness on the Actions of Type II Topoisomerases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11199. [PMID: 37446377 PMCID: PMC10342825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II topoisomerases are essential enzymes that modulate the topological state of DNA supercoiling in all living organisms. These enzymes alter DNA topology by performing double-stranded passage reactions on over- or underwound DNA substrates. This strand passage reaction generates a transient covalent enzyme-cleaved DNA structure known as the cleavage complex. Al-though the cleavage complex is a requisite catalytic intermediate, it is also intrinsically dangerous to genomic stability in biological systems. The potential threat of type II topoisomerase function can also vary based on the nature of the supercoiled DNA substrate. During essential processes such as DNA replication and transcription, cleavage complex formation can be inherently more dangerous on overwound versus underwound DNA substrates. As such, it is important to understand the profound effects that DNA topology can have on the cellular functions of type II topoisomerases. This review will provide a broad assessment of how human and bacterial type II topoisomerases recognize and act on their substrates of various topological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Y. Jian
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Neil Osheroff
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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5
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Le TT, Wu M, Lee JH, Bhatt N, Inman JT, Berger JM, Wang MD. Etoposide promotes DNA loop trapping and barrier formation by topoisomerase II. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:641-650. [PMID: 36717711 PMCID: PMC10154222 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Etoposide is a broadly employed chemotherapeutic and eukaryotic topoisomerase II poison that stabilizes cleaved DNA intermediates to promote DNA breakage and cytotoxicity. How etoposide perturbs topoisomerase dynamics is not known. Here we investigated the action of etoposide on yeast topoisomerase II, human topoisomerase IIα and human topoisomerase IIβ using several sensitive single-molecule detection methods. Unexpectedly, we found that etoposide induces topoisomerase to trap DNA loops, compacting DNA and restructuring DNA topology. Loop trapping occurs after ATP hydrolysis but before strand ejection from the enzyme. Although etoposide decreases the innate stability of topoisomerase dimers, it increases the ability of the enzyme to act as a stable roadblock. Interestingly, the three topoisomerases show similar etoposide-mediated resistance to dimer separation and sliding along DNA but different abilities to compact DNA and chirally relax DNA supercoils. These data provide unique mechanistic insights into the functional consequences of etoposide on topoisomerase II dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung T Le
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Physics and LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Meiling Wu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Physics and LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Joyce H Lee
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neti Bhatt
- Department of Physics and LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - James T Inman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Physics and LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - James M Berger
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle D Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Department of Physics and LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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6
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Taspase1 Facilitates Topoisomerase IIβ-Mediated DNA Double-Strand Breaks Driving Estrogen-Induced Transcription. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030363. [PMID: 36766705 PMCID: PMC9913075 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The human protease Taspase1 plays a pivotal role in developmental processes and cancerous diseases by processing critical regulators, such as the leukemia proto-oncoprotein MLL. Despite almost two decades of intense research, Taspase1's biology is, however, still poorly understood, and so far its cellular function was not assigned to a superordinate biological pathway or a specific signaling cascade. Our data, gained by methods such as co-immunoprecipitation, LC-MS/MS and Topoisomerase II DNA cleavage assays, now functionally link Taspase1 and hormone-induced, Topoisomerase IIβ-mediated transient DNA double-strand breaks, leading to active transcription. The specific interaction with Topoisomerase IIα enhances the formation of DNA double-strand breaks that are a key prerequisite for stimulus-driven gene transcription. Moreover, Taspase1 alters the H3K4 epigenetic signature upon estrogen-stimulation by cleaving the chromatin-modifying enzyme MLL. As estrogen-driven transcription and MLL-derived epigenetic labelling are reduced upon Taspase1 siRNA-mediated knockdown, we finally characterize Taspase1 as a multifunctional co-activator of estrogen-stimulated transcription.
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7
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Regulation of the mitotic chromosome folding machines. Biochem J 2022; 479:2153-2173. [PMID: 36268993 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several years enormous progress has been made in identifying the molecular machines, including condensins and topoisomerases that fold mitotic chromosomes. The discovery that condensins generate chromatin loops through loop extrusion has revolutionized, and energized, the field of chromosome folding. To understand how these machines fold chromosomes with the appropriate dimensions, while disentangling sister chromatids, it needs to be determined how they are regulated and deployed. Here, we outline the current understanding of how these machines and factors are regulated through cell cycle dependent expression, chromatin localization, activation and inactivation through post-translational modifications, and through associations with each other, with other factors and with the chromatin template itself. There are still many open questions about how condensins and topoisomerases are regulated but given the pace of progress in the chromosome folding field, it seems likely that many of these will be answered in the years ahead.
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8
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Rana R, Vellanki RN, Wouters BG, Nitz M. Tellurophene-tagging of teniposide facilitates monitoring by mass cytometry. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200284. [PMID: 36040838 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Target engagement and the biodistribution of exogenously administered small molecules is rarely homogenous. Methods to determine the biodistribution at the cellular level are limited by the ability to detect the small molecule and simultaneously identify the cell types or tissue structures with which it is associated. The highly multiplexed nature of mass cytometry could facilitate these studies provided a heavy isotope label was available in the molecule of interest. Here we show it is possible to append a tellurophene to a known chemotherapeutic, teniposide, to follow this molecule in vivo . A semi-synthetic approach offers an efficient route to the teniposide analogue which is found to have indistinguishable characteristics when compared with the parent teniposide in vitro . Using mass cytometry and imaging mass cytometry we find the teniposide analogue has significant non-specific binding to cells. In vivo the tellurium bearing teniposide produces the expected DNA damage in a PANC-1 xenograft model. The distribution of Te in the tissue is near the limits of detection and further work will be required to characterize the localization of this analogue with respect to cell type distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rana
- University of Toronto - St George Campus: University of Toronto, Chemistry, CANADA
| | - Ravi N Vellanki
- University Health Network, Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Biophysics, CANADA
| | - Bradly G Wouters
- UHN: University Health Network, Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Biophysics, CANADA
| | - Mark Nitz
- University of Toronto, Chemistry, 80 St. George Street, M5S3H6, Toronto, CANADA
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9
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Isolation, crystal structure, absolute configuration and molecular docking of butyrolactone I as a potential inhibitor of topoisomerase II. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Yin L, Li C, Wu X, Xu G, Li Z, Shen Y. Synthesis of (E)-N-(4-Styrene) Acrylamides for DNA Topoisomerase IIα Inhibitors and Antitumor Agents. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202105008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Kudo N, Kudoh S, Matsuo A, Motooka Y, Ito T. ZMYM3 May Promote Cell Proliferation in Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2021; 54:143-153. [PMID: 34764523 PMCID: PMC8569135 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.21-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger, myeloproliferative, and mental retardation-type containing 3 (ZMYM3) is a highly conserved protein among vertebrates. Although it promotes DNA repair and moderate histone acetylation, the other functions of ZMYM3 remain unclear. We herein examined the physiological functions of ZMYM3 in human lung cancer using a ZMYM3-knockdown small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell line. ZMYM3-knockdown SCLC cells grew slowly and the Ki-67 labeling index was lower in ZMYM3-knockdown cells than in mock cells. The subcutaneous tumors that formed after xenotransplantation into immunodeficient mice were slightly smaller in the ZMYM3-knockdown group than in the mock group. Furthermore, public RNA-sequencing data analyses showed similar RNA profiles between ZMYM3 and some cell proliferation markers. These results indicate that ZMYM3 promotes cell proliferation in human lung carcinomas, particularly SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Kudo
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1–1–1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860–8556, Japan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo, 7–3–1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan
| | - Shinji Kudoh
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1–1–1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860–8556, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuo
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1–1–1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860–8556, Japan
| | - Yamato Motooka
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1–1–1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860–8556, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1–1–1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860–8556, Japan
- Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University Faculty of Health Science, Izumi 325, Kita-ku, Kumamoto 861–5598, Japan
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12
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Paulson JR, Hudson DF, Cisneros-Soberanis F, Earnshaw WC. Mitotic chromosomes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:7-29. [PMID: 33836947 PMCID: PMC8406421 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the structure and function of mitotic chromosomes has come a long way since these iconic objects were first recognized more than 140 years ago, though many details remain to be elucidated. In this chapter, we start with the early history of chromosome studies and then describe the path that led to our current understanding of the formation and structure of mitotic chromosomes. We also discuss some of the remaining questions. It is now well established that each mitotic chromatid consists of a central organizing region containing a so-called "chromosome scaffold" from which loops of DNA project radially. Only a few key non-histone proteins and protein complexes are required to form the chromosome: topoisomerase IIα, cohesin, condensin I and condensin II, and the chromokinesin KIF4A. These proteins are concentrated along the axis of the chromatid. Condensins I and II are primarily responsible for shaping the chromosome and the scaffold, and they produce the loops of DNA by an ATP-dependent process known as loop extrusion. Modelling of Hi-C data suggests that condensin II adopts a spiral staircase arrangement with an extruded loop extending out from each step in a roughly helical pattern. Condensin I then forms loops nested within these larger condensin II loops, thereby giving rise to the final compaction of the mitotic chromosome in a process that requires Topo IIα.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Paulson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA.
| | - Damien F Hudson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Fernanda Cisneros-Soberanis
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, ICB, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - William C Earnshaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, ICB, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, King's Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK.
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13
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Ayyamperumal S, DJ D, Tallapaneni V, Mohan S, S B, Selvaraj J, Joghee NM, MJN C. Molecular docking analysis of α-Topoisomerase II with δ-Carboline derivatives as potential anticancer agents. Bioinformation 2021; 17:249-265. [PMID: 34393444 PMCID: PMC8340707 DOI: 10.6026/97320630017249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme, α-topoisomerase II (α-Topo II), is known to regulate efficiently the topology of DNA. It is highly expressed in rapidly proliferating cells and plays an important role in replication, transcription and chromosome organisation. This has prompted several investigators to pursue α-Topo II inhibitors as anticancer agents. δ-Carboline, a natural product, and its synthetic derivatives are known to exert potent anticancer activity by selectively targeting α-Topo II. Therefore, it is of interest to design carboline derivatives fused with pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in this context. δ-Carbolines fused with pyrrolidine-2,5-dione are of interest because the succinimide part of fused heteroaromatic molecule can interact with the ATP binding pocket via the hydrogen bond network with selectivity towards α-Topo II. The 300 derivatives designed were subjected to the Lipinski rule of 5, ADMET and toxicity prediction. The designed compounds were further analysed using molecular docking analysis on the active sites of the α-Topo II crystal structure (PDB ID:1ZXM). Molecular dynamic simulations were also performed to compare the binding mode and stability of the protein-ligand complexes. Compounds with ID numbers AS89, AS104, AS119, AS209, AS239, AS269, and AS299 show good binding activity compared to the co-crystal ligand. Molecular Dynamics simulation studies show that the ligand binding to α-Topo II in the ATP domain is stableand the protein-ligand conformation remains unchanged. Binding free energy calculations suggest that seven molecules designed are potential inhibitors for α-Topo II for further consideration as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Ayyamperumal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris - 643001,Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhananjay DJ
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi - 110067, India
| | - Vyshnavi Tallapaneni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris - 643001,Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Surender Mohan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi - 110067, India
| | - Basappa S
- Department of Studies in Organic Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore - 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Jubie Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris - 643001,Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nanjan Moola Joghee
- PG Studies and Research, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris - 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandrasekar MJN
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris - 643001,Tamil Nadu, India
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14
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Topoisomerase IIα is essential for maintenance of mitotic chromosome structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12131-12142. [PMID: 32414923 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001760117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) is a core component of mitotic chromosomes and important for establishing mitotic chromosome condensation. The primary roles of TOP2A in mitosis have been difficult to decipher due to its multiple functions across the cell cycle. To more precisely understand the role of TOP2A in mitosis, we used the auxin-inducible degron (AID) system to rapidly degrade the protein at different stages of the human cell cycle. Removal of TOP2A prior to mitosis does not affect prophase timing or the initiation of chromosome condensation. Instead, it prevents chromatin condensation in prometaphase, extends the length of prometaphase, and ultimately causes cells to exit mitosis without chromosome segregation occurring. Surprisingly, we find that removal of TOP2A from cells arrested in prometaphase or metaphase cause dramatic loss of compacted mitotic chromosome structure and conclude that TOP2A is crucial for maintenance of mitotic chromosomes. Treatments with drugs used to poison/inhibit TOP2A function, such as etoposide and ICRF-193, do not phenocopy the effects on chromosome structure of TOP2A degradation by AID. Our data point to a role for TOP2A as a structural chromosome maintenance enzyme locking in condensation states once sufficient compaction is achieved.
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15
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Kitdumrongthum S, Reabroi S, Suksen K, Tuchinda P, Munyoo B, Mahalapbutr P, Rungrotmongkol T, Ounjai P, Chairoungdua A. Inhibition of topoisomerase IIα and induction of DNA damage in cholangiocarcinoma cells by altholactone and its halogenated benzoate derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110149. [PMID: 32344256 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase IIα enzyme (Topo IIα) plays a critical function in DNA replication process and is considered to be a promising target of anti-cancer drugs. In the present study, we reported that the altholactone derivatives modified by adding a halogenated benzoate group showed greater inhibitory activity on Topo IIα enzyme in cell-free system concomitant with cytotoxicity against the CCA cell lines (KKU-M055 and KKU-M213) than those of the parent altholactone. However, the cytotoxic activities of four halogenated benzoate altholactone derivatives including iodo-, fluoro-, chloro-, and bromobenzoate derivatives (compound 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively) were of equal potency. The fluorobenzoate derivative (compound 2) was chosen for investigating the underlying mechanism in CCA cells. Compound 2 arrested CCA cell cycle at sub G1 phase and induced apoptotic cell death. It markedly inhibited Topo IIα protein expression in both KKU-M055 and KKU-M213 cells, which was accompanied by DNA double-strand breaks demonstrated by an increase in phosphorylated H2A.X protein. Interestingly, KKU-M055 cells, which express higher Topo IIα mRNA compared to KKU-M213 cells, showed greater sensitivity to the compound, indicating the selectivity of the compound to Topo IIα enzyme. By computational docking analysis, the binding affinity of altholactone (-52.5 kcal/mol) and compound 2 (-56.7 kcal/mol) were similar to that of the Topo II poison salvicine (-53.7 kcal/mol). The aromatic moiety of both altholactones embedded in a hydrophobic pocket of Topo II ATPase domain. In addition, compound 2 induced the formation of linear DNA in Topo II-mediated cleavage assay. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the addition of fluorobenzoyl group to altholactone enhances potency and selectivity to inhibit type IIα topoisomerases. Atholactone and fluorobenzoate derivative act as Topo II cleavage complexes stabilizing compounds or Topo II poisons preferentially through binding at ATPase domain of Topo IIα, leading to DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis induction. Such activity of 3-fluorobenzoate derivative of altholactone should be further explored for the development of an anti-cancer drug for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarunya Kitdumrongthum
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somrudee Reabroi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanoknetr Suksen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patoomratana Tuchinda
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bamroong Munyoo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panupong Mahalapbutr
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Puey Ounjai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arthit Chairoungdua
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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16
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O'Hara RE, Arsenault MG, Esparza Gonzalez BP, Patriquen A, Hartwig S. Three Optimized Methods for In Situ Quantification of Progenitor Cell Proliferation in Embryonic Kidneys Using BrdU, EdU, and PCNA. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2019; 6:2054358119871936. [PMID: 31523438 PMCID: PMC6734617 DOI: 10.1177/2054358119871936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nephron progenitor cells derived from the metanephric mesenchyme undergo a complex balance of self-renewal and differentiation throughout kidney development to give rise to the mature nephron. Cell proliferation is an important index of progenitor population dynamics. However, accurate and reproducible in situ quantification of cell proliferation within progenitor populations can be technically difficult to achieve due to the complexity and harsh tissue treatment required of certain protocols. Objective: To optimize and compare the performance of the 3 most accurate S phase–specific labeling methods used for in situ detection and quantification of nephron progenitor and ureteric bud cell proliferation in the developing kidney, namely, 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU), 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Methods: Protocols for BrdU, EdU, and PCNA were optimized for fluorescence labeling on paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded mouse kidney tissue sections, with co-labeling of nephron progenitor cells and ureteric bud with Six2 and E-cadherin antibodies, respectively. Image processing and analysis, including quantification of proliferating cells, were carried out using free ImageJ software. Results: All 3 methods detect similar ratios of nephron progenitor and ureteric bud proliferating cells. The BrdU staining protocol is the lengthiest and most complex protocol to perform, requires tissue denaturation, and is most subject to interexperimental signal variability. In contrast, bound PCNA and EdU protocols are relatively more straightforward, consistently yield clear results, and far more easily lend themselves to co-staining; however, the bound PCNA protocol requires substantive additional postexperimental analysis to distinguish the punctate nuclear PCNA staining pattern characteristic of proliferating cells. Conclusions: All 3 markers exhibit distinct advantages and disadvantages in quantifying cell proliferation in kidney progenitor populations, with EdU and PCNA protocols being favored due to greater technical ease and reproducibility of results associated with these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie E O'Hara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Michel G Arsenault
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Blanca P Esparza Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Ashley Patriquen
- Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Sunny Hartwig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
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Ahmed SM, Dröge P. Oncofetal HMGA2 attenuates genotoxic damage induced by topoisomerase II target compounds through the regulation of local DNA topology. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:2062-2078. [PMID: 31271486 PMCID: PMC6763970 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly dividing cells maintain chromatin supercoiling homeostasis via two specialized classes of enzymes, DNA topoisomerase type 1 and 2 (TOP1/2). Several important anticancer drugs perturb this homeostasis by targeting TOP1/2, thereby generating genotoxic DNA damage. Our recent studies indicated that the oncofetal chromatin structuring high‐mobility group AT‐hook 2 (HMGA2) protein plays an important role as a DNA replication fork chaperone in coping with DNA topological ramifications that occur during replication stress, both genomewide and at fragile sites such as subtelomeres. Intriguingly, a recent large‐scale clinical study identified HMGA2 expression as a sole predicting marker for relapse and poor clinical outcomes in 350 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients receiving combinatorial treatments that targeted TOP2 and replicative DNA synthesis. Here, we demonstrate that HMGA2 significantly enhanced the DNA supercoil relaxation activity of the drug target TOP2A and that this activator function is mechanistically linked to HMGA2's known ability to constrain DNA supercoils within highly compacted ternary complexes. Furthermore, we show that HMGA2 significantly reduced genotoxic DNA damage in each tested cancer cell model during treatment with the TOP2A poison etoposide or the catalytic TOP2A inhibitor merbarone. Taken together with the recent clinical data obtained with AML patients targeted with TOP2 poisons, our study suggests a novel mechanism of cancer chemoresistance toward combination therapies administering TOP2 poisons or inhibitors. We therefore strongly argue for the future implementation of trials of HMGA2 expression profiling to stratify patients before finalizing clinical treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Moiz Ahmed
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter Dröge
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Sangpheak K, Mueller M, Darai N, Wolschann P, Suwattanasophon C, Ruga R, Chavasiri W, Seetaha S, Choowongkomon K, Kungwan N, Rungnim C, Rungrotmongkol T. Computational screening of chalcones acting against topoisomerase IIα and their cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 34:134-143. [PMID: 30394113 PMCID: PMC6225485 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1507029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapy has become one of the high potential cancer treatments. Human topoisomerase II (hTopoII), which catalyzes the cleavage and rejoining of double-stranded DNA, is an important molecular target for the development of novel cancer therapeutics. In order to diversify the pharmacological activity of chalcones and to extend the scaffold of topoisomerase inhibitors, a series of chalcones was screened against hTopoIIα by computational techniques, and subsequently tested for their in vitro cytotoxicity. From the experimental IC50 values, chalcone 3d showed a high cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 10.8, 3.2 and 21.1 µM against the HT-1376, HeLa and MCF-7 cancer-derived cell lines, respectively, and also exhibited an inhibitory activity against hTopoIIα-ATPase that was better than the known inhibitor, salvicine. The observed ligand-protein interactions from a molecular dynamics study affirmed that 3d strongly interacts with the ATP-binding pocket residues. Altogether, the newly synthesised chalcone 3d has a high potential to serve as a lead compound for topoisomerase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyani Sangpheak
- a Faculty of Science, Program in Biotechnology , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Monika Mueller
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Nitchakan Darai
- a Faculty of Science, Program in Biotechnology , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Peter Wolschann
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.,c Institute of Theoretical Chemistry , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Chonticha Suwattanasophon
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Ritbey Ruga
- d Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Warinthon Chavasiri
- d Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Supaporn Seetaha
- e Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry , Kasetsart University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- e Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry , Kasetsart University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Nawee Kungwan
- f Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand.,g Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Chompoonut Rungnim
- h Nanoscale Simulation Laboratory, National Nanotechnology Center , National Science and Technology Development Agency , Pathum Thani , Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- i Faculty of Science, Biocatalyst and Environmental Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand.,j Faculty of Science, Ph.D. Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
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19
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Bauer E, Domingo X, Balcells C, Polat IH, Crespo M, Quirante J, Badía J, Baldomà L, Font-Bardia M, Cascante M. Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of new cyclometallated platinum(iv) iodido complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:14973-14987. [PMID: 29048088 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03448b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of six novel cyclometallated platinum(iv) iodido complexes is accomplished by intermolecular oxidative addition of methyl iodide (compounds 2a-2c) or iodine (compounds 3a-3c) upon cyclometallated platinum(ii) compounds [PtX{(CH3)2N(CH2)3NCH(4-ClC6H3)}] (1a-1c: X = Cl, CH3 or I). The X-ray molecular structures of platinum(ii) compound 1c and platinum(iv) compounds 3b and 3a' (an isomer of 3a) are reported. The cytotoxic activity against a panel of human adenocarcinoma cell lines (A-549 lung, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast, and HCT-116 colon), DNA interaction, topoisomerase I, IIα, and cathepsin B inhibition, and cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and ROS generation of the investigated complexes are presented. Remarkable antiproliferative activity was observed for most of the synthesized cycloplatinated compounds (series 1-3) in all the selected carcinoma cell lines. The best inhibition was provided for the octahedral platinum(iv) compounds 2a-2c exhibiting a methyl and an iodido axial ligand. Preliminary biological results point to a different mechanism of action for the investigated compounds. Cyclometallated platinum(ii) compounds 1a-1c modify the DNA migration as cisplatin. In contrast, cyclometallated platinum(iv) compounds 2a-2c and 3a-3c did not modify the DNA tertiary structure neither in the absence nor in the presence of ascorbic acid, which made them incapable of reducing platinum(iv) compounds 2b and 2c in a buffered aqueous medium (pH 7.40) according to 1H NMR experiments. Remarkable topoisomerase IIα inhibitory activity is reported for platinum(iv) complexes 2b and 3a and in addition, for the last one, a moderate cathepsin B inhibition is reported. Cell cycle arrest (decrease in G0/G1 and G2 phases and arrest in the S phase), induction of apoptosis and ROS generation are related to the antiproliferative activity of some representative octahedral cyclometallated platinum(iv) compounds (2b and 2c).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Bauer
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028-Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Nelson WG, Haffner MC, Yegnasubramanian S. The structure of the nucleus in normal and neoplastic prostate cells: untangling the role of type 2 DNA topoisomerases. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2018; 6:107-113. [PMID: 29666839 PMCID: PMC5902729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Donald S. Coffey, a pioneer in the study of the structural basis of mammalian genome organization, was fascinated by DNA topoisomerases, chemo-mechanical enzymes that could catalyze changes in DNA structure. Work initiated in his laboratory and carried on with his influence and inspiration has led to the elucidation of specific roles for each of the two type 2 topoisomerases in DNA replication, RNA transcription, and androgen action in prostate cells. TOP2A principally acts in DNA synthesis elongation to prevent tangling of daughter DNA molecules during genome replication and mitotic segregation; TOP2B is required for androgen-stimulation of target gene transcription. DNA double-strand breaks inflicted by TOP2B upon androgen exposure appear responsible for the generation of TMPRSS2-ERG and other gene fusions, often found in complex chained rearrangements termed chromoplexy, in prostate cancer cells. TOP2B-mediated genome damage may also provide an avenue for improving prostate cancer treatment via timed androgen administration in conjunction with ionizing radiation, with TOP2-targeted drugs, or with DNA repair inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Nelson
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD 21218, USA
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21
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Kim EJ, Kim SY, Kim SM, Lee M. A novel topoisomerase 2a inhibitor, cryptotanshinone, suppresses the growth of PC3 cells without apparent cytotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 330:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Singh BN, Achary VMM, Panditi V, Sopory SK, Reddy MK. Dynamics of tobacco DNA topoisomerases II in cell cycle regulation: to manage topological constrains during replication, transcription and mitotic chromosome condensation and segregation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:595-607. [PMID: 28634865 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The topoisomerase II expression varies as a function of cell proliferation. Maximal topoisomerase II expression was tightly coupled to S phase and G2/M phase via both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. Investigation in meiosis using pollen mother cells also revealed that it is not the major component of meiotic chromosomes, it seems to diffuse out once meiotic chromosomal condensation is completed. Synchronized tobacco BY-2 cell cultures were used to study the role of topoisomerase II in various stages of the cell cycle. Topoisomerase II transcript accumulation was observed during the S- and G2/M- phase of cell cycle. This biphasic expression pattern indicates the active requirement of topoisomerase II during these stages of the cell cycle. Through immuno-localization of topoisomerase II was observed diffusely throughout the nucleoplasm in interphase nuclei, whereas, the nucleolus region exhibited a more prominent immuno-positive staining that correlated with rRNA transcription, as shown by propidium iodide staining and BrUTP incorporation. The immuno-staining analysis also showed that topoisomerase II is the major component of mitotic chromosomes and remain attached to the chromosomes during cell division. The inhibition of topoisomerase II activity using specific inhibitors revealed quite dramatic effect on condensation of chromatin and chromosome individualization from prophase to metaphase transition. Partially condensed chromosomes were not arranged on metaphase plate and chromosomal perturbations were observed when advance to anaphase, suggesting the importance of topoisomerase II activity for proper chromosome condensation and segregation during mitosis. Contrary, topoisomerase II is not the major component of meiotic chromosomes, even though mitosis and meiosis share many processes, including the DNA replication, chromosome condensation and precisely regulated partitioning of chromosomes into daughter cells. Even if topoisomerase II is required for individualization and condensation of meiotic chromosomes, it seems to diffuse out once meiotic chromosomal condensation is completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri Nath Singh
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - V Mohan Murali Achary
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Varakumar Panditi
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Malireddy K Reddy
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India.
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Niu X, Zhang Z, Zhong Y. Hydrogel loaded with self-assembled dextran sulfate-doxorubicin complexes as a delivery system for chemotherapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 77:888-894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cinnamomum verum ingredient 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde: a new antiproliferative drug targeting topoisomerase I and II in human lung squamous cell carcinoma NCI-H520 cells. Eur J Cancer Prev 2017; 26:314-323. [DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Strode M, Khoury T, Mangieri C, Takabe K. Update on the diagnosis and management of malignant phyllodes tumors of the breast. Breast 2017; 33:91-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Liberio MS, Sadowski MC, Davis RA, Rockstroh A, Vasireddy R, Lehman ML, Nelson CC. The ascidian natural product eusynstyelamide B is a novel topoisomerase II poison that induces DNA damage and growth arrest in prostate and breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43944-63. [PMID: 26733491 PMCID: PMC4791278 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of an anti-cancer natural product drug discovery program, we recently identified eusynstyelamide B (EB), which displayed cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (IC50 = 5 μM) and induced apoptosis. Here, we investigated the mechanism of action of EB in cancer cell lines of the prostate (LNCaP) and breast (MDA-MB-231). EB inhibited cell growth (IC50 = 5 μM) and induced a G2 cell cycle arrest, as shown by a significant increase in the G2/M cell population in the absence of elevated levels of the mitotic marker phospho-histone H3. In contrast to MDA-MB-231 cells, EB did not induce cell death in LNCaP cells when treated for up to 10 days. Transcript profiling and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis suggested that EB activated DNA damage pathways in LNCaP cells. Consistent with this, CHK2 phosphorylation was increased, p21CIP1/WAF1 was up-regulated and CDC2 expression strongly reduced by EB. Importantly, EB caused DNA double-strand breaks, yet did not directly interact with DNA. Analysis of topoisomerase II-mediated decatenation discovered that EB is a novel topoisomerase II poison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Liberio
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin C Sadowski
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anja Rockstroh
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Raj Vasireddy
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie L Lehman
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre - Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Park S, Hong E, Kwak SY, Jun KY, Lee ES, Kwon Y, Na Y. Synthesis and biological evaluation of C1-O-substituted-3-(3-butylamino-2-hydroxy-propoxy)-xanthen-9-one as topoisomerase IIα catalytic inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:211-225. [PMID: 27484510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II poison blocks the transitorily generated DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) from religation, thereby causes severe DNA damage and gene toxicity. While topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitor does not form cleavable DNA-enzyme complex because its function attributes to inhibition of the catalytic steps of the enzyme such as before generating DNA DSBs or in the last step of the catalytic cycle after religation. It has been reported that the stabilizing effect of etoposide on transient cleavable DNA-topoisomerase IIβ complex attributes to its secondary malignancy. Therefore, topoisomerase IIα has been considered as more attractive target than topoisomerase IIβ for the development of chemotherapeutic agents. In the previous work, we reported compounds I and II as novel topoisomerase IIα catalytic inhibitors targeting for ATP binding site of human topoisomerase IIα ATP-binding domain. As a continuous work, we have designed and synthesized 43 compounds of C1-O-alkyl and arylalkyl substitiuted compounds with or without methoxy group on ring A. In the topoisomerase IIα inhibitory test, among the tested C1-O-4-chlorophenethyl substituted compounds 37 and 47 were more active than others, and compound 37 showed strongest topoisomerase IIα inhibitory activity with 94.4% and 23.0% inhibition, respectively, at 100 and 20 μM. Compounds 37 and 47 have also showed much enhanced cytotoxic activity against T47D cells; IC50 (μM): 0.63 ± 0.01 and 0.19 ± 0.02, respectively, which are stronger than reference drugs. Band depletion assay and cleavage complex assay results showed compounds 37 and 47 were potential topoisomerase IIα catalytic inhibitor with low DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seojeong Park
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea
| | - Eunji Hong
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon, 487-010, South Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kwak
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon, 487-010, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Yeon Jun
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea
| | - Eung-Seok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea
| | - Youngjoo Kwon
- College of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea.
| | - Younghwa Na
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon, 487-010, South Korea.
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Basso E, Regazzo G, Fiore M, Palma V, Traversi G, Testa A, Degrassi F, Cozzi R. Resveratrol affects DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation in human lymphocytes in vitro. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 806:40-6. [PMID: 27476334 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene; RSV) acts on cancer cells in several ways, inducing cell cycle delay and apoptotic death, and enhancing ionizing radiation (IR)-mediated responses. However, fewer studies have examined RSV effects on normal cells. We have treated human lymphocytes in vitro with RSV, either alone or combined with IR, to evaluate its potential use as a radioprotector. We measured the effects of RSV on induction of DNA damage, repair kinetics, and modulation of histone deacetylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Basso
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università "Roma TRE", Roma, Italy
| | - Giulia Regazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università "Roma TRE", Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Fiore
- Istituto di Biologia Molecolare e Patologia, CNR, Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Palma
- Sezione di Tossicologia e Scienze Biomediche, ENEA, Casaccia Roma, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Testa
- Sezione di Tossicologia e Scienze Biomediche, ENEA, Casaccia Roma, Italy
| | | | - Renata Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università "Roma TRE", Roma, Italy.
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Yan H, Tammaro M, Liao S. Collision of Trapped Topoisomerase 2 with Transcription and Replication: Generation and Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks with 5' Adducts. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7070032. [PMID: 27376333 PMCID: PMC4962002 DOI: 10.3390/genes7070032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase 2 (Top2) is an essential enzyme responsible for manipulating DNA topology during replication, transcription, chromosome organization and chromosome segregation. It acts by nicking both strands of DNA and then passes another DNA molecule through the break. The 5′ end of each nick is covalently linked to the tyrosine in the active center of each of the two subunits of Top2 (Top2cc). In this configuration, the two sides of the nicked DNA are held together by the strong protein-protein interactions between the two subunits of Top2, allowing the nicks to be faithfully resealed in situ. Top2ccs are normally transient, but can be trapped by cancer drugs, such as etoposide, and subsequently processed into DSBs in cells. If not properly repaired, these DSBs would lead to genome instability and cell death. Here, I review the current understanding of the mechanisms by which DSBs are induced by etoposide, the unique features of such DSBs and how they are repaired. Implications for the improvement of cancer therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yan
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| | - Margaret Tammaro
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| | - Shuren Liao
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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Liao G, Chen X, Wu J, Qian C, Wang Y, Ji L, Chao H. Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes as dual inhibitors of telomerase and topoisomerase. Dalton Trans 2016; 44:15145-56. [PMID: 25604798 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03585b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One novel ruthenium polypyridyl complex, [Ru(bpy)2(icip)](2+) (1), and two previously reported ruthenium polypyridyl complexes, [Ru(bpy)2(pdppz)](2+) ()2 and [Ru(bpy)2(tactp)](2+) (3) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, icip = 2-(indeno[2,1-b]chromen-6-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline, pdppz = phenanthro[4,5-abc]dipyrido[3,2-h:2',3'-j]phenazine, tactp = 4,5,9,18-tetraazachryseno[9,10-b]-triphenylene), have been synthesised. As expected, these complexes show inhibition towards telomerase by inducing and stabilising the G-quadruplex structure, and behave as topoisomerase I/II poisons at the same time. Additionally, the acute and chronic cytotoxicities of the complexes are considered. Furthermore, cell apoptosis experiments are used to briefly study the mechanism. Because studies involving multi-target inhibition towards topoisomerase and telomerase of Ru(II) complexes have not been reported previously, the present research may help to develop innovative chemical strategies and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
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Tsai KD, Cherng J, Liu YH, Chen TW, Wong HY, Yang SM, Chou KS, Cherng JM. Cinnamomum verum component 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde: a novel antiproliferative drug inducing cell death through targeting both topoisomerase I and II in human colorectal adenocarcinoma COLO 205 cells. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:31607. [PMID: 27281694 PMCID: PMC4899521 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.31607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamomum verum is used to manufacture the spice cinnamon. In addition, the plant has been used as a Chinese herbal medication. METHODS We investigated the antiproliferative effect of 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (2-MCA), a constituent of the cortex of the plant, and the molecular biomarkers associated with tumorigenesis in human colorectal adenocarcinoma COLO 205 cells. Specifically, cell viability was evaluated by colorimetric assay; apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and morphological analysis with bright field, acridine orange, and neutral red stainings, as well as comet assay; topoisomerase I activity was determined by assay based upon DNA relaxation and topoisomerase II by DNA relaxation plus decatentation of kinetoplast DNA; lysosomal vacuolation and volume of acidic compartments (VACs) were determined by neutral red staining. RESULTS The results demonstrate that 2-MCA inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis as implicated by mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) loss, activation of both caspase-3 and -9, increase of annexin V(+)PI(+) cells, as well as morphological characteristics of apoptosis. Furthermore, 2-MCA also induced lysosomal vacuolation with elevated VAC, cytotoxicity, and inhibitions of topoisomerase I as well as II activities. Additional study demonstrated the antiproliferative effect of 2-MCA found in a nude mice model. CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate that the antiproliferative activity of 2-MCA in vitro involved downregulation of cell growth markers, both topoisomerase I and II, and upregulation of pro-apoptotic molecules, associated with increased lysosomal vacuolation. In vivo 2-MCA reduced the tumor burden that could have significant clinical impact. Indeed, similar effects were found in other tested cell lines, including human hepatocellular carcinoma SK-Hep-1 and Hep 3B, lung adenocarcinoma A549 and squamous cell carcinoma NCI-H520, and T-lymphoblastic MOLT-3 (results not shown). Our data implicate that 2-MCA could be a potential agent for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuen-Daw Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan ROC.,School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC.,Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan ROC
| | - Jonathan Cherng
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Yi-Heng Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ta-Wei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ho-Yiu Wong
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan ROC
| | - Shu-Mei Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan ROC.,School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
| | - Kuo-Shen Chou
- Department of Family Medicine, Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan ROC
| | - Jaw-Ming Cherng
- Department of Internal Medicine; Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan ROC;
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Lin CC, Hsieh MH, Teng SC. Genistein suppresses the proliferation of telomerase-negative cells. Food Sci Nutr 2016; 5:197-204. [PMID: 28265354 PMCID: PMC5332266 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In both tumor and yeast cells that lack telomerase, telomeres are maintained via an alternative recombination mechanism. In this study, we tested genistein, a potential TOP2 inhibitor required for telomere–telomere recombination, on the repression of telomere–telomere recombination. Genistein on the repression of type II recombination on a tlc1 yeast strain was examined by the telomeric DNA structures using Southern blot analysis. Telomere patterns of freshly dissected tlc1 spores containing an empty plasmid (pYES2) or a yeast TOP2 (yTOP2) plasmid were analyzed. The results indicated that the reintroduction of TOP2 recovered the type II pattern, implying genistein in the blockage of type II survivors in the tlc1 strain. The effects of genistein on both tlc1 and tlc1 rad 51 strains in liquid and solid mediums were also examined. Finally, treatment of 10 μmol/L of genistein showed inhibitory effect on the growth of telomerase‐negative U2OS alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) cells, but not in telomerase‐positive HCT116 cells. These results provide evidences that the inhibitory effects of genistein on telomerase‐negative cells depend on type II recombination pathway in yeast and the ALT pathway in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chuan Lin
- Department of Food Science China University of Science and Technology Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei 100 Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Teng
- Department of Microbiology College of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei 100 Taiwan
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Cuminaldehyde from Cinnamomum verum Induces Cell Death through Targeting Topoisomerase 1 and 2 in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma COLO 205 Cells. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060318. [PMID: 27231935 PMCID: PMC4924159 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnamomum verum, also called true cinnamon tree, is employed to make the seasoning cinnamon. Furthermore, the plant has been used as a traditional Chinese herbal medication. We explored the anticancer effect of cuminaldehyde, an ingredient of the cortex of the plant, as well as the molecular biomarkers associated with carcinogenesis in human colorectal adenocarcinoma COLO 205 cells. The results show that cuminaldehyde suppressed growth and induced apoptosis, as proved by depletion of the mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of both caspase-3 and -9, and morphological features of apoptosis. Moreover, cuminaldehyde also led to lysosomal vacuolation with an upregulated volume of acidic compartment and cytotoxicity, together with inhibitions of both topoisomerase I and II activities. Additional study shows that the anticancer activity of cuminaldehyde was observed in the model of nude mice. Our results suggest that the anticancer activity of cuminaldehyde in vitro involved the suppression of cell proliferative markers, topoisomerase I as well as II, together with increase of pro-apoptotic molecules, associated with upregulated lysosomal vacuolation. On the other hand, in vivo, cuminaldehyde diminished the tumor burden that would have a significant clinical impact. Furthermore, similar effects were observed in other tested cell lines. In short, our data suggest that cuminaldehyde could be a drug for chemopreventive or anticancer therapy.
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Perng DS, Tsai YH, Cherng J, Wang JS, Chou KS, Shih CW, Cherng JM. Discovery of a novel anticancer agent with both anti-topoisomerase I and II activities in hepatocellular carcinoma SK-Hep-1 cells in vitro and in vivo: Cinnamomum verum component 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:141-53. [PMID: 26792981 PMCID: PMC4708962 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s93599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamomum verum is used to make the spice cinnamon and has been used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for various applications. We evaluated the anticancer effect of 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (2-MCA), a constituent of the bark of the plant, and its underlying molecular biomarkers associated with carcinogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma SK-Hep-1 cell line. The results show that 2-MCA suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis as indicated by mitochondrial membrane potential loss, activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, increase in the DNA content in sub-G1, and morphological characteristics of apoptosis, including blebbing of plasma membrane, nuclear condensation, fragmentation, apoptotic body formation, and long comet tail. In addition, 2-MCA also induced lysosomal vacuolation with increased volume of acidic compartments, suppressions of nuclear transcription factors NF-κB, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and both topoisomerase I and II activities in a dose-dependent manner. Further study reveals the growth-inhibitory effect of 2-MCA was also evident in a nude mice model. Taken together, the data suggest that the growth-inhibitory effect of 2-MCA against SK-Hep-1 cells is accompanied by downregulations of NF-κB-binding activity, inflammatory responses involving cyclooxygenase-2 and PGE2, and proliferative control involving apoptosis, both topoisomerase I and II activities, together with an upregulation of lysosomal vacuolation and volume of acidic compartments. Similar effects (including all of the above-mentioned effects) were found in other tested cell lines, including human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep 3B, lung adenocarcinoma A549, squamous cell carcinoma NCI-H520, colorectal adenocarcinoma COLO 205, and T-lymphoblastic MOLT-3 (results not shown). Our data suggest that 2-MCA could be a potential agent for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daw-Shyong Perng
- Department of Gastroenterology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | - Jonathan Cherng
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jeng-Shing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Shen Chou
- Department of Family Medicine, Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Wen Shih
- Department of Pathology, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jaw-Ming Cherng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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35
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Perng DS, Tsai YH, Cherng J, Kuo CW, Shiao CC, Cherng JM. Discovery of a novel anti-cancer agent targeting both topoisomerase I and II in hepatocellular carcinoma Hep 3B cells in vitro and in vivo: Cinnamomum verum component 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde. J Drug Target 2016; 24:624-34. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1132221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daw-Shyong Perng
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Jonathan Cherng
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Chih-Wei Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Mary’s Hospital Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Shiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Mary’s Hospital Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Ming Cherng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Mary’s Hospital Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan
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36
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Yang SM, Tsai KD, Wong HY, Liu YH, Chen TW, Cherng J, Hsu KC, Ang YU, Cherng JM. Molecular Mechanism of Cinnamomum verum Component Cuminaldehyde Inhibits Cell Growth and Induces Cell Death in Human Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma NCI-H520 Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. J Cancer 2016; 7:251-61. [PMID: 26918037 PMCID: PMC4747878 DOI: 10.7150/jca.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cinnamomum verum is used to make the spice cinnamon and has been used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. We evaluated the effects and the molecular mechanisms of cuminaldehyde (CuA), a constituent of the bark of Cinnamomum verum, on human lung squamous cell carcinoma NCI-H520 cells. Specifically, cell viability was evaluated by colorimetric assay; cytotoxicity by LDH release; apoptosis was determined by Western blotting, and morphological analysis with, acridine orange and neutral red stainings and comet assay; topoisomerase I activity was assessed using assay based upon DNA relaxation and topoisomerase II by DNA relaxation plus decatentation of kinetoplast DNA; lysosomal vacuolation and volume of acidic compartments (VAC) were evaluated with neutral red staining. The results show that CuA suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis as indicated by an up-regulation of pro-apoptotic bax and bak genes and a down-regulation of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 and bcl-XL genes, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, cytochrome c release, activation of caspase 3 and 9, and morphological characteristics of apoptosis, including blebbing of the plasma membrane, nuclear condensation, fragmentation, apoptotic body formation, and comet with elevated tail intensity and moment. In addition, CuA also induced lysosomal vacuolation with increased VAC, cytotoxicity, as well as suppressions of both topoisomerase I and II activities in a dose-dependent manner. Further study revealed the growth-inhibitory effect of CuA was also evident in a nude mice model. Taken together, the data suggest that the growth-inhibitory effect of CuA against NCI-H520 cells is accompanied by downregulations of proliferative control involving apoptosis and both topoisomerase I and II activities, and upregulation of lysosomal with increased VAC and cytotoxicity. Similar effects were found in other cell lines, including human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells and colorectal adenocarcinoma COLO 205 (results not shown). Our data suggest that CuA could be a potential agent for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mei Yang
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan ROC; 2. School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
| | - Kuen-Daw Tsai
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan ROC; 2. School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC; 3. Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ho-Yiu Wong
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yi-Heng Liu
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ta-Wei Chen
- 1. Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan ROC
| | - Jonathan Cherng
- 4. Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kwang-Ching Hsu
- 5. Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yao-Uh Ang
- 5. Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan ROC
| | - Jaw-Ming Cherng
- 5. Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong, Yilan, Taiwan ROC
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Darpan D, Joshi G, Amrutkar SM, Baviskar AT, Kler H, Singh S, Banerjee UC, Kumar R. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 2,5-dimethylthiophene/furan based N-acetyl pyrazolines as selective topoisomerase II inhibitors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25705k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on reported pharmacophores as topoisomerase inhibitors, 2,5-dimethylthiophene/furan basedN-acetyl pyrazolines were designed and envisaged as topoisomerase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darpan Darpan
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India
| | - Suyog M. Amrutkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology)
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Mohali, S. A. S. Nagar, Sec 67
- India
| | - Ashish T. Baviskar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology)
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Mohali, S. A. S. Nagar, Sec 67
- India
| | - Harveen Kler
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India
| | - Uttam C. Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology)
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Mohali, S. A. S. Nagar, Sec 67
- India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India
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Wong HY, Tsai KD, Liu YH, Yang SM, Chen TW, Cherng J, Chou KS, Chang CM, Yao BT, Cherng JM. Cinnamomum verumComponent 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde: A Novel Anticancer Agent with Both Anti-Topoisomerase I and II Activities in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 CellsIn VitroandIn Vivo. Phytother Res 2015; 30:331-40. [PMID: 26676220 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Yiu Wong
- Department of Internal Medicine; China Medical University Beigang Hospital; Yunlin 65152 Taiwan
| | - Kuen-daw Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine; China Medical University Beigang Hospital; Yunlin 65152 Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine; China Medical University; Taichung 40402 Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology; National Chung Cheng University; Chiayi 62102 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Heng Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine; China Medical University Beigang Hospital; Yunlin 65152 Taiwan
| | - Shu-mei Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine; China Medical University Beigang Hospital; Yunlin 65152 Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine; China Medical University; Taichung 40402 Taiwan
| | - Ta-Wei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine; China Medical University Beigang Hospital; Yunlin 65152 Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Cherng
- Faculty of Medicine; Medical University of Lublin; Lublin Poland
| | - Kuo-Shen Chou
- Department of Family Medicine; Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong; Yilan 26546 Taiwan
| | - Chen-Mei Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine; Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong; Yilan 26546 Taiwan
| | - Belen T. Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine; Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong; Yilan 26546 Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Ming Cherng
- Department of Internal Medicine; Saint Mary's Hospital Luodong; Yilan 26546 Taiwan
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Topoisomerase 2 Alpha Cooperates with Androgen Receptor to Contribute to Prostate Cancer Progression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142327. [PMID: 26560244 PMCID: PMC4641711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of TOP2A is associated with risk of systemic progression in prostate cancer patients, and higher levels of TOP2A were found in hormone-resistant cases. To elucidate the mechanism by which high levels of TOP2A contribute to tumor progression we generated TOP2A overexpressing prostate cancer cell lines. We show that TOP2A promotes tumor aggressiveness by inducing chromosomal rearrangements of genes that contribute to a more invasive phenotype. Anti-androgen treatment alone was ineffective in killing TOP2A overexpressing cells due to activation of an androgen receptor network. TOP2A poisons killed tumor cells more efficiently early in the progression course, while at later stages they provided greater benefit when combined with anti-androgen therapy. Mechanistically, we find that TOP2A enhances androgen signaling by facilitating transcription of androgen responsive genes, thereby promoting tumor cell growth. These studies revealed a relationship between TOP2A and androgen receptor signaling pathway that contributes to prostate cancer progression and confers sensitivity to treatments.
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Tang Girdwood SC, Nenortas E, Shapiro TA. Targeting the gyrase of Plasmodium falciparum with topoisomerase poisons. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 95:227-37. [PMID: 25881748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug-resistant malaria poses a major public health problem throughout the world and the need for new antimalarial drugs is growing. The apicoplast, a chloroplast-like organelle essential for malaria parasite survival and with no counterpart in humans, offers an attractive target for selectively toxic new therapies. The apicoplast genome (plDNA) is a 35 kb circular DNA that is served by gyrase, a prokaryotic type II topoisomerase. Gyrase is poisoned by fluoroquinolone antibacterials that stabilize a catalytically inert ternary complex of enzyme, its plDNA substrate, and inhibitor. We used fluoroquinolones to study the gyrase and plDNA of Plasmodium falciparum. New methods for isolating and separating plDNA reveal four topologically different forms and permit a quantitative exam of perturbations that result from gyrase poisoning. In keeping with its role in DNA replication, gyrase is most abundant in late stages of the parasite lifecycle, but several lines of evidence indicate that even in these cells the enzyme is present in relatively low abundance: about 1 enzyme for every two plDNAs or a ratio of 1 gyrase: 70 kb DNA. For a spectrum of quinolones, correlation was generally good between antimalarial activity and gyrase poisoning, the putative molecular mechanism of drug action. However, in P. falciparum there is evidence for off-target toxicity, particularly for ciprofloxacin. These studies highlight the utility of the new methods and of fluoroquinolones as a tool for studying the in situ workings of gyrase and its plDNA substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya C Tang Girdwood
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Malaria Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States(1).
| | - Elizabeth Nenortas
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Malaria Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Theresa A Shapiro
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States; Malaria Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Singh S, Das T, Awasthi M, Pandey VP, Pandey B, Dwivedi UN. DNA topoisomerase-directed anticancerous alkaloids: ADMET-based screening, molecular docking, and dynamics simulation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:125-37. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility; Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics; University of Lucknow; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology; Amity University; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Tamal Das
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility; Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics; University of Lucknow; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Manika Awasthi
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility; Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics; University of Lucknow; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Veda P. Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility; Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics; University of Lucknow; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Brijesh Pandey
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology; Amity University; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Upendra N. Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility; Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics; University of Lucknow; Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India
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Daumar P, Zeglis BM, Ramos N, Divilov V, Sevak KK, Pillarsetty N, Lewis JS. Synthesis and evaluation of (18)F-labeled ATP competitive inhibitors of topoisomerase II as probes for imaging topoisomerase II expression. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:769-81. [PMID: 25240701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type II topoisomerase (Topo-II) is an ATP-dependent enzyme that is essential in the transcription, replication, and chromosome segregation processes and, as such, represents an attractive target for cancer therapy. Numerous studies indicate that the response to treatment with Topo-II inhibitors is highly dependent on both the levels and the activity of the enzyme. Consequently, a non-invasive assay to measure tumoral Topo-II levels has the potential to differentiate responders from non-responders. With the ultimate goal of developing a radiofluorinated tracer for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, we have designed, synthesized, and evaluated a set of fluorinated compounds based on the structure of the ATP-competitive Topo-II inhibitor QAP1. Compounds 18 and 19b showed inhibition of Topo-II in in vitro assays and exhibited moderate, Topo-II level dependent cytotoxicity in SK-BR-3 and MCF-7 cell lines. Based on these results, (18)F-labeled analogs of these two compounds were synthesized and evaluated as PET probes for imaging Topo-II overexpression in mice bearing SK-BR-3 xenografts. [(18)F]-18 and [(18)F]-19b were synthesized from their corresponding protected tosylated derivatives by fluorination and subsequent deprotection. Small animal PET imaging studies indicated that both compounds do not accumulate in tumors and exhibit poor pharmacokinetics, clearing from the blood pool very rapidly and getting metabolized over. The insights gained from the current study will surely aid in the design and construction of future generations of PET agents for the non-invasive delineation of Topo-II expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Daumar
- Department of Radiology and the Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Radiology and the Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas Ramos
- Department of Radiology and the Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vadim Divilov
- Department of Radiology and the Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kuntal Kumar Sevak
- Department of Radiology and the Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - NagaVaraKishore Pillarsetty
- Department of Radiology and the Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology and the Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Mitsuhashi A, Kiyokawa T, Sato Y, Shozu M. Effects of metformin on endometrial cancer cell growth in vivo: a preoperative prospective trial. Cancer 2014; 120:2986-95. [PMID: 24917306 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin, an antidiabetic drug, decreases the incidence of various cancers in diabetic patients. Metformin-induced inhibition of cancer cell proliferation has been confirmed in vitro but not in humans. Because endometrial cancer is associated with insulin resistance, the authors investigated whether a diabetes-therapeutic metformin dose inhibits cancer cell growth in patients with endometrial cancer. METHODS A dose of metaformin was administered (1500-2250 mg/day) to 31 patients with endometrial cancer preoperatively for 4 to 6 weeks. Cell proliferation was assessed in patient tissues using immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses and DNA synthesis was measured in serum using a thymidine uptake assay. All statistical tests were 2-sided. P values of < .05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Preoperative metformin treatment decreased DNA synthesis in sera and significantly reduced the Ki-67 (mean proportional decrease, 44.2%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 35.4-53.0 [P < .001]) and topoisomerase IIα (mean proportional decrease, 36.4%; 95% CI, 26.7-46.0 [P < .001]) labeling indices. Levels of phospho-ribosomal protein S6 and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) were found to be significantly decreased and phospho-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and p27 levels were significantly increased. Preoperative metformin use caused significant decreases in circulating factors, including insulin, glucose, insulin-like growth factor 1, and leptin. DNA synthesis-stimulating activity in patient sera was significantly decreased during metformin administration. CONCLUSIONS An antidiabetic dose of metformin inhibited endometrial cancer cell growth in vivo, an effect likely due to its effect on humoral factor(s). This translational study provides considerable rationale to initiate large clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mitsuhashi
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Discovery of dihydroxylated 2,4-diphenyl-6-thiophen-2-yl-pyridine as a non-intercalative DNA-binding topoisomerase II-specific catalytic inhibitor. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 80:428-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang H, Zhang YW, Yasukawa T, Dalla Rosa I, Khiati S, Pommier Y. Increased negative supercoiling of mtDNA in TOP1mt knockout mice and presence of topoisomerases IIα and IIβ in vertebrate mitochondria. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:7259-67. [PMID: 24803675 PMCID: PMC4066791 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerases are critical for replication, DNA packing and repair, as well as for transcription by allowing changes in DNA topology. Cellular DNA is present both in nuclei and mitochondria, and mitochondrial topoisomerase I (Top1mt) is the only DNA topoisomerase specific for mitochondria in vertebrates. Here, we report in detail the generation of TOP1mt knockout mice, and demonstrate that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) displays increased negative supercoiling in TOP1mt knockout cells and murine tissues. This finding suggested imbalanced topoisomerase activity in the absence of Top1mt and the activity of other topoisomerases in mitochondria. Accordingly, we found that both Top2α and Top2β are present and active in mouse and human mitochondria. The presence of Top2α-DNA complexes in the mtDNA D-loop region, at the sites where both ends of 7S DNA are positioned, suggests a structural role for Top2 in addition to its classical topoisomerase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Takehiro Yasukawa
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ilaria Dalla Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Salim Khiati
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
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Tammaro M, Barr P, Ricci B, Yan H. Replication-dependent and transcription-dependent mechanisms of DNA double-strand break induction by the topoisomerase 2-targeting drug etoposide. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79202. [PMID: 24244448 PMCID: PMC3820710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Etoposide is a DNA topoisomerase 2-targeting drug widely used for the treatment of cancer. The cytoxicity of etoposide correlates with the generation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), but the mechanism of how it induces DSBs in cells is still poorly understood. Catalytically, etoposide inhibits the re-ligation reaction of Top2 after it nicks the two strands of DNA, trapping it in a cleavable complex consisting of two Top2 subunits covalently linked to the 5' ends of DNA (Top2cc). Top2cc is not directly recognized as a true DSB by cells because the two subunits interact strongly with each other to hold the two ends of DNA together. In this study we have investigated the cellular mechanisms that convert Top2ccs into true DSBs. Our data suggest that there are two mechanisms, one dependent on active replication and the other dependent on proteolysis and transcription. The relative contribution of each mechanism is affected by the concentration of etoposide. We also find that Top2α is the major isoform mediating the replication-dependent mechanism and both Top2α and Top2 mediate the transcription-dependent mechanism. These findings are potentially of great significance to the improvement of etoposide's efficacy in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Tammaro
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peri Barr
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brett Ricci
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hong Yan
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ky B, Vejpongsa P, Yeh ETH, Force T, Moslehi JJ. Emerging paradigms in cardiomyopathies associated with cancer therapies. Circ Res 2013; 113:754-64. [PMID: 23989717 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.300218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular care of cancer patients (cardio-oncology) has emerged as a new discipline in clinical medicine, given recent advances in cancer therapy, and is driven by the cardiovascular complications that occur as a direct result of cancer therapy. Traditional therapies such as anthracyclines and radiation have been recognized for years to have cardiovascular complications. Less expected were the cardiovascular effects of targeted cancer therapies, which were initially thought to be specific to cancer cells and would spare any adverse effects on the heart. Cancers are typically driven by mutations, translocations, or overexpression of protein kinases. The majority of these mutated kinases are tyrosine kinases, though serine/threonine kinases also play key roles in some malignancies. Several agents were developed to target these kinases, but many more are in development. Major successes have been largely restricted to agents targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (mutated or overexpressed in breast cancer), BCR-ABL (chronic myelogenous leukemia and some cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia), and c-Kit (gastrointestinal stromal tumor). Other agents targeting more complex malignancies, such as advanced solid tumors, have had successes, but have not extended life to the degree seen with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Years before the first targeted therapy, Judah Folkman correctly proposed that to address solid tumors one had to target the inherent neoangiogenesis. Unfortunately, emerging evidence confirms that angiogenesis inhibitors cause cardiac complications, including hypertension, thrombosis, and heart failure. And therein lies the catch-22. Nevertheless, cardio-oncology has the potential to be transformative as the human cardiomyopathies that arise from targeted therapies can provide insights into the normal function of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Ky
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Purification of GidA protein, a novel topoisomerase II inhibitor produced by Streptomyces flavoviridis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:555-65. [PMID: 23996636 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1475-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The presence of topoisomerase II inhibition activities in the intracellular extract of Streptomyces flavoviridis was investigated. One active compound inhibiting relaxation activity of topoisomerase II was determined to be a protein. This active principle was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration followed by ion exchange chromatography. The apparent molecular mass was 42 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. MALDI TOF peptide mass fingerprinting analysis confirmed this topoisomerase II inhibitor, as glucose-inhibited division protein A (GidA) by MOWSE score of 72. The effects of purified GidA protein on DNA relaxation and decatenation by topoisomerase II were investigated. It inhibited topoisomerase II activity and acted as a topoisomerase poison that significantly stabilized the covalent DNA-topoisomerase II reaction intermediate "cleavable complex", as observed with etoposide. Collectively, these findings indicate that GidA is a potent inhibitor of topoisomerase II enzyme, which can be exploited for rational drug design in human carcinomas.
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O'Sullivan EC, Miller CM, Deane FM, McCarthy FO. Emerging Targets in the Bioactivity of Ellipticines and Derivatives. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62615-8.00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Guo W, Yang L, Li H, Xie Z, Liu W, Zuo J. Glucose-regulated protein 75 overexpression attenuates ionizing radiation-mediated injury in PC12 cells by inducing the expression of topoisomerase IIα. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:1423-7. [PMID: 22965249 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 75 (Grp75), also known as mortalin/mthsp70/PBP74, is a member of the heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) family. Grp75 is known to protect cells from stress-induced injury. Previous studies have shown that the expression of Grp75 is upregulated by a low dose of ionizing radiation (IR). To evaluate the protective role of Grp75 on cell proliferation in response to IR, Grp75 was overexpressed in a rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12). It was revealed that Grp75 overexpression desensitized PC12 cells to IR-mediated cell injury. In addition, the expression of topoisomerase IIα (Topo IIα) was downregulated in PC12 cells following γ-ray IR. The effect of Grp75 overexpression on Topo IIα expression was examined. It was revealed that Grp75 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of IR on Topo IIα expression. In conclusion, the data indicated that Grp75 overexpression attenuates IR-induced injury in PC12 cells by maintaining the expression of Topo IIα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Guo
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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