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Testa L, Dotta S, Vercelli A, Marvaldi L. Communicating pain: emerging axonal signaling in peripheral neuropathic pain. Front Neuroanat 2024; 18:1398400. [PMID: 39045347 PMCID: PMC11265228 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2024.1398400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve damage often leads to the onset of neuropathic pain (NeuP). This condition afflicts millions of people, significantly burdening healthcare systems and putting strain on families' financial well-being. Here, we will focus on the role of peripheral sensory neurons, specifically the Dorsal Root Ganglia neurons (DRG neurons) in the development of NeuP. After axotomy, DRG neurons activate regenerative signals of axons-soma communication to promote a gene program that activates an axonal branching and elongation processes. The results of a neuronal morphological cytoskeleton change are not always associated with functional recovery. Moreover, any axonal miss-targeting may contribute to NeuP development. In this review, we will explore the epidemiology of NeuP and its molecular causes at the level of the peripheral nervous system and the target organs, with major focus on the neuronal cross-talk between intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Specifically, we will describe how failures in the neuronal regenerative program can exacerbate NeuP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Testa
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano (Torino), Torino, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, Torino, Italy
| | - Sofia Dotta
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano (Torino), Torino, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano (Torino), Torino, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, Torino, Italy
| | - Letizia Marvaldi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano (Torino), Torino, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, Torino, Italy
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2
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. The DST gene in neurobiology. J Neurogenet 2023; 37:131-138. [PMID: 38465459 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2024.2319880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
DST is a gene whose alternative splicing yields epithelial, neuronal, and muscular isoforms. The autosomal recessive Dstdt (dystonia musculorum) spontaneous mouse mutation causes degeneration of spinocerebellar tracts as well as peripheral sensory nerves, dorsal root ganglia, and cranial nerve ganglia. In addition to Dstdt mutants, axonopathy and neurofilament accumulation in perikarya are features of two other murine lines with spontaneous Dst mutations, targeted Dst knockout mice, DstTg4 transgenic mice carrying two deleted Dst exons, DstGt mice with trapped actin-binding domain-containing isoforms, and conditional Schwann cell-specific Dst knockout mice. As a result of nerve damage, Dstdt mutants display dystonia and ataxia, as seen in several genetically modified models and their motor coordination deficits have been quantified along with the spontaneous Dst nonsense mutant, the conditional Schwann cell-specific Dst knockout, the conditional DstGt mutant, and the Dst-b isoform specific Dst mutant. Recent findings in humans have associated DST mutations of the Dst-b isoform with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies type 6 (HSAN-VI). These data should further encourage the development of genetic techniques to treat or prevent ataxic and dystonic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Stress, Immunité, Pathogènes (EA7300), Faculté de Médecine, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Stress, Immunité, Pathogènes (EA7300), Faculté de Médecine, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
- CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
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3
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Guo Z, Ni H, Cui Z, Zhu Z, Kang J, Wang D, Ke Z. Pain sensitivity related to gamma oscillation of parvalbumin interneuron in primary somatosensory cortex in Dync1i1 -/- mice. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106170. [PMID: 37257662 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is an important intracellular motor protein that plays an important role in neuronal growth, axonal polarity formation, dendritic differentiation, and dendritic spine development among others. The intermediate chain of dynein, encoded by Dync1i1, plays a vital role in the dynein complex. Therefore, we assessed the behavioral and related neuronal activities in mice with dync1i1 gene knockout. Neuronal activities in primary somatosensory cortex were recorded by in vivo electrophysiology and manipulated by optogenetic and chemogenetics. Nociception of mechanical, thermal, and cold pain in Dync1i1-/- mice were impaired. The activities of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons and gamma oscillation in primary somatosensory were also impaired when exposed to mechanical nociceptive stimulation. This neuronal dysfunction was rescued by optogenetic activation of PV neurons in Dync1i1-/- mice, and mimicked by suppressing PV neurons using chemogenetics in WT mice. Impaired pain sensations in Dync1i1-/- mice were correlated with impaired gamma oscillations due to a loss of interneurons, especially the PV type. This genotype-driven approach revealed an association between impaired pain sensation and cytoplasmic dynein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhao Guo
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Ni
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengyu Cui
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zilu Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiansheng Kang
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories East District of The first affiliated hospital of ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Deheng Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zunji Ke
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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4
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Wilson DW. Motor Skills: Recruitment of Kinesins, Myosins and Dynein during Assembly and Egress of Alphaherpesviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081622. [PMID: 34452486 PMCID: PMC8402756 DOI: 10.3390/v13081622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The alphaherpesviruses are pathogens of the mammalian nervous system. Initial infection is commonly at mucosal epithelia, followed by spread to, and establishment of latency in, the peripheral nervous system. During productive infection, viral gene expression, replication of the dsDNA genome, capsid assembly and genome packaging take place in the infected cell nucleus, after which mature nucleocapsids emerge into the cytoplasm. Capsids must then travel to their site of envelopment at cytoplasmic organelles, and enveloped virions need to reach the cell surface for release and spread. Transport at each of these steps requires movement of alphaherpesvirus particles through a crowded and viscous cytoplasm, and for distances ranging from several microns in epithelial cells, to millimeters or even meters during egress from neurons. To solve this challenging problem alphaherpesviruses, and their assembly intermediates, exploit microtubule- and actin-dependent cellular motors. This review focuses upon the mechanisms used by alphaherpesviruses to recruit kinesin, myosin and dynein motors during assembly and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan W. Wilson
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; ; Tel.: +1-718-430-2305
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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5
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Lynch-Godrei A, Repentigny YD, Ferrier A, Gagnon S, Kothary R. Dystonin loss-of-function leads to impaired autophagosome-endolysosome pathway dynamics. Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 99:364-373. [PMID: 33347391 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal dystonin protein (DST-a) is a large cytoskeletal linker important for integrating the various components of the cytoskeleton. Recessive Dst mutations lead to a sensory neuropathy in mice, known as dystonia musculorum (Dstdt). The disease is characterized by ataxia, autonomic disturbances, and ultimately, death, which are associated with massive degeneration of the sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Recent investigation of Dstdt sensory neurons revealed an accumulation of autophagosomes and a disruption in autophagic flux, which was believed to be due to insufficient availability of motor protein. Motor protein levels and the endolysosomal pathway were assessed in pre-symptomatic (postnatal day 5; P5) and symptomatic (P15) stage wild-type and Dstdt DRGs. Levels of mRNA encoding molecular motors were reduced, although no significant reduction in the protein level was detected. An increase in lysosomal marker LAMP1 in medium-large size Dstdt-27J sensory neurons was observed, along with an accumulation of electron-light single-membraned vesicles in Dstdt-27J DRG tissue at the late stages of disease. These vesicles are likely to have been autolysosomes, and their presence in only late-stage Dstdt-27J sensory neurons is suggestive of a pathological defect in autophagy. Further investigation is necessary to confirm vesicle identity, and to determine the role of Dst-a in normal autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Lynch-Godrei
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Yves De Repentigny
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Andrew Ferrier
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sabrina Gagnon
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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6
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Ahmad I, Wilson DW. HSV-1 Cytoplasmic Envelopment and Egress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175969. [PMID: 32825127 PMCID: PMC7503644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a structurally complex enveloped dsDNA virus that has evolved to replicate in human neurons and epithelia. Viral gene expression, DNA replication, capsid assembly, and genome packaging take place in the infected cell nucleus, which mature nucleocapsids exit by envelopment at the inner nuclear membrane then de-envelopment into the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, capsids travel along microtubules to reach, dock, and envelope at cytoplasmic organelles. This generates mature infectious HSV-1 particles that must then be sorted to the termini of sensory neurons, or to epithelial cell junctions, for spread to uninfected cells. The focus of this review is upon our current understanding of the viral and cellular molecular machinery that enables HSV-1 to travel within infected cells during egress and to manipulate cellular organelles to construct its envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Duncan W. Wilson
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Motley WW, Züchner S, Scherer SS. Isoform-specific loss of dystonin causes hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2020; 6:e496. [PMID: 32802955 PMCID: PMC7413632 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the genetic cause of axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in a small family with 2 affected siblings, one of whom had cerebellar features on examination. Methods Whole-exome sequencing of genomic DNA and analysis for recessively inherited mutations; PCR-based messenger RNA/complementary DNA analysis of transcripts to characterize the effects of variants identified by exome sequencing. Results We identified compound heterozygous mutations in dystonin (DST), which is alternatively spliced to create many plakin family linker proteins (named the bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 [BPAG1] proteins) that function to bridge cytoskeletal filament networks. One mutation (c.250C>T) is predicted to cause a nonsense mutation (p.R84X) that only affects isoform 2 variants, which have an N-terminal transmembrane domain; the other (c.8283+1G>A) mutates a consensus splice donor site and results in a 22 amino acid in-frame deletion in the spectrin repeat domain of all BPAG1a and BPAG1b isoforms. Conclusions These findings introduce a novel human phenotype, axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth, of recessive DST mutations, and provide further evidence that BPAG1 plays an essential role in axonal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Motley
- Department of Neurology (W.W.M., S.S.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Human Genetics (S.Z.), Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, FL
| | - Stephan Züchner
- Department of Neurology (W.W.M., S.S.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Human Genetics (S.Z.), Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, FL
| | - Steven S Scherer
- Department of Neurology (W.W.M., S.S.S.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Department of Human Genetics (S.Z.), Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, FL
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8
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Lynch-Godrei A, Kothary R. HSAN-VI: A spectrum disorder based on dystonin isoform expression. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2020; 6:e389. [PMID: 32042917 PMCID: PMC6975176 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN-VI) is a recessive genetic disorder that arises because of mutations in the human dystonin gene (DST, previously known as bullous pemphigoid antigen 1). Although initial characterization of HSAN-VI reported it as a sensory neuropathy that was lethal in infancy, we now know of a number of heterozygous mutations in DST that result in milder forms of the disease. Akin to what we observe in the mouse model dystonia musculorum (Dstdt), we believe that the heterogeneity of HSAN-VI can be attributed to a number of dystonin isoforms that the mutation affects. Lack of neuronal isoform dystonin-a2 is likely the universal determinant of HSAN-VI because all reported human cases are null for this isoform, as are all Dstdt mouse alleles. Compensatory mechanisms by intact dystonin-a isoforms also likely play a role in regulating disease severity, although we have yet to determine what specific effect dystonin-a1 and dystonin-a3 have on the pathogenesis of HSAN-VI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Lynch-Godrei
- Regenerative Medicine Program (A.L.-G., R.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (A.L.-G., R.K.) and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Department of Medicine (R.K.), University of Ottawa; and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease (R.K.), University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine Program (A.L.-G., R.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (A.L.-G., R.K.) and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa; Department of Medicine (R.K.), University of Ottawa; and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease (R.K.), University of Ottawa, Canada
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9
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Diwaker D, Wilson DW. Microtubule-Dependent Trafficking of Alphaherpesviruses in the Nervous System: The Ins and Outs. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121165. [PMID: 31861082 PMCID: PMC6950448 DOI: 10.3390/v11121165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Alphaherpesvirinae include the neurotropic pathogens herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus of humans and pseudorabies virus of swine. These viruses establish lifelong latency in the nuclei of peripheral ganglia, but utilize the peripheral tissues those neurons innervate for productive replication, spread, and transmission. Delivery of virions from replicative pools to the sites of latency requires microtubule-directed retrograde axonal transport from the nerve terminus to the cell body of the sensory neuron. As a corollary, during reactivation newly assembled virions must travel along axonal microtubules in the anterograde direction to return to the nerve terminus and infect peripheral tissues, completing the cycle. Neurotropic alphaherpesviruses can therefore exploit neuronal microtubules and motors for long distance axonal transport, and alternate between periods of sustained plus end- and minus end-directed motion at different stages of their infectious cycle. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular details by which this is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishya Diwaker
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Duncan W. Wilson
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(718)-430-2305
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10
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Lynch-Godrei A, De Repentigny Y, Gagnon S, Trung MT, Kothary R. Dystonin-A3 upregulation is responsible for maintenance of tubulin acetylation in a less severe dystonia musculorum mouse model for hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:3598-3611. [PMID: 29982604 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI (HSAN-VI) is a recessive human disease that arises from mutations in the dystonin gene (DST; also known as Bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 gene). A milder form of HSAN-VI was recently described, resulting from loss of a single dystonin isoform (DST-A2). Similarly, mutations in the mouse dystonin gene (Dst) result in severe sensory neuropathy, dystonia musculorum (Dstdt). Two Dstdt alleles, Dstdt-Tg4 and Dstdt-27J, differ in the severity of disease. The less severe Dstdt-Tg4 mice have disrupted expression of Dst-A1 and -A2 isoforms, while the more severe Dstdt-27J allele affects Dst-A1, -A2 and -A3 isoforms. As dystonin is a cytoskeletal-linker protein, we evaluated microtubule network integrity within sensory neurons from Dstdt-Tg4 and Dstdt-27J mice. There is a significant reduction in tubulin acetylation in Dstdt-27J indicative of microtubule instability and severe microtubule disorganization within sensory axons. However, Dstdt-Tg4 mice have no change in tubulin acetylation, and microtubule organization was only mildly impaired. Thus, microtubule instability is not central to initiation of Dstdt pathogenesis, though it may contribute to disease severity. Maintenance of microtubule stability in Dstdt-Tg4 dorsal root ganglia could be attributed to an upregulation in Dst-A3 expression as a compensation for the absence of Dst-A1 and -A2 in Dstdt-Tg4 sensory neurons. Indeed, knockdown of Dst-A3 in these neurons resulted in a decrease in tubulin acetylation. These findings shed light on the possible compensatory role of dystonin isoforms within HSAN-VI, which might explain the heterogeneity in symptoms within the reported forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Lynch-Godrei
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Yves De Repentigny
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sabrina Gagnon
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - My Tran Trung
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Canada
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11
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Malacrida A, Meregalli C, Rodriguez-Menendez V, Nicolini G. Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy and Changes in Cytoskeleton. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2287. [PMID: 31075828 PMCID: PMC6540147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the different antineoplastic mechanisms of action, peripheral neurotoxicity induced by all chemotherapy drugs (anti-tubulin agents, platinum compounds, proteasome inhibitors, thalidomide) is associated with neuron morphological changes ascribable to cytoskeleton modifications. The "dying back" degeneration of distal terminals (sensory nerves) of dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons, observed in animal models, in in vitro cultures and biopsies of patients is the most evident hallmark of the perturbation of the cytoskeleton. On the other hand, in highly polarized cells like neurons, the cytoskeleton carries out its role not only in axons but also has a fundamental role in dendrite plasticity and in the organization of soma. In the literature, there are many studies focused on the antineoplastic-induced alteration of microtubule organization (and consequently, fast axonal transport defects) while very few studies have investigated the effect of the different classes of drugs on microfilaments, intermediate filaments and associated proteins. Therefore, in this review, we will focus on: (1) Highlighting the fundamental role of the crosstalk among the three filamentous subsystems and (2) investigating pivotal cytoskeleton-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Malacrida
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB, Italy.
| | - Cristina Meregalli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB, Italy.
| | - Virginia Rodriguez-Menendez
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Nicolini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, MB, Italy.
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12
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Bullous Diseases of the Skin and Mucous Membranes. Clin Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6896-6.00063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Fortugno P, Angelucci F, Cestra G, Camerota L, Ferraro AS, Cordisco S, Uccioli L, Castiglia D, De Angelis B, Kurth I, Kornak U, Brancati F. Recessive mutations in the neuronal isoforms of DST
, encoding dystonin, lead to abnormal actin cytoskeleton organization and HSAN type VI. Hum Mutat 2018; 40:106-114. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fortugno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata; IDI-IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; L'Aquila Italy
| | - Gianluca Cestra
- IBPM; Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari; CNR; Rome Italy
- Deptartment of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Rome “Sapienza,”; Rome Italy
| | - Letizia Camerota
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; L'Aquila Italy
| | | | - Sonia Cordisco
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata; IDI-IRCCS; Rome Italy
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; L'Aquila Italy
| | - Luigi Uccioli
- Department of Systems Medicine; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - Daniele Castiglia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata; IDI-IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Barbara De Angelis
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”; Rome Italy
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics; Medical Faculty; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies; Charité; Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin Germany
- FG Development and Disease; Max-Planck-Institut fuer Molekulare Genetik; Berlin Germany
| | - Francesco Brancati
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology; Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata; IDI-IRCCS; Rome Italy
- Department of Life; Health and Environmental Sciences; University of L'Aquila; L'Aquila Italy
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14
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Voelzmann A, Liew YT, Qu Y, Hahn I, Melero C, Sánchez-Soriano N, Prokop A. Drosophila Short stop as a paradigm for the role and regulation of spectraplakins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:40-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhang J, Yue J, Wu X. Spectraplakin family proteins - cytoskeletal crosslinkers with versatile roles. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2447-2457. [PMID: 28679697 PMCID: PMC5558266 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The different cytoskeletal networks in a cell are responsible for many fundamental cellular processes. Current studies have shown that spectraplakins, cytoskeletal crosslinkers that combine features of both the spectrin and plakin families of crosslinkers, have a critical role in integrating these different cytoskeletal networks. Spectraplakin genes give rise to a variety of isoforms that have distinct functions. Importantly, all spectraplakin isoforms are uniquely able to associate with all three elements of the cytoskeleton, namely, F-actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments. In this Review, we will highlight recent studies that have unraveled their function in a wide range of different processes, from regulating cell adhesion in skin keratinocytes to neuronal cell migration. Taken together, this work has revealed a diverse and indispensable role for orchestrating the function of different cytoskeletal elements in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Zhang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiping Yue
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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16
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Ali A, Hu L, Zhao F, Qiu W, Wang P, Ma X, Zhang Y, Chen L, Qian A. BPAG1, a distinctive role in skin and neurological diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017. [PMID: 28627382 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spectraplakins are multifunctional cytoskeletal linker proteins that act as important communicators, connecting cytoskeletal components with each other and to cellular junctions. Bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1)/dystonin is a member of spectraplakin family and expressed in various tissues. Alternative splicing of BPAG1 gene produces various isoforms with unique structure and domains. BPAG1 plays crucial roles in numerous biological processes, such as cytoskeleton organization, cell polarization, cell adhesion, and cell migration as well as signaling transduction. Genetic mutation of BPAG1 isoforms is the miscreant of epidermolysis bullosa and multifarious, destructive neurological diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of BPAG1's role in various biological processes and in skin and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Ali
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Lifang Hu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Fan Zhao
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Wuxia Qiu
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Pai Wang
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Airong Qian
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institution of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China; Northwestern Polytechnical University-Hong Kong Baptist University Joint Research Centre for Translational Medicine on Musculoskeletal Health in Space, Xi'an, 710072, PR China.
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17
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Lane TR, Fuchs E, Slep KC. Structure of the ACF7 EF-Hand-GAR Module and Delineation of Microtubule Binding Determinants. Structure 2017; 25:1130-1138.e6. [PMID: 28602822 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spectraplakins are large molecules that cross-link F-actin and microtubules (MTs). Mutations in spectraplakins yield defective cell polarization, aberrant focal adhesion dynamics, and dystonia. We present the 2.8 Å crystal structure of the hACF7 EF1-EF2-GAR MT-binding module and delineate the GAR residues critical for MT binding. The EF1-EF2 and GAR domains are autonomous domains connected by a flexible linker. The EF1-EF2 domain is an EFβ-scaffold with two bound Ca2+ ions that straddle an N-terminal α helix. The GAR domain has a unique α/β sandwich fold that coordinates Zn2+. While the EF1-EF2 domain is not sufficient for MT binding, the GAR domain is and likely enhances EF1-EF2-MT engagement. Residues in a conserved basic patch, distal to the GAR domain's Zn2+-binding site, mediate MT binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Lane
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kevin C Slep
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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18
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Chou PS, Chou TC, Chang CH, Yu S, Lee CH. Chronic eczematous dermatitis in patients with neurodegenerative diseases may be an early marker of bullous pemphigoid. Med Hypotheses 2017; 103:86-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Amber KT, Zikry J, Hertl M. A multi-hit hypothesis of bullous pemphigoid and associated neurological disease: Is HLA-DQB1*03:01, a potential link between immune privileged antigen exposure and epitope spreading? HLA 2017; 89:127-134. [PMID: 28101965 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune blistering disease and is linked to IgG recognition of 2 hemidesmosomal antigens, that is, BP230 (BP antigen 1) and BP180 (BP antigen 2, collagen XVII). The association of BP with other systemic diseases, particularly neurocognitive diseases, provides a potential clue in the underlying pathogenesis of BP. The role of HLA-DQB1*03:01 binding to the immunogenic portion of BP180 provides a potential mechanism by which exposure to neuronal collagen BP180 may lead to cutaneous disease. In our proposed multi-hit hypothesis, patients with underlying neuronal disease are exposed to previously sequestered self-antigen, most importantly BP180. Patients with the HLA-DQB1*03:01 allele show an increased T-cell avidity to several epitopes of BP180, particularly the BP180-NC16a domain. Thus, they have a genetic susceptibility to developing BP upon exposure to the target antigen. In a patient with dysregulation of Th1/Th2 balance, anergy is lost and T-cells are subsequently primed resulting in the development of functional autoimmunity against the BP180-NC16a domain leading to clinically overt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Amber
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - J Zikry
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - M Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
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20
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van de Willige D, Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins in neuronal development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2053-77. [PMID: 26969328 PMCID: PMC4834103 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton is of pivotal importance for neuronal development and function. One such regulatory mechanism centers on microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs): structurally and functionally diverse regulatory factors, which can form complex macromolecular assemblies at the growing microtubule plus-ends. +TIPs modulate important properties of microtubules including their dynamics and their ability to control cell polarity, membrane transport and signaling. Several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases are associated with mutations in +TIPs or with misregulation of these proteins. In this review, we focus on the role and regulation of +TIPs in neuronal development and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonnée van de Willige
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Künzli K, Favre B, Chofflon M, Borradori L. One gene but different proteins and diseases: the complexity of dystonin and bullous pemphigoid antigen 1. Exp Dermatol 2015; 25:10-6. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Künzli
- Department of Dermatology; Inselspital; Bern University Hospital; Bern Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Favre
- Department of Dermatology; Inselspital; Bern University Hospital; Bern Switzerland
| | - Michel Chofflon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Luca Borradori
- Department of Dermatology; Inselspital; Bern University Hospital; Bern Switzerland
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22
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Abstract
The neuronal isoforms of bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1, and also known as dystonin) are a group of large cytoskeletal linker proteins predominantly expressed in sensory neurons. The major neuronal isoforms consist of the spectraplakins (BPAG1/dystonin-a1, -a2, -a3), which have an N-terminus actin-binding domain and a C-terminus microtubule-binding domain. These proteins have crucial roles in cytoskeletal organization and stability, organelle integrity, and intracellular transport. BPAG1 loss-of-function in mice results in a lethal movement disorder known as dystonia musculorum (dt), which is likely caused by rapid sensory neuron degeneration. A human disease termed hereditary and sensory autonomic neuropathy type VI was also identified to be associated with mutations in the BPAG1 gene (DST). This chapter provides an overview of the type of experiments used for analysis of the different isoforms of BPAG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Lynch-Godrei
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of Ottawa Center for Neuromuscular Disease, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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23
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Ferrier A, De Repentigny Y, Lynch-Godrei A, Gibeault S, Eid W, Kuo D, Zha X, Kothary R. Disruption in the autophagic process underlies the sensory neuropathy in dystonia musculorum mice. Autophagy 2015; 11:1025-36. [PMID: 26043942 PMCID: PMC4590603 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1052207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A homozygous mutation in the DST (dystonin) gene causes a newly identified lethal form of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy in humans (HSAN-VI). DST loss of function similarly leads to sensory neuron degeneration and severe ataxia in dystonia musculorum (Dst(dt)) mice. DST is involved in maintaining cytoskeletal integrity and intracellular transport. As autophagy is highly reliant upon stable microtubules and motor proteins, we assessed the influence of DST loss of function on autophagy using the Dst(dt-Tg4) mouse model. Electron microscopy (EM) revealed an accumulation of autophagosomes in sensory neurons from these mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the autophagic flux was impaired. Levels of LC3-II, a marker of autophagosomes, were elevated. Consequently, Dst(dt-Tg4) sensory neurons displayed impaired protein turnover of autophagosome substrate SQTSM1/p62 and of polyubiquitinated proteins. Interestingly, in a previously described Dst(dt-Tg4) mouse model that is partially rescued by neuronal specific expression of the DST-A2 isoform, autophagosomes, autolysosomes, and damaged organelles were reduced when compared to Dst(dt-Tg4) mutant mice. LC3-II, SQTSM1, polyubiquitinated proteins and autophagic flux were also restored to wild-type levels in the rescued mice. Finally, a significant decrease in DNAIC1 (dynein, axonemal, intermediate chain 1; the mouse ortholog of human DNAI1), a member of the DMC (dynein/dynactin motor complex), was noted in Dst(dt-Tg4) dorsal root ganglia and sensory neurons. Thus, DST-A2 loss of function perturbs late stages of autophagy, and dysfunctional autophagy at least partially underlies Dst(dt) pathogenesis. We therefore conclude that the DST-A2 isoform normally facilitates autophagy within sensory neurons to maintain cellular homeostasis.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- BPAG1
- CASP3, caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase
- DMC
- DMC, dynein/dynactin motor complex
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- DNAIC1, dynein, axonemal, intermediate chain 1
- DRG, dorsal root ganglion
- DST, dystonin
- Dstdt, dystonia musculorum
- EM, electron microscopy
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HSAN-VI
- HSAN-VI, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI
- MACF1, microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1
- MAP1B
- MAP1B, microtubule-associated protein 1B
- MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule associated-protein 1 light chain 3
- MT, microtubule
- P, postnatal day
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PrP, prion protein
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SQTSM1/p62, sequestosome 1
- TCA, trichloroacetic acid
- TUBB3, tubulin, β, 3 class III
- WT, wild type
- autophagosome
- dynein
- dystonin
- microtubules
- trafficking
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ferrier
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Anisha Lynch-Godrei
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Walaa Eid
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; Microbiology; and Immunology; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Kuo
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Zha
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; Microbiology; and Immunology; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Center for Neuromuscular Disease; Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Kapur M, Maloney MT, Wang W, Chen X, Millan I, Mooney T, Yang J, Yang Y. A SxIP motif interaction at the microtubule plus end is important for processive retrograde axonal transport. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4043-54. [PMID: 24687423 PMCID: PMC11113670 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The retrograde transport of endosomes within axons proceeds with remarkable uniformity despite having to navigate a discontinuous microtubule network. The mechanisms through which this navigation is achieved remain elusive. In this report, we demonstrate that access of SxIP motif proteins, such as BPAG1n4, to the microtubule plus end is important for the maintenance of processive and sustained retrograde transport along the axon. Disruption of this interaction at the microtubule plus end significantly increases endosome stalling. Our study thus provides strong insight into the role of plus-end-binding proteins in the processive navigation of cargo within the axon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridu Kapur
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS, P259, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Michael T. Maloney
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS, P259, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS, P259, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ivan Millan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS, P259, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Trevor Mooney
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS, P259, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanmin Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS, P259, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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25
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Poliakova K, Adebola A, Leung CL, Favre B, Liem RKH, Schepens I, Borradori L. BPAG1a and b associate with EB1 and EB3 and modulate vesicular transport, Golgi apparatus structure, and cell migration in C2.7 myoblasts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107535. [PMID: 25244344 PMCID: PMC4171495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BPAG1a and BPAG1b (BPAG1a/b) constitute two major isoforms encoded by the dystonin (Dst) gene and show homology with MACF1a and MACF1b. These proteins are members of the plakin family, giant multi-modular proteins able to connect the intermediate filament, microtubule and microfilament cytoskeletal networks with each other and to distinct cell membrane sites. They also serve as scaffolds for signaling proteins that modulate cytoskeletal dynamics. To gain better insights into the functions of BPAG1a/b, we further characterized their C-terminal region important for their interaction with microtubules and assessed the role of these isoforms in the cytoskeletal organization of C2.7 myoblast cells. Our results show that alternative splicing does not only occur at the 5′ end of Dst and Macf1 pre-mRNAs, as previously reported, but also at their 3′ end, resulting in expression of additional four mRNA variants of BPAG1 and MACF1. These isoform-specific C-tails were able to bundle microtubules and bound to both EB1 and EB3, two microtubule plus end proteins. In the C2.7 cell line, knockdown of BPAG1a/b had no major effect on the organization of the microtubule and microfilament networks, but negatively affected endocytosis and maintenance of the Golgi apparatus structure, which became dispersed. Finally, knockdown of BPAG1a/b caused a specific decrease in the directness of cell migration, but did not impair initial cell adhesion. These data provide novel insights into the complexity of alternative splicing of Dst pre-mRNAs and into the role of BPAG1a/b in vesicular transport, Golgi apparatus structure as well as in migration in C2.7 myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Poliakova
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Adijat Adebola
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Conrad L. Leung
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bertrand Favre
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ronald K. H. Liem
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Schepens
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Borradori
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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Ferrier A, Sato T, De Repentigny Y, Gibeault S, Bhanot K, O'Meara RW, Lynch-Godrei A, Kornfeld SF, Young KG, Kothary R. Transgenic expression of neuronal dystonin isoform 2 partially rescues the disease phenotype of the dystonia musculorum mouse model of hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy VI. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:2694-710. [PMID: 24381311 PMCID: PMC3990168 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A newly identified lethal form of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN), designated HSAN-VI, is caused by a homozygous mutation in the bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1)/dystonin gene (DST). The HSAN-VI mutation impacts all major neuronal BPAG1/dystonin protein isoforms: dystonin-a1, -a2 and -a3. Homozygous mutations in the murine Dst gene cause a severe sensory neuropathy termed dystonia musculorum (dt). Phenotypically, dt mice are similar to HSAN-VI patients, manifesting progressive limb contractures, dystonia, dysautonomia and early postnatal death. To obtain a better molecular understanding of disease pathogenesis in HSAN-VI patients and the dt disorder, we generated transgenic mice expressing a myc-tagged dystonin-a2 protein under the regulation of the neuronal prion protein promoter on the dt(Tg4/Tg4) background, which is devoid of endogenous dystonin-a1 and -a2, but does express dystonin-a3. Restoring dystonin-a2 expression in the nervous system, particularly within sensory neurons, prevented the disorganization of organelle membranes and microtubule networks, attenuated the degeneration of sensory neuron subtypes and ameliorated the phenotype and increased life span in these mice. Despite these improvements, complete rescue was not observed likely because of inadequate expression of the transgene. Taken together, this study provides needed insight into the molecular basis of the dt disorder and other peripheral neuropathies including HSAN-VI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ferrier
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaK1H 8L6
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and
| | - Tadasu Sato
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaK1H 8L6
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yves De Repentigny
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaK1H 8L6
| | - Sabrina Gibeault
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaK1H 8L6
| | - Kunal Bhanot
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaK1H 8L6
| | - Ryan W. O'Meara
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaK1H 8L6
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and
| | - Anisha Lynch-Godrei
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaK1H 8L6
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and
| | - Samantha F. Kornfeld
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaK1H 8L6
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and
| | - Kevin G. Young
- National Research Council of Canada-Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaK1A 0R6
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaK1H 8L6
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaK1H 8M5
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Bouameur JE, Favre B, Borradori L. Plakins, a versatile family of cytolinkers: roles in skin integrity and in human diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:885-894. [PMID: 24352042 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The plakin family consists of giant proteins involved in the cross-linking and organization of the cytoskeleton and adhesion complexes. They further modulate several fundamental biological processes, such as cell adhesion, migration, and polarization or signaling pathways. Inherited and acquired defects of plakins in humans and in animal models potentially lead to dramatic manifestations in the skin, striated muscles, and/or nervous system. These observations unequivocally demonstrate the key role of plakins in the maintenance of tissue integrity. Here we review the characteristics of the mammalian plakin members BPAG1 (bullous pemphigoid antigen 1), desmoplakin, plectin, envoplakin, epiplakin, MACF1 (microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 1), and periplakin, highlighting their role in skin homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal-Eddine Bouameur
- Departments of Dermatology and Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Favre
- Departments of Dermatology and Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Luca Borradori
- Departments of Dermatology and Clinical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Dystonin/BPAG1 promotes plus-end-directed transport of herpes simplex virus 1 capsids on microtubules during entry. J Virol 2013; 87:11008-18. [PMID: 23903849 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01633-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During infection by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), the viral capsid is transported around the cytoplasm along the microtubule (MT) network. Although molecular motors have been implicated in this process, the composition of the molecular machinery required for efficient directional transport is unknown. We previously showed that dystonin (BPAG1) is recruited to HSV-1 capsids by the capsid-bound tegument protein pUL37 to promote efficient cytoplasmic transport of capsids during egress. Dystonin is a cytoskeleton cross-linker which localizes at MT plus ends and has roles in retrograde and anterograde transport in neurons. In this study, we investigated the role of dystonin during the entry stages of HSV-1 infection. Because of the way in which the MT network is organized, capsids are required to change their direction of motion along the MTs as they travel from the point of entry to the nucleus, where replication takes place. Thus, capsids first travel to the centrosome (the principal microtubule organizing center) by minus-end-directed transport and then switch polarity and travel to the nucleus by plus-end-directed transport. We observed that transport of capsids toward the centrosome was slowed, but not blocked, by dystonin depletion. However, transport of capsids away from the centrosome was significantly impaired, causing them to accumulate in the vicinity of the centrosome and reducing the numbers reaching the nucleus. We conclude that, during entry of HSV-1, dystonin has a specific role in plus-ended transport of capsids from the centrosome to the nucleus.
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Chang L, Kreko T, Davison H, Cusmano T, Wu Y, Rothenfluh A, Eaton BA. Normal dynactin complex function during synapse growth in Drosophila requires membrane binding by Arfaptin. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1749-64, S1-5. [PMID: 23596322 PMCID: PMC3667727 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-09-0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in DCTN1, a component of the dynactin complex, are linked to neurodegenerative diseases characterized by a broad collection of neuropathologies. Because of the pleiotropic nature of dynactin complex function within the neuron, defining the causes of neuropathology in DCTN1 mutants has been difficult. We combined a genetic screen with cellular assays of dynactin complex function to identify genes that are critical for dynactin complex function in the nervous system. This approach identified the Drosophila homologue of Arfaptin, a multifunctional protein that has been implicated in membrane trafficking. We find that Arfaptin and the Drosophila DCTN1 homologue, Glued, function in the same pathway during synapse growth but not during axonal transport or synapse stabilization. Arfaptin physically associates with Glued and other dynactin complex components in the nervous system of both flies and mice and colocalizes with Glued at the Golgi in motor neurons. Mechanistically, membrane binding by Arfaptin mediates membrane association of the dynactin complex in motor neurons and is required for normal synapse growth. Arfaptin represents a novel dynactin complex-binding protein that specifies dynactin complex function during synapse growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Chang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Tabita Kreko
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Holly Davison
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Tim Cusmano
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Yimin Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Benjamin A. Eaton
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
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30
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Edhegard KD, Hall RP. Bullous diseases of the skin and mucous membranes. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neuronal Dystonin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 300:85-120. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405210-9.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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32
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Herpesvirus tegument protein pUL37 interacts with dystonin/BPAG1 to promote capsid transport on microtubules during egress. J Virol 2012; 87:2857-67. [PMID: 23269794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02676-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that travels long distances through cells using the microtubule network. Its 125-nm-diameter capsid is a large cargo which efficiently recruits molecular motors for movement. Upon entry, capsids reach the centrosome by minus-end-directed transport. From there, they are believed to reach the nucleus by plus-end-directed transport. Plus-end-directed transport is also important during egress, when capsids leave the nucleus to reach the site of envelopment in the cytoplasm. Although capsid interactions with dynein and kinesins have been described in vitro, the actual composition of the cellular machinery recruited by herpesviruses for capsid transport in infected cells remains unknown. Here, we identify the spectraplakin protein, dystonin/BPAG1, an important cytoskeleton cross-linker involved in microtubule-based transport, as a binding partner of the HSV-1 protein pUL37, which has been implicated in capsid transport. Viral replication is delayed in dystonin-depleted cells, and, using video microscopy of living infected cells, we show that dystonin depletion strongly inhibits capsid movement in the cytoplasm during egress. This study provides new insights into the cellular requirements for HSV-1 capsid transport and identifies dystonin as a nonmotor protein part of the transport machinery.
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Kapur M, Wang W, Maloney MT, Millan I, Lundin VF, Tran TA, Yang Y. Calcium tips the balance: a microtubule plus end to lattice binding switch operates in the carboxyl terminus of BPAG1n4. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:1021-9. [PMID: 22995871 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are integral to numerous cellular functions, such as cell adhesion, differentiation and intracellular transport. Their dynamics are largely controlled by diverse MT-interacting proteins, but the signalling mechanisms that regulate these interactions remain elusive. In this report, we identify a rapid, calcium-regulated switch between MT plus end interaction and lattice binding within the carboxyl terminus of BPAG1n4. This switch is EF-hand dependent, and mutations of the EF-hands abolish this dynamic behaviour. Our study thus uncovers a new, calcium-dependent regulatory mechanism for a spectraplakin, BPAG1n4, at the MT plus end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridu Kapur
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, MSLS Building, Room P259, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Suozzi KC, Wu X, Fuchs E. Spectraplakins: master orchestrators of cytoskeletal dynamics. J Cell Biol 2012; 197:465-75. [PMID: 22584905 PMCID: PMC3352950 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201112034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of different cytoskeletal networks are coordinated to bring about many fundamental cellular processes, from neuronal pathfinding to cell division. Increasing evidence points to the importance of spectraplakins in integrating cytoskeletal networks. Spectraplakins are evolutionarily conserved giant cytoskeletal cross-linkers, which belong to the spectrin superfamily. Their genes consist of multiple promoters and many exons, yielding a vast array of differential splice forms with distinct functions. Spectraplakins are also unique in their ability to associate with all three elements of the cytoskeleton: F-actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Recent studies have begun to unveil their role in a wide range of processes, from cell migration to tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C. Suozzi
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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Untethering the nuclear envelope and cytoskeleton: biologically distinct dystonias arising from a common cellular dysfunction. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:634214. [PMID: 22611399 PMCID: PMC3352338 DOI: 10.1155/2012/634214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases of early onset DYT1 dystonia in humans are caused by a GAG deletion in the TOR1A gene leading to loss of a glutamic acid (ΔE) in the torsinA protein, which underlies a movement disorder associated with neuronal dysfunction without apparent neurodegeneration. Mutation/deletion of the gene (Dst) encoding dystonin in mice results in a dystonic movement disorder termed dystonia musculorum, which resembles aspects of dystonia in humans. While torsinA and dystonin proteins do not share modular domain architecture, they participate in a similar function by modulating a structural link between the nuclear envelope and the cytoskeleton in neuronal cells. We suggest that through a shared interaction with the nuclear envelope protein nesprin-3α, torsinA and the neuronal dystonin-a2 isoform comprise a bridge complex between the outer nuclear membrane and the cytoskeleton, which is critical for some aspects of neuronal development and function. Elucidation of the overlapping roles of torsinA and dystonin-a2 in nuclear/endoplasmic reticulum dynamics should provide insights into the cellular mechanisms underlying the dystonic phenotype.
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Ryan SD, Bhanot K, Ferrier A, De Repentigny Y, Chu A, Blais A, Kothary R. Microtubule stability, Golgi organization, and transport flux require dystonin-a2-MAP1B interaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 196:727-42. [PMID: 22412020 PMCID: PMC3308695 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201107096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Loss of interaction between the dystonin-a2 isoform and the microtubule-associated protein MAP1B induces microtubule instability and trafficking defects that may underlie certain neuropathies. Loss of function of dystonin cytoskeletal linker proteins causes neurodegeneration in dystonia musculorum (dt) mutant mice. Although much investigation has focused on understanding dt pathology, the diverse cellular functions of dystonin isoforms remain poorly characterized. In this paper, we highlight novel functions of the dystonin-a2 isoform in mediating microtubule (MT) stability, Golgi organization, and flux through the secretory pathway. Using dystonin mutant mice combined with isoform-specific loss-of-function analysis, we found dystonin-a2 bound to MT-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) in the centrosomal region, where it maintained MT acetylation. In dt neurons, absence of the MAP1B–dystonin-a2 interaction resulted in altered MAP1B perikaryal localization, leading to MT deacetylation and instability. Deacetylated MT accumulation resulted in Golgi fragmentation and prevented anterograde trafficking via motor proteins. Maintenance of MT acetylation through trichostatin A administration or MAP1B overexpression mitigated the observed defect. These cellular aberrations are apparent in prephenotype dorsal root ganglia and primary sensory neurons from dt mice, suggesting they are causal in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Ryan
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
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Ryan SD, Ferrier A, Sato T, O'Meara RW, De Repentigny Y, Jiang SX, Hou ST, Kothary R. Neuronal dystonin isoform 2 is a mediator of endoplasmic reticulum structure and function. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:553-66. [PMID: 22190742 PMCID: PMC3279385 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-06-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonin/Bpag1 is a cytoskeletal linker protein whose loss of function in dystonia musculorum (dt) mice results in hereditary sensory neuropathy. Although loss of expression of neuronal dystonin isoforms (dystonin-a1/dystonin-a2) is sufficient to cause dt pathogenesis, the diverging function of each isoform and what pathological mechanisms are activated upon their loss remains unclear. Here we show that dt(27) mice manifest ultrastructural defects at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in sensory neurons corresponding to in vivo induction of ER stress proteins. ER stress subsequently leads to sensory neurodegeneration through induction of a proapoptotic caspase cascade. dt sensory neurons display neurodegenerative pathologies, including Ca(2+) dyshomeostasis, unfolded protein response (UPR) induction, caspase activation, and apoptosis. Isoform-specific loss-of-function analysis attributes these neurodegenerative pathologies to specific loss of dystonin-a2. Inhibition of either UPR or caspase signaling promotes the viability of cells deficient in dystonin. This study provides insight into the mechanism of dt neuropathology and proposes a role for dystonin-a2 as a mediator of normal ER structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Ryan
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Andrew Ferrier
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Tadasu Sato
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryan W. O'Meara
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | | | - Susan X. Jiang
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Sheng T. Hou
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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Abstract
The organization and function of eukaryotic cells rely on the action of many different molecular motor proteins. Cytoplasmic dynein drives the movement of a wide range of cargoes towards the minus ends of microtubules, and these events are needed, not just at the single-cell level, but are vital for correct development. In the present paper, I review recent progress on understanding dynein's mechanochemistry, how it is regulated and how it binds to such a plethora of cargoes. The importance of a number of accessory factors in these processes is discussed.
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Lysosomal compromise and brain dysfunction: examining the role of neuroaxonal dystrophy. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 38:1436-41. [PMID: 21118103 DOI: 10.1042/bst0381436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal diseases are a family of over 50 disorders caused by defects in proteins critical for normal function of the endosomal/lysosomal system and characterized by complex pathogenic cascades involving progressive dysfunction of many organ systems, most notably the brain. Evidence suggests that compromise in lysosomal function is highly varied and leads to changes in multiple substrate processing and endosomal signalling, in calcium homoeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and in autophagocytosis and proteasome function. Neurons are highly vulnerable and show abnormalities in perikarya, dendrites and axons, often in ways seemingly unrelated to the primary lysosomal defect. A notable example is NAD (neuroaxonal dystrophy), which is characterized by formation of focal enlargements (spheroids) containing diverse organelles and other components consistent with compromise of retrograde axonal transport. Although neurons may be universally susceptible to NAD, GABAergic neurons, particularly Purkinje cells, appear most vulnerable and ataxia and related features of cerebellar dysfunction are a common outcome. As NAD is found early in disease and thus may be a contributor to Purkinje cell dysfunction and death, understanding its link to lysosomal compromise could lead to therapies designed to prevent its occurrence and thereby ameliorate cerebellar dysfunction.
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The retromer component SNX6 interacts with dynactin p150(Glued) and mediates endosome-to-TGN transport. Cell Res 2009; 19:1334-49. [PMID: 19935774 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The retromer is a protein complex that mediates retrograde transport of transmembrane cargoes from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). It is comprised of a cargo-selection subcomplex of Vps26, Vps29 and Vps35 and a membrane-binding coat subcomplex of sorting nexins (SNXs). Previous studies identified SNX1/2 as one of the components of the SNX subcomplex, and SNX5/6 as candidates for the second SNX. How the retromer-associated cargoes are recognized and transported by molecular motors are largely unknown. In this study, we found that one of SNX1/2's dimerization partners, SNX6, interacts with the p150(Glued) subunit of the dynein/dynactin motor complex. We present evidence that SNX6 is a component of the retromer, and that recruitment of the motor complex to the membrane-associated retromer requires the SNX6-p150(Glued) interaction. Disruption of the SNX6-p150(Glued) interaction causes failure in formation and detachment of the tubulovesicular sorting structures from endosomes and results in block of CI-MPR retrieval from endosomes to the TGN. These observations indicate that in addition to SNX1/2, SNX6 in association with the dynein/dynactin complex drives the formation and movement of tubular retrograde intermediates.
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Expressed sequence tag analysis of adult human optic nerve for NEIBank: identification of cell type and tissue markers. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:121. [PMID: 19778450 PMCID: PMC2762980 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optic nerve is a pure white matter central nervous system (CNS) tract with an isolated blood supply, and is widely used in physiological studies of white matter response to various insults. We examined the gene expression profile of human optic nerve (ON) and, through the NEIBANK online resource, to provide a resource of sequenced verified cDNA clones. An un-normalized cDNA library was constructed from pooled human ON tissues and was used in expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis. Location of an abundant oligodendrocyte marker was examined by immunofluorescence. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western analysis were used to compare levels of expression for key calcium channel protein genes and protein product in primate and rodent ON. RESULTS Our analyses revealed a profile similar in many respects to other white matter related tissues, but significantly different from previously available ON cDNA libraries. The previous libraries were found to include specific markers for other eye tissues, suggesting contamination. Immune/inflammatory markers were abundant in the new ON library. The oligodendrocyte marker QKI was abundant at the EST level. Immunofluorescence revealed that this protein is a useful oligodendrocyte cell-type marker in rodent and primate ONs. L-type calcium channel EST abundance was found to be particularly low. A qRT-PCR-based comparative mammalian species analysis reveals that L-type calcium channel expression levels are significantly lower in primate than in rodent ON, which may help account for the class-specific difference in responsiveness to calcium channel blocking agents. Several known eye disease genes are abundantly expressed in ON. Many genes associated with normal axonal function, mRNAs associated with axonal transport, inflammation and neuroprotection are observed. CONCLUSION We conclude that the new cDNA library is a faithful representation of human ON and EST data provide an initial overview of gene expression patterns in this tissue. The data provide clues for tissue-specific and species-specific properties of human ON that will help in design of therapeutic models.
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Transthyretin internalization by sensory neurons is megalin mediated and necessary for its neuritogenic activity. J Neurosci 2009; 29:3220-32. [PMID: 19279259 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6012-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutated transthyretin (TTR) causes familial amyloid polyneuropathy, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by TTR deposition in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The origin/reason for TTR deposition in the nerve is unknown. Here we demonstrate that both endogenous mouse TTR and TTR injected intravenously have access to the mouse sciatic nerve. We previously determined that in the absence of TTR, both neurite outgrowth in vitro and nerve regeneration in vivo were impaired. Reinforcing this finding, we now show that local TTR delivery to the crushed sciatic nerve rescues the regeneration phenotype of TTR knock-out (KO) mice. As the absence of TTR was unrelated to neuronal survival, we further evaluated the Schwann cell and inflammatory response to injury, as well as axonal retrograde transport, in the presence/absence of TTR. Only retrograde transport was impaired in TTR KO mice which, in addition to the neurite outgrowth impairment, might account for the decreased regeneration in this strain. Moreover, we show that in vitro, in dorsal root ganglia neurons, clathrin-dependent megalin-mediated TTR internalization is needed for TTR neuritogenic activity. Supporting this observation, we demonstrate that in vivo, decreased levels of megalin lead to decreased nerve regeneration and that megalin's action as a regeneration enhancer is dependent on TTR. In conclusion, our work unravels the mechanism of TTR action during nerve regeneration. Additionally, TTR presence in the nerve, as is here shown, may underlie its preferential deposition in the PNS of familial amyloid polyneuropathy patients.
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Young KG, Kothary R. Dystonin/Bpag1 is a necessary endoplasmic reticulum/nuclear envelope protein in sensory neurons. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:2750-61. [PMID: 18638474 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dystonin/Bpag1 proteins are cytoskeletal linkers whose loss of function in mice results in a hereditary sensory neuropathy with a progressive loss of limb coordination starting in the second week of life. These mice, named dystonia musculorum (dt), succumb to the disease and die of unknown causes prior to sexual maturity. Previous evidence indicated that cytoskeletal defects in the axon are a primary cause of dt neurodegeneration. However, more recent data suggests that other factors may be equally important contributors to the disease process. In the present study, we demonstrate perikaryal defects in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons at stages preceding the onset of loss of limb coordination in dt mice. Abnormalities include alterations in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone protein expression, indicative of an ER stress response. Dystonin in sensory neurons localized in association with the ER and nuclear envelope (NE). A fusion protein ofthe dystonin-a2 isoform, which harbors an N-terminal transmembrane domain, associated with and reorganized the ER in cell culture. This isoform also interacts with the NE protein nesprin-3alpha, but not nesprin-3beta. Defects in dt mice, as demonstrated here, may ultimately result in pathogenesis involving ER dysfunction and contribute significantly to the dt phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Young
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
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Tseng KW, Chau YP, Yang MF, Lu KS, Chien CL. Abnormal cellular translocation of alpha-internexin in spinal motor neurons of Dystonia musculorum mice. J Comp Neurol 2008; 507:1053-64. [PMID: 18092335 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dystonia musculorum (dt) is a mutant mouse with hereditary neuropathy where the dysfunction is mainly found in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons but not in the spinal motor neurons. However, the accumulation of intermediate filament (IF) proteins in the swelling axons of spinal motor neurons could be found in dt/dt mice. In order to understand the pathological role of neuronal IFs in the swelling axons of spinal motor neurons from dt/dt mice, we extensively examined the distribution of neuronal IF proteins. By immunofluorescence staining, our results indicated that alpha-internexin was a major component in the swelling axon and showed abnormal translocation in the nuclei of spinal motor neurons in dt/dt mice. This abnormal translocation of alpha-internexin in the nuclei of spinal motor neurons was also confirmed by Western blotting and immunoelectron microscopy. Instead of the 10-nm filamentous structure, a diffuse immunopositive pattern of alpha-internexin was observed in the nucleus of spinal motor neurons in dt/dt mutants. We further examined the cell death of spinal motor neurons by TUNEL assay, and no TUNEL-positive cells could be identified from spinal motor neurons in dt/dt mice. From these observations we suggest that abnormal accumulation of neuronal IFs in the swelling axons and abnormal translocation of alpha-internexin in the nuclei of the spinal motor neurons from dt/dt mice may not directly cause cell death of the spinal motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Wen Tseng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Proprioceptive sensory neuropathy in mice with a mutation in the cytoplasmic Dynein heavy chain 1 gene. J Neurosci 2008; 27:14515-24. [PMID: 18160659 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4338-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice heterozygous for the radiation-induced Sprawling (Swl) mutation display an early-onset sensory neuropathy with muscle spindle deficiency. The lack of an H reflex despite normal motor nerve function in the hindlimbs of these mutants strongly suggests defective proprioception. Immunohistochemical analyses reveal that proprioceptive sensory neurons are severely compromised in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia of newborn Swl/+ mice, whereas motor neuron numbers remain unaltered even in aged animals. We have used positional cloning to identify a nine base-pair deletion in the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain 1 gene (Dync1h1) in this mutant. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Loa/+ mice, which have previously been shown to carry a missense point mutation in Dync1h1 that results in late-onset motor neuron loss, also present with a severe, early-onset proprioceptive sensory neuropathy. Interestingly, in contrast to the Loa mutation, the Swl mutation does not delay disease progression in a motor neuron disease mouse model overexpressing a human mutant superoxide dismutase (SOD1(G93A)) transgene. Together, we provide in vivo evidence that distinct mutations in cytoplasmic dynein can either result in a pure sensory neuropathy or in a sensory neuropathy with motor neuron involvement.
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Abstract
The dystonin/Bpag1 cytoskeletal interacting proteins play important roles in maintaining cytoarchitecture integrity in skin and in the neuromuscular system. The most profound phenotype observed in the dystonin mutant dystonia musculorum (dt) mice is a severe movement disorder, attributed in large part to sensory neuron degeneration. The molecular basis for this phenotype is currently not clear, despite several studies indicating possible causes for the pathology in dt mice. Complicating the picture of what essential dystonin functions are lost in dt mice is the fact that our understanding of the very nature of what dystonin is has evolved greatly over the past decade. Elucidating the roles of dystonin most relevant to neuronal function and survival should help to shed light on some of the common mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Young
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6 Canada
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Huang J, Furuya A, Furuichi T. Very-KIND, a KIND domain containing RasGEF, controls dendrite growth by linking Ras small GTPases and MAP2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 179:539-52. [PMID: 17984326 PMCID: PMC2064798 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200702036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of cytoskeletal components in the dendritic shaft core is critical for dendrite elongation and branching. Here, we report that a brain-specific Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RasGEF) carrying two kinase non-catalytic C-lobe domains (KINDs), very-KIND (v-KIND), regulates microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2). v-KIND is expressed in developing mouse brain, predominantly in the cerebellar granule cells. v-KIND not only activates Ras small GTPases via the C-terminal RasGEF domain, but also specifically binds to MAP2 via the second KIND domain (KIND2), leading to threonine phosphorylation of MAP2. v-KIND overexpression suppresses dendritic extension and branching of hippocampal neurons and cerebellar granule cells, whereas knockdown of endogenous v-KIND expression promotes dendrite growth. These findings suggest that v-KIND mediates a signaling pathway that links Ras and MAP2 to control dendrite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Huang
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurogenesis, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Lambrechts D, Robberecht W, Carmeliet P. Heterogeneity in motoneuron disease. Trends Neurosci 2007; 30:536-44. [PMID: 17825438 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, mutations in several genes have been identified as primary causes for the degeneration of motoneurons and their axons. Strikingly, mutations in the same genes were associated with clinically different motoneuron syndromes. The identity of these genes also shed light on the mechanisms of motoneuron degeneration and revealed that overlapping motoneuron phenotypes might be caused by heterogeneous molecular mechanisms. Overall, these findings have challenged the diagnostic classification system set by clinical judgement and triggered the notion of heterogeneity in motoneuron disease. It will now be especially relevant to identify the mechanisms and principles that motoneuron diseases have in common, as this will allow us to identify the most relevant therapeutic targets. On the other hand, heterogeneity in motoneuron disease also implies that finding a monotherapy cure for motoneuron disease will be challenging and that pre-clinical testing of therapeutic targets should not be limited to a single animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diether Lambrechts
- The Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, K.U. Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Sonnenberg A, Liem RKH. Plakins in development and disease. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:2189-203. [PMID: 17499243 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plakins are large multi-domain molecules that have various functions to link cytoskeletal elements together and to connect them to junctional complexes. Plakins were first identified in epithelial cells where they were found to connect the intermediate filaments to desmosomes and hemidesmosomes [Ruhrberg, C., and Watt, F.M. (1997). The plakin family: versatile organizers of cytoskeletal architecture. Curr Opin Genet Dev 7, 392-397.]. They were subsequently found to be important for the integrity of muscle cells. Most recently, they have been found in the nervous system, where their functions appear to be more complex, including cross-linking of microtubules (MTs) and actin filaments [Leung, C.L., Zheng, M., Prater, S.M., and Liem, R.K. (2001). The BPAG1 locus: Alternative splicing produces multiple isoforms with distinct cytoskeletal linker domains, including predominant isoforms in neurons and muscles. J Cell Biol 154, 691-697., Leung, C.L., Sun, D., Zheng, M., Knowles, D.R., and Liem, R.K. (1999). Microtubule actin cross-linking factor (MACF): a hybrid of dystonin and dystrophin that can interact with the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. J Cell Biol 147, 1275-1286.]. These plakins have also indicated their relationship to the spectrin superfamily of proteins and the plakins appear to be evolutionarily related to the spectrins, but have diverged to perform different specialized functions. In invertebrates, a single plakin is present in both Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, which resemble the more complex plakins found in mammals [Roper, K., Gregory, S.L., and Brown, N.H. (2002). The 'spectraplakins': cytoskeletal giants with characteristics of both spectrin and plakin families. J Cell Sci 115, 4215-4225.]. In contrast, there are seven plakins found in mammals and most of them have alternatively spliced forms leading to a very complex group of proteins with potential tissue specific functions [Jefferson, J.J., Leung, C.L., and Liem, R.K. (2004). Plakins: goliaths that link cell junctions and the cytoskeleton. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5, 542-553.]. In this review, we will first describe the plakins, desmoplakin, plectin, envoplakin and periplakin and then describe two other mammalian plakins, Bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1) and microtubule actin cross-linking factor 1 (MACF1), that are expressed in multiple isoforms in different tissues. We will also describe the relationship of these two proteins to the invertebrate plakins, shortstop (shot) in Drosophila and VAB-10 in C. elegans. Finally, we will describe an unusual mammalian plakin, called epiplakin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoud Sonnenberg
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Inst., Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Liu JJ, Ding J, Wu C, Bhagavatula P, Cui B, Chu S, Mobley WC, Yang Y. Retrolinkin, a membrane protein, plays an important role in retrograde axonal transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2223-8. [PMID: 17287360 PMCID: PMC1892971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602222104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrograde axonal transport plays an important role in the maintenance of neuronal functions, but the mechanism is poorly defined partly because the constituents of the retrograde transport system and their interactions have yet to be elucidated. Of special interest is how dynein/dynactin motor proteins interact with membrane cargoes. Here, we report that an endosomal vesicle protein, termed retrolinkin, functions as a receptor tethering vesicles to dynein/dynactin through BPAG1n4. Retrolinkin, a membrane protein highly enriched in neuronal endosomes, binds directly to BPAG1n4. Deletion of retrolinkin membrane-association domains disrupts retrograde vesicular transport, recapitulating the BPAG1 null phenotype. We propose that retrolinkin acts with BPAG1n4 to specifically regulate retrograde axonal transport. Our work lays the foundation for understanding fundamental issues of axonal transport and provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying human neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Liu
- *Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Jianqing Ding
- *Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Chengbiao Wu
- *Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Prasanthi Bhagavatula
- *Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Steve Chu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - William C. Mobley
- *Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Yanmin Yang
- *Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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