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Molecular Mechanisms of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073478. [PMID: 35408839 PMCID: PMC8998533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers are cutaneous malignancies representing the most common form of cancer in the United States. They are comprised predominantly of basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas (cSCC). The incidence of cSCC is increasing, resulting in substantial morbidity and ever higher treatment costs; currently in excess of one billion dollars, per annum. Here, we review research defining the molecular basis and development of cSCC that aims to provide new insights into pathogenesis and drive the development of novel, cost and morbidity saving therapies.
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Griffiths JI, Chen J, Cosgrove PA, O’Dea A, Sharma P, Ma C, Trivedi M, Kalinsky K, Wisinski KB, O’Regan R, Makhoul I, Spring LM, Bardia A, Adler FR, Cohen AL, Chang JT, Khan QJ, Bild AH. Serial single-cell genomics reveals convergent subclonal evolution of resistance as early-stage breast cancer patients progress on endocrine plus CDK4/6 therapy. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:658-671. [PMID: 34712959 PMCID: PMC8547038 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Combining cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors with endocrine therapy improves outcomes for metastatic estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer patients but its value in earlier stage patients is unclear. We examined evolutionary trajectories of early-stage breast cancer tumors, using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of serial biopsies from the FELINE clinical trial (#NCT02712723) of endocrine therapy (letrozole) alone or combined with the CDK inhibitor ribociclib. Despite differences in subclonal diversity evolution across patients and treatments, common resistance phenotypes emerged. Resistant tumors treated with combination therapy showed accelerated loss of estrogen signaling with convergent up-regulation of JNK signaling through growth factor receptors. In contrast, cancer cells maintaining estrogen signaling during mono- or combination therapy showed potentiation of CDK4/6 activation and ERK upregulation through ERBB4 signaling. These results indicate that combination therapy in early-stage ER+ breast cancer leads to emergence of resistance through a shift from estrogen to alternative growth signal-mediated proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I. Griffiths
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Department of Mathematics, University of Utah 155 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Patrick A. Cosgrove
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Anne O’Dea
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Cynthia Ma
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Meghna Trivedi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Kevin Kalinsky
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Kari B. Wisinski
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Carbone Cancer Center, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Ruth O’Regan
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Carbone Cancer Center, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Issam Makhoul
- Division of Internal Medical Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Laura M. Spring
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Aditya Bardia
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Frederick R. Adler
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah 155 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Adam L. Cohen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Chang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Informatics, UT Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qamar J. Khan
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, 66160, USA.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Andrea Bild () and Qamar Khan ()
| | - Andrea H. Bild
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Andrea Bild () and Qamar Khan ()
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Behdani E, Ghaderi-Zefrehei M, Rafeie F, Bakhtiarizadeh MR, Roshanfeker H, Fayazi J. RNA-Seq Bayesian Network Exploration of Immune System in Bovine. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 17:e1748. [PMID: 32195281 PMCID: PMC7080973 DOI: 10.29252/ijb.1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background: The stress is one of main factors effects on production system. Several factors (both genetic and environmental elements) regulate immune response to stress. Objectives: In order to determine the major immune system regulatory genes underlying stress responses, a learning Bayesian network approach for those regulatory
genes was applied to RNA-Seq data from a bovine leukocyte model system. Material and Methods: The transcriptome dataset GSE37447 was used from GEO and a Bayesian network on differentially expressed genes was learned to investigate the gene regulatory network. Results: Applying the method produced a strongly interconnected network with four genes (TERF2IP, PDCD10, DDX10 and CENPE) acting as nodes,
suggesting these genes may be important in the transcriptome regulation program of stress response. Of these genes TERF2IP has been
shown previously to regulate gene expression, act as a regulator of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signalling, and to activate
expression of NF-κB target genes; PDCD10 encodes a conserved protein associated with cell apoptosis; DDX10 encodes a DEAD box protein
and is believed to be associated with cellular growth and division; and CENPE involves unstable spindle microtubule capture at kinetochores.
Together these genes are involved in DNA damage of apoptosis, RNA splicing, DNA repairing, and regulating cell division in the bovine genome.
The topology of the learned Bayesian gene network indicated that the genes had a minimal interrelationship with each other.
This type of structure, using the publically available computational tool, was also observed on human orthologous genes of the differentially expressed genes. Conclusions: Overall, the results might be used in transcriptomic-assisted selection and design of new drug targets to treat stress-related problems in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Behdani
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Food Science, Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Khuzestan, Iran
| | | | - Farjad Rafeie
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Hedayatollah Roshanfeker
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Food Science, Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Jamal Fayazi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal and Food Science, Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Khuzestan, Iran
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Venuti A, Musarra-Pizzo M, Pennisi R, Tankov S, Medici MA, Mastino A, Rebane A, Sciortino MT. HSV-1\EGFP stimulates miR-146a expression in a NF-κB-dependent manner in monocytic THP-1 cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5157. [PMID: 30914680 PMCID: PMC6435682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41530-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway plays a key role in innate and adaptive immunity, cell proliferation and survival, inflammation and tumors development. MiR-146a is an immune system regulator that has anti-inflammatory function in multiple cell types and conditions. Here we demonstrate activation of canonical NF-κB pathway in monocytic cells upon HSV-1 replication. By constructing and using a recombinant HSV-1\EGFP virus, we monitored the capability of the virus to recruit NF-κB and we report that the phosphorylation of p65 protein correlates with an active virus replication at single-cell level. In addition, we found that upregulation of miR-146a during viral replication is strictly dependent on NF-κB activation and correlates with tight control of the interleukin-1 receptor-associate kinase 1 (IRAK1). Accordingly, THP-1 DN IκBα cells, expressing a dominant negative mIκBα, did not show upregulation of miR-146a upon HSV-1 infection. Our data suggest that the expression of miRNA-146a modulates NF-κB activation through targeting IRAK1 during HSV-1 replication in THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Venuti
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F, Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, Messina, 98166, Italy.
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon, France.
| | - Maria Musarra-Pizzo
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F, Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F, Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Stoyan Tankov
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Antonietta Medici
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F, Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Antonio Mastino
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F, Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana Rebane
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F, Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, Messina, 98166, Italy.
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Regulation of apoptotic and inflammatory signaling pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma via Caesalpinia gilliesii galactomannan. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 451:173-184. [PMID: 30030776 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3404-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A polysaccharide characterized as galactomannan (GMann) with a molecular weight of 117.76 kDa was isolated from the aqueous extract of Caesalpinia gilliesii (C. gilliesii) seeds then assessed for antiproliferative potential against human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2). Further, HCC was induced in Wister albino rats by Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) ip injection (200 mg/kg bw), and CCl4 orally (2 ml/kg bw) for two months then subjected to GMann orally treatment (2 mg/kg bw) for one month. In results, isolated GMann is constituted of sugars (89.99 ± 2.3%), moisture (6.89 ± 0.45%), ash (0.06 ± 0.2%), and protein (2.81%) and composed mainly of mannose and galactose in ratio M/G 3.79. In vitro study, data revealed a concentration-dependent potency of GMann to induce cell death of HepG2 cells with IC50 value of 0.375 µg/ml. Mechanistic studies revealed the potential of GMann to arrest cell cycle at G2/M phase with induction of apoptosis. Biochemical results in vivo showed a significant reduction in serum transaminases (ALT and AST) as well as hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NOx). Molecular analysis declared a significant down-regulation in mRNA gene expression of both nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Furthermore, a significant down-regulation in the cellular oncogene-fos (C-fos) and marked up-regulation in Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3β) level were observed. These results were supported with histopathological investigation. Whereas GMann improved inflammatory and apoptotic markers, it could be a promising new therapeutic agent for HCC suppression and this warrant further development as a possible drug candidate for HCC.
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Collignon E, Canale A, Al Wardi C, Bizet M, Calonne E, Dedeurwaerder S, Garaud S, Naveaux C, Barham W, Wilson A, Bouchat S, Hubert P, Van Lint C, Yull F, Sotiriou C, Willard-Gallo K, Noel A, Fuks F. Immunity drives TET1 regulation in cancer through NF-κB. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaap7309. [PMID: 29938218 PMCID: PMC6010319 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap7309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation enzymes (TET1, TET2, and TET3), which induce DNA demethylation and gene regulation by converting 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), are often down-regulated in cancer. We uncover, in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC), genome-wide 5hmC changes related to TET1 regulation. We further demonstrate that TET1 repression is associated with high expression of immune markers and high infiltration by immune cells. We identify in BLBC tissues an anticorrelation between TET1 expression and the major immunoregulator family nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). In vitro and in mice, TET1 is down-regulated in breast cancer cells upon NF-κB activation through binding of p65 to its consensus sequence in the TET1 promoter. We lastly show that these findings extend to other cancer types, including melanoma, lung, and thyroid cancers. Together, our data suggest a novel mode of regulation for TET1 in cancer and highlight a new paradigm in which the immune system can influence cancer cell epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Collignon
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB (Université libre de Bruxelles)–Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annalisa Canale
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA)–Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Clémence Al Wardi
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB (Université libre de Bruxelles)–Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Bizet
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB (Université libre de Bruxelles)–Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie Calonne
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB (Université libre de Bruxelles)–Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Dedeurwaerder
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB (Université libre de Bruxelles)–Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Soizic Garaud
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Naveaux
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Whitney Barham
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew Wilson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sophie Bouchat
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology, U-CRC, ULB, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Pascale Hubert
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology, U-CRC, ULB, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Fiona Yull
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Jules Bordet Institute, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Agnès Noel
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA)–Cancer, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Fuks
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB (Université libre de Bruxelles)–Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), ULB, Brussels, Belgium
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Zhang X, Luo S, Wu J, Zhang L, Wang WH, Degan S, Erdmann D, Hall R, Zhang JY. KIND1 Loss Sensitizes Keratinocytes to UV-Induced Inflammatory Response and DNA Damage. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:475-483. [PMID: 27725201 PMCID: PMC5258776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Loss of function of KIND1, a cytoskeletal protein involved in β1-integrin function, causes Kindler syndrome, a genetic disease characterized by skin fragility, photosensitivity, and increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma. Dysregulation of β1-integrin underlies Kindler syndrome skin fragility. However, the mechanisms underlying squamous cell carcinoma susceptibility are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that gene silencing of KIND1 decreased keratinocyte proliferation and increased apoptosis in vitro and in skin grafts regenerated on mice, which was correlated with reduced cyclinB1. In addition, KIND1 loss sensitized keratinocytes to cytokine and UV-induced NF-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation and upregulation of CXCL10 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Moreover, KIND1 loss impaired DNA repair, as indicated by the increased detection of γH2AX and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers 24 hours after UVB radiation. Genetic or pharmacological c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibition and NF-κB inhibition markedly reduced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers-positive cells. Further, we show that KIND1 was regulated by JunB at the transcriptional level and, like JunB, it was downregulated in human squamous cell carcinoma cells. Together, these results indicate that KIND1 is important not only for keratinocyte proliferation but also for the suppression of UV-induced inflammation and DNA damage. These latter findings support a tumor suppressor function for KIND1, and identify c-Jun N-terminal kinase and NF-κB as potential therapeutic targets for prevention of squamous cell carcinoma in patients with Kindler syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suju Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Joseph Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Dermatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Simone Degan
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Center of Molecular and Biomolecular Imaging, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Detlev Erdmann
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic, Reconstructive, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Russell Hall
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Park YH, Jeong MS, Jang SB. Structural insights of homotypic interaction domains in the ligand-receptor signal transduction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). BMB Rep 2017; 49:159-66. [PMID: 26615973 PMCID: PMC4915230 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.3.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several members of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily that these
members activate caspase-8 from death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) in TNF
ligand-receptor signal transduction have been identified. In the extrinsic
pathway, apoptotic signal transduction is induced in death domain (DD)
superfamily; it consists of a hexahelical bundle that contains 80 amino acids.
The DD superfamily includes about 100 members that belong to four subfamilies:
death domain (DD), caspase recruitment domain (CARD), pyrin domain (PYD), and
death effector domain (DED). This superfamily contains key building blocks: with
these blocks, multimeric complexes are formed through homotypic interactions.
Furthermore, each DD-binding event occurs exclusively. The DD superfamily
regulates the balance between death and survival of cells. In this study, the
structures, functions, and unique features of DD superfamily members are
compared with their complexes. By elucidating structural insights of DD
superfamily members, we investigate the interaction mechanisms of DD domains;
these domains are involved in TNF ligand-receptor signaling. These DD
superfamily members play a pivotal role in the development of more specific
treatments of cancer. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(3): 159-166]
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hoon Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Mi Suk Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Se Bok Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University; Genetic Engineering Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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Pohl M, Grabellus F, Worm K, Arnold G, Walz M, Schmid KW, Sheu-Grabellus SY. Intermediate microRNA expression profile in Graves’ disease falls between that of normal thyroid tissue and papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2016; 70:33-39. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-203739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AimsMany studies have previously reported a higher prevalence of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) in patients with Graves' disease (GD). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that are upregulated in PTC compared with benign thyroid tissue. The objective of the study was to examine the miRNA expression of selected miRNAs that are known to be upregulated in PTC in patients with GD.MethodsParaffin embedded thyroid tissue from 159 patients with GD was screened for expression of the miRNAs 146b, 181b, 21, 221 and 222 by RT-PCR. The expression profiles of four normal thyroids, 50 PTCs without concomitant GD and 11 patients with untreated GD served as the controls.ResultsThe expression pattern of these miRNAs in patients with GD is intermediate between that of benign thyroid tissue (p<0.001) and PTC (in three out of five miRNAs, p<0.001). This corresponds to a 15-fold change for GD versus PTC, and a 31-fold change for GD versus normal thyroid tissue. The miRNA expression in 11 papillary microcarcinomas found in our study (a prevalence of 0.07) was not different from that in PTC samples from patients without GD for four of five miRNA types. Furthermore, we found a significant difference in the expression of miRNA 221/222 between treated and untreated GD tissue.ConclusionsIn conclusion, we found an intermediate expression of specific miRNAs in thyroid tissue from patients with GD that fell between the expression levels found in normal thyroid glands and PTC, which suggests a possible influence of certain miRNAs on developing PTC in patients with GD.
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Kochupurakkal BS, Wang ZC, Hua T, Culhane AC, Rodig SJ, Rajkovic-Molek K, Lazaro JB, Richardson AL, Biswas DK, Iglehart JD. RelA-Induced Interferon Response Negatively Regulates Proliferation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140243. [PMID: 26460486 PMCID: PMC4604146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Both oncogenic and tumor-suppressor activities are attributed to the Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway. Moreover, NF-kB may positively or negatively regulate proliferation. The molecular determinants of these opposing roles of NF-kB are unclear. Using primary human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) as a model, we show that increased RelA levels and consequent increase in basal transcriptional activity of RelA induces IRF1, a target gene. Induced IRF1 upregulates STAT1 and IRF7, and in consort, these factors induce the expression of interferon response genes. Activation of the interferon pathway down-regulates CDK4 and up-regulates p27 resulting in Rb hypo-phosphorylation and cell cycle arrest. Stimulation of HMEC with IFN-γ elicits similar phenotypic and molecular changes suggesting that basal activity of RelA and IFN-γ converge on IRF1 to regulate proliferation. The anti-proliferative RelA-IRF1-CDK4 signaling axis is retained in ER+/HER2- breast tumors analyzed by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Using immuno-histochemical analysis of breast tumors, we confirm the negative correlation between RelA levels and proliferation rate in ER+/HER2- breast tumors. These findings attribute an anti-proliferative tumor-suppressor role to basal RelA activity. Inactivation of Rb, down-regulation of RelA or IRF1, or upregulation of CDK4 or IRF2 rescues the RelA-IRF1-CDK4 induced proliferation arrest in HMEC and are points of disruption in aggressive tumors. Activity of the RelA-IRF1-CDK4 axis may explain favorable response to CDK4/6 inhibition observed in patients with ER+ Rb competent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bose S. Kochupurakkal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JDI); (BSK)
| | - Zhigang C. Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tony Hua
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aedin C. Culhane
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott J. Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Jean-Bernard Lazaro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Richardson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Debajit K. Biswas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - J. Dirk Iglehart
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JDI); (BSK)
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Kaur S, Kizoulis M, Fantasia J, Oddos T, Bigot N, Galera P, Tucker-Samaras S, Leyden JJ, Southall MD. 4-Hexyl-1,3-phenylenediol, a nuclear factor-κB inhibitor, improves photodamaged skin and clinical signs of ageing in a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:218-26. [PMID: 25752195 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway is a key mediator of inflammation; however, few studies have examined the direct effects of NF-κB inhibition on the skin. OBJECTIVES To investigate NF-κB activity in cultured human fibroblasts and to investigate the effects of 4-hexyl-1,3-phenylenediol (an NF-κB inhibitor) on elastin and collagen gene expression in vitro and on the clinical appearance of photodamaged skin. METHODS The amount and activity of NF-κB in human fibroblasts obtained from donors (17-78 years old) was measured after transfection with a NF-κB reporter and a luciferase promoter system. The expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes was determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Women with moderate skin photodamage were randomized to daily treatment with a topical lotion containing 4-hexyl-1,3-phenylenediol (n = 30) or vehicle (n = 29) for 8 weeks, with clinical assessments at baseline and weeks 2, 4 and 8. RESULTS Fibroblasts obtained from donors older than 50 years had higher NF-κB activity compared with cells from younger donors; inhibition of the NF-κB pathway with 4-hexyl-1,3-phenylenediol enhanced the expression of ECM genes. In women, treatment for 8 weeks with 4-hexyl-1,3-phenylenediol significantly improved crow's feet fine lines, cheek wrinkles, age spots, mottled pigmentation and radiance compared with both the vehicle and baseline. Furthermore, treatment with 4-hexyl-1,3-phenylenediol resulted in a twofold greater clinical improvement in overall photodamage compared with the vehicle group. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of the proinflammatory NF-κB pathway resulted in increased expression of ECM proteins in vitro and significant clinical improvement in photodamaged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaur
- Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center, CPPW, A Division of Johnson and Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, NJ, 08558, U.S.A
| | - M Kizoulis
- Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center, CPPW, A Division of Johnson and Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, NJ, 08558, U.S.A
| | - J Fantasia
- Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center, CPPW, A Division of Johnson and Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, NJ, 08558, U.S.A
| | - T Oddos
- Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center, CPPW, A Division of Johnson and Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., Val de Reuil, France
| | - N Bigot
- Laboratoire Microenvironnement Cellulaire et Pathologies, (MILPAT) EA 4652, SFR ICORE 146 UCBN, UFR de Médecine, CHU Niveau 3, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, 14032 CAEN, Cedex, France
| | - P Galera
- Laboratoire Microenvironnement Cellulaire et Pathologies, (MILPAT) EA 4652, SFR ICORE 146 UCBN, UFR de Médecine, CHU Niveau 3, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, 14032 CAEN, Cedex, France
| | - S Tucker-Samaras
- Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center, CPPW, A Division of Johnson and Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, NJ, 08558, U.S.A
| | - J J Leyden
- University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 415 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, U.S.A
| | - M D Southall
- Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center, CPPW, A Division of Johnson and Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, NJ, 08558, U.S.A
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Isorhapontigenin (ISO) inhibited cell transformation by inducing G0/G1 phase arrest via increasing MKP-1 mRNA Stability. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2664-77. [PMID: 24797581 PMCID: PMC4058035 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer chemopreventive property of Chinese herb new isolate isorhapontigenin (ISO) and mechanisms underlying its activity have never been explored. Here we demonstrated that ISO treatment with various concentrations for 3 weeks could dramatically inhibit TPA/EGF-induced cell transformation of Cl41 cells in Soft Agar assay, whereas co-incubation of cells with ISO at the same concentrations could elicit G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest without redundant cytotoxic effects on non-transformed cells. Further studies showed that ISO treatment resulted in cyclin D1 downregulation in dose- and time-dependent manner. Our results indicated that ISO regulated cyclin D1 at transcription level via targeting JNK/C-Jun/AP-1 activation. Moreover, we found that ISO-inhibited JNK/C-Jun/AP-1 activation was mediated by both upregulation of MKP-1 expression through increasing its mRNA stability and deactivating MKK7. Most importantly, MKP-1 knockdown could attenuate ISO-mediated suppression of JNK/C-Jun activation and cyclin D1 expression, as well as G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and cell transformation inhibition, while ectopic expression of FLAG-cyclin D1 T286A mutant also reversed ISO-induced G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest and inhibition of cell transformation. Our results demonstrated that ISO is a promising chemopreventive agent via upregulating mkp-1 mRNA stability, which is distinct from its cancer therapeutic effect with downregulation of XIAP and cyclin D1 expression.
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13
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Identifying a kinase network regulating FGF14:Nav1.6 complex assembly using split-luciferase complementation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117246. [PMID: 25659151 PMCID: PMC4319734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases play fundamental roles in the brain. Through complex signaling pathways, kinases regulate the strength of protein:protein interactions (PPI) influencing cell cycle, signal transduction, and electrical activity of neurons. Changes induced by kinases on neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity and brain connectivity are linked to complex brain disorders, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these cellular events remain for the most part elusive. To further our understanding of brain disease, new methods for rapidly surveying kinase pathways in the cellular context are needed. The bioluminescence-based luciferase complementation assay (LCA) is a powerful, versatile toolkit for the exploration of PPI. LCA relies on the complementation of two firefly luciferase protein fragments that are functionally reconstituted into the full luciferase enzyme by two interacting binding partners. Here, we applied LCA in live cells to assay 12 kinase pathways as regulators of the PPI complex formed by the voltage-gated sodium channel, Nav1.6, a transmembrane ion channel that elicits the action potential in neurons and mediates synaptic transmission, and its multivalent accessory protein, the fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14). Through extensive dose-dependent validations of structurally-diverse kinase inhibitors and hierarchical clustering, we identified the PI3K/Akt pathway, the cell-cycle regulator Wee1 kinase, and protein kinase C (PKC) as prospective regulatory nodes of neuronal excitability through modulation of the FGF14:Nav1.6 complex. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis shows convergence of these pathways on glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and functional assays demonstrate that inhibition of GSK3 impairs excitability of hippocampal neurons. This combined approach provides a versatile toolkit for rapidly surveying PPI signaling, allowing the discovery of new modular pathways centered on GSK3 that might be the basis for functional alterations between the normal and diseased brain.
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14
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Wang W, Nag SA, Zhang R. Targeting the NFκB signaling pathways for breast cancer prevention and therapy. Curr Med Chem 2015; 22:264-89. [PMID: 25386819 PMCID: PMC6690202 DOI: 10.2174/0929867321666141106124315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NFκB), a proinflammatory transcription factor, is a commonly observed phenomenon in breast cancer. It facilitates the development of a hormone-independent, invasive, high-grade, and late-stage tumor phenotype. Moreover, the commonly used cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy approaches activate NFκB, leading to the development of invasive breast cancers that show resistance to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapy. Inhibition of NFκB results in an increase in the sensitivity of cancer cells to the apoptotic effects of chemotherapeutic agents and radiation and restoring hormone sensitivity, which is correlated with increased disease-free survival in patients with breast cancer. In this review article, we focus on the role of the NFκB signaling pathways in the development and progression of breast cancer and the validity of NFκB as a potential target for breast cancer prevention and therapy. We also discuss the recent findings that NFκB may have tumor suppressing activity in certain cancer types. Finally, this review also covers the state-of-the-art development of NFκB inhibitors for cancer therapy and prevention, the challenges in targeting validation, and pharmacology and toxicology evaluations of these agents from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Subhasree A. Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Cancer Biology Center, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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15
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RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq reveal SQSTM1/p62 as a key mediator of JunB suppression of NF-κB-dependent inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:1016-1024. [PMID: 25501661 PMCID: PMC4366298 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mice with epidermal deletion of JunB transcription factor displayed a psoriasis-like inflammation. The relevance of these findings to humans and the mechanisms mediating JunB function are not fully understood. Here we demonstrate that impaired JunB function via gene silencing or overexpression of a dominant negative mutant increased human keratinocyte cell proliferation but decreased cell barrier function. RNA-seq revealed over 500 genes affected by JunB loss of function, which included the upregulation of an array of proinflammatory molecules relevant to psoriasis. Among these were tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), CCL2, CXCL10, IL6R, and SQSTM1, an adaptor protein involved in nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-Seq and gene reporter analyses showed that JunB directly suppressed SQSTM1 by binding to a consensus AP-1 cis element located around 2 kb upstream of SQSTM1-transcription start site. Similar to JunB loss of function, SQSTM1-overexpression induced TNFα, CCL2, and CXCL10. Conversely, NF-κB inhibition genetically with a mutant IκBα or pharmacologically with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) prevented cytokine, but not IL6R, induction by JunB deficiency. Taken together, our findings indicate that JunB controls epidermal growth, barrier formation, and proinflammatory responses through direct and indirect mechanisms, pinpointing SQSTM1 as a key mediator of JunB suppression of NF-κB-dependent inflammation.
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16
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Pal HC, Athar M, Elmets CA, Afaq F. Fisetin inhibits UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation and activation of PI3K/AKT/NFκB signaling pathways in SKH-1 hairless mice. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:225-34. [PMID: 25169110 DOI: 10.1111/php.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation has been shown to induce inflammation, DNA damage, p53 mutations and alterations in signaling pathways eventually leading to skin cancer. In this study, we investigated whether fisetin reduces inflammatory responses and modulates PI3K/AKT/NFκB cell survival signaling pathways in UVB-exposed SKH-1 hairless mouse skin. Mice were exposed to 180 mJ cm(-2) of UVB radiation on alternate days for a total of seven exposures, and fisetin (250 and 500 nmol) was applied topically after 15 min of each UVB exposure. Fisetin treatment to UVB-exposed mice resulted in decreased hyperplasia and reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells. Fisetin treatment also reduced inflammatory mediators such as COX-2, PGE2 as well as its receptors (EP1-EP4) and MPO activity. Furthermore, fisetin reduced the level of inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 in UVB-exposed skin. Fisetin treatment also reduced cell proliferation markers as well as DNA damage as evidenced by increased expression of p53 and p21 proteins. Further studies revealed that fisetin inhibited UVB-induced expression of PI3K, phosphorylation of AKT and activation of the NFκB signaling pathway in mouse skin. Overall, these data suggest that fisetin may be useful against UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Chandra Pal
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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17
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Eckhart L, Lippens S, Tschachler E, Declercq W. Cell death by cornification. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3471-3480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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18
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Zhang JY, Selim MA. The role of the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase signaling pathway in skin cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:691-698. [PMID: 23226615 PMCID: PMC3512184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal Kinases (JNK), along with Erk and p38, constitute the principle members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. JNK functions primarily through AP1 family transcription factors to regulate a plethora of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and migration. It also cross-talks and integrates with other signaling pathways in a cell context-specific and cell type-specific manner. The current views of JNK function in various skin cancers and the need of developing JNK subunit-specific inhibitors for cancer type-specific applications have been summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Pathology, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
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19
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Ratushny V, Gober MD, Hick R, Ridky TW, Seykora JT. From keratinocyte to cancer: the pathogenesis and modeling of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:464-72. [PMID: 22293185 DOI: 10.1172/jci57415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common human cancer with over 250,000 new cases annually in the US and is second in incidence only to basal cell carcinoma. cSCC typically manifests as a spectrum of progressively advanced malignancies, ranging from a precursor actinic keratosis (AK) to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ (SCCIS), invasive cSCC, and finally metastatic SCC. In this Review we discuss clinical and molecular parameters used to define this range of cutaneous neoplasia and integrate these with the multiple experimental approaches used to study this disease. Insights gained from modeling cSCCs have suggested innovative therapeutic targets for treating these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ratushny
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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PAK1-dependent MAPK pathway activation is required for colorectal cancer cell proliferation. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:985-94. [PMID: 22252525 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
P21-activated protein kinase1 (PAK1), a main downstream effector of small Rho GTPases, Rac1, and Cdc42, plays an important role in the regulation of cell morphogenesis, motility, mitosis, and angiogenesis. Despite its importance, the molecular mechanisms of PAK1 that contributed to colorectal carcinogenesis remain unclear. Our immunohistochemistry showed that PAK1 expression was increased with colorectal cancer (CRC) progression through the adenoma to carcinoma sequence. Furthermore, our results suggested a relationship between PAK1 nuclear localization and the Dukes staging. In the present study, we showed that PAK1 knockdown decreased proliferation and delayed the G1/S cell-cycle transition, and increased apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. In addition, PAK1 knock-down downregulated c-Jun amino terminal kinases (JNK) activity and the levels of cyclinD1, CDK4/6. Inhibition of the JNK activity by chemical inhibitor (SP600125) significantly reduced the effects of PAK1 on CRC proliferation via accumulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). In conclusion, our results demonstrate that knockdown of PAK1 could enhance the chemosensitivity of CRCs to 5-fluorouracil through G1 arrest. The mechanism by which PAK1 induced cancer growth might involve activation of JNK as well as downregulation of PTEN. Targeting PAK1 may represent a novel treatment strategy for developing novel chemotherapeutic agents.
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Jauhonen HM, Kauppinen A, Paimela T, Laihia JK, Leino L, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. Cis-urocanic acid inhibits SAPK/JNK signaling pathway in UV-B exposed human corneal epithelial cells in vitro. Mol Vis 2011; 17:2311-7. [PMID: 21921982 PMCID: PMC3171492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The cornea is sensitive to ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Its clinical manifestations are photokeratitis and climatic droplet keratopathy. Urocanic acid (UCA) is a major endogenous UV-absorbing chromophore in the epidermis and it is also an efficacious immunosuppressant. We have previously shown that cis-UCA can suppress UV-B-induced interleukin-6 and -8 secretion and cytotoxicity in human corneal epithelium (HCE) cells. In the current study, we further wanted to investigate the effects of cis-UCA on UV-B-induced inflammatory and apoptotic responses in HCE-2 cells, focusing on the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and AP-1 (subunits c-Fos and c-Jun) signaling pathways. METHODS After exposing HCE-2 cells to UV-B and cis-UCA, DNA binding of c-Fos, c-Jun and NF-κB was measured with ELISA. In addition, the endogenous levels of phosphorylated stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (phospho-SAPK/JNK) and phospho-c-Jun were determined. The proliferative capacity of HCE-2 cells was also quantified, and the cytotoxicity of the cis-UCA and UV-B treatments was monitored by measuring the release of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in the culture medium. RESULTS UV-B irradiation induced the binding of transcription factors c-Jun, c-Fos, and NF-κB to DNA. Cis-UCA inhibited the binding of c-Jun and c-Fos but not that of NF-κB. Moreover, UV-B increased the levels of phospho-c-Jun and phospho-JNK, and the expression of both was attenuated by cis-UCA. Cis-UCA also alleviated the UV-B-induced apoptosis and proliferative decline in human corneal cells. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study suggest that cis-UCA suppresses JNK signaling pathway, which provides potential for treating UV-B-induced inflammatory defects in human corneal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Paimela
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Smad phosphoisoform signals in acute and chronic liver injury: similarities and differences between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:225-43. [PMID: 21626291 PMCID: PMC3250618 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) usually arises from hepatic fibrosis caused by chronic inflammation. In chronic liver damage, hepatic stellate cells undergo progressive activation to myofibroblasts (MFB), which are important extracellular-matrix-producing mesenchymal cells. Concomitantly, perturbation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling by pro-inflammatory cytokines in the epithelial cells of the liver (hepatocytes) promotes both fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis (fibro-carcinogenesis). Insights into fibro-carcinogenic effects on chronically damaged hepatocytes have come from recent detailed analyses of the TGF-β signaling process. Smad proteins, which convey signals from TGF-β receptors to the nucleus, have intermediate linker regions between conserved Mad homology (MH) 1 and MH2 domains. TGF-β type I receptor and pro-inflammatory cytokine-activated kinases differentially phosphorylate Smad2 and Smad3 to create phosphoisoforms phosphorylated at the COOH-terminal, linker, or both (L/C) regions. After acute liver injury, TGF-β-mediated pSmad3C signaling terminates hepatocytic proliferation induced by the pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated mitogenic pSmad3L pathway; TGF-β and pro-inflammatory cytokines synergistically enhance collagen synthesis by activated hepatic stellate cells via pSmad2L/C and pSmad3L/C pathways. During chronic liver disease progression, pre-neoplastic hepatocytes persistently affected by TGF-β together with pro-inflammatory cytokines come to exhibit the same carcinogenic (mitogenic) pSmad3L and fibrogenic pSmad2L/C signaling as do MFB, thereby accelerating liver fibrosis while increasing risk of HCC. This review of Smad phosphoisoform-mediated signals examines similarities and differences between epithelial and mesenchymal cells in acute and chronic liver injuries and considers Smad linker phosphorylation as a potential target for the chemoprevention of fibro-carcinogenesis.
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PKCη promotes a proliferation to differentiation switch in keratinocytes via upregulation of p27Kip1 mRNA through suppression of JNK/c-Jun signaling under stress conditions. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e157. [PMID: 21593789 PMCID: PMC3122119 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To maintain epidermal homeostasis, the balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation is tightly controlled. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this balance remain unclear. In 3D organotypic coculture with mouse keratinocytes and fibroblasts, the thickness of stratified cell layers was prolonged, and growth arrest and terminal differentiation were delayed when PKCη-null keratinocytes were used. Re-expression of PKCη in PKCη-null keratinocytes restored stratified cell layer thickness, growth arrest and terminal differentiation. We show that in 3D cocultured PKCη-null keratinocytes, p27Kip1 mRNA was downregulated, whereas JNK/c-Jun signaling was enhanced. Furthermore, inhibition of JNK/c-Jun signaling in PKCη-null keratinocytes led to upregulation of p27Kip1 mRNA, and to thinner stratified cell layers. Collectively, our findings indicate that PKCη upregulates p27Kip1 mRNA through suppression of JNK/c-Jun signaling. This results in promoting a proliferation to differentiation switch in keratinocytes.
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Abstract
Deregulation of the activator protein 1 (AP1) family gene regulators has been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including cancer. In this study we report that c-Jun was activated in human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and coexpression of c-Jun with oncogenic Ras was sufficient to transform primary human epidermal cells into malignancy in a regenerated human skin grafting model. In contrast, JunB was not induced in a majority of human SCC cells. Moreover, exogenous expression of JunB inhibited tumorigenesis driven by Ras or spontaneous human SCC cells. Conversely, the dominant-negative JunB mutant (DNJunB) promoted tumorigenesis, which is in contrast to the tumor-suppressor function of the corresponding c-Jun mutant. At the cellular level, JunB induced epidermal cell senescence and slowed cell growth in a cell-autonomous manner. Consistently, coexpression of JunB and Ras induced premature epidermal differentiation concomitant with upregulation of p16 and filaggrin and downregulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). These findings indicate that JunB and c-Jun differentially regulate cell growth and differentiation and induce opposite effects on epidermal neoplasia.JID JOURNAL CLUB ARTICLE: For questions, answers, and open discussion about this article, please go to http://www.nature.com/jid/journalclub.
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25
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Ke H, Harris R, Coloff JL, Jin JY, Leshin B, Miliani de Marval P, Tao S, Rathmell JC, Hall RP, Zhang JY. The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 2 plays a dominant role in human epidermal neoplasia. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3080-8. [PMID: 20354187 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling cascade has been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including cancer. It is unclear how different JNK proteins contribute to human cancer. Here, we report that JNK2 is activated in more than 70% of human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) samples and that inhibition of JNK2 pharmacologically or genetically impairs tumorigenesis of human SCC cells. Most importantly, JNK2, but not JNK1, is sufficient to couple with oncogenic Ras to transform primary human epidermal cells into malignancy with features of SCC. JNK2 prevents Ras-induced cell senescence and growth arrest by reducing the expression levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p16 and the activation of NF-kappaB. On the other hand, JNK, along with phosphoinositide 3-kinase, is essential for Ras-induced glycolysis, an energy-producing process known to benefit cancer growth. These data indicate that JNK2 collaborates with other oncogenes, such as Ras, at multiple molecular levels to promote tumorigenesis and hence represents a promising therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengning Ke
- Department of Dermatology and Pharmacology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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26
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Gladding CM, Fitzjohn SM, Molnár E. Metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated long-term depression: molecular mechanisms. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:395-412. [PMID: 19926678 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to modify synaptic transmission between neurons is a fundamental process of the nervous system that is involved in development, learning, and disease. Thus, synaptic plasticity is the ability to bidirectionally modify transmission, where long-term potentiation and long-term depression (LTD) represent the best characterized forms of plasticity. In the hippocampus, two main forms of LTD coexist that are mediated by activation of either N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors (NMDARs) or metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Compared with NMDAR-LTD, mGluR-LTD is less well understood, but recent advances have started to delineate the underlying mechanisms. mGluR-LTD at CA3:CA1 synapses in the hippocampus can be induced either by synaptic stimulation or by bath application of the group I selective agonist (R,S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine. Multiple signaling mechanisms have been implicated in mGluR-LTD, illustrating the complexity of this form of plasticity. This review provides an overview of recent studies investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying hippocampal mGluR-LTD. It highlights the role of key molecular components and signaling pathways that are involved in the induction and expression of mGluR-LTD and considers how the different signaling pathways may work together to elicit a persistent reduction in synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Gladding
- MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Department of Anatomy, University of Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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RelA/p65 functions to maintain cellular senescence by regulating genomic stability and DNA repair. EMBO Rep 2009; 10:1272-8. [PMID: 19779484 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2009.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB is a positive regulator of tumour development and progression, but how it functions in normal cells leading to oncogenesis is not clear. As cellular senescence has proven to be an intrinsic tumour suppressor mechanism that cells must overcome to establish deregulated growth, we used primary fibroblasts to follow NF-kappaB function in cells transitioning from senescence to subsequent immortalization. Our findings show that RelA/p65(-/-) murine fibroblasts immortalize at considerably faster rates than RelA/p65(+/+) cells. The ability of RelA/p65(-/-) fibroblasts to escape senescence earlier is due to their genomic instability, characterized by high frequencies of DNA mutations, gene deletions and gross chromosomal translocations. This increase in genomic instability is closely related to a compromised DNA repair that occurs in both murine RelA/p65(-/-) fibroblasts and tissues. Significantly, these results can also be duplicated in human fibroblasts lacking NF-kappaB. Altogether, our findings present a fresh perspective on the role of NF-kappaB as a tumour suppressor, which acts in pre-neoplastic cells to maintain cellular senescence by promoting DNA repair and genomic stability.
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Sur I, Ulvmar M, Jungedal R, Toftgård R. Inhibition of NF-κB signaling interferes with phorbol ester-induced growth arrest of keratinocytes in a TNFR1-independent manner. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2009; 29:44-51. [DOI: 10.1080/10799890802679876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
The role of the transcription factor NF-kappa B, particularly its coupling to inflammation and cancer, has generated considerable interest in recent years. NF-kappa B in the skin is crucial for morphogenesis and homeostasis. Perturbations in its activity are linked to developmental skin defects, inflammatory skin disease, and skin cancer. However, the most striking aspect of NF-kappa B function in the skin is its two-faced behavior--both activation and inhibition of the pathway causes inflammation. In this review, we focus on the role of NF-kappa B in the skin and summarize the current knowledge in the field arising from animal models as well as human disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderpreet Sur
- Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
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Leverkus M, Diessenbacher P, Geserick P. FLIP ing the coin? Death receptor-mediated signals during skin tumorigenesis. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:614-22. [PMID: 18558995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocyte skin cancer is a multi-step process, during which a number of obstacles have to be overcome by the tumor cell to allow the development of a manifest tumor. Beside proliferation and immortality, apoptosis resistance is one additional and critical step during skin carcinogenesis. Over the past two decades, much has been learned about the prototypical membrane-bound inducers of apoptosis, namely the death receptors and their ligands, and the apoptosis signalling pathways activated by death receptors have been elucidated in great detail. In contrast, much less is known about the tissue-specific role of the death receptor/ligands systems during the development of skin cancer. Here, we summarize and discuss the role of this intriguing receptor family and the potential mechanistical impact of the intracellular caspase-8 inhibitor cFLIP for keratinocyte skin cancer. Given more recent data about cFLIP and its isoforms, a more complex regulatory role of cFLIP can be suspected. Indeed, cFLIP may not solely interfere with death receptor-mediated apoptosis signalling pathways, but may positively or negatively influence other, potential harmful signalling pathways such as the production of inflammatory cytokines, tumor cell migration or the activation of transcription factors such as NF-kappaB, considered crucial during skin tumorigenesis. In this respect, cFLIP may act to 'FLIP the coin' during the development of keratinocyte skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Leverkus
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Laboratory for Experimental Dermatology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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31
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Fan Y, Dutta J, Gupta N, Fan G, Gélinas C. Regulation of programmed cell death by NF-kappaB and its role in tumorigenesis and therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 615:223-50. [PMID: 18437897 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6554-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors are key regulators of programmed cell death (PCD). Their activity has significant physiological relevance for normal development and homeostasis in various tissues and important pathological consequences are associated with aberrant NF-kappaB activity, including hepatocyte apoptosis, neurodegeneration, and cancer. While NF-kappaB is best characterized for its protective activity in response to proapoptotic stimuli, its role in suppressing programmed necrosis has come to light more recently. NF-kappaB most commonly antagonizes PCD by activating the expression of antiapoptotic proteins and antioxidant molecules, but it can also promote PCD under certain conditions and in certain cell types. It is therefore important to understand the pathways that control NF-kappaB activation in different settings and the mechanisms that regulate its anti- vs pro-death activities. Here, we review the role of NF-kappaB in apoptotic and necrotic PCD, the mechanisms involved, and how its activity in the cell death response impacts cancer development, progression, and therapy. Given the role that NF-kappaB plays both in tumor cells and in the tumor microenvironment, recent findings underscore the NF-kappaB signaling pathway as a promising target for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Fan
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5638, USA
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Horsley V, Aliprantis AO, Polak L, Glimcher LH, Fuchs E. NFATc1 balances quiescence and proliferation of skin stem cells. Cell 2008; 132:299-310. [PMID: 18243104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Quiescent adult stem cells reside in specialized niches where they become activated to proliferate and differentiate during tissue homeostasis and injury. How stem cell quiescence is governed is poorly understood. We report here that NFATc1 is preferentially expressed by hair follicle stem cells in their niche, where its expression is activated by BMP signaling upstream and it acts downstream to transcriptionally repress CDK4 and maintain stem cell quiescence. As stem cells become activated during hair growth, NFATc1 is downregulated, relieving CDK4 repression and activating proliferation. When calcineurin/NFATc1 signaling is suppressed, pharmacologically or via complete or conditional NFATc1 gene ablation, stem cells are activated prematurely, resulting in precocious follicular growth. Our findings may explain why patients receiving cyclosporine A for immunosuppressive therapy display excessive hair growth, and unveil a functional role for calcium-NFATc1-CDK4 circuitry in governing stem cell quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Horsley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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33
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Adler AS, Sinha S, Kawahara TLA, Zhang JY, Segal E, Chang HY. Motif module map reveals enforcement of aging by continual NF-kappaB activity. Genes Dev 2007; 21:3244-57. [PMID: 18055696 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1588507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by specific alterations in gene expression, but their underlying mechanisms and functional consequences are not well understood. Here we develop a systematic approach to identify combinatorial cis-regulatory motifs that drive age-dependent gene expression across different tissues and organisms. Integrated analysis of 365 microarrays spanning nine tissue types predicted fourteen motifs as major regulators of age-dependent gene expression in human and mouse. The motif most strongly associated with aging was that of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Inducible genetic blockade of NF-kappaB for 2 wk in the epidermis of chronologically aged mice reverted the tissue characteristics and global gene expression programs to those of young mice. Age-specific NF-kappaB blockade and orthogonal cell cycle interventions revealed that NF-kappaB controls cell cycle exit and gene expression signature of aging in parallel but not sequential pathways. These results identify a conserved network of regulatory pathways underlying mammalian aging and show that NF-kappaB is continually required to enforce many features of aging in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Adler
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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The different roles of cyclinD1-CDK4 in STP and mGluR-LTD during the postnatal development in mice hippocampus area CA1. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:57. [PMID: 17535444 PMCID: PMC1891105 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Cell-cycle-related proteins, such as cyclins or cyclin-dependent kinases, may have functions beyond that of cell cycle regulation. The expression and translocation of cyclinD1-CDK4 in post-mitotic neurons indicate that they may have supplementary functions in differentiated neurons that might be associated with neuronal plasticity. Results In the present study, our findings showed that the expression of CDK4 was localized mostly in nuclei and cytoplasm of pyramidal cells of CA1 at postnatal day 10 (P10); whereas at P28 staining of CDK4 could be detected predominantly in the cytoplasm but not nuclei. Basal synaptic transmission was normal in the presence of CDK4 inhibitor. Short-term synaptic plasticity (STP) was impaired in CDK4 inhibitor pre-treated slices both from neonatal (P8-15) and adolescent (P21-35) animals; however there was no significant change in paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) in slices pre-incubated with the CDK4 inhibitor from adolescent animals. By the treatment of CDK4 inhibitor, the induction or the maintenance of Long-term potentiation (LTP) in response to a strong tetanus and NMDA receptor-dependent long-term depression (LTD) were normal in hippocampus. However, long-term depression (LTD) induced either by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) agonist or by paired-pulse low-frequency stimulation (PP-LFS) was impaired in CDK4 inhibitor pretreated slices both from neonatal and adolescent animals. But the effects of the CDK4 inhibitor at slices from adolescent animals were not as robust as at slices from neonatal animals. Conclusion Our results indicated that the activation of cyclinD1-CDK4 is required for short-term synaptic plasticity and mGluR-dependent LTD, and suggested that this cyclin-dependent kinase may have different roles during the postnatal development in mice hippocampus area CA1.
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Zhang JY, Adams AE, Ridky TW, Tao S, Khavari PA. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1/c-Jun-NH2-kinase signaling promotes human neoplasia. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3827-34. [PMID: 17440097 PMCID: PMC2239246 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor (TNFR1) activates downstream effectors that include the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7)/c-Jun-NH(2)-kinase (JNK)/activator protein 1 (AP1) cascade. Here, we report that JNK is activated in a majority of spontaneous human squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). JNK pathway induction bypassed cell cycle restraints induced by oncogenic Ras and cooperated with Ras to convert normal human epidermis into tumors indistinguishable from SCC, confirming its oncogenic potency in human tissue. Inhibiting MKK7, JNK, and AP1 as well as TNFR1 itself using genetic, pharmacologic, or antibody-mediated approaches abolished invasive human epidermal neoplasia in a tumor cell autonomous fashion. The TNFR1/MKK7/JNK/AP1 cascade thus promotes human neoplasia and represents a potential therapeutic target for human epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y. Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amy E. Adams
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Todd W. Ridky
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Shiying Tao
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Paul A. Khavari
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase (IKK) proteins regulate many physiological processes, including the innate- and adaptive-immune responses, cell death and inflammation. Disruption of NF-kappaB or IKK function contributes to many human diseases, including cancer. However, the NF-kappaB and IKK pathways do not exist in isolation and there are many mechanisms that integrate their activity with other cell-signalling networks. This crosstalk constitutes a decision-making process that determines the consequences of NF-kappaB and IKK activation and, ultimately, cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Perkins
- College of Life Sciences, Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, James Black Centre, Dow Street, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
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37
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Lewis DA, Spandau DF. UVB activation of NF-kappaB in normal human keratinocytes occurs via a unique mechanism. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299:93-101. [PMID: 17256146 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-006-0729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is comprised of a family of proteins that are implicated in a wide variety of cellular functions, including the control of cell proliferation, cell survival, and cellular differentiation. Although NF-kappaB is activated in response to inflammatory signals or cellular stress, in the skin NF-kappaB is also implicated to play a role in normal epidermal homeostasis. Often the cellular consequences of NF-kappaB activation are dependent on the specific triggering stimuli. Thus, we have compared the activation mechanism and the function of NF-kappaB following two common stimuli of normal human keratinocytes, inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)), and cellular stress (ultraviolet light B (UVB) irradiation). These experiments indicate that although both TNFalpha and UVB stimulate NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in normal human keratinocytes, the mechanisms of NF-kappaB activation by each stimulus is different. In contrast to the NF-kappaB response following TNFalpha, activation of NF-kappaB by UVB is independent of Ikappa Balpha degradation. Analyses of NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression following TNFalpha or UVB treatment demonstrate that each of these stimulatory signals results in a specific subset of genes that are activated or repressed. These studies provide further evidence of the stimuli and cell-type specific nature of NF-kappaB function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina A Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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38
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Dutta J, Fan Y, Gupta N, Fan G, Gélinas C. Current insights into the regulation of programmed cell death by NF-kappaB. Oncogene 2006; 25:6800-16. [PMID: 17072329 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factors have emerged as major regulators of programmed cell death (PCD) whether via apoptosis or necrosis. In this context, NF-kappaB's activity has important ramifications for normal tissue development, homoeostasis and the physiological functions of various cell systems including the immune, hepatic, epidermal and nervous systems. However, improper regulation of PCD by NF-kappaB can have severe pathologic consequences, ranging from neurodegeneration to cancer, where its activity often precludes effective therapy. Although NF-kappaB generally protects cells by inducing the expression genes encoding antiapoptotic and antioxidizing proteins, its role in apoptosis and necrosis can vary markedly in different cell contexts, and NF-kappaB can sensitize cells to death-inducing stimuli in some instances. This article describes our current knowledge of the role of NF-kappaB in apoptosis and necrosis, and focuses on the many advances since we last reviewed this rapidly evolving topic in Oncogene 3 years ago. There has been substantial progress in understanding NF-kappaB's mode of action in apoptosis and necrosis and the mechanisms that regulate its anti- vs proapoptotic activities. These recent developments shed new light on the role of NF-kappaB in many disease conditions including tumor development, tumor progression and anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dutta
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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39
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Pacifico F, Leonardi A. NF-κB in solid tumors. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1142-52. [PMID: 16956585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a multistep process during which cells acquire genetic alterations that drive the progressive transformation of normal cells into highly malignant cells. Self-sufficiency in growth, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, tissue invasion and metastasis, are signatures of transformed cells. NF-kappaB is a key actor in tumorigenesis given its ability to control the expression and the function of a number of genes involved in these processes. Indeed, constitutive activation of NF-kappaB is a common feature of many human tumors, while its sustained activation during inflammation predisposes normal cells to neoplastic transformation. Since suppression of NF-kappaB has been shown to inhibit oncogenic potential of transformed cells, targeting it should be effective in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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40
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Abstract
Complexes formed from the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) family of transcription factors are ubiquitously expressed and are induced by a diverse array of stimuli. This results in their becoming activated in a wide variety of different settings. While the functions of NF-kappaB in many of these contexts have been the subject of intense research and are now well established, it is also clear that there is great diversity in the effects and consequences of NF-kappaB activation. NF-kappaB subunits do not necessarily regulate the same genes, in an identical manner, in all of the different circumstances in which they are induced. This review will discuss the different functions of NF-kappaB, the pathways that modulate NF-kappaB subunit activity and, in contrast to its more commonly thought of role as a promoter of cancer cell growth and survival, the ability of NF-kappaB, under some circumstances, to behave as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Perkins
- Division of Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, MSI/WTB Complex, Dow Street, Dundee, Scotland DD1 5EH, UK.
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41
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Lewis DA, Hengeltraub SF, Gao FC, Leivant MA, Spandau DF. Aberrant NF-κB Activity in HaCaT Cells Alters their Response to UVB Signaling. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1885-92. [PMID: 16741515 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The immortalized keratinocyte cell line called HaCaT has been used in experiments as a convenient substitute for cultured normal human keratinocytes. However, some molecular differences have been identified that distinguish HaCaT cells from normal human keratinocytes, including differences in the NF-kappaB signaling pathway and in their response to UVB irradiation. NF-kappaB is a widely expressed transcription factor that is activated by a cacophony of stimuli, including inflammatory mediators such as TNFalpha and oxidative stressors such as UVB exposure. This report delineates and further elucidates the aberrant NF-kappaB signaling pathway and its effect in HaCaT cells exposed to UVB radiation or inflammatory mediators. We demonstrate that NF-kappaB DNA binding is activated by both UVB and TNFalpha, but discrepancies in the activation of key upstream signaling pathway components such as AKT phosphorylation and IkappaBalpha degradation exist. Disruption of the constitutive NF-kappaB activity in HaCaT cells resulted in alterations in NF-kappaB signaling that were more consistent with the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in normal human keratinocytes. These studies suggest that caution should be used in extrapolating the biological responses of HaCaT cells to those of normal human keratinocytes in the absence of confirmatory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina A Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Sayama K, Hanakawa Y, Nagai H, Shirakata Y, Dai X, Hirakawa S, Tokumaru S, Tohyama M, Yang L, Sato S, Shizuo A, Hashimoto K. Transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 is essential for differentiation and the prevention of apoptosis in epidermis. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:22013-22020. [PMID: 16754690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601065200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family and is an upstream signaling molecule of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Given that NF-kappaB regulates keratinocyte differentiation and apoptosis, TAK1 may be essential for epidermal functions. To test this, we generated keratinocyte-specific TAK1-deficient mice from Map3k7(flox/flox) mice and K5-Cre mice. The keratinocyte-specific TAK1-deficient mice were macroscopically indistinguishable from their littermates until postnatal day 2 or 3, when the skin started to roughen and wrinkle. This phenotype progressed, and the mice died by postnatal day 7. Histological analysis showed thickening of the epidermis with foci of keratinocyte apoptosis and intra-epidermal micro-abscesses. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the suprabasal keratinocytes of the TAK1-deficient epidermis expressed keratin 5 and keratin 14, which are normally confined to the basal layer. The expression of keratin 1, keratin 10, and loricrin, which are markers for the suprabasal and late phase differentiation of the epidermis, was absent from the TAK1-deficient epidermis. Furthermore, the TAK1-deficient epidermis expressed keratin 16 and had an increased number of Ki67-positive cells. These data indicate that TAK1 deficiency in keratinocytes results in abnormal differentiation, increased proliferation, and apoptosis in the epidermis. However, the keratinocytes from the TAK1-deficient epidermis induced keratin 1 in suspension culture, indicating that the TAK1-deficient keratinocytes retain the ability to differentiate. Moreover, the removal of TAK1 from cultured keratinocytes of Map3k7(flox/flox) mice resulted in apoptosis, indicating that TAK1 is essential for preventing apoptosis. In conclusion, TAK1 is essential in the regulation of keratinocyte growth, differentiation, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sayama
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295.
| | - Yasushi Hanakawa
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295
| | - Hiroshi Nagai
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295
| | - Yuji Shirakata
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295
| | - Xiuju Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295
| | - Satoshi Hirakawa
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295
| | - Sho Tokumaru
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295
| | - Mikiko Tohyama
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295
| | - Lujun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Shizuo
- Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295
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Omori E, Matsumoto K, Sanjo H, Sato S, Akira S, Smart RC, Ninomiya-Tsuji J. TAK1 is a master regulator of epidermal homeostasis involving skin inflammation and apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:19610-7. [PMID: 16675448 PMCID: PMC1797070 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603384200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) functions downstream of inflammatory cytokines to activate c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) as well as NF-kappaB in several cell types. However, the functional role of TAK1 in an in vivo setting has not been determined. Here we have demonstrated that TAK1 is the major regulator of skin inflammation as well as keratinocyte death in vivo. Epidermal-specific deletion of TAK1 causes a severe inflammatory skin condition by postnatal day 6-8. The mutant skin also exhibits massive keratinocyte death. Analysis of keratinocytes isolated from the mutant skin revealed that TAK1 deficiency results in a striking increase in apoptosis in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF). TAK1-deficient keratinocytes cannot activate NF-kappaB or JNK upon TNF treatment. These results suggest that TNF induces TAK1-deficient keratinocyte death because of the lack of NF-kappaB (and possibly JNK)-mediated cell survival signaling. Finally, we have shown that deletion of the TNF receptor can largely rescue keratinocyte death as well as inflammatory skin condition in epidermal-specific TAK1-deficient mice. Our results demonstrate that TAK1 is a master regulator of TNF signaling in skin and regulates skin inflammation and keratinocyte death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Omori
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, North Carolina 27695-7633
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, JAPAN
| | - Kunihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, JAPAN
- SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, JAPAN
| | - Hideki Sanjo
- RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama 230-0045, JAPAN
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Department of Host Defence, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, JAPAN
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defence, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, JAPAN
| | - Robert C. Smart
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, North Carolina 27695-7633
| | - Jun Ninomiya-Tsuji
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, North Carolina 27695-7633
- SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, JAPAN
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auf dem Keller U, Huber M, Beyer TA, Kümin A, Siemes C, Braun S, Bugnon P, Mitropoulos V, Johnson DA, Johnson JA, Hohl D, Werner S. Nrf transcription factors in keratinocytes are essential for skin tumor prevention but not for wound healing. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:3773-84. [PMID: 16648473 PMCID: PMC1489009 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.10.3773-3784.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nrf2 transcription factor is a key player in the cellular stress response through its regulation of cytoprotective genes. In this study we determined the role of Nrf2-mediated gene expression in keratinocytes for skin development, wound repair, and skin carcinogenesis. To overcome compensation by the related Nrf1 and Nrf3 proteins, we expressed a dominant-negative Nrf2 mutant (dnNrf2) in the epidermis of transgenic mice. The functionality of the transgene product was verified in vivo using mice doubly transgenic for dnNrf2 and an Nrf2-responsive reporter gene. Surprisingly, no abnormalities of the epidermis were observed in dnNrf2-transgenic mice, and even full-thickness skin wounds healed normally. However, the onset, incidence, and multiplicity of chemically induced skin papillomas were strikingly enhanced, whereas the progression to squamous cell carcinomas was unaltered. We provide evidence that the enhanced tumorigenesis results from reduced basal expression of cytoprotective Nrf target genes, leading to accumulation of oxidative damage and reduced carcinogen detoxification. Our results reveal a crucial role of Nrf-mediated gene expression in keratinocytes in the prevention of skin tumors and suggest that activation of Nrf2 in keratinocytes is a promising strategy to prevent carcinogenesis of this highly exposed organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich auf dem Keller
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Honggerberg, HPM D42, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Pikarsky E, Ben-Neriah Y. NF-κB inhibition: A double-edged sword in cancer? Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:779-84. [PMID: 16530406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several recent studies of mouse models of cancer have provided direct genetic evidence for the critical role of NF-kappaB in carcinogenesis. While it has long been known that NF-kappaB is a key mediator of chemotherapy resistance, it is now clear that the transcription factor also has a major role in tumour development, particularly at its earlier phases. However, the role of NF-kappaB in tumourigenesis is more complex than anticipated, as in some models NF-kappaB inhibition blocks, whereas in others it facilitates, tumour development. In this paper we review current knowledge and suggest a general hypothesis that attempts to resolve this apparent paradox. Further cancer model studies should help to clarify this issue, complementing the intensive drug development effort of the pharmaceutical industry around NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Pikarsky
- Department of Pathology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem Campus, Kiryat Hadassah, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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46
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Abstract
The capacity to induce neoplasia in human tissue in the laboratory has recently provided a new platform for cancer research. Malignant conversion can be achieved in vivo by expressing genes of interest in human tissue that has been regenerated on immune-deficient mice. Induction of cancer in regenerated human skin recapitulates the three-dimensional architecture, tissue polarity, basement membrane structure, extracellular matrix, oncogene signalling and therapeutic target proteins found in intact human skin in vivo. Human-tissue cancer models therefore provide an opportunity to elucidate fundamental cancer mechanisms, to assess the oncogenic potency of mutations associated with specific human cancers and to develop new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Khavari
- Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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Perez-Moreno M, Davis MA, Wong E, Pasolli HA, Reynolds AB, Fuchs E. p120-catenin mediates inflammatory responses in the skin. Cell 2006; 124:631-44. [PMID: 16469707 PMCID: PMC2443688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although p120-catenin regulates adherens junction (AJ) stability in cultured cells, genetic studies in lower eukaryotes have not revealed a role for this protein in vivo. Using conditional targeting in mice, we show that p120 null neonatal epidermis exhibits reduced intercellular AJ components but no overt disruption in barrier function or intercellular adhesion. As the mice age, however, they display epidermal hyperplasia and chronic inflammation, typified by hair degeneration and loss of body fat. Using skin engraftments and anti-inflammatory drugs, we show that these features are not attributable to reductions in junctional cadherins and catenins, but rather NFkB activation. Both in vivo and in vitro, p120 null epidermal cells activate nuclear NFkB, triggering a cascade of proinflammatory NFkB targets. Although the underlying mechanism is likely complex, we show that p120 affects NFkB activation and immune homeostasis in part through regulation of Rho GTPases. These findings provide important new insights into p120 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Perez-Moreno
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Michael A. Davis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ellen Wong
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - H. Amalia Pasolli
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Albert B. Reynolds
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- *Contact:
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48
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Mack JA, Anand S, Maytin EV. Proliferation and cornification during development of the mammalian epidermis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 75:314-29. [PMID: 16425252 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body and consists of the underlying dermis and outer epidermis. Proper embryonic development and continual renewal of the adult epidermis are essential to provide an impenetrable barrier against fluid loss and serve as our most important defense against insults from the external environment. During mammalian embryogenesis the epidermis develops from the surface ectoderm, which initially consists of a multipotent single-layer epithelium. Once these epithelial cells receive the appropriate developmental cues, they become committed to stratify, initiate a massive expansion program, and finally embark on a journey of terminal differentiation to produce the morphologically distinct layers of the epidermis. The culmination of this journey is the formation of an impervious cornified envelope via a highly specialized form of programmed cell death, termed "cornification" (reviewed in Candi et al.), which is distinct in many ways from the classic apoptotic pathways. The epidermal developmental program that is first seen in the fetus is recapitulated for the entire life of the organism. The basal layer of adult skin harbors stem cells, which can divide to produce daughter stem cells and transit amplifying (TA) cells that go on to differentiate and cornify (reviewed in Fuchs and Raghavan). In this review we summarize current knowledge about the molecular regulation of proliferation and cornification in the developing mammalian epidermis. We focus on events in the interfollicular epidermis, with special emphasis on transcriptional regulation by p63, Notch, NF-kappaB/IKK, Hox, AP-1, AP-2, and C/EBP factors. We end with a discussion about perturbations in epidermal proliferation and cornification as they pertain to human skin pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Mack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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