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Zhou C, Wu YK, Ishidate F, Fujiwara TK, Kengaku M. Nesprin-2 coordinates opposing microtubule motors during nuclear migration in neurons. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202405032. [PMID: 39115447 PMCID: PMC11310688 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202405032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear migration is critical for the proper positioning of neurons in the developing brain. It is known that bidirectional microtubule motors are required for nuclear transport, yet the mechanism of the coordination of opposing motors is still under debate. Using mouse cerebellar granule cells, we demonstrate that Nesprin-2 serves as a nucleus-motor adaptor, coordinating the interplay of kinesin-1 and dynein. Nesprin-2 recruits dynein-dynactin-BicD2 independently of the nearby kinesin-binding LEWD motif. Both motor binding sites are required to rescue nuclear migration defects caused by the loss of function of Nesprin-2. In an intracellular cargo transport assay, the Nesprin-2 fragment encompassing the motor binding sites generates persistent movements toward both microtubule minus and plus ends. Nesprin-2 drives bidirectional cargo movements over a prolonged period along perinuclear microtubules, which advance during the migration of neurons. We propose that Nesprin-2 keeps the nucleus mobile by coordinating opposing motors, enabling continuous nuclear transport along advancing microtubules in migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuying Zhou
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - You Kure Wu
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Ishidate
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro K Fujiwara
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mineko Kengaku
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Smart K, Sharp DJ. The fidgetin family: Shaking things up among the microtubule-severing enzymes. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024; 81:151-166. [PMID: 37823563 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton is required for several crucial cellular processes, including chromosome segregation, cell polarity and orientation, and intracellular transport. These functions rely on microtubule stability and dynamics, which are regulated by microtubule-binding proteins (MTBPs). One such type of regulator is the microtubule-severing enzymes (MSEs), which are ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activities (AAA+ ATPases). The most recently identified family are the fidgetins, which contain three members: fidgetin, fidgetin-like 1 (FL1), and fidgetin-like 2 (FL2). Of the three known MSE families, the fidgetins have the most diverse range of functions in the cell, spanning mitosis/meiosis, development, cell migration, DNA repair, and neuronal function. Furthermore, they offer intriguing novel therapeutic targets for cancer, cardiovascular disease, and wound healing. In the two decades since their first report, there has been great progress in our understanding of the fidgetins; however, there is still much left unknown about this unusual family. This review aims to consolidate the present body of knowledge of the fidgetin family of MSEs and to inspire deeper exploration into the fidgetins and the MSEs as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Smart
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - David J Sharp
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Microcures, Inc., Bronx, New York, USA
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3
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Hirsch Y, Chung WK, Novoselov S, Weimer LH, Rossor A, LeDuc CA, McPartland AJ, Cabrera E, Ekstein J, Scher S, Nelson RF, Schiavo G, Henderson LB, Booth KTA. Biallelic Loss-of-Function Variants in BICD1 Are Associated with Peripheral Neuropathy and Hearing Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8897. [PMID: 37240244 PMCID: PMC10219021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss and peripheral neuropathy are two clinical entities that are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous and sometimes co-occurring. Using exome sequencing and targeted segregation analysis, we investigated the genetic etiology of peripheral neuropathy and hearing loss in a large Ashkenazi Jewish family. Moreover, we assessed the production of the candidate protein via western blotting of lysates from fibroblasts from an affected individual and an unaffected control. Pathogenic variants in known disease genes associated with hearing loss and peripheral neuropathy were excluded. A homozygous frameshift variant in the BICD1 gene, c.1683dup (p.(Arg562Thrfs*18)), was identified in the proband and segregated with hearing loss and peripheral neuropathy in the family. The BIDC1 RNA analysis from patient fibroblasts showed a modest reduction in gene transcripts compared to the controls. In contrast, protein could not be detected in fibroblasts from a homozygous c.1683dup individual, whereas BICD1 was detected in an unaffected individual. Our findings indicate that bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in BICD1 are associated with hearing loss and peripheral neuropathy. Definitive evidence that bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in BICD1 cause peripheral neuropathy and hearing loss will require the identification of other families and individuals with similar variants with the same phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoel Hirsch
- Dor Yeshorim, Committee for Prevention Jewish Genetic Diseases, Brooklyn, NY 11211, USA
| | - Wendy K. Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sergey Novoselov
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Louis H. Weimer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexander Rossor
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Charles A. LeDuc
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Amanda J. McPartland
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ernesto Cabrera
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Josef Ekstein
- Dor Yeshorim, Committee for Prevention Jewish Genetic Diseases, Brooklyn, NY 11211, USA
| | - Sholem Scher
- Dor Yeshorim, Committee for Prevention Jewish Genetic Diseases, Brooklyn, NY 11211, USA
| | - Rick F. Nelson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Kevin T. A. Booth
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Medical and Molecular Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Atkins M, Nicol X, Fassier C. Microtubule remodelling as a driving force of axon guidance and pruning. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 140:35-53. [PMID: 35710759 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of neuronal connectivity relies on the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton, which provides mechanical support, roads for axonal transport and mediates signalling events. Fine-tuned spatiotemporal regulation of MT functions by tubulin post-translational modifications and MT-associated proteins is critical for the coarse wiring and subsequent refinement of neuronal connectivity. The defective regulation of these processes causes a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders associated with connectivity defects. This review focuses on recent studies unravelling how MT composition, post-translational modifications and associated proteins influence MT functions in axon guidance and/or pruning to build functional neuronal circuits. We here summarise experimental evidence supporting the key role of this network as a driving force for growth cone steering and branch-specific axon elimination. We further provide a global overview of the MT-interactors that tune developing axon behaviours, with a special emphasis on their emerging versatility in the regulation of MT dynamics/structure. Recent studies establishing the key and highly selective role of the tubulin code in the regulation of MT functions in axon pathfinding are also reported. Finally, our review highlights the emerging molecular links between these MT regulation processes and guidance signals that wire the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Atkins
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Nicol
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Coralie Fassier
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, F-75012 Paris, France.
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5
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Atkins M, Hazan J, Fassier C. In Vivo Live Imaging of Axonal Transport in Developing Zebrafish Axons. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2431:325-350. [PMID: 35412285 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1990-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Axonal transport is crucial for neuronal homeostasis, survival, and development. Indeed, axonal transport needs to be precisely regulated for developing axons to swiftly and accurately respond to their complex and evolving environment in space and time. A growing number of studies have started to unravel the diversity of regulatory and adaptor proteins required to orchestrate the axonal transport machinery. Despite some discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo axonal transport studies, most analyses aiming at deciphering these regulatory complexes, as well as their mode of action, were carried out in vitro in primary cultures of neurons, and mainly focused on their impact on axon specification and elongation, but rarely on axon navigation per se. Given the clear influence of the in vivo environment on axonal transport, including chemical and physical interactions with neighboring cells, it is essential to develop in vivo models to identify and characterize the molecular complexes involved in this key process. Here, we describe an experimental system to monitor axonal transport in vivo in developing axons of live zebrafish embryos with high spatial and temporal resolution. Due to its optical transparency and easy genetic manipulation, the zebrafish embryo is ideally suited to study such cellular dynamics at a single axon scale. Using this approach, we were able to unravel the key role of Fidgetin-like 1 in the regulation of bidirectional axonal transport required for motor axon targeting. Moreover, this protocol can be easily adapted to characterize a wide range of axonal transport regulators and components in physiological conditions and may additionally be used to screen new therapeutic compounds based on their ability to recue axonal transport defects in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Atkins
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC-Université Paris 6, INSERM U1130, CNRS UMR8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Institut du Fer à Moulin, UMR-S 1270 Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jamilé Hazan
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC-Université Paris 6, INSERM U1130, CNRS UMR8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Coralie Fassier
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC-Université Paris 6, INSERM U1130, CNRS UMR8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (NPS-IBPS), Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 968, CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.
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6
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Braems E, Tziortzouda P, Van Den Bosch L. Exploring the alternative: Fish, flies and worms as preclinical models for ALS. Neurosci Lett 2021; 759:136041. [PMID: 34118308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons. In general, patients succumb to respiratory insufficiency due to respiratory muscle weakness. Despite many promising therapeutic strategies primarily identified in rodent models, patient trials remain rather unsuccessful. There is a clear need for alternative approaches, which could provide directions towards the justified use of rodents and which increase the likelihood to identify new promising clinical candidates. In the last decades, the use of fast genetic approaches and the development of high-throughput screening platforms in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, in the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and in zebrafish (Danio rerio) have contributed to new insights into ALS pathomechanisms, disease modifiers and therapeutic targets. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of these alternative small animal studies, modeling the most common ALS genes and discuss the most recent preclinical discoveries. We conclude that small animal models will not replace rodent models, yet they clearly represent an important asset for preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Braems
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paraskevi Tziortzouda
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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Fellows AD, Rhymes ER, Gibbs KL, Greensmith L, Schiavo G. IGF1R regulates retrograde axonal transport of signalling endosomes in motor neurons. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49129. [PMID: 32030864 PMCID: PMC7054680 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Signalling endosomes are essential for trafficking of activated ligand-receptor complexes and their distal signalling, ultimately leading to neuronal survival. Although deficits in signalling endosome transport have been linked to neurodegeneration, our understanding of the mechanisms controlling this process remains incomplete. Here, we describe a new modulator of signalling endosome trafficking, the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). We show that IGF1R inhibition increases the velocity of signalling endosomes in motor neuron axons, both in vitro and in vivo. This effect is specific, since IGF1R inhibition does not alter the axonal transport of mitochondria or lysosomes. Our results suggest that this change in trafficking is linked to the dynein adaptor bicaudal D1 (BICD1), as IGF1R inhibition results in an increase in the de novo synthesis of BICD1 in the axon of motor neurons. Finally, we found that IGF1R inhibition can improve the deficits in signalling endosome transport observed in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Taken together, these findings suggest that IGF1R inhibition may be a new therapeutic target for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Fellows
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Elena R Rhymes
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Katherine L Gibbs
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Linda Greensmith
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.,Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, University College London Campus, London, UK
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