1
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Adam D, Langerscheidt F, Zempel H. Amyloid-β-induced disruption of axon-initial-segment mitochondria localization: consequences for TAU missorting in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1407-1408. [PMID: 39075906 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Adam
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Adam D, Langerscheidt F, Zempel H)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Adam D, Langerscheidt F, Zempel H)
| | - Felix Langerscheidt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Adam D, Langerscheidt F, Zempel H)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Adam D, Langerscheidt F, Zempel H)
| | - Hans Zempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Adam D, Langerscheidt F, Zempel H)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (Adam D, Langerscheidt F, Zempel H)
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2
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Yang Z, Wang J, Zhao T, Wang L, Liang T, Zheng Y. Mitochondrial structure and function: A new direction for the targeted treatment of chronic liver disease with Chinese herbal medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118461. [PMID: 38908494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Excessive fat accumulation, biological clock dysregulation, viral infections, and sustained inflammatory responses can lead to liver inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer, thus promoting the development of chronic liver disease. A comprehensive understanding of the etiological factors leading to chronic liver disease and the intrinsic mechanisms influencing its onset and progression can aid in identifying potential targets for targeted therapy. Mitochondria, as key organelles that maintain the metabolic homeostasis of the liver, provide an important foundation for exploring therapeutic targets for chronic liver disease. Recent studies have shown that active ingredients in herbal medicines and their natural products can modulate chronic liver disease by influencing the structure and function of mitochondria. Therefore, studying how Chinese herbs target mitochondrial structure and function to treat chronic liver diseases is of great significance. AIM OF THE STUDY Investigating the prospects of herbal medicine the Lens of chronic liver disease based on mitochondrial structure and function. MATERIALS AND METHODS A computerized search of PubMed was conducted using the keywords "mitochondrial structure", "mitochondrial function", "mitochondria and chronic liver disease", "botanicals, mitochondria and chronic liver disease".Data from the Web of Science and Science Direct databases were also included. The research findings regarding herbal medicines targeting mitochondrial structure and function for the treatment of chronic liver disease are summarized. RESULTS A computerized search of PubMed using the keywords "mitochondrial structure", "mitochondrial function", "mitochondria and chronic liver disease", "phytopharmaceuticals, mitochondria, and chronic liver disease", as well as the Web of Science and Science Direct databases was conducted to summarize information on studies of mitochondrial structure- and function-based Chinese herbal medicines for the treatment of chronic liver disease and to suggest that the effects of herbal medicines on mitochondrial division and fusion.The study suggested that there is much room for research on the influence of Chinese herbs on mitochondrial division and fusion. CONCLUSIONS Targeting mitochondrial structure and function is crucial for herbal medicine to combat chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530222, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530222, China
| | - Tiejian Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530222, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530222, China
| | - Tianjian Liang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530222, China.
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine Science Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530222, China.
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3
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Wang H, Vant JW, Zhang A, Sanchez RG, Wu Y, Micou ML, Luczak V, Whiddon Z, Carlson NM, Yu SB, Jabbo M, Yoon S, Abushawish AA, Ghassemian M, Masubuchi T, Gan Q, Watanabe S, Griffis ER, Hammarlund M, Singharoy A, Pekkurnaz G. Organization of a functional glycolytic metabolon on mitochondria for metabolic efficiency. Nat Metab 2024; 6:1712-1735. [PMID: 39261628 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Glucose, the primary cellular energy source, is metabolized through glycolysis initiated by the rate-limiting enzyme hexokinase (HK). In energy-demanding tissues like the brain, HK1 is the dominant isoform, primarily localized on mitochondria, and is crucial for efficient glycolysis-oxidative phosphorylation coupling and optimal energy generation. This study unveils a unique mechanism regulating HK1 activity, glycolysis and the dynamics of mitochondrial coupling, mediated by the metabolic sensor enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). OGT catalyses reversible O-GlcNAcylation, a post-translational modification influenced by glucose flux. Elevated OGT activity induces dynamic O-GlcNAcylation of the regulatory domain of HK1, subsequently promoting the assembly of the glycolytic metabolon on the outer mitochondrial membrane. This modification enhances the mitochondrial association with HK1, orchestrating glycolytic and mitochondrial ATP production. Mutation in HK1's O-GlcNAcylation site reduces ATP generation in multiple cell types, specifically affecting metabolic efficiency in neurons. This study reveals a previously unappreciated pathway that links neuronal metabolism and mitochondrial function through OGT and the formation of the glycolytic metabolon, providing potential strategies for tackling metabolic and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Wang
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John W Vant
- Biodesign Institute, The School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew Zhang
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard G Sanchez
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Youjun Wu
- Department of Genetics and Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mary L Micou
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vincent Luczak
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Neurocrine Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Whiddon
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Natasha M Carlson
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Seungyoon B Yu
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mirna Jabbo
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Seokjun Yoon
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ahmed A Abushawish
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Majid Ghassemian
- Biomolecular and Proteomics Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Takeya Masubuchi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Quan Gan
- Department of Cell Biology, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shigeki Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric R Griffis
- Nikon Imaging Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Altos Labs, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marc Hammarlund
- Department of Genetics and Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Abhishek Singharoy
- Biodesign Institute, The School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Gulcin Pekkurnaz
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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4
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Yu SB, Wang H, Sanchez RG, Carlson NM, Nguyen K, Zhang A, Papich ZD, Abushawish AA, Whiddon Z, Matysik W, Zhang J, Whisenant TC, Ghassemian M, Koberstein JN, Stewart ML, Myers SA, Pekkurnaz G. Neuronal activity-driven O-GlcNAcylation promotes mitochondrial plasticity. Dev Cell 2024; 59:2143-2157.e9. [PMID: 38843836 PMCID: PMC11338717 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal activity is an energy-intensive process that is largely sustained by instantaneous fuel utilization and ATP synthesis. However, how neurons couple ATP synthesis rate to fuel availability is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the metabolic sensor enzyme O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase regulates neuronal activity-driven mitochondrial bioenergetics in hippocampal and cortical neurons. We show that neuronal activity upregulates O-GlcNAcylation in mitochondria. Mitochondrial O-GlcNAcylation is promoted by activity-driven glucose consumption, which allows neurons to compensate for high energy expenditure based on fuel availability. To determine the proteins that are responsible for these adjustments, we mapped the mitochondrial O-GlcNAcome of neurons. Finally, we determine that neurons fail to meet activity-driven metabolic demand when O-GlcNAcylation dynamics are prevented. Our findings suggest that O-GlcNAcylation provides a fuel-dependent feedforward control mechanism in neurons to optimize mitochondrial performance based on neuronal activity. This mechanism thereby couples neuronal metabolism to mitochondrial bioenergetics and plays a key role in sustaining energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyoon B Yu
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Haoming Wang
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Richard G Sanchez
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Natasha M Carlson
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Laboratory for Immunochemical Circuits, Center of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, and Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew Zhang
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zachary D Papich
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ahmed A Abushawish
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zachary Whiddon
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Weronika Matysik
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Thomas C Whisenant
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Majid Ghassemian
- Biomolecular and Proteomics Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John N Koberstein
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Melissa L Stewart
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Samuel A Myers
- Laboratory for Immunochemical Circuits, Center of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, and Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Program in Immunology, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gulcin Pekkurnaz
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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5
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Jenkins JE, Fazli M, Evans CS. Mitochondrial motility modulators coordinate quality control dynamics to promote neuronal health. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 89:102383. [PMID: 38908094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Dysfunction in mitochondrial maintenance and trafficking is commonly correlated with the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, biomedical research has been dedicated to understanding how architecturally complex neurons maintain and transport their mitochondria. However, the systems that coordinate mitochondrial QC (quality control) dynamics and trafficking in response to neuronal activity and stress are less understood. Additionally, the degree of integration between the processes of mitochondrial trafficking and QC is unclear. Recent work indicates that mitochondrial motility modulators (i.e., anchors and tethers) help coordinate mitochondrial health by mediating distinct, stress-level-appropriate QC pathways following mitochondrial damage. This review summarizes current evidence supporting the role of two mitochondrial motility modulators, Syntaphilin and Mitofusin 2, in coordinating mitochondrial QC to promote neuronal health. Exploring motility modulators' intricate regulatory molecular landscape may reveal new therapeutic targets for delaying disease progression and enhancing neuronal survival post-insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Jenkins
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mohammad Fazli
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chantell S Evans
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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6
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Deshmukh V, Martin JF. SETD3 is a mechanosensitive enzyme that methylates actin on His73 to regulate mitochondrial dynamics and function. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261268. [PMID: 38896010 PMCID: PMC11304411 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, which act as sensors of metabolic homeostasis and metabolite signaling, form a dynamic intracellular network that continuously changes shape, size and localization to respond to localized cellular energy demands. Mitochondrial dynamics and function depend on interactions with the F-actin cytoskeleton that are poorly understood. Here, we show that SET domain protein 3 (SETD3), a recently described actin histidine methyltransferase, directly methylates actin at histidine-73 and enhances F-actin polymerization on mitochondria. SETD3 is a mechano-sensitive enzyme that is localized on the outer mitochondrial membrane and promotes actin polymerization around mitochondria. SETD3 loss of function leads to diminished F-actin around mitochondria and a decrease in mitochondrial branch length, branch number and mitochondrial movement. Our functional analysis revealed that SETD3 is required for oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial complex I assembly and function. Our data further indicate that SETD3 regulates F-actin formation around mitochondria and is essential for maintaining mitochondrial morphology, movement and function. Finally, we discovered that SETD3 levels are regulated by extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness and regulate mitochondrial shape in response to changes in ECM stiffness. These findings provide new insight into the mechanism for F-actin polymerization around mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Deshmukh
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - James F. Martin
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Center for Organ Repair and Renewal, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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7
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Chi WY, Lee GH, Tang MJ, Chen BH, Lin WL, Fu TF. Disturbed intracellular folate homeostasis impairs autophagic flux and increases hepatocytic lipid accumulation. BMC Biol 2024; 22:146. [PMID: 38956599 PMCID: PMC11220954 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), a prevalent liver disorder affecting one-third of the global population, encompasses a spectrum ranging from fatty liver to severe hepatic steatosis. Both genetic and lifestyle factors, particularly diet and nutrition, contribute to its etiology. Folate deficiency, a frequently encountered type of malnutrition, has been associated with the pathogenesis of MAFLD and shown to impact lipid deposition. However, the underlying mechanisms of this relationship remain incompletely understood. We investigated the impact of disturbed folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism (OCM) on hepatic lipid metabolism both in vitro using human hepatoma cells and in vivo using transgenic fluorescent zebrafish displaying extent-, stage-, and duration-controllable folate deficiency upon induction. RESULTS Disturbed folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism, either by inducing folate deficiency or adding anti-folate drug, compromises autophagy and causes lipid accumulation in liver cells. Disturbed folate status down-regulates cathepsin L, a key enzyme involved in autophagy, through inhibiting mTOR signaling. Interfered mitochondrial biology, including mitochondria relocation and increased fusion-fission dynamics, also occurs in folate-deficient hepatocytes. Folate supplementation effectively mitigated the impaired autophagy and lipid accumulation caused by the inhibition of cathepsin L activity, even when the inhibition was not directly related to folate deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Disruption of folate-mediated OCM diminishes cathepsin L expression and impedes autophagy via mTOR signaling, leading to lipid accumulation within hepatocytes. These findings underscore the crucial role of folate in modulating autophagic processes and regulating lipid metabolism in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yu Chi
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Gang-Hui Lee
- International Center for Wound Repair & Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jer Tang
- International Center for Wound Repair & Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ling Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Rd, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Fun Fu
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Rd, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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8
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Wu Y, Ding C, Sharif B, Weinreb A, Swaim G, Hao H, Yogev S, Watanabe S, Hammarlund M. Polarized localization of kinesin-1 and RIC-7 drives axonal mitochondria anterograde transport. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202305105. [PMID: 38470363 PMCID: PMC10932739 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202305105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria transport is crucial for axonal mitochondria distribution and is mediated by kinesin-1-based anterograde and dynein-based retrograde motor complexes. While Miro and Milton/TRAK were identified as key adaptors between mitochondria and kinesin-1, recent studies suggest the presence of additional mechanisms. In C. elegans, ric-7 is the only single gene described so far, other than kinesin-1, that is absolutely required for axonal mitochondria localization. Using CRISPR engineering in C. elegans, we find that Miro is important but is not essential for anterograde traffic, whereas it is required for retrograde traffic. Both the endogenous RIC-7 and kinesin-1 act at the leading end to transport mitochondria anterogradely. RIC-7 binding to mitochondria requires its N-terminal domain and partially relies on MIRO-1, whereas RIC-7 accumulation at the leading end depends on its disordered region, kinesin-1, and metaxin2. We conclude that transport complexes containing kinesin-1 and RIC-7 polarize at the leading edge of mitochondria and are required for anterograde axonal transport in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Wu
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chen Ding
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Behrang Sharif
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexis Weinreb
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Grace Swaim
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hongyan Hao
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shaul Yogev
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shigeki Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marc Hammarlund
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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9
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Bapat O, Purimetla T, Kruessel S, Shah M, Fan R, Thum C, Rupprecht F, Langer JD, Rangaraju V. VAP spatially stabilizes dendritic mitochondria to locally support synaptic plasticity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:205. [PMID: 38177103 PMCID: PMC10766606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Synapses are pivotal sites of plasticity and memory formation. Consequently, synapses are energy consumption hotspots susceptible to dysfunction when their energy supplies are perturbed. Mitochondria are stabilized near synapses via the cytoskeleton and provide the local energy required for synaptic plasticity. However, the mechanisms that tether and stabilize mitochondria to support synaptic plasticity are unknown. We identified proteins exclusively tethering mitochondria to actin near postsynaptic spines. We find that VAP, the vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stabilizes mitochondria via actin near the spines. To test if the VAP-dependent stable mitochondrial compartments can locally support synaptic plasticity, we used two-photon glutamate uncaging for spine plasticity induction and investigated the induced and adjacent uninduced spines. We find VAP functions as a spatial stabilizer of mitochondrial compartments for up to ~60 min and as a spatial ruler determining the ~30 μm dendritic segment supported during synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojasee Bapat
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- International Max Planck Research School for Synapses and Circuits, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Tejas Purimetla
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755-1404, USA
| | - Sarah Kruessel
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Monil Shah
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- International Max Planck Research School for Synapses and Circuits, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Ruolin Fan
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Christina Thum
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Fiona Rupprecht
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
- Thermo Fisher Diagnostics GmbH, Henningsdorf, 16761, Germany
| | - Julian D Langer
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Vidhya Rangaraju
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
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10
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Lu D, Feng Y, Liu G, Yang Y, Ren Y, Chen Z, Sun X, Guan Y, Wang Z. Mitochondrial transport in neurons and evidence for its involvement in acute neurological disorders. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1268883. [PMID: 37901436 PMCID: PMC10600463 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1268883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring mitochondrial quality is essential for maintaining neuronal homeostasis, and mitochondrial transport plays a vital role in mitochondrial quality control. In this review, we first provide an overview of neuronal mitochondrial transport, followed by a detailed description of the various motors and adaptors associated with the anterograde and retrograde transport of mitochondria. Subsequently, we review the modest evidence involving mitochondrial transport mechanisms that has surfaced in acute neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke. An in-depth study of this area will help deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of various acute neurological disorders and ultimately improve therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangjie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yayi Yang
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yubo Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhouqing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yixiang Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hai'an People's Hospital Affiliated of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Harrington JS, Ryter SW, Plataki M, Price DR, Choi AMK. Mitochondria in health, disease, and aging. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2349-2422. [PMID: 37021870 PMCID: PMC10393386 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00058.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are well known as organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular bioenergetics through the production of ATP. Although oxidative phosphorylation may be their most important function, mitochondria are also integral for the synthesis of metabolic precursors, calcium regulation, the production of reactive oxygen species, immune signaling, and apoptosis. Considering the breadth of their responsibilities, mitochondria are fundamental for cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Appreciating this significance, translational medicine has begun to investigate how mitochondrial dysfunction can represent a harbinger of disease. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of mitochondrial metabolism, cellular bioenergetics, mitochondrial dynamics, autophagy, mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns, mitochondria-mediated cell death pathways, and how mitochondrial dysfunction at any of these levels is associated with disease pathogenesis. Mitochondria-dependent pathways may thereby represent an attractive therapeutic target for ameliorating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Harrington
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Maria Plataki
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - David R Price
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
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12
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Wang H, Vant J, Wu Y, Sanchez R, Micou ML, Zhang A, Luczak V, Yu SB, Jabbo M, Yoon S, Abushawish AA, Ghassemian M, Griffis E, Hammarlund M, Singharoy A, Pekkurnaz G. Functional Organization of Glycolytic Metabolon on Mitochondria. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.26.554955. [PMID: 37662343 PMCID: PMC10473731 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.26.554955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucose, the primary cellular energy source, is metabolized through glycolysis initiated by the rate-limiting enzyme Hexokinase (HK). In energy-demanding tissues like the brain, HK1 is the dominant isoform, primarily localized on mitochondria, crucial for efficient glycolysis-oxidative phosphorylation coupling and optimal energy generation. This study unveils a unique mechanism regulating HK1 activity, glycolysis, and the dynamics of mitochondrial coupling, mediated by the metabolic sensor enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). OGT catalyzes reversible O-GlcNAcylation, a post-translational modification, influenced by glucose flux. Elevated OGT activity induces dynamic O-GlcNAcylation of HK1's regulatory domain, subsequently promoting the assembly of the glycolytic metabolon on the outer mitochondrial membrane. This modification enhances HK1's mitochondrial association, orchestrating glycolytic and mitochondrial ATP production. Mutations in HK1's O-GlcNAcylation site reduce ATP generation, affecting synaptic functions in neurons. The study uncovers a novel pathway that bridges neuronal metabolism and mitochondrial function via OGT and the formation of the glycolytic metabolon, offering new prospects for tackling metabolic and neurological disorders.
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13
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Fung TS, Chakrabarti R, Higgs HN. The multiple links between actin and mitochondria. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:651-667. [PMID: 37277471 PMCID: PMC10528321 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Actin plays many well-known roles in cells, and understanding any specific role is often confounded by the overlap of multiple actin-based structures in space and time. Here, we review our rapidly expanding understanding of actin in mitochondrial biology, where actin plays multiple distinct roles, exemplifying the versatility of actin and its functions in cell biology. One well-studied role of actin in mitochondrial biology is its role in mitochondrial fission, where actin polymerization from the endoplasmic reticulum through the formin INF2 has been shown to stimulate two distinct steps. However, roles for actin during other types of mitochondrial fission, dependent on the Arp2/3 complex, have also been described. In addition, actin performs functions independent of mitochondrial fission. During mitochondrial dysfunction, two distinct phases of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerization can be triggered. First, within 5 min of dysfunction, rapid actin assembly around mitochondria serves to suppress mitochondrial shape changes and to stimulate glycolysis. At a later time point, at more than 1 h post-dysfunction, a second round of actin polymerization prepares mitochondria for mitophagy. Finally, actin can both stimulate and inhibit mitochondrial motility depending on the context. These motility effects can either be through the polymerization of actin itself or through myosin-based processes, with myosin 19 being an important mitochondrially attached myosin. Overall, distinct actin structures assemble in response to diverse stimuli to affect specific changes to mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Shun Fung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rajarshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Henry N Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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14
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Weiß J, Heib M, Korn T, Hoyer J, Fuchslocher Chico J, Voigt S, Koudelka T, Tholey A, Adam D. Protease-independent control of parthanatos by HtrA2/Omi. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:258. [PMID: 37594630 PMCID: PMC10439076 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
HtrA2/Omi is a mitochondrial serine protease with ascribed pro-apoptotic as well as pro-necroptotic functions. Here, we establish that HtrA2/Omi also controls parthanatos, a third modality of regulated cell death. Deletion of HtrA2/Omi protects cells from parthanatos while reconstitution with the protease restores the parthanatic death response. The effects of HtrA2/Omi on parthanatos are specific and cannot be recapitulated by manipulating other mitochondrial proteases such as PARL, LONP1 or PMPCA. HtrA2/Omi controls parthanatos in a manner mechanistically distinct from its action in apoptosis or necroptosis, i.e., not by cleaving cytosolic IAP proteins but rather exerting its effects without exiting mitochondria, and downstream of PARP-1, the first component of the parthanatic signaling cascade. Also, previously identified or candidate substrates of HtrA2/Omi such as PDXDC1, VPS4B or moesin are not cleaved and dispensable for parthanatos, whereas DBC-1 and stathmin are cleaved, and thus represent potential parthanatic downstream mediators of HtrA2/Omi. Moreover, mass-spectrometric screening for novel parthanatic substrates of HtrA2/Omi revealed that the induction of parthanatos does not cause a substantial proteolytic cleavage or major alterations in the abundance of mitochondrial proteins. Resolving these findings, reconstitution of HtrA2/Omi-deficient cells with a catalytically inactive HtrA2/Omi mutant restored their sensitivity against parthanatos to the same level as the protease-active HtrA2/Omi protein. Additionally, an inhibitor of HtrA2/Omi's protease activity did not confer protection against parthanatic cell death. Our results demonstrate that HtrA2/Omi controls parthanatos in a protease-independent manner, likely via novel, unanticipated functions as a scaffolding protein and an interaction with so far unknown mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Weiß
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michelle Heib
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thiemo Korn
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Justus Hoyer
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johaiber Fuchslocher Chico
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susann Voigt
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tomas Koudelka
- Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Niemannsweg 11, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Niemannsweg 11, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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15
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Yang S, Park JH, Lu HC. Axonal energy metabolism, and the effects in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:49. [PMID: 37475056 PMCID: PMC10357692 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human studies consistently identify bioenergetic maladaptations in brains upon aging and neurodegenerative disorders of aging (NDAs), such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Glucose is the major brain fuel and glucose hypometabolism has been observed in brain regions vulnerable to aging and NDAs. Many neurodegenerative susceptible regions are in the topological central hub of the brain connectome, linked by densely interconnected long-range axons. Axons, key components of the connectome, have high metabolic needs to support neurotransmission and other essential activities. Long-range axons are particularly vulnerable to injury, neurotoxin exposure, protein stress, lysosomal dysfunction, etc. Axonopathy is often an early sign of neurodegeneration. Recent studies ascribe axonal maintenance failures to local bioenergetic dysregulation. With this review, we aim to stimulate research in exploring metabolically oriented neuroprotection strategies to enhance or normalize bioenergetics in NDA models. Here we start by summarizing evidence from human patients and animal models to reveal the correlation between glucose hypometabolism and connectomic disintegration upon aging/NDAs. To encourage mechanistic investigations on how axonal bioenergetic dysregulation occurs during aging/NDAs, we first review the current literature on axonal bioenergetics in distinct axonal subdomains: axon initial segments, myelinated axonal segments, and axonal arbors harboring pre-synaptic boutons. In each subdomain, we focus on the organization, activity-dependent regulation of the bioenergetic system, and external glial support. Second, we review the mechanisms regulating axonal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) homeostasis, an essential molecule for energy metabolism processes, including NAD+ biosynthetic, recycling, and consuming pathways. Third, we highlight the innate metabolic vulnerability of the brain connectome and discuss its perturbation during aging and NDAs. As axonal bioenergetic deficits are developing into NDAs, especially in asymptomatic phase, they are likely exaggerated further by impaired NAD+ homeostasis, the high energetic cost of neural network hyperactivity, and glial pathology. Future research in interrogating the causal relationship between metabolic vulnerability, axonopathy, amyloid/tau pathology, and cognitive decline will provide fundamental knowledge for developing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jung Hyun Park
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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16
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Zaninello M, Bean C. Highly Specialized Mechanisms for Mitochondrial Transport in Neurons: From Intracellular Mobility to Intercellular Transfer of Mitochondria. Biomolecules 2023; 13:938. [PMID: 37371518 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly specialized structure and function of neurons depend on a sophisticated organization of the cytoskeleton, which supports a similarly sophisticated system to traffic organelles and cargo vesicles. Mitochondria sustain crucial functions by providing energy and buffering calcium where it is needed. Accordingly, the distribution of mitochondria is not even in neurons and is regulated by a dynamic balance between active transport and stable docking events. This system is finely tuned to respond to changes in environmental conditions and neuronal activity. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which mitochondria are selectively transported in different compartments, taking into account the structure of the cytoskeleton, the molecular motors and the metabolism of neurons. Remarkably, the motor proteins driving the mitochondrial transport in axons have been shown to also mediate their transfer between cells. This so-named intercellular transport of mitochondria is opening new exciting perspectives in the treatment of multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zaninello
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Camilla Bean
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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17
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Neel DV, Basu H, Gunner G, Bergstresser MD, Giadone RM, Chung H, Miao R, Chou V, Brody E, Jiang X, Lee E, Watts ME, Marques C, Held A, Wainger B, Lagier-Tourenne C, Zhang YJ, Petrucelli L, Young-Pearse TL, Chen-Plotkin AS, Rubin LL, Lieberman J, Chiu IM. Gasdermin-E mediates mitochondrial damage in axons and neurodegeneration. Neuron 2023; 111:1222-1240.e9. [PMID: 36917977 PMCID: PMC10121894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and axon loss are hallmarks of neurologic diseases. Gasdermin (GSDM) proteins are executioner pore-forming molecules that mediate cell death, yet their roles in the central nervous system (CNS) are not well understood. Here, we find that one GSDM family member, GSDME, is expressed by both mouse and human neurons. GSDME plays a role in mitochondrial damage and axon loss. Mitochondrial neurotoxins induced caspase-dependent GSDME cleavage and rapid localization to mitochondria in axons, where GSDME promoted mitochondrial depolarization, trafficking defects, and neurite retraction. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD)/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated proteins TDP-43 and PR-50 induced GSDME-mediated damage to mitochondria and neurite loss. GSDME knockdown protected against neurite loss in ALS patient iPSC-derived motor neurons. Knockout of GSDME in SOD1G93A ALS mice prolonged survival, ameliorated motor dysfunction, rescued motor neuron loss, and reduced neuroinflammation. We identify GSDME as an executioner of neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction that may contribute to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan V Neel
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Himanish Basu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Georgia Gunner
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Richard M Giadone
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Haeji Chung
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rui Miao
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vicky Chou
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eliza Brody
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michelle E Watts
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christine Marques
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aaron Held
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Brian Wainger
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne
- Department of Neurology, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alice S Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lee L Rubin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Wong HTC, Lukasz D, Drerup CM, Kindt KS. In vivo investigation of mitochondria in lateral line afferent neurons and hair cells. Hear Res 2023; 431:108740. [PMID: 36948126 PMCID: PMC10079644 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
To process sensory stimuli, intense energy demands are placed on hair cells and primary afferents. Hair cells must both mechanotransduce and maintain pools of synaptic vesicles for neurotransmission. Furthermore, both hair cells and afferent neurons must continually maintain a polarized membrane to propagate sensory information. These processes are energy demanding and therefore both cell types are critically reliant on mitochondrial health and function for their activity and maintenance. Based on these demands, it is not surprising that deficits in mitochondrial health can negatively impact the auditory and vestibular systems. In this review, we reflect on how mitochondrial function and dysfunction are implicated in hair cell-mediated sensory system biology. Specifically, we focus on live imaging approaches that have been applied to study mitochondria using the zebrafish lateral-line system. We highlight the fluorescent dyes and genetically encoded biosensors that have been used to study mitochondria in lateral-line hair cells and afferent neurons. We then describe the impact this in vivo work has had on the field of mitochondrial biology as well as the relationship between mitochondria and sensory system development, function, and survival. Finally, we delineate the areas in need of further exploration. This includes in vivo analyses of mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis, which will round out our understanding of mitochondrial biology in this sensitive sensory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu-Tung C Wong
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Daria Lukasz
- Section on Sensory Cell Development and Function, National Institute of Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Catherine M Drerup
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Katie S Kindt
- Section on Sensory Cell Development and Function, National Institute of Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Yu SB, Sanchez RG, Papich ZD, Whisenant TC, Ghassemian M, Koberstein JN, Stewart ML, Pekkurnaz G. Neuronal activity-driven O-GlcNAcylation promotes mitochondrial plasticity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.11.523512. [PMID: 36711626 PMCID: PMC9882081 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.11.523512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal activity is an energy-intensive process that is largely sustained by instantaneous fuel utilization and ATP synthesis. However, how neurons couple ATP synthesis rate to fuel availability is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the metabolic sensor enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase regulates neuronal activity-driven mitochondrial bioenergetics. We show that neuronal activity upregulates O-GlcNAcylation mainly in mitochondria. Mitochondrial O-GlcNAcylation is promoted by activity-driven fuel consumption, which allows neurons to compensate for high energy expenditure based on fuel availability. To determine the proteins that are responsible for these adjustments, we mapped the mitochondrial O-GlcNAcome of neurons. Finally, we determine that neurons fail to meet activity-driven metabolic demand when O-GlcNAcylation dynamics are prevented. Our findings suggest that O-GlcNAcylation provides a fuel-dependent feedforward control mechanism in neurons to optimize mitochondrial performance based on neuronal activity. This mechanism thereby couples neuronal metabolism to mitochondrial bioenergetics and plays a key role in sustaining energy homeostasis.
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20
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Davis K, Basu H, Izquierdo-Villalba I, Shurberg E, Schwarz TL. Miro GTPase domains regulate the assembly of the mitochondrial motor-adaptor complex. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:6/1/e202201406. [PMID: 36302649 PMCID: PMC9615026 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial transport relies on a motor-adaptor complex containing Miro1, a mitochondrial outer membrane protein with two GTPase domains, and TRAK1/2, kinesin-1, and dynein. Using a peroxisome-directed Miro1, we quantified the ability of GTPase mutations to influence the peroxisomal recruitment of complex components. Miro1 whose N-GTPase is locked in the GDP state does not recruit TRAK1/2, kinesin, or P135 to peroxisomes, whereas the GTP state does. Similarly, the expression of the MiroGAP VopE dislodges TRAK1 from mitochondria. Miro1 C-GTPase mutations have little influence on complex recruitment. Although Miro2 is thought to support mitochondrial motility, peroxisome-directed Miro2 did not recruit the other complex components regardless of the state of its GTPase domains. Neurons expressing peroxisomal Miro1 with the GTP-state form of the N-GTPase had markedly increased peroxisomal transport to growth cones, whereas the GDP-state caused their retention in the soma. Thus, the N-GTPase domain of Miro1 is critical for regulating Miro1's interaction with the other components of the motor-adaptor complex and thereby for regulating mitochondrial motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Davis
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Himanish Basu
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ismael Izquierdo-Villalba
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ethan Shurberg
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas L Schwarz
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA .,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Hart G, Huang CW, Rust N, Wu HF. Altered O-GlcNAcylation and mitochondrial dysfunction, a molecular link between brain glucose dysregulation and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:779-783. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.354515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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22
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Zhou J, Corvaisier M, Malycheva D, Alvarado-Kristensson M. Hubbing the Cancer Cell. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5924. [PMID: 36497405 PMCID: PMC9738523 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation drives adaptive changes in a growing tumor that affect the cellular organization of cancerous cells, resulting in the loss of specialized cellular functions in the polarized compartmentalization of cells. The resulting altered metabolic and morphological patterns are used clinically as diagnostic markers. This review recapitulates the known functions of actin, microtubules and the γ-tubulin meshwork in orchestrating cell metabolism and functional cellular asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Alvarado-Kristensson
- Molecular Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Skåne University Hospital Malmö 1, Lund University, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
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23
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Fischer NC, Friedman V, Martinez-Reyes MA, Hao H, Chowdhury TA, Starr DA, Quinn CC. The ANC-1 (Nesprin-1/2) organelle-anchoring protein functions through mitochondria to polarize axon growth in response to SLT-1. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010521. [PMID: 36409768 PMCID: PMC9721489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of giant KASH proteins, including C. elegans ANC-1 and mammalian Nesprin-1 and -2, are involved in organelle anchoring and are associated with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders including autism, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. However, little is known about how these proteins function in neurons. Moreover, the role of organelle anchoring in axon development is poorly understood. Here, we report that ANC-1 functions with the SLT-1 extracellular guidance cue to polarize ALM axon growth. This role for ANC-1 is specific to its longer ANC-1A and ANC-1C isoforms, suggesting that it is mechanistically distinct from previously described roles for ANC-1. We find that ANC-1 is required for the localization of a cluster of mitochondria to the base of the proximal axon. Furthermore, genetic and pharmacological studies indicate that ANC-1 functions with mitochondria to promote polarization of ALM axon growth. These observations reveal a mechanism whereby ANC-1 functions through mitochondria to polarize axon growth in response to SLT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Fischer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Vladislav Friedman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Miguel A. Martinez-Reyes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hongyan Hao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tamjid A. Chowdhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Starr
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Quinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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24
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Liu Y, Hu Y, Li S. Protein O-GlcNAcylation in Metabolic Modulation of Skeletal Muscle: A Bright but Long Way to Go. Metabolites 2022; 12:888. [PMID: 36295790 PMCID: PMC9610910 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is an atypical, dynamic and reversible O-glycosylation that is critical and abundant in metazoan. O-GlcNAcylation coordinates and receives various signaling inputs such as nutrients and stresses, thus spatiotemporally regulating the activity, stability, localization and interaction of target proteins to participate in cellular physiological functions. Our review discusses in depth the involvement of O-GlcNAcylation in the precise regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism, such as glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, tricarboxylic acid cycle and mitochondrial biogenesis. The complex interaction and precise modulation of O-GlcNAcylation in these nutritional pathways of skeletal muscle also provide emerging mechanical information on how nutrients affect health, exercise and disease. Meanwhile, we explored the potential role of O-GlcNAcylation in skeletal muscle pathology and focused on its benefits in maintaining proteostasis under atrophy. In general, these understandings of O-GlcNAcylation are conducive to providing new insights into skeletal muscle (patho) physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shize Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
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25
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Kim MJ, Kim HJ, Jang B, Kim HJ, Mostafa MN, Park SJ, Kim YS, Choi EK. Impairment of Neuronal Mitochondrial Quality Control in Prion-Induced Neurodegeneration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172744. [PMID: 36078152 PMCID: PMC9454542 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics continually maintain cell survival and bioenergetics through mitochondrial quality control processes (fission, fusion, and mitophagy). Aberrant mitochondrial quality control has been implicated in the pathogenic mechanism of various human diseases, including cancer, cardiac dysfunction, and neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and prion disease. However, the mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated neuropathological mechanisms in prion disease are still uncertain. Here, we used both in vitro and in vivo scrapie-infected models to investigate the involvement of mitochondrial quality control in prion pathogenesis. We found that scrapie infection led to the induction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), resulting in enhanced phosphorylation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) at Ser616 and its subsequent translocation to the mitochondria, which was followed by excessive mitophagy. We also confirmed decreased expression levels of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes and reduced ATP production by scrapie infection. In addition, scrapie-infection-induced aberrant mitochondrial fission and mitophagy led to increased apoptotic signaling, as evidenced by caspase 3 activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. These results suggest that scrapie infection induced mitochondrial dysfunction via impaired mitochondrial quality control processes followed by neuronal cell death, which may have an important role in the neuropathogenesis of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo-Jong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Korea
| | - Hee-Jun Kim
- Hongcheon Institute of Medicinal Herb, Hongcheon 25142, Korea
| | - Byungki Jang
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Korea
| | - Mohd Najib Mostafa
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Korea
| | - Seok-Joo Park
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Korea
- Correspondence:
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26
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Neurons: The Interplay between Cytoskeleton, Ion Channels/Transporters and Mitochondria. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162499. [PMID: 36010576 PMCID: PMC9406945 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are permanent cells whose key feature is information transmission via chemical and electrical signals. Therefore, a finely tuned homeostasis is necessary to maintain function and preserve neuronal lifelong survival. The cytoskeleton, and in particular microtubules, are far from being inert actors in the maintenance of this complex cellular equilibrium, and they participate in the mobilization of molecular cargos and organelles, thus influencing neuronal migration, neuritis growth and synaptic transmission. Notably, alterations of cytoskeletal dynamics have been linked to alterations of neuronal excitability. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of the neuronal cytoskeleton and provide insights into alterations of this component leading to human diseases, addressing how these might affect excitability/synaptic activity, as well as neuronal functioning. We also provide an overview of the microscopic approaches to visualize and assess the cytoskeleton, with a specific focus on mitochondrial trafficking.
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27
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Altered TDP-43 Structure and Function: Key Insights into Aberrant RNA, Mitochondrial, and Cellular and Systemic Metabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080709. [PMID: 36005581 PMCID: PMC9415507 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and fatal neuromuscular disorder with no cure available and limited treatment options. ALS is a highly heterogeneous disease, whereby patients present with vastly different phenotypes. Despite this heterogeneity, over 97% of patients will exhibit pathological TAR-DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43) cytoplasmic inclusions. TDP-43 is a ubiquitously expressed RNA binding protein with the capacity to bind over 6000 RNA and DNA targets—particularly those involved in RNA, mitochondrial, and lipid metabolism. Here, we review the unique structure and function of TDP-43 and its role in affecting the aforementioned metabolic processes in ALS. Considering evidence published specifically in TDP-43-relevant in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models we posit that TDP-43 acts in a positive feedback loop with mRNA transcription/translation, stress granules, cytoplasmic aggregates, and mitochondrial proteins causing a relentless cycle of disease-like pathology eventuating in neuronal toxicity. Given its undeniable presence in ALS pathology, TDP-43 presents as a promising target for mechanistic disease modelling and future therapeutic investigations.
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28
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Pekkurnaz G, Wang X. Mitochondrial heterogeneity and homeostasis through the lens of a neuron. Nat Metab 2022; 4:802-812. [PMID: 35817853 PMCID: PMC11151822 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles with distinct morphological features and functional properties. The dynamic network of mitochondria undergoes structural and functional adaptations in response to cell-type-specific metabolic demands. Even within the same cell, mitochondria can display wide diversity and separate into functionally distinct subpopulations. Mitochondrial heterogeneity supports unique subcellular functions and is crucial to polarized cells, such as neurons. The spatiotemporal metabolic burden within the complex shape of a neuron requires precisely localized mitochondria. By travelling great lengths throughout neurons and experiencing bouts of immobility, mitochondria meet distant local fuel demands. Understanding mitochondrial heterogeneity and homeostasis mechanisms in neurons provides a framework to probe their significance to many other cell types. Here, we put forth an outline of the multifaceted role of mitochondria in regulating neuronal physiology and cellular functions more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Pekkurnaz
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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29
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Cheng XT, Huang N, Sheng ZH. Programming axonal mitochondrial maintenance and bioenergetics in neurodegeneration and regeneration. Neuron 2022; 110:1899-1923. [PMID: 35429433 PMCID: PMC9233091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria generate ATP essential for neuronal growth, function, and regeneration. Due to their polarized structures, neurons face exceptional challenges to deliver mitochondria to and maintain energy homeostasis throughout long axons and terminal branches where energy is in high demand. Chronic mitochondrial dysfunction accompanied by bioenergetic failure is a pathological hallmark of major neurodegenerative diseases. Brain injury triggers acute mitochondrial damage and a local energy crisis that accelerates neuron death. Thus, mitochondrial maintenance defects and axonal energy deficits emerge as central problems in neurodegenerative disorders and brain injury. Recent studies have started to uncover the intrinsic mechanisms that neurons adopt to maintain (or reprogram) axonal mitochondrial density and integrity, and their bioenergetic capacity, upon sensing energy stress. In this review, we discuss recent advances in how neurons maintain a healthy pool of axonal mitochondria, as well as potential therapeutic strategies that target bioenergetic restoration to power neuronal survival, function, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Tang Cheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Ning Huang
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA.
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30
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Morin M, Moindjie H, Nahmias C. Le transport mitochondrial. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:585-593. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
La reprogrammation métabolique est l’un des marqueurs de la carcinogenèse. Au cœur de cette reprogrammation se trouvent les mitochondries qui produisent l’énergie sous forme de molécules d’ATP. La régulation spatio-temporelle de la production d’ATP, indispensable pour fournir l’énergie au bon endroit et au bon moment, est assurée par le transport intracellulaire des mitochondries. Les complexes Miro/TRAK présents à la surface des mitochondries se lient aux protéines motrices de la cellule (dynéine, kinésine, myosine) pour transporter les mitochondries le long du cytosquelette. Ces acteurs du transport mitochondrial sont souvent dérégulés dans le cancer. Nous présentons dans cette revue les mécanismes par lesquels le transport mitochondrial contribue à la migration, à la division cellulaire et à la réponse au stress des cellules cancéreuses. Décrypter ces mécanismes pourrait ouvrir la voie à de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques en oncologie.
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31
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Selective motor activation in organelle transport along axons. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:699-714. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Liu Y, Hu YJ, Fan WX, Quan X, Xu B, Li SZ. O-GlcNAcylation: The Underestimated Emerging Regulators of Skeletal Muscle Physiology. Cells 2022; 11:1789. [PMID: 35681484 PMCID: PMC9180116 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a highly dynamic, reversible and atypical glycosylation that regulates the activity, biological function, stability, sublocation and interaction of target proteins. O-GlcNAcylation receives and coordinates different signal inputs as an intracellular integrator similar to the nutrient sensor and stress receptor, which target multiple substrates with spatio-temporal analysis specifically to maintain cellular homeostasis and normal physiological functions. Our review gives a brief description of O-GlcNAcylation and its only two processing enzymes and HBP flux, which will help to better understand its physiological characteristics of sensing nutrition and environmental cues. This nutritional and stress-sensitive properties of O-GlcNAcylation allow it to participate in the precise regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism. This review discusses the mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation to alleviate metabolic disorders and the controversy about the insulin resistance of skeletal muscle. The level of global O-GlcNAcylation is precisely controlled and maintained in the "optimal zone", and its abnormal changes is a potential factor in the pathogenesis of cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes and diabetic complications. Although the essential role of O-GlcNAcylation in skeletal muscle physiology has been widely studied and recognized, it still is underestimated and overlooked. This review highlights the latest progress and potential mechanisms of O-GlcNAcylation in the regulation of skeletal muscle contraction and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bin Xu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (Y.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (W.-X.F.); (X.Q.)
| | - Shi-Ze Li
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (Y.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (W.-X.F.); (X.Q.)
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33
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Dupont S, Wickström SA. Mechanical regulation of chromatin and transcription. Nat Rev Genet 2022; 23:624-643. [DOI: 10.1038/s41576-022-00493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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34
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Heo K, Basu H, Gutnick A, Wei W, Shlevkov E, Schwarz TL. Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulates the Transport of Axonal Mitochondria. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:852245. [PMID: 35370563 PMCID: PMC8973303 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.852245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-based transport provides mitochondria to distant regions of neurons and is essential for neuronal health. To identify compounds that increase mitochondrial motility, we screened 1,641 small-molecules in a high-throughput screening platform. Indirubin and cantharidin increased mitochondrial motility in rat cortical neurons. Cantharidin is known to inhibit protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). We therefore tested two other inhibitors of PP2A: LB-100 and okadaic acid. LB-100 increased mitochondrial motility, but okadaic acid did not. To resolve this discrepancy, we knocked down expression of the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2CA). This long-term inhibition of PP2A more than doubled retrograde transport of axonal mitochondria, confirming the importance of PP2A as a regulator of mitochondrial motility and as the likely mediator of cantharidin's effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunjung Heo
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Himanish Basu
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Amos Gutnick
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wei Wei
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Evgeny Shlevkov
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas L Schwarz
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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