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Ashraf S, Hassan Said A, Hartmann R, Assmann M, Feliu N, Lenz P, Parak WJ. Quantitative Particle Uptake by Cells as Analyzed by Different Methods. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5438-5453. [PMID: 31657113 PMCID: PMC7155048 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a large number of two-dimensional static in vitro studies about the uptake of colloidal nano- and microparticles, which has been published in the last decade. In this Minireview, different methods used for such studies are summarized and critically discussed. Supplementary experimental data allow for a direct comparison of the different techniques. Emphasis is given on how quantitative parameters can be extracted from studies in which different experimental techniques have been used, with the goal of allowing better comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Ashraf
- Fachbereich PhysikPhilipps Universität Marburg35037MarburgGermany
- Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyGovernment College University LahorePunjab54000Pakistan
| | - Alaa Hassan Said
- Fachbereich PhysikPhilipps Universität Marburg35037MarburgGermany
- Electronics and Nano Devices lab (END)Department of PhysicsFaculty of SciencesSouth Valley University83523QenaEgypt
| | - Raimo Hartmann
- Fachbereich PhysikPhilipps Universität Marburg35037MarburgGermany
| | - Marcus‐Alexander Assmann
- Fachbereich PhysikPhilipps Universität Marburg35037MarburgGermany
- Fraunhofer Institute for High-Speed DynamicsErnst Mach Institute79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Neus Feliu
- Fachbereich Physik und Chemie, CHyNUniversität Hamburg20146HamburgGermany
| | - Peter Lenz
- Fachbereich PhysikPhilipps Universität Marburg35037MarburgGermany
| | - Wolfgang J. Parak
- Fachbereich Physik und Chemie, CHyNUniversität Hamburg20146HamburgGermany
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and EngineeringKey Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of the Ministry of EducationDepartment of Instrument Science and EngineeringSchool of Electronic Information and Electrical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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2
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Analyse quantitativer Partikelaufnahme von Zellen über verschiedene Messmethoden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Lymphatic drainage of particulate matters from the peritoneal cavity occurs mainly from lacunae located in the diaphragm. These are a triple-layered structure consisting of mesothelium, a loose network of connective tissue and endothelium. Absorption of particles may occur via gap junctions, through the cells or via vesicles.Whole blood can be removed fairly rapidly from the peritoneal cavity. Respiration plays an important role in the absorption of particles through lymphatics. Intra-abdominal pressure and posture are other factors which influence lymphatic flow rate in the peritoneal cavity. Little is known about the influence of drugs on lymphatic flow rate from the peritoneal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Khanna
- From the Division of Nepbrology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Health Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Robert Mactier
- From the Division of Nepbrology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Health Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Zbylut J. Twardowski
- From the Division of Nepbrology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Health Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Karl D. Nolph
- From the Division of Nepbrology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Health Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri
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Colangelo E, Comenge J, Paramelle D, Volk M, Chen Q, Lévy R. Characterizing Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 28:11-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Colangelo
- Institute
of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Comenge
- Institute
of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David Paramelle
- Institute
of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Martin Volk
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
- Surface
Science Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Abercromby Square, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Qiubo Chen
- Institute
of High Performance Computing, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis North, Singapore 138632
| | - Raphaël Lévy
- Institute
of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 7ZB Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Comenge J, Fragueiro O, Sharkey J, Taylor A, Held M, Burton NC, Park BK, Wilm B, Murray P, Brust M, Lévy R. Preventing Plasmon Coupling between Gold Nanorods Improves the Sensitivity of Photoacoustic Detection of Labeled Stem Cells in Vivo. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7106-7116. [PMID: 27308890 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods are excellent contrast agents for imaging technologies which rely on near-infrared absorption such as photoacoustic imaging. For cell tracking applications, the cells of interest are labeled with the contrast agent prior to injection. However, after uptake into cells by endocytosis, the confinement and high concentration in endosomes leads to plasmon band broadening and reduced absorbance. This would limit the potential of multispectral optoacoustic tomography in terms of spectral processing and, consequently, sensitivity. Here, we show that steric hindrance provided by silica coating of the nanorods leads to the preservation of their spectral properties and improved photoacoustic sensitivity. This strategy allowed the detection and monitoring of as few as 2 × 10(4) mesenchymal stem cells in mice over a period of 15 days with a high spatial resolution. Importantly, the silica-coated nanorods did not affect the viability or differentiation potential of the transplanted mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Comenge
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Oihane Fragueiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Sharkey
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Taylor
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Held
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Neal C Burton
- iThera Medical GmbH , Zielstattstrasse 13, 81379 Munich, Germany
| | - Brian Kevin Park
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Bettina Wilm
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Murray
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Brust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Raphaël Lévy
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool , Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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Levy R, Held M, Mason D, Comenge J, Carolan G, Cowman S. The Spherical Nucleic Acids mRNA Detection Paradox. SCIENCEOPEN RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-chem.az1mju.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
<p>From the 1950s onwards, our understanding of the formation and intracellular trafficking of membrane vesicles was informed by experiments in which cells were exposed to gold nanoparticles and their uptake and localisation, studied by electron microscopy. In the last decade, building on progress in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their controlled functionalisation with a large variety of biomolecules (DNA, peptides, polysaccharides), new applications have been proposed, including the imaging and sensing of intracellular events. Yet, as already demonstrated in the 1950s, uptake of nanoparticles results in confinement within an intracellular vesicle which in principle should preclude sensing of cytosolic events. To study this apparent paradox, we focus on a commercially available nanoparticle probe that detects mRNA through the release of a fluorescently-labelled oligonucleotide (unquenching the fluorescence) in the presence of the target mRNA. Using electron, fluorescence and photothermal microscopy, we show that the probes remain in endocytic compartments and that they do not report on mRNA level. We suggest that the validation of any nanoparticle-based probes for intracellular sensing should include a quantitative and thorough demonstration that the probes can reach the cytosolic compartment.</p>
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Cesbron Y, Shaheen U, Free P, Lévy R. TAT and HA2 facilitate cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles but do not lead to cytosolic localisation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121683. [PMID: 25836335 PMCID: PMC4383524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The methods currently available to deliver functional labels and drugs to the cell cytosol are inefficient and this constitutes a major obstacle to cell biology (delivery of sensors and imaging probes) and therapy (drug access to the cell internal machinery). As cell membranes are impermeable to most molecular cargos, viral peptides have been used to bolster their internalisation through endocytosis and help their release to the cytosol by bursting the endosomal vesicles. However, conflicting results have been reported on the extent of the cytosolic delivery achieved. To evaluate their potential, we used gold nanoparticles as model cargos and systematically assessed how the functionalisation of their surface by either or both of the viral peptides TAT and HA2 influenced their intracellular delivery. We evaluated the number of gold nanoparticles present in cells after internalisation using photothermal microscopy and their subcellular localisation by electron microscopy. While their uptake increased when the TAT and/or HA2 viral peptides were present on their surface, we did not observe a significant cytosolic delivery of the gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Cesbron
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Université de Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Structure fédérative de recherche Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Umbreen Shaheen
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Free
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 3 Research Link, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raphaël Lévy
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Hühn D, Kantner K, Geidel C, Brandholt S, De Cock I, Soenen SJH, Rivera Gil P, Montenegro JM, Braeckmans K, Müllen K, Nienhaus GU, Klapper M, Parak WJ. Polymer-coated nanoparticles interacting with proteins and cells: focusing on the sign of the net charge. ACS NANO 2013; 7:3253-63. [PMID: 23566380 DOI: 10.1021/nn3059295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To study charge-dependent interactions of nanoparticles (NPs) with biological media and NP uptake by cells, colloidal gold nanoparticles were modified with amphiphilic polymers to obtain NPs with identical physical properties except for the sign of the charge (negative/positive). This strategy enabled us to solely assess the influence of charge on the interactions of the NPs with proteins and cells, without interference by other effects such as different size and colloidal stability. Our study shows that the number of adsorbed human serum albumin molecules per NP was not influenced by their surface charge. Positively charged NPs were incorporated by cells to a larger extent than negatively charged ones, both in serum-free and serum-containing media. Consequently, with and without protein corona (i.e., in serum-free medium) present, NP internalization depends on the sign of charge. The uptake rate of NPs by cells was higher for positively than for negatively charged NPs. Furthermore, cytotoxicity assays revealed a higher cytotoxicity for positively charged NPs, associated with their enhanced uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Hühn
- Department of Physics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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9
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Fadeel B, Feliu N, Vogt C, Abdelmonem AM, Parak WJ. Bridge over troubled waters: understanding the synthetic and biological identities of engineered nanomaterials. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 5:111-29. [PMID: 23335558 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials offer exciting opportunities for 'smart' drug delivery and in vivo imaging of disease processes, as well as in regenerative medicine. The ability to manipulate matter at the nanoscale enables many new properties that are both desirable and exploitable, but the same properties could also give rise to unexpected toxicities that may adversely affect human health. Understanding the physicochemical properties that drive toxicological outcomes is a formidable challenge as it is not trivial to separate and, hence, to pinpoint individual material characteristics of nanomaterials. In addition, nanomaterials that interact with biological systems are likely to acquire a surface corona of biomolecules that may dictate their biological behavior. Indeed, we propose that it is the combination of material-intrinsic properties (the 'synthetic identity') and context-dependent properties determined, in part, by the bio-corona of a given biological compartment (the 'biological identity') that will determine the interactions of engineered nanomaterials with cells and tissues and subsequent outcomes. The delineation of these entwined 'identities' of engineered nanomaterials constitutes the bridge between nanotoxicological research and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Personalized nanomedicine advancements for stem cell tracking. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1488-507. [PMID: 22820528 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological developments in biomedicine have facilitated the generation of data on the anatomical, physiological and molecular level for individual patients and thus introduces opportunity for therapy to be personalized in an unprecedented fashion. Generation of patient-specific stem cells exemplifies the efforts toward this new approach. Cell-based therapy is a highly promising treatment paradigm; however, due to the lack of consistent and unbiased data about the fate of stem cells in vivo, interpretation of therapeutic effects remains challenging hampering the progress in this field. The advent of nanotechnology with a wide palette of inorganic and organic nanostructures has expanded the arsenal of methods for tracking transplanted stem cells. The diversity of nanomaterials has revolutionized personalized nanomedicine and enables individualized tailoring of stem cell labeling materials for the specific needs of each patient. The successful implementation of stem cell tracking will likely be a significant driving force that will contribute to the further development of nanotheranostics. The purpose of this review is to emphasize the role of cell tracking using currently available nanoparticles.
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11
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Casley-Smith JR. Endocytosis: The different energy requirements for the uptake of particles by small and large vesicles into peritoneal macrophages. J Microsc 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1969.tb00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gordon GB, Miller LR, Bensch KG. STUDIES ON THE INTRACELLULAR DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN MAMMALIAN TISSUE CULTURE CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 25:41-55. [PMID: 19866666 PMCID: PMC2106621 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.25.2.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA-protein coacervates containing colloidal gold particles were readily phagocytized by strain L fibroblasts. During the subsequent digestion process, the gold particles served as markers which permitted the demonstration of the evolution of digestive vacuoles to multivesicular bodies and finally to dense bodies. Acid phosphatase and esterolytic activity was present in these structures. The hydrolytic enzymes were apparently brought to the phagocytotic vacuoles in small vesicles originating in the Golgi region. These vesicles entered the vacuoles prior to the digestion of the coacervates and the appearance of positive cytochemical reactions. The cytoplasmic dense bodies frequently merged with the phagocytotic vacuoles. This was demonstrated by prelabeling the dense bodies with colloidal iron prior to phagocytosis of the coacervates. In addition, evidence is presented for the interrelationship of the phagocytotic and autophagic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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13
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Borenfreund E, Bendich A. A STUDY OF THE PENETRATION OF MAMMALIAN CELLS BY DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACIDS. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2010; 9:81-91. [PMID: 19866579 PMCID: PMC2224982 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.9.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritium-labeled deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from pneumococci and from human leukocytes was added to growing cultures of HeLa cells at 37°C. Autoradiography revealed an extensive localization of tritium in the nuclear regions. The label could not be removed by treatment with ribonuclease or dilute perchloric acid, but quantitative removal from the cells could be effected with deoxyribonuclease. Chemical and radioactivity determinations on nucleic acids isolated from the exposed HeLa cells revealed the presence of tritium in all 4 DNA bases. About 12 µg. of tritiated DNA was recovered from 6 x 106 HeLa cells which had been exposed for 24 hours to 240 µg. of the human DNA. From this, it is concluded that the amount of DNA, or its degradation products, taken up by the cells was equivalent to at least 10 per cent of the normal HeLa cell complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Borenfreund
- The Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research and Sloan-Kettering Division, Cornell University Medical College, New York City
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Abstract
Free alveolar macrophages of normal mouse lung have been studied in the electron microscope. The tissue was obtained from several young adult white mice. One other animal was instilled intranasally with diluted India ink 1½ hours prior to the removal of the lung. Thin sections of the osmium-fixed, methacrylate-embedded tissue were examined either in an RCA EMU 2 electron microscope or in a Siemens and Halske Elmiskop I b. A few thick sections obtained from the same embeddings were stained for iron. The normal alveolar macrophages, which are usually in contact with the alveolar epithelium, were found to contain a variety of inclusion bodies, along with the usual cytoplasmic components like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Palade granules. Another typical component of the cytoplasm of these cells which appears as small (∼6 mµ) very dense granules of composite fine structure is interpreted as ferritin. It is assumed that this ferritin is formed from red blood cells ingested by the alveolar macrophages. The macrophages in the alveoli were found to phagocytize intranasally instilled India ink particles. Such cells, with engulfed India ink particles, were often of more rounded form and the particles were frequently seen lying inside membrane-bound vacuoles or vesicles of the cytoplasm. The membrane of a few vesicles containing India ink particles was seen as the invaginated portion of the cell plasma membrane, and in one instance these same vesicles were seemingly interconnected with a rough surfaced cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum. The process of phagocytosis is recognized as related to the "normal" process of pinocytosis.
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STRAUS W. Colorimetric analysis with N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine of the uptake of intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase by various tissues of the rat. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2000; 4:541-50. [PMID: 13587547 PMCID: PMC2224551 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.4.5.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
1. A method is described for the colorimetric determination of peroxidase with N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine. The amount of red pigment formed by peroxidase is proportional to the concentration of enzyme and to the time of incubation during the first 40 to 90 seconds. The influence of the concentration of enzyme, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine, H(2)O(2), the time of incubation, pH, the temperature, and the possible interference by oxidizing and reducing agents of tissues has been tested. 2. The method has been used to follow the uptake of intravenously injected horseradish peroxidase by 18 different tissues of the rat over a period of 30 hours. The highest concentration of the injected tracer enzyme was found in extracts of kidney, liver, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen. Considerable amounts were taken up by pancreas, prostate, epididymis, and small intestine. Lower concentrations were found in extracts of lung, stomach, heart, and skeletal muscle, aorta, skin, and connective tissue. No uptake was observed by brain and peripheral nerve tissue. 3. Tissue homogenates containing high concentrations of the injected peroxidase, in general also showed high or average activity of acid phosphatase. 4. Six hours after intravenous administration, the liver contained 27 per cent, the kidney 12 per cent, and the spleen, 1.4 per cent of the injected dose. 5. Approximately 20 per cent of the injected peroxidase was excreted in the urine during the first 6 hours, and the concentration of peroxidase in blood serum and urine fell exponentially during this time. After 6 hours, only low concentrations were excreted in the urine but low enzyme activity was still detectable after 30 hours. Approximately 6 per cent of the injected dose was excreted in the feces from 6 to 20 hours after administration. 6. After feeding through a stomach tube, low concentrations of peroxidase were found in blood serum and urine. Considerable variations in the extent of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract were observed in individual rats.
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GOLBERG L, MARTIN LE, LEIGH J. Biochemical changes in the tissues of animals injected with iron. 4. The nature of acid-phosphatase activity. Biochem J 1998; 85:56-67. [PMID: 13948635 PMCID: PMC1243911 DOI: 10.1042/bj0850056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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HARFORD CG, HAMLIN A, RODERMUND EP. Some problems of electron microscopy in the study of virus-infected cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 81:197-206. [PMID: 14399791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb49308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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BARRNETT RJ, BALL EG. Metabolic and ultrastructural changes induced in adipose tissue by insulin. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1998; 8:83-101. [PMID: 13687312 PMCID: PMC2224925 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.8.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition in vitro of insulin to rat adipose tissue (epididymal) produces marked metabolic changes which may be followed by measurement of the net gas exchange of the tissue. Using this method to monitor the metabolic action of insulin, concomitant observations with the electron microscope on the tissue have been made. These reveal that pronounced morphological changes are induced by insulin. The plasma membranes of the adipose cells become invaginated at many sites to form minute finger-like indentations. Numerous tiny, membrane-bounded vesicles are also present and arranged in relationship to the plasma membrane in such a way as to suggest that their formation occurred when a recessed fold was pinched off. Deeper in the cytoplasm, especially in specimens that had been incubated a longer time, numerous large, smooth, membrane-limited vesicles are seen. Finally, in these incubated specimens the cytoplasmic matrix has lost much of its granular nature, small lipid droplets are frequently found in the cytoplasm and suggestive changes have occurred in mitochondria. In control specimens, incubated without insulin for identical periods of time, indentations and vesicles in the plasma membrane are sparse at best and no vesicles or membrane-bound spaces appear deeper in the cytoplasm. The metabolic and morphologic changes induced by insulin seem to be interdependent events. Both changes appear to be initiated rapidly and concomitantly in the tissue. Both processes are initiated by insulin at concentrations considered to be physiological, 0.004 µg. (100 µunits) per ml. Insulin treated with alkali fails to initiate either process. It is concluded that insulin initiates pinocytosis in rat adipose tissue and the possible significance of this process in the mode of action of insulin is discussed.
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FELDHERR CM, MARSHALL JM. The use of colloidal gold for studies of intracellular exchanges in the ameba Chaos chaos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 12:640-5. [PMID: 13892124 PMCID: PMC2106043 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.12.3.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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EASTON JM, GOLDBERG B, GREEN H. Demonstration of surface antigens and pinocytosis in mammalian cells with ferritin-antibody conjugates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 12:437-43. [PMID: 13888977 PMCID: PMC2106036 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.12.2.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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HAYWARD AF. Variation in the fine structure of the mitochondria in the L-strain fibroblast. Exp Cell Res 1998; 24:198-200. [PMID: 13712524 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(61)90274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
HeLa cells from conventional culture media have been studied in thin sections with the electron microscope; in many cases cells were examined in sets of sections cut in series. The fine structure of the cells is described including three unusual features not hitherto reported. It has been found that numerous cells contained rows of parallel smooth surfaced cisternae spaced about 150 mµ apart and communicating with rough surfaced elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. These cisternae resembled "annulate lamellae" but did not contain regular arrays of pores. In many cells an area of juxtanuclear cytoplasm was occupied by a membranous structure composed of closely applied pairs of narrow cisternae either arranged in concentric rings or else extending in several directions in a haphazard manner. Sparse particles were present on the outer membranes of each pair of cisternae. Communications between the double cisternae and other membrane-bounded structures were not observed. A small number of cells contained areas of cytoplasm devoid of organelles and filled with amorphous fuzzy material. The observations recorded are discussed.
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RYSER H, CAULFIELD JB, AUB JC. Studies on protein uptake by isolated tumor cells. I. Electron microscopic evidence of ferritin uptake by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 14:255-68. [PMID: 14495656 PMCID: PMC2106101 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.14.2.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin, added to the incubation medium of ascites tumor cells, was used as an electron microscopic marker to study the uptake of large protein molecules by morphologically intact cells. A definite uptake could be detected after 1 hour of incubation in Tyrode bicarbonate solution containing 0.04 to 13.3 mg ferritin/ml. Ferritin was found in a variety of membrane-surrounded structures, suggesting that pinocytesis and related membrane movements are occurring under physiological conditions and can account for the penetration of intact macromolecules into isolated tumor cells. Supplementation of the medium with serum albumin (33 mg/ml) increased the average amount of ferritin per cell and per pinocytotic structure. Ferritin was strongly adsorbed by fragments of lysed cells, which were readily taken up by intact cells. Besides its role as carrier, this debris appeared to stimulate membrane movements. Only rare examples were found to suggest the release of ferritin from the pinocytotic structures into the cytoplasm. Thus, the disintegration of such structures cannot be considered an obvious step towards a rapid metabolic utilization of protein by the cell. Particles of colloidal gold presented to the cell under the same conditions were not taken up to any significant extent, thus providing good evidence for a selective ingestion of particles of comparable sizes.
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HENDEE WR, ZEBRUN W, BONTE FJ. Anomalous structures in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells cultured in the presence of 5-bromodeoxvuridine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 17:675-80. [PMID: 13953692 PMCID: PMC2106212 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.17.3.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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ARONOW R, DANON D, SHAHAR A, ARONSON M. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF IN VITRO ENDOCYTOSIS OF T2 PHAGE BY CELLS FROM RABBIT PERITONEAL EXUDATE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 120:943-54. [PMID: 14247730 PMCID: PMC2137874 DOI: 10.1084/jem.120.5.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages from rabbit peritoneal exudate cells incubated in vitro with T2 bacteriophage from 10 up to 120 minutes show phage particles adsorbed to cell membranes, in the process of being engulfed by means of rhopheocytosis, micropinocytosis, and phagocytosis, and localized within dense vacuoles, semi-dense vacuoles, and clear vacuoles of the cytoplasm. The electronmicrographs suggest that newly formed endocytic vacuoles containing phage particles fuse with one another and also fuse with dense bodies of the cytoplasm as they migrate towards the cell interior, thus yielding larger vacuoles of varying densities containing higher concentrations of phage. The polymorphonuclear cells present in a small proportion in the peritoneal exudate cells also endocytosed phage particles. The T2 particles are found in large cytoplasmic vacuoles surrounded by an electron-opaque material presumably derived from cytoplasmic granules. No disintegration of T2 phage within the macrophage following incubations up to 120 minutes could be demonstrated; however, disrupted phage particles were noted within cytoplasmic vacuoles of polymorphonuclear leucocytes after 15 minutes' incubation.
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CAREY FJ, KUHN NO, HARFORD CG. EFFECTS OF ANTICELLULAR SERUM ON PHAGOCYTOSIS AND THE UPTAKE OF TRITIATED THYMIDINE AND URIDINE BY HELA CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 121:991-1000. [PMID: 14319412 PMCID: PMC2138011 DOI: 10.1084/jem.121.6.991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Anticellular serum inhibited phagocytosis of colloidal gold and staphylococci by HeLa cells. This inhibition of phagocytosis was reversed by conditions which allowed the antibody to elute from the cell. Concentrations of antiserum that inhibited phagocytosis did not interfere with the transport of tritiated thymidine and uridine across the cell membrane, and their incorporation into cell nucleic acids was unaltered as evaluated by autoradiography. These results indicate that thymidine and uridine were taken into cells independently of phagocytosis. Morphologic changes induced in the cells by antibody suggest that the antibody agglutinates adjacent portions of the cell membrane. This agglutination of the cell membrane by antibody would be expected to interfere with the continuous evagination and invagination of the cell membrane associated with phagocytosis. The inhibition of virus infection by anticellular antibody may be a result of the effect of the antiserum upon phagocytosis.
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EPSTEIN MA, HOLT SJ. THE LOCALIZATION BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF HELA CELL SURFACE ENZYMES SPLITTING ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 19:325-36. [PMID: 14086759 PMCID: PMC2106879 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.19.2.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of normally proliferating Hela cells have been examined in thin sections by electron microscopy following glutaraldehyde fixation, staining in Wachstein and Meisel's adenosine triphosphate containing medium, postosmication, and embedding in an epoxy resin. The cells were stained in suspension in order to ensure uniform accessibility to reagents. Discrete localization of the enzyme reaction product (lead phosphate) was found at the plasma membranes of about half the cells, but nowhere else. It appeared in the form of an intensely electron-opaque deposit lying close against the outer surface of the cells and varying in amount from a chain of small particles to a dense band about 30 mmicro in width. This opaque reaction product was present over microvilli when absent elsewhere on a cell, was heaviest where microvilli and processes were profuse, and was minimal or lacking where cell surfaces were smooth. These observations are discussed in relation to both the idea that surface enzyme activity varies with the physiological phase of individual cells in a population, and the problem of how such enzyme activity becomes manifest at a given site on a morphologically changing membrane system.
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EPSTEIN MA, HUMMELER K, BERKALOFF A. THE ENTRY AND DISTRIBUTION OF HERPES VIRUS AND COLLOIDAL GOLD IN HELA CELLS AFTER CONTACT IN SUSPENSION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 119:291-302. [PMID: 14164483 PMCID: PMC2137830 DOI: 10.1084/jem.119.2.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The way in which herpes virus of a well adapted strain penetrates susceptible HeLa cells has been investigated using thin sectioning techniques for electron microscopy. Mature virus particles and cells were mixed together in suspension cultures for 15, 30, 60, or 120 minutes so that the stages in virus uptake could be followed in sequence. The ingestion of particles of colloidal gold by HeLa cells under similar conditions was studied for comparison in parallel experiments. After 15 minutes' contact, the mature virus was found adsorbed on the surface of the cells but separated from them by a narrow gap in which phosphotungstic acid staining was sometimes able to reveal an extraneous coat which appeared as an amorphous layer on the outer aspect of the plasma membrane. When mixing continued for longer the particles were present in deep invaginations or actual cytoplasmic vacuoles, with their outer layers in various stages of stripping and digestion. The stripped, naked, central portion of the virus was occasionally found in these vacuoles but was more commonly free in the cytoplasmic matrix; the mode of transition between these sites could not be determined. Where contact continued for 2 hours these phenomena were much less frequently observed. The larger particles of colloidal gold were ingested in the same way as the virus, but smaller ones were taken up in micropinocytosis vesicles. The gold passed through membrane-bounded cytoplasmic spaces to accumulate in vacuoles from which, in contrast to herpes particles, it did not escape. These findings are discussed, and considered with particular reference to their bearing on the initiation of infection, the uptake and disposal of particles by cells, and the influence on the latter of virus morphology.
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BENDICH A, BORENFREUND E, ITTENSOHN OL, HUTCHISON DJ. UPTAKE OF MAMMALIAN CHROMOSOMES BY MAMMALIAN CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 19:71-7. [PMID: 14069803 PMCID: PMC2106867 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.19.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomes isolated from mouse leukemia L1210 cells were taken up by mouse macrophages, HeLa cells, and rat embryo fibroblasts following simple exposure in vitro. The process, which resembles pinocytosis or phagocytosis, was traced by autoradiography of chromosomes prelabeled with thymidine-H(3), and by staining techniques and phase contrast microscopy. During the first six hours, the uptake of chromosomes was restricted to the cytoplasm, but there was some evidence of penetration into the nucleus after 16 and 26 hours of exposure. Treatment of rat fibroblasts with glucose and insulin markedly enhanced the uptake of chromosomes, whereas iodoacetate inhibited their penetration.
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DAVID-FERREIRA JF, MANAKER RA. AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS IN TISSUE CULTURE CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 24:57-78. [PMID: 14286297 PMCID: PMC2106561 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.24.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Samples taken at different intervals of time from suspension cultures of the NCTC 1469 line of mouse liver—derived (ML) cells infected with a mouse hepatitis virus have been studied with the electron microscope. The experiments revealed that the viruses are incorporated into the cells by viropexis within 1 hour after being added to the culture. An increasing number of particles are found later inside dense cytoplasmic corpuscles similar to lysosomes. In the cytoplasm of the cells from the samples taken 7 hours after inoculation, two organized structures generally associated and never seen in the controls are observed: one consists of dense material arranged in a reticular disposition (reticular inclusion); the other is formed by small tubules organized in a complex pattern (tubular body). No evidence has been found concerning their origin. Their significance is discussed. With the progression of the infection a system of membrane-bounded tubules and cisternae is differentiated in the cytoplasm of the ML cells. In the lumen of these tubules or cisternae, which are occupied by a dense material, numerous virus particles are observed. The virus particles which originate in association with the limiting membranes of tubules and cisternae are released into their lumen by a "budding" process. The virus particles are 75 mµ in diameter and possess a nucleoid constituted of dense particles or rods limiting an electron transparent core. The virus limiting membrane is sometimes covered by an outer layer of a dense material. In the cells from the samples taken 14 to 20 hours after inoculation, larger zones of the cell cytoplasm are occupied by inclusion bodies formed by channels or cisternae with their lumens containing numerous virus particles. In the samples taken 20 hours or more after the inoculation numerous cells show evident signs of degeneration.
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Roth J. The silver anniversary of gold: 25 years of the colloidal gold marker system for immunocytochemistry and histochemistry. Histochem Cell Biol 1996; 106:1-8. [PMID: 8858362 DOI: 10.1007/bf02473197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Since 1971, when W.P. Faulk and G.M. Taylor published "An immunocolloid method for the electron microscope", colloidal gold has become a very widely used marker in microscopy. It has been used to detect a huge range of cellular and extracellular constituents by in situ hybridization, immunogold, lectin-gold, and enzyme-gold labeling. Besides its use in light microscopic immunogold and lectin-gold silver staining, colloidal gold remains the label of choice for transmission electron microscopy studying thin sections, freeze-etch, and surface replicas, as well as for scanning electron microscopy. The year 1996 is the 25th anniversary of the introduction of colloidal gold as a marker in immunoelectron microscopy and this overview outlines some of the major milestones in the development of the colloidal gold marker system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Roth
- Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Tan CK, Tan CH, Teh YF. Some ultrastructural observations on the cytotoxicity of an alcoholic extract of Suberites inconstans on HeLa cells. EXPERIENTIA 1975; 31:351-3. [PMID: 1090444 DOI: 10.1007/bf01922581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Mori A, Perry JH. Electron microscopic observations of early changes in the ventromedial hypothalamus of the mouse following goldthioglucose. FOLIA PSYCHIATRICA ET NEUROLOGICA JAPONICA 1967; 21:291-306. [PMID: 5632093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1967.tb01301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Beckmann H, Luck G, Neth R, Schäfer KH. Die Eisenspeicherung in der Gewebekultur und deren Einfluß auf die Wirkung von Diphtherietoxin und Poliomyelitisvirus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02042885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Loni MC, Borgers M, Hugon J. Uptake of ferritin particles by ATP-stimulated HeLa cells. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1967; 76:525-31. [PMID: 5585499 DOI: 10.1007/bf00339753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kobayshi S, Hagihara B, Masuzumi M, Okunuki K. Preparation and properties of mitochondria from mammalian cells cultured in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 113:421-37. [PMID: 4958278 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6593(66)80001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Cohn ZA, Benson B. The in vitro differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes. 3. The reversibility of granule and hydrolytic enzyme formation and the turnover of granule constituents. J Exp Med 1965; 122:455-66. [PMID: 5320303 PMCID: PMC2138068 DOI: 10.1084/jem.122.3.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse mononuclear phagocytes cultivated in 50 per cent newborn calf serum medium pinocytize actively and form large numbers of phase-dense granules as well as three hydrolytic enzymes. When such cells are then placed in 1 per cent newborn calf serum they illustrate (a) a low level of pinocytic activity, (b) a shrinkage in granule size, and (c) a loss in cell protein, acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, and cathepsin. Examination of the extracellular medium revealed no detectable hydrolase activity. The reintroduction of cells into high levels of serum again resulted in granule and enzyme formation. Cells rapidly incorporated fluorescein-conjugated calf serum proteins into the phase-dense granules. The fluorescence of labeled granules was lost during an 18 hour period in non-fluorescein-containing medium. Crystalline egg white lysozyme was concentrated in the macrophages. Approximately 80 per cent of the cell-associated enzyme was lost during a 24 hour washout period in either 1 or 50 per cent serum medium. No enzymatic activity could be recovered in the medium. Colloidal gold was taken up and concentrated in macrophage granules. Quantitative assays revealed this particle to be conserved during a 24 hour washout period.
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Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen �ber die Initialstadien der Vaccine-Virusinfektion von HeLa-Zellen. Arch Virol 1963. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01242157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen �ber die intrazellul�re Verarbeitung von Vitalfarbstoffen. Cell Tissue Res 1962. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00342505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Elektronenmikroskopische Befunde zur Struktur und Entstehung von Riesenlysosomen in Makrophagen bei Sp�tstadien einer experimentell erzeugten bakteriellen Meningitis. Naturwissenschaften 1961. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00590382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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CHIQUOINE AD. An electron microscope study of vitally stained ovaries and ovaries from argyric mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1961; 139:29-35. [PMID: 14020884 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091390105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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GABLER G. [On the transformation of chondriome by accumulation of macromolecular substances (dextran, periston). Electron microscopic investigations on the reticuloendothelium of the rat spleen]. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV FUR PATHOLOGISCHE ANATOMIE UND PHYSIOLOGIE UND FUR KLINISCHE MEDIZIN 1960; 333:230-40. [PMID: 13702786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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HAGER H. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen �ber die vitale Metallspeicherang im zentralnerv�sen Gewebe bei experimenteller chronischer Tellurvergiftung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1960; 201:53-64. [PMID: 13710508 DOI: 10.1007/bf00342323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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