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Wang C, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Huang X, Jiang H, Chen G, Shao Y, Savelkoul HFJ, Jansen CA, Liu G. TGF-β1 impairs IgA class switch recombination and production in porcine Peyer's patches B cells. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2350704. [PMID: 38973082 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Secretory IgA is crucial for preventing the invasion of entero-pathogens via intestinal mucosa. While it is well-established that Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) regulates IgA production in human and mouse B cells, our previous investigation revealed different functions of TGF-β1 in IgA generation in pigs compared with humans and mice, with the underlying mechanism remaining elusive. In this study, IgM+ B cells from porcine Peyer's patches (PPs) were isolated and stimulated with recombinant porcine TGF-β1 to evaluate the effect of TGF-β1 on pigs. The results showed that antibody production from B cells of PPs was impaired by TGF-β1 ex vivo. Furthermore, TGF-β1 treatment led to a decrease in the expression of germ-line transcript αand postswitch transcript α. Moreover, we observed that TGF-β1 predominantly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), confirming the involvement of the p38-MAPK pathway in porcine IgA generation and IgA class switch recombination. The application of p38-MAPK inhibitor resulted in decreased B-cell differentiation levels. Collectively, this study demonstrates that exogenous TGF-β1 restrains the production and class switch recombination of IgA antibodies by inhibiting p38-MAPK signaling in porcine PPs B cells, which may constitute a component of TGF-β1-mediated inhibition of B-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yabin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huazheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guohui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongheng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Infectious Disease Research, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
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2
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Esmat K, Jamil B, Kheder RK, Kombe Kombe AJ, Zeng W, Ma H, Jin T. Immunoglobulin A response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24031. [PMID: 38230244 PMCID: PMC10789627 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and its infamous "Variants" of the etiological agent termed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has proven to be a global health concern. The three antibodies, IgA, IgM, and IgG, perform their dedicated role as main workhorses of the host adaptive immune system in virus neutralization. Immunoglobulin-A (IgA), also known as "Mucosal Immunoglobulin", has been under keen interest throughout the viral infection cycle. Its importance lies because IgA is predominant mucosal antibody and SARS family viruses primarily infect the mucosal surfaces of human respiratory tract. Therefore, IgA can be considered a diagnostic and prognostic marker and an active infection biomarker for SARS CoV-2 infection. Along with molecular analyses, serological tests, including IgA detection tests, are gaining ground in application as an early detectable marker and as a minimally invasive detection strategy. In the current review, it was emphasized the role of IgA response in diagnosis, host defense strategies, treatment, and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The data analysis was performed through almost 100 published peer-reviewed research reports and comprehended the importance of IgA in antiviral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and other related respiratory viruses. Taken together, it is concluded that secretory IgA- Abs can serve as a promising detection tool for respiratory viral diagnosis and treatment parallel to IgG-based therapeutics and diagnostics. Vaccine candidates that target and trigger mucosal immune response may also be employed in future dimensions of research against other respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleqsefat Esmat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Baban Jamil
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, KRG, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Ramiar Kaml Kheder
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, College of Science, University of Raparin, Rania, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Weihong Zeng
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Huan Ma
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
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3
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Ji JX, Zhang L, Li L, Wang KL, Hou J, Liu LH, Li B, Zhang BD, Li N, Chen SN, Nie P. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, pIgR, gene in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108732. [PMID: 37044186 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) can bind and transport immunoglobulins (Igs), thus playing a role in mucosal immunity. In this study, pIgR gene was cloned in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi, with the open reading frame (ORF) of 1011 bp, encoding 336 amino acids. The pIgR protein consists of a signal peptide, an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular region, with the presence of two Ig-like domains (ILDs) in the extracellular domain, as reported in other species of fish. The pIgR gene was expressed in all organs/tissues of healthy mandarin fish, with higher level observed in liver and spleen. Following the immersion infection of Flavobacterium columnare, pIgR transcripts were detected in immune related, especially mucosal tissues, with significantly increased transcription during the first two days of infection. Through transfection of plasmids expressing pIgR, IgT and IgM, pIgR was found to be interacted with IgT and IgM as revealed by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wudayuan First Road 8, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430023, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Kai Lun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Jing Hou
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Lan Hao Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Bai Dong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China.
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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4
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Song C, Chai Z, Chen S, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhou Y. Intestinal mucus components and secretion mechanisms: what we do and do not know. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:681-691. [PMID: 37009791 PMCID: PMC10167328 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the colon mucus barrier, the first line of defense against microorganisms, is an important determinant of intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, and disorder in extraintestinal organs. The mucus layer has attracted the attention of the scientific community in recent years, and with the discovery of new mucosal components, it has become increasingly clear that the mucosal barrier is a complex system composed of many components. Moreover, certain components are jointly involved in regulating the structure and function of the mucus barrier. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the functional components of the mucus layer is clearly warranted. In this review, we summarize the various functional components of the mucus layer identified thus far and describe their unique roles in shaping mucosal structure and function. Furthermore, we detail the mechanisms underlying mucus secretion, including baseline and stimulated secretion. In our opinion, baseline secretion can be categorized into spontaneous Ca2+ oscillation-mediated slow and continuous secretion and stimulated secretion, which is mediated by massive Ca2+ influx induced by exogenous stimuli. This review extends the current understanding of the intestinal mucus barrier, with an emphasis on host defense strategies based on fortification of the mucus layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Song
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Zhenglong Chai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Institute of Digestive Disease of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, China.
| | - Yuping Zhou
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Institute of Digestive Disease of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, China.
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5
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Kok TW, Izzo AA, Costabile M. Intracellular immunoglobulin A (icIgA) in protective immunity and vaccines. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13253. [PMID: 36597220 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Virus neutralization at respiratory mucosal surfaces is important in the prevention of infection. Mucosal immunity is mediated mainly by extracellular secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and its role has been well studied. However, the protective role of intracellular specific IgA (icIgA) is less well defined. Initially, in vitro studies using epithelial cell lines with surface expressed polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in transwell culture chambers have shown that icIgA can neutralize influenza, parainfluenza, HIV, rotavirus and measles viruses. This effect appears to involve an interaction between polymeric immunoglobulin A (pIgA) and viral particles within an intracellular compartment, since IgA is transported across the polarized cell. Co-localization of specific icIgA with influenza virus in patients' (virus culture positive) respiratory epithelial cells using well-characterized antisera was initially reported in 2018. This review provides a summary of in vitro studies with icIgA on colocalization and neutralization of the above five viruses. Two other highly significant respiratory infectious agents with severe global impacts viz. SARS-2 virus (CoViD pandemic) and the intracellular bacterium-Mycobacterium tuberculosis-are discussed. Further studies will provide more detailed understanding of the mechanisms and kinetics of icIgA neutralization in relation to viral entry and early replication steps with a specific focus on mucosal infections. This will inform the design of more effective vaccines against infectious agents transmitted via the mucosal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuck-Weng Kok
- University of Adelaide, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences and School of Biological Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- University of Sydney, Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maurizio Costabile
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences and Centre for Cancer Biology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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6
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Li D, Calderone R, Nsouli TM, Reznikov E, Bellanti JA. Salivary and serum IgA and IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2-spike protein following SARS-CoV-2 infection and after immunization with COVID-19 vaccines. Allergy Asthma Proc 2022; 43:419-430. [PMID: 36065108 PMCID: PMC9465644 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2022.43.220045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) plays an important role in antiviral protective immunity. Although salivary testing has been used for many viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), its use has not yet been well established with the SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Quantification of salivary IgA and IgG antibodies can elucidate mucosal and systemic immune responses after natural infection or vaccination. Here, we report the development and validation of a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 salivary IgA and serum IgG antibodies, and present quantitative results for immunized subjects both prior to or following COVID-19 infections. Objective: Total and serum SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG responses were compared with salivary spike-specific IgA and IgG responses in samples obtained from patients recently infected with SARS-CoV-2 and from subjects recently immunized with COVID-19 vaccines. Methods: A total of 52 paired saliva and serum samples were collected from 26 study participants: 7 subjects after COVID-19 infection and 19 subjects who were uninfected. The ELISA results from these samples were compared with five prepandemic control serum samples. Total IgG and SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG in the serum samples from the subjects who were infected and vaccinated were also measured in a commercial laboratory with an enzyme immunoassay. Results: A wide variation in antibody responses was seen in salivary and serum samples measured by both methods. Three groups of serum total and IgG spike-specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses were observed: (1) low, (2) intermediate, and (3) high antibody responders. A correlational analysis of salivary IgA (sIgA) responses with serum IgG concentrations showed a statistical correlation in the low and intermediate antibody responder groups but not in the high group (which we believe was a result of saturation). Conclusion: These preliminary findings suggest measuring salivary and serum IgG and IgA merit further investigation as markers of current or recent SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Richard Calderone
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Talal M. Nsouli
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.; and
| | - Elizabeth Reznikov
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.; and ,Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Joseph A. Bellanti
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.; ,Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.; and
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7
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Ogra P, Bienenstock J. Lars Å. (Nenne) Hanson (1934–2022): A Retrospective. Mucosal Immunol 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Abstract
As central effectors of the adaptive immune response, immunoglobulins, or antibodies, provide essential protection from pathogens through their ability to recognize foreign antigens, aid in neutralization, and facilitate elimination from the host. Mammalian immunoglobulins can be classified into five isotypes—IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM—each with distinct roles in mediating various aspects of the immune response. Of these isotypes, IgA and IgM are the only ones capable of multimerization, arming them with unique biological functions. Increased valency of polymeric IgA and IgM provides high avidity for binding low-affinity antigens, and their ability to be transported across the mucosal epithelium into secretions by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor allows them to play critical roles in mucosal immunity. Here we discuss the molecular assembly, structure, and function of these multimeric antibodies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L. Matsumoto
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Discovery Biotherapeutics, Exelixis, Inc., Alameda, California, USA
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9
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Kiyono H, Yuki Y, Nakahashi-Ouchida R, Fujihashi K. Mucosal vaccines: wisdom from now and then. Int Immunol 2021; 33:767-774. [PMID: 34436595 PMCID: PMC8633596 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral and nasal cavities are covered by the mucosal epithelium that starts at the beginning of the aero-digestive tract. These mucosal surfaces are continuously exposed to environmental antigens including pathogens and allergens and are thus equipped with a mucosal immune system that mediates initial recognition of pathogenicity and initiates pathogen-specific immune responses. At the dawn of our scientific effort to explore the mucosal immune system, dental science was one of the major driving forces as it provided insights into the importance of mucosal immunity and its application for the control of oral infectious diseases. The development of mucosal vaccines for the prevention of dental caries was thus part of a novel approach that contributed to building the scientific foundations of the mucosal immune system. Since then, mucosal immunology and vaccines have gone on a scientific journey to become one of the major entities within the discipline of immunology. Here, we introduce our past and current efforts and future directions for the development of mucosal vaccines, specifically a rice-based oral vaccine (MucoRice) and a nanogel-based nasal vaccine, with the aim of preventing and controlling gastrointestinal and respiratory infectious diseases using the interdisciplinary fusion of mucosal immunology with agricultural science and biomaterial engineering, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Yuki
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rika Nakahashi-Ouchida
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Division of Clinical Vaccinology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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10
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Butler SE, Crowley AR, Natarajan H, Xu S, Weiner JA, Bobak CA, Mattox DE, Lee J, Wieland-Alter W, Connor RI, Wright PF, Ackerman ME. Distinct Features and Functions of Systemic and Mucosal Humoral Immunity Among SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent Individuals. Front Immunol 2021; 11:618685. [PMID: 33584712 PMCID: PMC7876222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.618685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection will play a critical role in the development of vaccines and antibody-based interventions. We report systemic and mucosal antibody responses in convalescent individuals who experienced varying severity of disease. Whereas assessment of neutralization and antibody-mediated effector functions revealed polyfunctional antibody responses in serum, only robust neutralization and phagocytosis were apparent in nasal wash samples. Serum neutralization and effector functions correlated with systemic SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG response magnitude, while mucosal neutralization was associated with nasal SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA. Antibody depletion experiments support the mechanistic relevance of these correlations. Associations between nasal IgA responses, virus neutralization at the mucosa, and less severe disease suggest the importance of assessing mucosal immunity in larger natural infection cohorts. Further characterization of antibody responses at the portal of entry may define their ability to contribute to protection from infection or reduced risk of hospitalization, informing public health assessment strategies and vaccine development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah E. Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Andrew R. Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Program in Quantitative and Biology Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Joshua A. Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Carly A. Bobak
- Program in Quantitative and Biology Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Daniel E. Mattox
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Wendy Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Ruth I. Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Peter F. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- Program in Quantitative and Biology Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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11
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Cherukuri G, Veeramachaneni C, Rao GV, Pacha VB, Balla SB. Insight into status of dental caries vaccination: A review. J Conserv Dent 2020; 23:544-549. [PMID: 34083906 PMCID: PMC8095695 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_402_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the 21st century, dental caries still remains to be one of the most common infectious diseases. Its prevalence was confirmed by the World Health Organization and affirms dental caries as a major health problem in all over the world. Even though the process of tooth decay is multifactorial, the oral bacteria, mutans streptococci, such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, are considered to be causative agents of dental caries in human. Numerous studies carried out on animals and various categories of vaccines were developed such as whole cell vaccine, subunit vaccine, and synthetic peptides. Irrespective of success from active and passive immunization based on animal trials, it is the phenomenon of human heart reactivity that limited the applicability of these trials in humans. Continuous efforts are being made to overcome these limitations and for further success in human trials. With the advent of various antibodies against antigens of mutans streptococci, local passive immunization has become the safer approach in humans against the colonization of bacteria and caries induction. This review provided insight into epidemiology, active and passive immunization in both animal and human trials, as well as the prospects of caries vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Cherukuri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - G. V. Rao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Venkat Baghirath Pacha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sudheer B. Balla
- Department of Forensic Odontology, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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12
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Butler SE, Crowley AR, Natarajan H, Xu S, Weiner JA, Lee J, Wieland-Alter WF, Connor RI, Wright PF, Ackerman ME. Features and Functions of Systemic and Mucosal Humoral Immunity Among SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent Individuals. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.08.05.20168971. [PMID: 32793926 PMCID: PMC7418747 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.05.20168971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection will play a critical role in the development of vaccines and antibody-based interventions. We report systemic and mucosal antibody responses in convalescent individuals who experienced varying disease severity. Robust antibody responses to diverse SARS-CoV-2 antigens and evidence of elevated responses to endemic CoV were observed among convalescent donors. SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA and IgG responses were often negatively correlated, particularly in mucosal samples, suggesting subject-intrinsic biases in isotype switching. Assessment of antibody-mediated effector functions revealed an inverse correlation between systemic and mucosal neutralization activity and site-dependent differences in the isotype of neutralizing antibodies. Serum neutralization correlated with systemic anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM response magnitude, while mucosal neutralization was associated with nasal SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA. These findings begin to map how diverse Ab characteristics relate to Ab functions and outcomes of infection, informing public health assessment strategies and vaccine development efforts.
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Gallo A, Clemenzi V, Stolfa A, Pagliuca G, Nobili Benedetti FM, Caporale C, Maselli del Giudice A, Maino T, de Robertis V, Cariti F, Barbara F. The secretory senescence of the oro-pharyngo-laryngeal tract. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY AND GERIATRICS 2020. [DOI: 10.36150/2499-6564-483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Kumar N, Arthur CP, Ciferri C, Matsumoto ML. Structure of the secretory immunoglobulin A core. Science 2020; 367:1008-1014. [PMID: 32029686 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) represents the immune system's first line of defense against mucosal pathogens. IgAs are transported across the epithelium, as dimers and higher-order polymers, by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). Upon reaching the luminal side, sIgAs mediate host protection and pathogen neutralization. In recent years, an increasing amount of attention has been given to IgA as a novel therapeutic antibody. However, despite extensive studies, sIgA structures have remained elusive. Here, we determine the atomic resolution structures of dimeric, tetrameric, and pentameric IgA-Fc linked by the joining chain (JC) and in complex with the secretory component of the pIgR. We suggest a mechanism in which the JC templates IgA oligomerization and imparts asymmetry for pIgR binding and transcytosis. This framework will inform the design of future IgA-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikit Kumar
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA 94080
| | - Christopher P Arthur
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA 94080
| | - Claudio Ciferri
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA 94080.
| | - Marissa L Matsumoto
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA 94080.
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15
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Mowat AM. To respond or not to respond - a personal perspective of intestinal tolerance. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 18:405-415. [PMID: 29491358 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For many years, the intestine was one of the poor relations of the immunology world, being a realm inhabited mostly by specialists and those interested in unusual phenomena. However, this has changed dramatically in recent years with the realization of how important the microbiota is in shaping immune function throughout the body, and almost every major immunology institution now includes the intestine as an area of interest. One of the most important aspects of the intestinal immune system is how it discriminates carefully between harmless and harmful antigens, in particular, its ability to generate active tolerance to materials such as commensal bacteria and food proteins. This phenomenon has been recognized for more than 100 years, and it is essential for preventing inflammatory disease in the intestine, but its basis remains enigmatic. Here, I discuss the progress that has been made in understanding oral tolerance during my 40 years in the field and highlight the topics that will be the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan McI Mowat
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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16
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IgA tetramerization improves target breadth but not peak potency of functionality of anti-influenza virus broadly neutralizing antibody. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007427. [PMID: 30605488 PMCID: PMC6317788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunoglobulins comprise mainly secretory IgA antibodies (SIgAs), which are the major contributor to pathogen-specific immune responses in mucosal tissues. These SIgAs are highly heterogeneous in terms of their quaternary structure. A recent report shows that the polymerization status of SIgA defines their functionality in the human upper respiratory mucosa. Higher order polymerization of SIgA (i.e., tetramers) leads to a marked increase in neutralizing activity against influenza viruses. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of SIgA polymerization remain elusive. Here, we developed a method for generating recombinant tetrameric monoclonal SIgAs. We then compared the anti-viral activities of these tetrameric SIgAs, which possessed variable regions identical to that of a broadly neutralizing anti-influenza antibody F045-092 against influenza A viruses, with that of monomeric IgG or IgA. The tetrameric SIgA showed anti-viral inhibitory activity superior to that of other forms only when the antibody exhibits low-affinity binding to the target. By contrast, SIgA tetramerization did not substantially modify anti-viral activity against targets with high-affinity binding. Taken together, the data suggest that tetramerization of SIgA improved target breadth, but not peak potency of antiviral functions of the broadly neutralizing anti-influenza antibody. This phenomenon presumably represents one of the mechanisms by which SIgAs present in human respiratory mucosa prevent infection by antigen-drifted influenza viruses. Understanding the mechanisms involved in cross neutralization of viruses by SIgAs might facilitate the development of vaccine strategies against viral infection of mucosal tissues. SIgAs exist as mainly dimers and tetramers and play critical roles in mucosal immune responses against influenza. Detailed characterization of these anti-viral SIgA is important for better understanding of the mechanisms underlying anti-viral immunity. Here, we describe a means of generating a recombinant tetrameric monoclonal SIgA to enable exhaustive characterization of tetrameric SIgAs. The tetrameric monoclonal SIgA possessing variable regions of anti-influenza viruses broadly neutralizing antibody show that tetramerization of SIgA improves target breadth, but not the peak potency, of their anti-viral functions. These results broaden our knowledge about the fundamental role of SIgA tetramerization in anti-viral humoral response at the human respiratory mucosa.
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Abreu-Velez AM, Howard MS, Padilla HJL, Tobon-Arroyave S. Subclinical oral involvement in patients with endemic pemphigus foliaceus. Dermatol Pract Concept 2018; 8:252-261. [PMID: 30479852 PMCID: PMC6246068 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.0804a02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have described a variant of endemic pemphigus foliaceus (EPF) in El Bagre area known as pemphigus Abreu-Manu. Our previous study suggested that Colombian EPF seemed to react with various plakin family proteins, such as desmoplakins, envoplakin, periplakin BP230, MYZAP, ARVCF, p0071 as well as desmoglein 1. Objectives To explore whether patients affected by a new variant of endemic pemphigus foliaceus (El Bagre-EPF) demonstrated oral involvement. Materials and Methods A case-control study was done by searching for oral changes in 45 patients affected by El Bagre-EPF, as well as 45 epidemiologically matched controls from the endemic area matched by demographics, oral hygiene habits, comorbidities, smoking habits, place of residence, age, sex, and work activity. Oral biopsies were taken and evaluated via hematoxylin and eosin staining, direct immunofluorescence, indirect immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Results Radicular pieces and loss of teeth were seen in in 43 of the 45 El Bagre-EPF patients and 20 of the 45 controls (P < 0.001) (confidence interval [CI] 98%). Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed 23 of 45 El Bagre-EPF patients had corneal/subcorneal blistering and lymphohistiocytic infiltrates under the basement membrane zone and around the salivary glands, the periodontal ligament, and the neurovascular bundles in all cell junction structures in the oral cavity; these findings were not seen in the controls (P < 0.001) (CI 98%). The direct immunofluorescence, indirect immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and microarray staining displayed autoantibodies to the salivary glands, including their serous acini and the excretory duct cell junctions, the periodontal ligament, the neurovascular bundles and their cell junctions, striated muscle and their cell junctions, neuroreceptors, and connective tissue cell junctions. The autoantibodies were polyclonal. IgA autoantibodies were found in neuroreceptors in the glands and were positive in 41 of 45 patients and 3 of 45 controls. Conclusions Patients affected by El Bagre-EPF have some oral anomalies and an immune response, primarily to cell junctions. The intrinsic oral mucosal immune system, including IgA and secretory IgA, play an important role in this autoimmunity. Our data contradict the hypothesis that pemphigus foliaceus does not affect the oral mucosa due to the desmoglein 1-desmoglein 3 compensation.
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18
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Sano K, Ainai A, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H. Intranasal inactivated influenza vaccines for the prevention of seasonal influenza epidemics. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:687-696. [PMID: 30092690 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1507743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intranasal influenza vaccines are expected to confer protection among vaccine recipients by successful induction of mucosal immune response in the upper respiratory tract. Though only live attenuated influenza virus vaccines (LAIVs) are licensed and available for intranasal use in humans today, intranasal inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) are currently under reconsideration as a promising intranasal influenza vaccine. AREAS COVERED This review addresses the history of intranasal IIV research and development, along with a summary of the studies done so far to address the mechanism of action of intranasal IIVs. EXPERT COMMENTARY From numerous in vitro and in vivo studies, it has been shown that intranasal IIVs can protect hosts from a broad spectrum of influenza virus strains. In-depth studies of the mucosal antibody response following intranasal IIV administration have also elucidated the detailed functions of secretory IgA (immunoglobulin A) antibodies which are responsible for the mechanism of action of intranasal vaccines. Safe and effective intranasal IIVs are expected to be an important tool to combat seasonal influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Sano
- a Department of Pathology , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan.,b Division of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Global Infectious Diseases , Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine , Miyagi , Japan
| | - Akira Ainai
- a Department of Pathology , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- a Department of Pathology , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- a Department of Pathology , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan.,b Division of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Global Infectious Diseases , Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine , Miyagi , Japan
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19
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Sieinski W. Immunohistological Patterns of Immunoglobulins in Dysplasias, Benign Neoplasms and Carcinomas of the Breast. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 66:699-711. [PMID: 6262961 DOI: 10.1177/030089168006600604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE were studied in 61 carcinomas, 24 tissues peripheral to carcinomas, 16 benign neoplasms and 15 dysplasias of the breast. Mono- and double-layer direct immunofluorescence procedures applying FITC- and TRITC-conjugated antisera were used on cryostat and paraffin sections for evaluation of immunoglobulins in plasma cells, cancer cells and ductal epithelium. Plasma cells of all Ig classes were more frequent in carcinomas, especially of medullary and poorly differentiated ductal types, than in benign lesions. In all groups of benign lesions and in carcinomas with scanty lymphocytes and plasma cells there was a predominance of IgA-synthesizing plasma cells. Carcinomas with marked local response had an increased proportion of IgG cells. IgE plasma cells were rare. IgA and IgM were more frequent in ductal epithelium than in cancer cells, especially of poorly differentiated tumors. No appreciable IgG was observed in ductal or cancer cells. Our results indicate a correlation between immunohistologic patterns of immunoglobulins and histologic characteristics of carcinomas.
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20
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Kaetzel CS, Mestecky J, Johansen FE. Two Cells, One Antibody: The Discovery of the Cellular Origins and Transport of Secretory IgA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 198:1765-1767. [PMID: 28223403 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte S Kaetzel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536;
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
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21
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Fung KYY, Fairn GD, Lee WL. Transcellular vesicular transport in epithelial and endothelial cells: Challenges and opportunities. Traffic 2017; 19:5-18. [PMID: 28985008 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vesicle-mediated transcellular transport or simply "transcytosis" is a cellular process used to shuttle macromolecules such as lipoproteins, antibodies, and albumin from one surface of a polarized cell to the other. This mechanism is in contrast to the transit of small molecules such as anions, cations and amino acids that occur via uptake, diffusion through the cytosol and release and is also distinct from paracellular leak between cells. Importantly, transcytosis has evolved as a process to selectively move macromolecules between 2 neighboring yet unique microenvironments within a multicellular organism. Examples include the movement of lipoproteins out of the circulatory system and into tissues and the delivery of immunoglobulins to mucosal surfaces. Regardless of whether the transport is conducted by endothelial or epithelial cells, the process often involves receptor-mediated uptake of a ligand into an endocytic vesicle, regulated transit of the carrier through the cytoplasm and release of the cargo via an exocytic event. While transcytosis has been examined in detail in epithelial cells, for both historical and technical reasons, the process is less understood in endothelial cells. Here, we spotlight aspects of epithelial transcytosis including recent findings and review the comparative dearth of knowledge regarding the process in endothelial cells highlighting the opportunity for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y Y Fung
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery & Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Science Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren L Lee
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Science Technology (iBEST), Ryerson University and St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology,& Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Suzuki T, Ainai A, Hasegawa H. Functional and structural characteristics of secretory IgA antibodies elicited by mucosal vaccines against influenza virus. Vaccine 2017; 35:5297-5302. [PMID: 28780981 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues are major targets for pathogens. The secretions covering mucosal surfaces contain several types of molecules that protect the host from infection. Among these, mucosal immunoglobulins, including secretory IgA (S-IgA) antibodies, are the major contributor to pathogen-specific immune responses. IgA is the primary antibody class found in many external secretions and has unique structural and functional features not observed in other antibody classes. Recently, extensive efforts have been made to develop novel vaccines that induce immunity via the mucosal route. S-IgA is a key molecule that underpins the mechanism of action of these mucosal vaccines. Thus, precise characterization of S-IgA induced by mucosal vaccines is important, if the latter are to be used successfully in a clinical setting. Intensive studies identified the fundamental characteristics of S-IgA, which was first discovered almost half a century ago. However, S-IgA itself has not gained much attention of late, despite its importance to mucosal immunity; therefore, some important questions remain. This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular characteristics of S-IgA and its role in intranasal mucosal vaccines against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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23
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Wern JE, Sorensen MR, Olsen AW, Andersen P, Follmann F. Simultaneous Subcutaneous and Intranasal Administration of a CAF01-Adjuvanted Chlamydia Vaccine Elicits Elevated IgA and Protective Th1/Th17 Responses in the Genital Tract. Front Immunol 2017; 8:569. [PMID: 28567043 PMCID: PMC5434101 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of any specific immunization route is critical when defining future vaccine strategies against a genital infection like Chlamydia trachomatis (C.t.). An optimal Chlamydia vaccine needs to elicit mucosal immunity comprising both neutralizing IgA/IgG antibodies and strong Th1/Th17 responses. A strategic tool to modulate this immune profile and mucosal localization of vaccine responses is to combine parenteral and mucosal immunizations routes. In this study, we investigate whether this strategy can be adapted into a two-visit strategy by simultaneous subcutaneous (SC) and nasal immunization. Using a subunit vaccine composed of C.t. antigens (Ags) adjuvanted with CAF01, a Th1/Th17 promoting adjuvant, we comparatively evaluated Ag-specific B and T cell responses and efficacy in mice following SC and simultaneous SC and nasal immunization (SIM). We found similar peripheral responses with regard to interferon gamma and IL-17 producing Ag-specific splenocytes and IgG serum levels in both vaccine strategies but in addition, the SIM protocol also led to Ag-specific IgA responses and increased B and CD4+ T cells in the lung parenchyma, and in lower numbers also in the genital tract (GT). Following vaginal infection with C.t., we observed that SIM immunization gave rise to an early IgA response and IgA-secreting plasma cells in the GT in contrast to SC immunization, but we were not able to detect more rapid recruitment of mucosal T cells. Interestingly, although SIM vaccination in general improved mucosal immunity we observed no improved efficacy against genital infection compared to SC, a finding that warrants for further investigation. In conclusion, we demonstrate a novel vaccination strategy that combines systemic and mucosal immunity in a two-visit strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Erbo Wern
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Chlamydia Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Rathmann Sorensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Chlamydia Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Weinreich Olsen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Chlamydia Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Chlamydia Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Follmann
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Chlamydia Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Hart F, Danielczyk A, Goletz S. Human Cell Line-Derived Monoclonal IgA Antibodies for Cancer Immunotherapy. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4020042. [PMID: 28952521 PMCID: PMC5590476 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA antibodies have great potential to improve the functional diversity of current IgG antibody-based cancer immunotherapy options. However, IgA production and purification is not well established, which can at least in part be attributed to the more complex glycosylation as compared to IgG antibodies. IgA antibodies possess up to five N-glycosylation sites within their constant region of the heavy chain as compared to one site for IgG antibodies. The human GlycoExpress expression system was developed to produce biotherapeutics with optimized glycosylation and used here to generate a panel of IgA isotype antibodies directed against targets for solid (TA-mucin 1, Her2, EGFR, Thomsen–Friedenreich) and hematological (CD20) cancer indications. The feasibility of good manufacturing practice was shown by the production of 11 g IgA within 35 days in a one liter perfusion bioreactor, and IgA antibodies in high purity were obtained after purification. The monoclonal IgA antibodies possessed a high sialylation degree, and no non-human glycan structures were detected. Kinetic analysis revealed increased avidity antigen binding for IgA dimers as compared to monomeric antibodies. The IgA antibodies exhibited potent Fab- and Fc-mediated functionalities against cancer cell lines, whereby especially granulocytes are recruited. Therefore, for patients who do not sufficiently benefit from therapeutic IgG antibodies, IgA antibodies may complement current regiment options and represent a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy. In conclusion, a panel of novel biofunctional IgA antibodies with human glycosylation was successfully generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hart
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Street 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Antje Danielczyk
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Street 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Steffen Goletz
- Glycotope GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Street 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Evolutionary Developments in Interpreting the Gluten-Induced Mucosal Celiac Lesion: An Archimedian Heuristic. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030213. [PMID: 28264483 PMCID: PMC5372876 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolving history of the small intestinal biopsy and its interpretation—and misinterpretations—are described in this paper. Certain interpretative errors in the technical approaches to histological assessment are highlighted—even though we may never be rid of them. For example, mucosal “flattening” does not reduce individual villi to their cores, as still seems to be widely believed. Neither is the mucosa undergoing an atrophic process—since it can recover structurally. Rather, the intestinal mucosa manifests a vast hypertrophic response resulting in the formation of large plateaus formed from partially reduced villi and their amalgamation with the now increased height and width of the inter-villous ridges: this is associated with considerable increases in crypt volumes. Sections through mosaic plateaus gives an erroneous impression of the presence of stunted, flat-topped villi which continues to encourage both the continued use of irrelevant “atrophy” terminologies and a marked failure to perceive what random sections through mosaic plateaus actually look like. While reviewing the extensive 40+ year literature on mucosal analysis, we extracted data on intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) counts from 607 biopsies, and applied receiver-operating characteristic (ROC)-curve analysis. From that perspective, it appears that counting IEL/100 enterocyte nuclei in routine haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) sections provides the most useful discriminator of celiac mucosae at histological level, with an effective cut-off of 27 IEL, and offering a very high sensitivity with few false negatives. ROC-curve analysis also revealed the somewhat lesser accuracies of either CD3+ or γδ+ IEL counts. Current official guidelines seem to be somewhat inadequate in clearly defining the spectrum of gluten-induced mucosal pathologies and how they could be optimally interpreted, as well as in promoting the ideal manner for physicians and pathologists to interact in interpreting intestinal mucosae submitted for analysis. Future trends should incorporate 3-D printing and computerised modelling in order to exemplify the subtle micro-anatomical features associated with the crypt-villus interzone. The latter needs precise delineation with use of mRNA in-section assays for brush border enzymes such as alkaline phosphate and esterase. Other additional approaches are needed to facilitate recognition and interpretation of the features of this important inter-zone, such as wells, basins and hypertrophic alterations in the size of inter-villous ridges. The 3-D computerised models could considerably expand our understandings of the microvasculature and its changes—in relation both to crypt hypertrophy, in addition to the partial attrition and subsequent regrowth of villi from the inter-villous ridges during the flattening and recovery processes, respectively.
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26
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Abstract
Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the predominant immunoglobulin in certain external secretions and may have an important role in immunological mucosal resistance. SIgA differs in chemical and immunological properties from serum IgA. The present study was undertaken to investigate the antigenic relationship between SIgA, free secretory component (FSC) and serum IgA and the localization of SIgA as well as other immunological classes in tissues of oral and respiratory passages by use of immunofluorescence technique. SIgA and FSC were highly purified from human colostrum and rabbit anti-SIgA and anti-SC antisera were prepared. On the basis of antigenic relationships between SIgA, FSC and serum IgA, it was emphasized that individual specific antisera for SC and IgA and/or SIgA should be used in immunochemical or immunohistological investigations for SIgA. The present study failed to detect SC determinants in palatine and lingual tonsils. However, it was evident that cells present in the pharyngeal tonsillar epithelium contain SC determinants. SC molecules may be synthesized in certain secretory cells of mucous membrane and glandular epithelium and the combining of SC with IgA could occur in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, the intercellular spaces and/or in the lumens of glandular acini and ductules.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Solon A. Ellison
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon E. Green
- School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Hobbs
- Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London
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30
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Murray
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Glasgow University Veterinary School, Bearsden, Glasgow
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Frankland
- Allergy Department, St Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY
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33
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Stadtmueller BM, Huey-Tubman KE, López CJ, Yang Z, Hubbell WL, Bjorkman PJ. The structure and dynamics of secretory component and its interactions with polymeric immunoglobulins. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26943617 PMCID: PMC4786434 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a first-line vertebrate immune defense, the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) transports polymeric IgA and IgM across epithelia to mucosal secretions, where the cleaved ectodomain (secretory component; SC) becomes a component of secretory antibodies, or when unliganded, binds and excludes bacteria. Here we report the 2.6Å crystal structure of unliganded human SC (hSC) and comparisons with a 1.7Å structure of teleost fish SC (tSC), an early pIgR ancestor. The hSC structure comprises five immunoglobulin-like domains (D1-D5) arranged as a triangle, with an interface between ligand-binding domains D1 and D5. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements confirmed the D1-D5 interface in solution and revealed that it breaks upon ligand binding. Together with binding studies of mutant and chimeric SCs, which revealed domain contributions to secretory antibody formation, these results provide detailed models for SC structure, address pIgR evolution, and demonstrate that SC uses multiple conformations to protect mammals from pathogens. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10640.001 A sticky substance called mucus lines our airways and gut, where it acts as a physical barrier to prevent bacteria and other microbes from entering the body. Mucus also contains proteins called antibodies that can bind to and neutralize molecules from microbes (known as antigens). The primary antibody found in mucus is called Immunoglobulin A. This antibody is produced by immune cells within the body and must pass through the “epithelial” cells that line the airway or gut to reach the layer of mucus. These epithelial cells have a receptor protein called the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (plgR) that binds to Immunoglobulin A molecules, transports them across the cell, and then releases them into the mucus layer. The pIgR also releases Immunoglobulin A into breast milk, which protects nursing infants until their own immune system has developed. When released into the mucus layer, the Immunoglobulin A antibodies remain attached to a portion of pIgR known as the secretory component. This part of the receptor serves to stabilize and protect the antibodies from being degraded and helps the antibodies to bind to other host and bacterial proteins. Researchers have noted that the secretory component can be released into the mucus even when it is not attached to an antibody. These “free” secretory components have been shown to help prevent bacteria and the toxins they produce from entering the body. Despite the importance of secretory component in immune responses, the three-dimensional structure of the secretory component and how it interacts with antibodies and bacteria remained unknown. Here, Stadtmueller et al. use a technique called X-ray crystallography to determine a three-dimensional model of the free form of a secretory component from humans, and compare it to an ancestral secretory component protein found in fish. Further experiments on the human protein revealed how the structure of the secretory component changes when antibodies bind to it. Stadtmueller et al. propose a model for how both forms of the secretory component can protect the body from microbes and other external agents. The next challenge is to develop a three-dimensional model of the secretory component when it is bound to Immunoglobulin A. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10640.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth M Stadtmueller
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Kathryn E Huey-Tubman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Carlos J López
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Zhongyu Yang
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Wayne L Hubbell
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
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Kim OK, Nam DE, Jun W, Lee J. Effects of StandardizedEriobotrya japonicaExtract in LP-BM5 Murine Leukemia Viruses-Induced Murine Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:148-60. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1122614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kim OK, Nam DE, Yoon HG, Baek SJ, Jun W, Lee J. Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Effects of Purple Sweet Potato Extract in LP-BM5 Murine Leukemia Virus-Induced Murine Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. J Med Food 2015; 18:882-9. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Kyung Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Da-Eun Nam
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Ho-Geun Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Jung Baek
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Woojin Jun
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Relationship of the quaternary structure of human secretory IgA to neutralization of influenza virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:7809-14. [PMID: 26056267 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503885112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory IgA (S-IgA) antibodies, the major contributors to humoral mucosal immunity to influenza virus infection, are polymeric Igs present in many external secretions. In the present study, the quaternary structures of human S-IgA induced in nasal mucosa after administration of intranasal inactivated influenza vaccines were characterized in relation to neutralization potency against influenza A viruses. Human nasal IgA antibodies have been shown to contain at least five quaternary structures. Direct and real-time visualization of S-IgA using high-speed atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated that trimeric and tetrameric S-IgA had six and eight antigen-binding sites, respectively, and that these structures exhibited large-scale asynchronous conformational changes while capturing influenza HA antigens in solution. Furthermore, trimeric, tetrameric, and larger polymeric structures, which are minor fractions in human nasal IgA, displayed increased neutralizing potency against influenza A viruses compared with dimeric S-IgA, suggesting that the larger polymeric than dimeric forms of S-IgA play some important roles in protection against influenza A virus infection in the human upper respiratory tract.
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Fagarasan S, Macpherson AJ. The Regulation of IgA Production. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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KIYONO H, AZEGAMI T. The mucosal immune system: From dentistry to vaccine development. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2015; 91:423-39. [PMID: 26460320 PMCID: PMC4729857 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.91.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The oral cavity is the beginning of the aero-digestive tract, which is covered by mucosal epithelium continuously under the threat of invasion of pathogens, it is thus protected by the mucosal immune system. In the early phase of our scientific efforts for the demonstration of mucosal immune system, dental science was one of major driving forces due to their foreseeability to use oral immunity for the control of oral diseases. The mucosal immune system is divided functionally into, but interconnected inductive and effector sites. Intestinal Peyer's patches (PPs) are an inductive site containing antigen-sampling M cells and immunocompetent cells required to initiate antigen-specific immune responses. At effector sites, PP-originated antigen-specific IgA B cells become plasma cells to produce polymeric IgA and form secretory IgA by binding to poly-Ig receptor expressed on epithelial cells for protective immunity. The development of new-generation mucosal vaccines, including the rice-based oral vaccine MucoRice, on the basis of the coordinated mucosal immune system is a promising strategy for the control of mucosal infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi KIYONO
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: H. Kiyono, Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Tatsuhiko AZEGAMI
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Kim OK, Yoo SA, Nam DE, Kim Y, Kim E, Jun W, Hwan K, Lee J. Immunomodulatory Effects of Curcuma longa L. Extract in LP-BM5 Murine Leukemia Viruses-induced Murine Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2014.43.9.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is heavily colonized with commensal microbes with the concentration of bacteria increasing longitudinally down the length of the intestine. Bacteria are also spatially distributed transversely from the epithelial surface to the intestinal lumen with the inner mucus layer normally void of bacteria. Maintenance of this equilibrium is extremely important for human health and, as the dominant immunoglobulin at mucosal sites, IgA influences mutualism between the host and its normal microbiota. In this review we focus on the links between immune and microbial geography of the mammalian intestinal tract.
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Brandtzaeg P. Secretory IgA: Designed for Anti-Microbial Defense. Front Immunol 2013; 4:222. [PMID: 23964273 PMCID: PMC3734371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevention of infections by vaccination remains a compelling goal to improve public health. Mucosal vaccines would make immunization procedures easier, be better suited for mass administration, and most efficiently induce immune exclusion - a term coined for non-inflammatory antibody shielding of internal body surfaces, mediated principally by secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). The exported antibodies are polymeric, mainly IgA dimers (pIgA), produced by local plasma cells (PCs) stimulated by antigens that target the mucose. SIgA was early shown to be complexed with an epithelial glycoprotein - the secretory component (SC). A common SC-dependent transport mechanism for pIgA and pentameric IgM was then proposed, implying that membrane SC acts as a receptor, now usually called the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR). From the basolateral surface, pIg-pIgR complexes are taken up by endocytosis and then extruded into the lumen after apical cleavage of the receptor - bound SC having stabilizing and innate functions in the secretory antibodies. Mice deficient for pIgR show that this is the only receptor responsible for epithelial export of IgA and IgM. These knockout mice show a variety of defects in their mucosal defense and changes in their intestinal microbiota. In the gut, induction of B-cells occurs in gut-associated lymphoid tissue, particularly the Peyer's patches and isolated lymphoid follicles, but also in mesenteric lymph nodes. PC differentiation is accomplished in the lamina propria to which the activated memory/effector B-cells home. The airways also receive such cells from nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue but by different homing receptors. This compartmentalization is a challenge for mucosal vaccination, as are the mechanisms used by the mucosal immune system to discriminate between commensal symbionts (mutualism), pathobionts, and overt pathogens (elimination).
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Kato A, Hulse KE, Tan BK, Schleimer RP. B-lymphocyte lineage cells and the respiratory system. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:933-57; quiz 958. [PMID: 23540615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive humoral immune responses in the airways are mediated by B cells and plasma cells that express highly evolved and specific receptors and produce immunoglobulins of most isotypes. In some cases, such as autoimmune diseases or inflammatory diseases caused by excessive exposure to foreign antigens, these same immune cells can cause disease by virtue of overly vigorous responses. This review discusses the generation, differentiation, signaling, activation, and recruitment pathways of B cells and plasma cells, with special emphasis on unique characteristics of subsets of these cells functioning within the respiratory system. The primary sensitization events that generate B cells responsible for effector responses throughout the airways usually occur in the upper airways, tonsils, and adenoid structures that make up the Waldeyer ring. On secondary exposure to antigen in the airways, antigen-processing dendritic cells migrate into secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, that drain the upper and lower airways, and further B-cell expansion takes place at those sites. Antigen exposure in the upper or lower airways can also drive expansion of B-lineage cells in the airway mucosal tissue and lead to the formation of inducible lymphoid follicles or aggregates that can mediate local immunity or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kato
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Brandtzaeg P. Secretory immunity with special reference to the oral cavity. J Oral Microbiol 2013; 5:20401. [PMID: 23487566 PMCID: PMC3595421 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v5i0.20401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The two principal antibody classes present in saliva are secretory IgA (SIgA) and IgG; the former is produced as dimeric IgA by local plasma cells (PCs) in the stroma of salivary glands and is transported through secretory epithelia by the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), also named membrane secretory component (SC). Most IgG in saliva is derived from the blood circulation by passive leakage mainly via gingival crevicular epithelium, although some may be locally produced in the gingiva or salivary glands. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) do not contribute equally to the pool of memory/effector B cells differentiating to mucosal PCs throughout the body. Thus, enteric immunostimulation may not be the best way to activate the production of salivary IgA antibodies although the level of specific SIgA in saliva may still reflect an intestinal immune response after enteric immunization. It remains unknown whether the IgA response in submandibular/sublingual glands is better related to B-cell induction in GALT than the parotid response. Such disparity is suggested by the levels of IgA in submandibular secretions of AIDS patients, paralleling their highly upregulated intestinal IgA system, while the parotid IgA level is decreased. Parotid SIgA could more consistently be linked to immune induction in palatine tonsils/adenoids (human NALT) and cervical lymph nodes, as supported by the homing molecule profile observed after immune induction at these sites. Several other variables influence the levels of antibodies in salivary secretions. These include difficulties with reproducibility and standardization of immunoassays, the impact of flow rate, acute or chronic stress, protein loss during sample handling, and uncontrolled admixture of serum-derived IgG and monomeric IgA. Despite these problems, saliva is an easily accessible biological fluid with interesting scientific and clinical potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Brandtzaeg
- Per Brandtzaeg, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950 Oslo, NO-0424 Norway. Tel: +47-23072743, Fax: 47-23071511.
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Kao YP, Hsieh WC, Hung ST, Huang CW, Lieber MR, Huang FT. Detection and characterization of R-loops at the murine immunoglobulin Sα region. Mol Immunol 2012; 54:208-16. [PMID: 23287599 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
IgA is the most abundant antibody in mammals. However, the mechanism of its class switching is still not clear. The formation of the R-loops, as the target for AID, has been proposed to play a crucial role during mammalian class switch recombination. Here, we provide a systematic evaluation of R-loops at Sα (IgA) in CH12F3-2A cells, which is a unique cell model system for class switch recombination because of its consistent switching to IgA upon stimulation. The results of R-loop analysis demonstrate distinct features specific to Sα. Some R-loops may initiate from the end of Iα, but all terminate exclusively within Sα. Time-course analysis also indicates that the percentage of R-loops peaks prior to the occurrence of class switch recombination. This is the first demonstration that R-loops form at Sαin vitro and in situ, despite variable G density and relatively few GGGG clusters in Sα. The short distance from the promoter to Sα may compensate for the less robust R-loop-forming factors at Sα relative to other switch regions. In conclusion, R-loops at the Sα region further support R-loop formation as a general feature of all stimulated switch regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pu Kao
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mishra KP, Yadav AP, Ganju L. Antarctic Harsh Environment as Natural Stress Model: Impact on Salivary Immunoglobulins, Transforming Growth Factor-β and Cortisol Level. Indian J Clin Biochem 2012; 27:357-62. [PMID: 24082460 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-012-0213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Antarctic continent on the planet Earth is full of environmental extremes. It is considered as natural stress model. Therefore, the present study examined the effect of harsh environment on the certain salivary markers of 28th Indian Antarctic expeditioners. Thirty healthy men and women (median age 36 year; range 22-61 year) participated in this study. Parameters measured were salivary IgA (SIgA), IgM (SIgM), TGF-β and cortisol level at three different time points: (I) before leaving India on 26th October 2008 for base line level; (II) after 1 month on-board journey on 31st January 2009 in Southern Ocean and (III) after 1 month staying at Maitri, Antarctica on 3rd March 2009. Our observation indicated that Ship borne journey and Antarctic environment increased the SIgA levels while that of SIgM level was not altered on-board but decreased by staying for 1 month at Antarctica. No significant alteration was found in the TGF-β and cortisol level at any point of time. The present study concluded that ship borne journey and Antarctic environment may induce the SIgA level while SIgM level decreased in environmental extremes of Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Mishra
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054 India
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Macpherson AJ, Geuking MB, Slack E, Hapfelmeier S, McCoy KD. The habitat, double life, citizenship, and forgetfulness of IgA. Immunol Rev 2012; 245:132-46. [PMID: 22168417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the main secretory immunoglobulin of mucous membranes and is powerfully induced by the presence of commensal microbes in the intestine. B cells undergo class switch recombination to IgA in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, particularly mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and Peyer's patches, through both T-dependent and T-independent pathways. IgA B cells primed in the mucosa traffic from the intestinal lymphoid structures, initially through the lymphatics and then join the bloodstream, to home back to the intestinal mucosa as IgA-secreting plasma cells. Once induced, anti-bacterial IgA can be extremely long-lived but is replaced if there is induction of additional IgA specificities by other microbes. The mucosal immune system is anatomically separated from the systemic immune system by the MLNs, which act as a firewall to prevent penetration of live intestinal bacteria to systemic sites. Dendritic cells sample intestinal bacteria and induce B cells to switch to IgA. In contrast, intestinal macrophages are adept at killing extracellular bacteria and are able to clear bacteria that have crossed the mucus and epithelial barriers. There is both a continuum between innate and adaptive immune mechanisms and compartmentalization of the mucosal immune system from systemic immunity that function to preserve host microbial mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Macpherson
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Maurice Müller Laboratories, University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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