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Arnon R, Mozes E, Jung S, Pecht I. Prof. Michael Sela (1924-2022). Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1539-1540. [PMID: 36108107 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Arnon
- Dept.of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, The Weizmann institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edna Mozes
- Dept.of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, The Weizmann institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Dept.of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, The Weizmann institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Israel Pecht
- Dept.of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, The Weizmann institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Michael Sela: Scientist, statesman, sage (1924-2022). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2211991119. [PMID: 35960847 PMCID: PMC9407542 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211991119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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3
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Rosenbaum JT, Gill T, Martin TM, Friedman M, Thompson R. Marking the 50th anniversary of a seminal paper in rheumatology: did Baruj Benacerraf and Hugh McDevitt get it right? Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:618-621. [PMID: 35236660 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-222131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James Todd Rosenbaum
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Medicine, and Cell Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA .,Legacy Devers Eye Institute at Legacy Good Samaritan Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Tejpal Gill
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University Hospital, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Tammy M Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Marcia Friedman
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University Hospital, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Reid Thompson
- Radiation Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Division of Hospital and Special Medicine, Portland VA Hospital, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Ryan NM, Hess JA, de Villena FPM, Leiby BE, Shimada A, Yu L, Yarmahmoodi A, Petrovsky N, Zhan B, Bottazzi ME, Makepeace BL, Lustigman S, Abraham D. Onchocerca volvulus bivalent subunit vaccine induces protective immunity in genetically diverse collaborative cross recombinant inbred intercross mice. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:17. [PMID: 33500417 PMCID: PMC7838260 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tests the hypothesis that an Onchocerca volvulus vaccine, consisting of two recombinant antigens (Ov-103 and Ov-RAL-2) formulated with the combination-adjuvant Advax-2, can induce protective immunity in genetically diverse Collaborative Cross recombinant inbred intercross mice (CC-RIX). CC-RIX lines were immunized with the O. volvulus vaccine and challenged with third-stage larvae. Equal and significant reductions in parasite survival were observed in 7 of 8 CC-RIX lines. Innate protective immunity was seen in the single CC-RIX line that did not demonstrate protective adaptive immunity. Analysis of a wide array of immune factors showed that each line of mice have a unique set of immune responses to vaccination and challenge suggesting that the vaccine is polyfunctional, inducing different equally-protective sets of immune responses based on the genetic background of the immunized host. Vaccine efficacy in genetically diverse mice suggests that it will also be effective in genetically complex human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Ryan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica A Hess
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Benjamin E Leiby
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ayako Shimada
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lei Yu
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amir Yarmahmoodi
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, 1102 Bates St, Ste. 550, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, 1102 Bates St, Ste. 550, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin L Makepeace
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Sara Lustigman
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th St, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Fry M. Ontologically simple theories do not indicate the true nature of complex biological systems: three test cases. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 42:17. [PMID: 32346811 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-020-00310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A longstanding philosophical premise perceives simplicity as a desirable attribute of scientific theories. One of several raised justifications for this notion is that simple theories are more likely to indicate the true makeup of natural systems. Qualitatively parsimonious hypotheses and theories keep to a minimum the number of different postulated entities within a system. Formulation of such ontologically simple working hypotheses proved to be useful in the experimental probing of narrowly defined bio systems. It is less certain, however, whether qualitatively parsimonious theories are effective indicators of the true nature of complex biological systems. This paper assesses the success of ontologically simple theories in envisaging the makeup of three complex systems in bacteriology, immunology, and molecular biology. Evidence shows that parsimonious theories completely misconstrued the actual ontologically complex constitutions of the three examined systems. Since evolution and selective pressures typically produce ontologically intricate rather than simple bio systems, qualitatively parsimonious theories are mostly inapt indicators of the true nature of complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fry
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, POB 9649, 31096, Bat Galim, Haifa, Israel.
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Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Van Braeckel-Budimmir et al. (2017) reveal that the pathogenic response of mice to a Plasmodium berghei infection is dominated by a Vβ8.1 T cell response. Mice lacking Vβ8.1 T cells fail to mount a pathogenic response, thus showing that the TCR locus can be an Immune response (Ir) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B West
- The British Industrial Biological Research Association, Carshalton, Surrey
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Steinman L. A Journey in Science: The Privilege of Exploring the Brain and the Immune System. Mol Med 2016; 22:molmed.2015.00263. [PMID: 27652378 PMCID: PMC5004718 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Real innovations in medicine and science are historic and singular; the stories behind each occurrence are precious. At Molecular Medicine we have established the Anthony Cerami Award in Translational Medicine to document and preserve these histories. The monographs recount the seminal events as told in the voice of the original investigators who provided the crucial early insight. These essays capture the essence of discovery, chronicling the birth of ideas that created new fields of research; and launched trajectories that persisted and ultimately influenced how disease is prevented, diagnosed, and treated. In this volume, the Cerami Award Monograph is by Lawrence Steinman, MD, of Stanford University in California. A visionary in the field of neurology, this is the story of Dr. Steinman's scientific journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Development of therapies for autoimmune disease at Stanford: a tale of multiple shots and one goal. Immunol Res 2015; 58:307-14. [PMID: 24771483 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The title of this contribution on Immunology at Stanford is purposely ambiguous. One goal is the development of safe and effective therapy for autoimmune diseases. Another definition of goal is to score, and this would ultimately mean the development of an approved drug. Indeed, the efforts in my four decades at Stanford, have included the discovery and subsequent development of a monoclonal antibody to block homing to the inflamed brain, leading to natalizumab, an approved therapeutic for two autoimmune diseases: relapsing-remitting MS and for inflammatory bowel disease. Multiple attempts to develop new therapies for autoimmune disease are described here: The trimolecular complex and the immune synapse serve as one major set of targets, with attempts to inhibit particular major histocompatibility molecules, the variable regions of the T cell receptor, and CD4. Other approaches focusing on antigen-specific tolerance include ongoing attempts with tolerizing DNA vaccines in type 1 diabetes. Finally, the repurposing of popular drugs approved for other indications, including statins and inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme is under development and showing promise in the clinic, particularly for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. The milieu within Stanford Immunology has helped to nurture these efforts to translate discoveries in immunology and to take them from bench to bedside.
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Kambayashi T, Laufer TM. Atypical MHC class II-expressing antigen-presenting cells: can anything replace a dendritic cell? Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:719-30. [PMID: 25324123 DOI: 10.1038/nri3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells are regarded as the classical antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. However, in recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of cell types that are suggested to present antigens on MHC class II molecules to CD4(+) T cells. In this Review, we describe the key characteristics that define an antigen-presenting cell by examining the functions of dendritic cells. We then examine the functions of the haematopoietic cells and non-haematopoietic cells that can express MHC class II molecules and that have been suggested to represent 'atypical' antigen-presenting cells. We consider whether any of these cell populations can prime naive CD4(+) T cells and, if not, question the effects that they do have on the development of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Terri M Laufer
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Steinman L, Shoenfeld Y. From defining antigens to new therapies in multiple sclerosis: honoring the contributions of Ruth Arnon and Michael Sela. J Autoimmun 2014; 54:1-7. [PMID: 25308417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ruth Arnon and Michael Sela profoundly influenced the development of a model system to test new therapies in multiple sclerosis (MS). Their application of the animal model, known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), for the discovery of Copaxone, opened a new path for testing of drug candidates in MS. By measuring clinical, pathologic, and immunologic outcomes, the biological implications of new drugs could be elucidated. Using EAE they established the efficacy of Copaxone as a therapy for preventing and reducing paralysis and inflammation in the central nervous system without massive immune suppression. This had a huge impact on the field of drug discovery for MS. Much like the use of parabiosis to discover soluble factors associated with obesity, or the replica plating system to probe antibiotic resistance in bacteria, the pioneering research on Copaxone using the EAE model, paved the way for the discovery of other therapeutics in MS, including Natalizumab and Fingolimod. Future applications of this approach may well elucidate novel therapies for the neurodegenerative phase of multiple sclerosis associated with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Steinman
- Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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The early history of Stanford Immunology. Immunol Res 2014; 58:164-78. [PMID: 24804901 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
From its 1960 beginnings in a pair of windowless Genetics Department laboratories under the Stanford Medical School Dean's Office to its current broad-based program, which joins faculty members from departments across the Medical School, the Stanford Immunology Program has played a central role in shaping both basic and clinical immunology thinking. In this article, we tell the story of the beginnings of this odyssey in a reminiscence-based format that brings the flavor of the time in the words of people who lived and built the history.
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Animal models of human disease: Inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 87:121-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Proceedings of the XXXVII Meeting of the Israel Chemical Society and the Israel Biochemical Society held at Rehovot, 22-24 October 1967. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.196700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Shaltiel S, Mozes E, Sela M. Multichain Polyproline Coated with Histidyl and Glutamyl Residues - A Potent Synthetic Immunogen. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.197200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Design of peptide immunotherapies for MHC Class-II-associated autoimmune disorders. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:826191. [PMID: 24324511 PMCID: PMC3845387 DOI: 10.1155/2013/826191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders, that occur when autoreactive immune cells are induced to activate their responses against self-tissues, affect one percent of the world population and represent one of the top 10 leading causes of death. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a principal susceptibility locus for many human autoimmune diseases, in which self-tissue antigens providing targets for pathogenic lymphocytes are bound to HLA molecules encoded by disease-associated alleles. In spite of the attempts to design strategies for inhibition of antigen presentation targeting the MHC-peptide/TCR complex via generation of blocking antibodies, altered peptide ligands (APL), or inhibitors of costimulatory molecules, potent therapies with minimal side effects have yet to be developed. Copaxone (glatiramer acetate, GA) is a random synthetic amino acid copolymer that reduces the relapse rate by about 30% in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Based on the elucidated binding motifs of Copaxone and of the anchor residues of the immunogenic myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide to HLA-DR molecules, novel copolymers have been designed and proved to be more effective in suppressing MS-like disease in mice. In this report, we describe the rationale for design of second-generation synthetic random copolymers as candidate drugs for a number of MHC class-II-associated autoimmune disorders.
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Zitvogel L, Merad M, Kroemer G. The fabulous legacy of a Nobel Prize Laureate. Oncoimmunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4161/onci.1.1.18538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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David C. WITHDRAWN: A brief autobiography. J Autoimmun 2011:S0896-8411(11)00065-5. [PMID: 22196922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2011.05.017 The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chella David
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic and Medical School, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Chella David: a lifetime contribution in translational immunology. J Autoimmun 2011; 37:59-62. [PMID: 21621385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunology, like most scientific disciplines, is filled with buzz words. One such buzz word or term has been coined "translational immunology". Indeed, translational research is amongst the most popular expressions used to justify the use of basic research in the hopes that such research will lead to solutions to clinical problems. In fact, no such justification is needed and some of the most important observations in clinical medicine have been derived from basic science; basic science that had no idea at its time of its usefulness in clinical medicine. This special issue is devoted to Chella David. Chella's contributions in immunology have been legion. Before inbred mice became popular, long before multi-million dollar companies were developed to develop such models, Chella David was hard at the bench studying the genetics of the murine immune system and the importance of such mouse models in autoimmune diseases. Importantly, Dr. David provided animals without strings, without the burdens of MTAs, that now impede research. Chella has been generous with his time, with his reagents, and has been a caring and devoted mentor to generations of students. This issue is part of our series to recognize autoimmunologists and dedicated themes that include papers in multiple disciplines of immunology, but especially are focused on cutting-edge applications that will improve clinical therapeutics. Chella David, at age 75, is an athlete in immunology and still keeps going with the same enthusiasm as manifest as a young post-doc.
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Edfors-Lilja I, Gahne B, Petersson H. Genetic influence on antibody response to two Escherichia coli antigens in pigs. J Anim Breed Genet 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1985.tb00700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stüve O, Kieseier BC, Hemmer B, Hartung HP, Awad A, Frohman EM, Greenberg BM, Racke MK, Zamvil SS, Phillips JT, Gold R, Chan A, Zettl U, Milo R, Marder E, Khan O, Eagar TN. Translational research in neurology and neuroscience 2010: multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:1307-15. [PMID: 20625066 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, enormous progress has been made with regard to pharmacotherapies for patients with multiple sclerosis. There is perhaps no other subspecialty in neurology in which more agents have been approved that substantially alter the clinical course of a disabling disorder. Many of the pharmaceuticals that are currently approved, in clinical trials, or in preclinical development were initially evaluated in an animal model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Two Food and Drug Administration-approved agents (glatiramer acetate and natalizumab) were developed using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. This model has served clinician-scientists for many decades to enable understanding the inflammatory cascade that underlies clinical disease activity and disease surrogate markers detected in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Stüve
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, 4500 S Lancaster Rd, Dallas, TX 75216, USA.
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Kräusslich H, Buschmann H, Osterkorn K, Meyer J, Radzikowski A. Antibody Production Studied by Means of the LHG Assay in two Inbred Strains of Mice and their Crosses1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1971.tb01368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Adams TE, Brandon MR, Morris B. The potential of the I region of the bovine major histocompatibility complex. ANIMAL BLOOD GROUPS AND BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:155-63. [PMID: 391107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1979.tb01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Balner H, Gabb BW, Toth EK, Dersjant H, van Vreeswijk W. The histocompatibility complex of rhesus monkeys. I. Serology and genetics of the RhL-A system. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2008; 3:257-72. [PMID: 4203444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1973.tb01004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Balner H, Toth EK. The histocompatibility complex of rhesus monkeys. II. A major locus controlling reactivity in mixed lymphocyte cultures. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2008; 3:273-90. [PMID: 4272109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1973.tb01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P; Difco) contains four immunogenic components. The antibody response in rats to two of these components is shown to be genetically determined: AS rats are high responders and BN rats are low responders to both antigens. Responsiveness to the two components segregates independently as autosomal, dominant traits in a manner that is compatible with a one-gene hypothesis for both responses. The antibody response to the mitogenic fraction of PHA segregates together with the in vitro mitogenic response to PHA and to other mitogens. These responses are not linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the rat. The antibody response to a nonmitogenic fraction from PHA is, however, linked to the MHC.
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Verpoort KN, Cheung K, Ioan-Facsinay A, van der Helm-van Mil AHM, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, Drijfhout JW, de Vries RRP, Breedveld FC, Huizinga TWJ, Pruijn GJM, Toes REM. Fine specificity of the anti-citrullinated protein antibody response is influenced by the shared epitope alleles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 56:3949-52. [PMID: 18050209 DOI: 10.1002/art.23127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In classic studies on the genetic background of antibody production, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been shown to act as the most prominent immune response gene that controls the magnitude and the specificity of antibody production. The strongest genetic risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the human MHC HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) alleles, predisposes for antibodies against citrullinated proteins (ACPAs). ACPA levels are higher in SE-positive patients with RA than in SE-negative patients with RA. The aim of the present study was to determine whether SE influences not only the magnitude but also the specificity of the ACPA response. METHODS In 2 cohorts of anti-citrullinated peptide 2-positive patients with RA, one from a study of recent-onset arthritis (n = 206) and the other from a treatment strategy study (n = 141), serum antibodies against a citrullinated peptide derived from vimentin (cVim) and antibodies against a citrullinated fibrinogen peptide (cFibr) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HLA-DRB1 genotyping was performed. RESULTS In the first cohort, SE alleles were significantly associated with the presence of antibodies against cVim (odds ratio [OR] 4.95, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.87-15.3) and were not significantly associated with the presence of antibodies against cFibr (OR 1.71, 95% CI 0.70-4.14). These results were replicated in the second cohort (OR 5.05, 95% CI 1.92-13.6 and OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.30-3.97, respectively). CONCLUSION In 2 cohorts of ACPA-positive patients with RA, SE alleles predisposed for the development of antibodies against cVim but not for the development of antibodies against cFibr. These data indicate that SE alleles act as "classic" immune response genes in the ACPA response, because they influence both the magnitude and the specificity of this RA-specific antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Verpoort
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The impetus for the discovery of dendritic cells in 1972 was to understand immunogenicity, the capacity of an antigenic substance to provoke immunity. During experiments to characterize "accessory" cells that enhanced immunity, we spotted unusual stellate cells in mouse spleen. They had a distinct capacity to form and retract processes or dendrites and were named dendritic cells (DC). DC proved to be different from other cell types and to be peculiarly immunogenic when loaded with antigens. When Langerhans cells were studied, immunogenicity was found to involve two steps: antigen presentation by immature DC and maturation to elicit immunity. Antigen-bearing DC were also immunogenic in vivo and were therefore termed "nature's adjuvants". Several labs then learned to generate large numbers of DC from progenitors, which accelerated DC research. Tolerogenicity via DC, including the control of foxp3(+) suppressor T cells, was recently discovered. Two areas of current research that I find intriguing are to identify mechanisms for antigen uptake and processing, and for the control of different types of immunity and tolerance. These subjects should be studied in vivo with clinically relevant antigens, so that the activities of DC can be better integrated into the prevention and treatment of disease in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph M Steinman
- The Rockefeller University and Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Disease, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA.
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Zinkernagel RM. Review: cellular immune responses to intracellular parasites: role of the major histocompatibility gene complex and thymus in determining immune responsiveness and susceptibility to disease. Parasite Immunol 2007; 1:91-109. [PMID: 121771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1979.tb00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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van der Helm-van Mil AHM, Huizinga TWJ, de Vries RRP, Toes REM. Emerging patterns of risk factor make-up enable subclassification of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:1728-35. [PMID: 17534941 DOI: 10.1002/art.22716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Steinman L, Zamvil SS. How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2006; 60:12-21. [PMID: 16802293 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In their Point of View entitled "Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis: A Misleading Model of Multiple Sclerosis," Sriram and Steiner(1) wrote, "The most disappointing aspect of EAE [experimental allergic encephalomyelitis] as a potential model for MS is its almost total inability to point toward a meaningful therapy or therapeutic approach for MS." Actually, EAE has led directly to the development of three therapies approved for use in multiple sclerosis (MS): glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, and natalizumab. Several new approaches to MS are in clinical trials based on positive indications in preclinical work relying on EAE. New clues to the pathogenesis of MS and new potential surrogate markers for MS are shown from research involving EAE when it is critically coupled with actual findings in MS. There are pitfalls in overreliance on the EAE model, or on any animal model for any human disease. Nevertheless, over the past 73 years, the EAE model has proved itself remarkably useful for aiding research on MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA.
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Melchers I. [Immunogenetics--HLA-association, molecular chaperones and "related" diseases]. Z Rheumatol 2005; 64:402-7. [PMID: 16184348 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-005-0768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The association of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with the HLA complex has been well established since 1978. But what does that mean? After reminding the reader of some existing immunological interpretations, a more recent variant is introduced. Antigens and molecular chaperones of the HSP70 family form complexes, which interact with HLA-DR beta-chains, especially of the DRB1*0401 genotype, which is the most common among patients with RA in our region. This mechanism might bring *0401(+) persons an advantage in defence against microorganisms, but a disadvantage concerning autoimmunity. Chaperone machines are upregulated in synovial tissue of RA patients. As their number and variety is huge in humans, there exist many possibilities for function, reaching from antigen presentation to immune regulation. In addition to the HLA complex, the "genetic background" plays an important role for the development of an autoimmune disease. This is demonstrated in families of patients with RA or scleroderma, where a high percentage of first degree relatives suffer from a "related" disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Melchers
- Klinische Forschergruppe für Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Breisacher Str. 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Bennink JR. Making the connection: antibody responsiveness and MHC genes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1499. [PMID: 15265874 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack R Bennink
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0440, USA.
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Sela M. From proteins and protein models to their use in immunology and immunotherapy. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:48507-19. [PMID: 13679360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.x300007200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sela
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100.
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Magiafoglou A, Schiffer M, Hoffmann AA, McKechnie SW. Immunocontraception for population control: will resistance evolve? Immunol Cell Biol 2003; 81:152-9. [PMID: 12631239 DOI: 10.1046/j.0818-9641.2002.01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The prospect for successful biocontrol using immunocontraception is threatened if there is adaptation to the vaccine through natural selection of individuals that are genetically resistant to the contraceptive agent. To assess this possibility we examined the literature and found that little relevant data are available for any species on the appropriate trait, fertility variation among immunized individuals, or about appropriate population and genetic parameters influencing the likelihood of a selection response. Some data are available on variation in antibody response to immunocontraceptives, but the relationship between antibody response and fertility levels is poorly documented. The antibody response data indicate low heritability for this trait suggesting that fertility levels of contraceptive-resistant individuals will also have a low heritability. Slow evolution of contraception resistance might therefore be anticipated. The absence of information about relevant parameters makes the construction of quantitative models premature. We discuss factors in particular need of investigation if predictions about resistance evolution are to be made. These include: 1. the genetic basis of fertility retention, 2. the proportion of the population resistant to the contraceptive agent and how this is affected by gene flow from refuge populations, 3. the genetically-based fitness tradeoffs of resistant individuals that often accompany selection, 4. cross-generation effects that can thwart the effects of selection, and 5. the efficiency of delivery of the contraceptive agent. An understanding of the above for particular species, and the development of appropriate divergently acting multiple vaccines that can be used in temporal rotation or in mixtures, should facilitate the development of management options to minimize resistance evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Magiafoglou
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research (CESAR), La Trobe University and CESAR, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Immunization of rabbits, and inbred strains of mice with branched, multichain, synthetic polypeptides, such as (T, G) - A--L and (H, G) - A--L, revealed striking differences in the ability of different strains of mice to produce specific antibody. F1 and F1 x parental backcross mice revealed clear genetic control. Initial attempts to link this genetic control to known genetic markers were unsuccessful. The second approach, which attempted to transfer response from high or immediate responders into low responder recipients, initially encountered graft vs. host and host vs. graft reactions. The transfer of F1 spleen cells into the low responder parent demonstrated that ability to respond was a property of immunocompetent cells (spleen cells), not of the recipient's background genes. Mapping studies with recombinant H2 haplotype congenic strains, and a classic 4-point mapping cross were concordant in placing the gene controlling this trait within the H2 complex, between the K and Ss loci. Subsequent studies mapped the genes for stimulation in the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction to the same position, suggesting cell surface expression. Production of antisera to 'I-region' products defined 'Ia' antigens, the 2-chain alpha/beta MHC class II molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh McDevitt
- Department of Microbiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA.
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Abstract
The phenomenon of antigen processing and presentation and the concept that T cells recognize peptides resulting from the partial catabolism of proteins, are relatively new. These concepts were first recognized and developed at a time when lymphocyte immunity - the adaptive system - and cellular immunity, with its major component of activated macrophages, were not perceived as part of one integrated system. To me, it was the fundamental findings on the role of major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules that set the framework for understanding how phagocytes and the antigen presenting cell (APC) system interact with the adaptive cellular system, in a truly symbiotic relationship (1). In this chapter we make a historical review of the developments that, in my biased opinion, led to the understanding of antigen presentation as a central event. I emphasize my own work, placing it in my perspective of how I saw the field moving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil R Unanue
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Fridkis-Hareli M, Santambrogio L, Stern JNH, Fugger L, Brosnan C, Strominger JL. Novel synthetic amino acid copolymers that inhibit autoantigen-specific T cell responses and suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:1635-43. [PMID: 12070311 PMCID: PMC151016 DOI: 10.1172/jci15402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Copolymer 1 (Cop 1, Copaxone [Teva Marion Partners, Kansas City, Missouri, USA]), a random amino acid copolymer of tyrosine (Y), glutamic acid (E), alanine (A), and lysine (K), reduces the frequency of relapses by 30% in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. In the present study, novel random four-amino acid copolymers, whose design was based on the nature of the anchor residues of the immunodominant epitope of myelin basic protein (MBP) 85-99 and of the binding pockets of MS-associated HLA-DR2 (DRB1*1501), have been synthesized by solid-phase chemistry. Poly (Y, F, A, K) (YFAK) inhibited binding of the biotinylated MBP 86-100 epitope to HLA-DR2 molecules more efficiently than did either unlabeled MBP 85-99 or any other copolymer including Cop 1. Moreover, YFAK and poly (F, A, K) (FAK) were much more effective than Cop 1 in inhibition of MBP 85-99-specific HLA-DR2-restricted T cell clones. Most importantly, these novel copolymers suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, induced in the susceptible SJL/J (H-2(s)) strain of mice with the encephalitogenic epitope PLP 139-151, more efficiently than did Cop 1. Thus, random synthetic copolymers designed according to the binding motif of the human immunodominant epitope MBP 85-99 and the binding pockets of HLA-DR2 might be more beneficial than Cop 1 in treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha Fridkis-Hareli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Fridkis-Hareli M, Santambrogio L, Stern JN, Fugger L, Brosnan C, Strominger JL. Novel synthetic amino acid copolymers that inhibit autoantigen-specific T cell responses and suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0215402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Meeks MD, Wade TK, Taylor RK, Wade WF. Immune response genes modulate serologic responses to Vibrio cholerae TcpA pilin peptides. Infect Immun 2001; 69:7687-94. [PMID: 11705949 PMCID: PMC98863 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.12.7687-7694.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera is an enteric disease caused by Vibrio cholerae. Toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), a type 4 pilus expressed by V. cholerae, is a cholera virulence factor that is required for host colonization. The TCP polymer is composed of subunits of TcpA pilin. Antibodies directed against TcpA are protective in animal models of cholera. While natural or recombinant forms of TcpA are difficult to purify to homogeneity, it is anticipated that synthesized TcpA peptides might serve as immunogens in a subunit vaccine. We wanted to assess the potential for effects of the immune response (Ir) gene that could complicate a peptide-based vaccine. Using a panel of mice congenic at the H-2 locus we tested the immunogenicity of TcpA peptide sequences (peptides 4 to 6) found in the carboxyl termini of both the classical (Cl) and El Tor (ET) biotypes of TCP. Cl peptides have been shown to be immunogenic in CD-1 mice. Our data clearly establish that there are effects of the Ir gene associated with both biotypes of TcpA. These effects are dynamic and dependent on the biotype of TcpA and the haplotypes of the host. In addition to the effects of the classic class II Ir gene, class I (D, L) or nonclassical class I (Qa-2) may also affect immune responses to TcpA peptides. To overcome the effects of the class II Ir gene, multiple TcpA peptides similar to peptides 4, 5, and 6 could be used in a subunit vaccine formulation. Identification of the most protective B-cell epitopes of TcpA within a particular peptide and conjugation to a universal carrier may be the most effective method to eliminate the effects of the class II and class I Ir genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Meeks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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Abstract
The discovery that genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play an important role in the immune response depended on the chance interaction of several unrelated events. The first, and most important, was the decision by Michael Sela to synthesize a series of branched, multichain, synthetic polypeptides based on a backbone of poly-l-lysine. The prototype compound, (T,G)-A-L, was tipped with short random sequences of tyrosine and glutamic acid. This resulted in a restricted range of antigenic determinants composed of only two or three amino acids with a variable length-ideal for binding to the peptide binding groove of MHC class II molecules. The second was the decision by John Humphrey to immunize various strains of rabbits with this synthetic polypeptide. Two of these rabbit strains showed very large quantitative differences in antibody response to (T, G)-A-L. In transferring this system to inbred mouse strains, the third bit of good fortune was the availability at the National Institute of Medical Research, in Mill Hill (London), of the CBA (H2(k)) and C57 (H2(b)) strains. The H2(b) haplotype is the only one mediating a uniform high antibody response to (T,G)-A-L. The fourth critical ingredient was the availability of numerous congenic and H2 recombinant inbred strains of mice produced earlier by Snell, Stimpfling, Shreffler, and Klein. A search for congenic pairs of mice expressing the responder and nonresponder H2 haplotypes on the same background revealed that these strains responded as a function of their H2 haplotype, not of their inbred background. Extensive studies in a variety of inbred strains carrying recombinant H2 haplotypes, as well as a four-point linkage cross, mapped immune response to (T,G)A-L within the murine MHC, between the K and Ss loci. The demonstration that stimulation in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) mapped to the same region quickly led to attempts to produce antisera in congenic H2 recombinant strain combinations. These antisera identified I-region associated (Ia) antigens. Immunoprecipitation and blocking studies showed that the gene products controlling specific immune responses, the mixed lymphocyte reaction, and the structure of Ia antigens were one and the same-now designated as the I-A MHC class II molecules. These antisera and inbred strains enabled Unanue to demonstrate the peptide binding function of class II MHC molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O McDevitt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, 94305, USA.
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Magor BG, De Tomaso A, Rinkevich B, Weissman IL. Allorecognition in colonial tunicates: protection against predatory cell lineages? Immunol Rev 1999; 167:69-79. [PMID: 10319252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The MHC molecules have been historically perceived as transplantation antigens, though it is now recognized that their primary, if not sole, role is in eliminating parasites and in surveillance and clearance of aberrant self. Indeed, pregnancy in mammals would represent the closest to a natural transplantation process that occurs in vertebrates. However, among the immediate ancestors to the vertebrates, natural intraspecific allorecognition processes are common. Among members of the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri, two individuals that share a single allele of the highly polymorphic fusibility/histocompatibility (Fu/HC) locus are able to fuse with one another. Could this Fu/HC be related to the MHC such that the MHC really did have its origins as a transplantation antigen? Presently we review the genetics and biology of natural transplantation processes in colonial tunicates, comparing it with allorecognition as mediated through the vertebrate T-cell receptor, killer cell inhibitory receptor/Ly49, and MHC. Experimental approaches to determining if the molecules regulating allorecognition in tunicates have any ancestral relationship to the vertebrate MHC are discussed, as is a genomic approach to isolating novel mediators of allorecognition. We also explore the biological basis for allorecognition in colonial tunicates and recent work that highlights the costs of not maintaining a system for allorecognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Magor
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sela
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Honma K, Ishii N, Kato T, Ishihara K, Okuda K, Okuda K. Genetic control of immune response to a synthetic fimbrial antigen of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Microbiol Immunol 1997; 41:609-14. [PMID: 9310940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of infection by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, one of the important pathogens in human periodontal diseases, has been reported to be associated with racial background and genetic factors. We attempted to determine the genetic regulation of immune responses to A. actinomycetemcomitans fimbriae, an attachment factor, using various inbred strains of mice. For this purpose, we synthesized an oligopeptide antigen using the amino acid sequence of the fimbriae and conjugated this antigen to branched lysine polymer resin beads. After immunization with the synthetic A. actinomycetemcomitans fimbrial antigen, serum antibody levels and the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to the antigen were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and footpad swelling responses, respectively. The strains of mice found to be high-IgG responders to the antigen were B10.HTT, B10.RIII, B10.A (5R) and B10.S (9R). These results indicate that mice with E(beta s):E(alpha k), E(beta r):E(alpha r) and E(beta b):E(alpha k) respond strongly to the synthetic peptide. All of the high-IgG responders showed a high DTH response. A cell transfer experiment confirmed that CD4 T cells mediated with DTH response to the synthetic peptide. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate that the immune responses to A. actinomycetemcomitans fimbriae are genetically controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Honma
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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Zinkernagel RM. Zelluläre Immunerkennung und biologische Rolle der Haupttransplantationsantigene (Nobel-Vortrag). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971091805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Rammensee HG, Bachmann J, Stevanović S. History and Overview. MHC LIGANDS AND PEPTIDE MOTIFS 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-22162-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Joyce S, Nathenson SG. Alloreactivity, antigen recognition and T-cell selection: three diverse T-cell recognition problems with a common solution. Immunol Rev 1996; 154:59-103. [PMID: 9034864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1996.tb00930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Joyce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey 17033, USA
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