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Rudbach JA, Luoma MK. Endotoxin-altering activity of plasma does not affect antigenicity of native protoplasmic polysaccharide. Infect Immun 2010; 10:1183-4. [PMID: 16558108 PMCID: PMC423080 DOI: 10.1128/iai.10.5.1183-1184.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to precipitate quantitatively with homologous antiserum of native protoplasmic polysaccharide from Escherichia coli was not reduced by incubation in human plasma; it was reduced with the immunochemically related lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rudbach
- Department of Microbiology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59801
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2
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Bengoechea JA, Brandenburg K, Arraiza MD, Seydel U, Skurnik M, Moriyón I. Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains increase the outer membrane permeability in response to environmental stimuli by modulating lipopolysaccharide fluidity and lipid A structure. Infect Immun 2003; 71:2014-21. [PMID: 12654821 PMCID: PMC152087 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.4.2014-2021.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic biotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica (serotypes O:3, O:8, O:9, and O:13), but not environmental biotypes (serotypes O:5, O:6, O:7,8, and O:7,8,13,19), increased their permeability to hydrophobic probes when they were grown at pH 5.5 or in EGTA-supplemented (Ca(2+)-restricted) media at 37 degrees C. A similar observation was also made when representative strains of serotypes O:8 and O:5 were tested after brief contact with human monocytes. The increase in permeability was independent of the virulence plasmid. The role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in this phenomenon was examined by using Y. enterocolitica serotype O:8. LPS aggregates of bacteria grown in acidic or EGTA-supplemented broth took up more N-phenylnaphthylamine than LPS aggregates of bacteria grown in standard broth and also showed a marked increase in acyl chain fluidity which correlated with permeability, as determined by measurements obtained in the presence of hydrophobic dyes. No significant changes in O-antigen polymerization were observed, but lipid A acylation changed depending on the growth conditions. In standard medium at 37 degrees C, there were hexa-, penta-, and tetraacyl lipid A forms, and the pentaacyl form was dominant. The amount of tetraacyl lipid A increased in EGTA-supplemented and acidic media, and hexaacyl lipid A almost disappeared under the latter conditions. Our results suggest that pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains modulate lipid A acylation coordinately with expression of virulence proteins, thus reducing LPS packing and increasing outer membrane permeability. The changes in permeability, LPS acyl chain fluidity, and lipid A acylation in pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains approximate the characteristics in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis and suggest that there is a common outer membrane pattern associated with pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Bengoechea
- Department of Microbiology, University of Navarra, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
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3
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Velasco J, Bengoechea JA, Brandenburg K, Lindner B, Seydel U, González D, Zähringer U, Moreno E, Moriyón I. Brucella abortus and its closest phylogenetic relative, Ochrobactrum spp., differ in outer membrane permeability and cationic peptide resistance. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3210-8. [PMID: 10816465 PMCID: PMC97564 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.6.3210-3218.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer membrane (OM) of the intracellular parasite Brucella abortus is permeable to hydrophobic probes and resistant to destabilization by polycationic peptides and EDTA. The significance of these unusual properties was investigated in a comparative study with the opportunistic pathogens of the genus Ochrobactrum, the closest known Brucella relative. Ochrobactrum spp. OMs were impermeable to hydrophobic probes and sensitive to polymyxin B but resistant to EDTA. These properties were traced to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) because (i) insertion of B. abortus LPS, but not of Escherichia coli LPS, into Ochrobactrum OM increased its permeability; (ii) permeability and polymyxin B binding measured with LPS aggregates paralleled the results with live bacteria; and (iii) the predicted intermediate results were obtained with B. abortus-Ochrobactrum anthropi and E. coli-O. anthropi LPS hybrid aggregates. Although Ochrobactrum was sensitive to polymyxin, self-promoted uptake and bacterial lysis occurred without OM morphological changes, suggesting an unusual OM structural rigidity. Ochrobactrum and B. abortus LPSs showed no differences in phosphate, qualitative fatty acid composition, or acyl chain fluidity. However, Ochrobactrum LPS, but not B. abortus LPS, contained galacturonic acid. B. abortus and Ochrobactrum smooth LPS aggregates had similar size and zeta potential (-12 to -15 mV). Upon saturation with polymyxin, zeta potential became positive (1 mV) for Ochrobactrum smooth LPS while remaining negative (-5 mV) for B. abortus smooth LPS, suggesting hindered access to inner targets. These results show that although Ochrobactrum and Brucella share a basic OM pattern, subtle modifications in LPS core cause markedly different OM properties, possibly reflecting the adaptive evolution of B. abortus to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Velasco
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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4
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Skurnik M, Venho R, Bengoechea JA, Moriyón I. The lipopolysaccharide outer core of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 is required for virulence and plays a role in outer membrane integrity. Mol Microbiol 1999; 31:1443-62. [PMID: 10200964 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 has an inner core linked to both the O-antigen and to an outer core hexasaccharide that forms a branch. The biological role of the outer core was studied using polar and non-polar mutants of the outer core biosynthetic operon. Analysis of O-antigen- and outer core-deficient strains suggested a critical role for the outer core in outer membrane properties relevant in resistance to antimicrobial peptides and permeability to hydrophobic agents, and indirectly relevant in resistance to killing by normal serum. Wild-type bacteria but not outer core mutants killed intragastrically infected mice, and the intravenous lethal dose was approximately 10(4)-fold higher for outer core mutants. After intragastric infection, outer core mutants colonized Peyer's patches and invaded mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and liver, and induced protective immunity against wild-type bacteria. In mice co-infected intragastrically with an outer core mutant-wild type mixture, both strains colonized Peyer's patches similarly during the first 2 days, but the mutant was much less efficient in colonizing deeper organs and was cleared faster from Peyer's patches. The results demonstrate that outer core is required for Y. enterocolitica O:3 full virulence, and strongly suggest that it provides resistance against defence mechanisms (most probably those involving bactericidal peptides).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Skurnik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland.
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5
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Freer E, Moreno E, Moriyón I, Pizarro-Cerdá J, Weintraub A, Gorvel JP. Brucella-Salmonella lipopolysaccharide chimeras are less permeable to hydrophobic probes and more sensitive to cationic peptides and EDTA than are their native Brucella sp. counterparts. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:5867-76. [PMID: 8830680 PMCID: PMC178440 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.20.5867-5876.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A rough (R) Brucella abortus 45/20 mutant was more sensitive to the bactericidal activity of polymyxin B and lactoferricin B than was its smooth (S) counterpart but considerably more resistant than Salmonella montevideo. The outer membrane (OM) and isolated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of S. montevideo showed a higher affinity for these cationic peptides than did the corresponding B. abortus OM and LPS. We took advantage of the moderate sensitivity of R B. abortus to cationic peptides to construct live R B. abortus-S-LPS chimeras to test the activities of polymyxin B, lactoferricin B, and EDTA. Homogeneous and abundant peripheral distribution of the heterologous S-LPS was observed on the surface of the chimeras, and this coating had no effect on the viability or morphology of the cells. When the heterologous LPS corresponded to the less sensitive bacterium S B. abortus S19, the chimeras were more resistant to cationic peptides; in contrast, when the S-LPS was from the more sensitive bacterium S. montevideo, the chimeras were more susceptible to the action of peptides and EDTA. A direct correlation between the amount of heterologous S-LPS on the surface of chimeric Brucella cells and peptide sensitivity was observed. Whereas the damage produced by polymyxin B in S. montevideo and B. abortus-S. montevideo S-LPS chimeras was manifested mainly as OM blebbing and inner membrane rolling, lactoferricin B caused inner membrane detachment, vacuolization, and the formation of internal electron-dense granules in these cells. Native S and R B. abortus strains were permeable to the hydrophobic probe N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPN). In contrast, only reduced amounts of NPN partitioned into the OMs of the S. montevideo and B. abortus-S. montevideo S-LPS chimeras. Following peptide exposure, accelerated NPN uptake similar to that observed for S. montevideo was detected for the B. abortus-S. montevideo LPS chimeras. The partition of NPN into native or EDTA-, polymyxin B-, or lactoferricin B-treated LPS micelles of S. montevideo or B. abortus mimicked the effects observed with intact cells, and this was confirmed by using micelle hybrids of B. abortus and S. montevideo LPSs. The results showed that LPS is the main cause of B. abortus' resistance to bactericidal cationic peptides, the OM-disturbing action of divalent cationic chelants, and OM permeability to hydrophobic substances. It is proposed that these three features are related to the ability of Brucella bacteria to multiply within phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Freer
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de CostaRica, San José
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7
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Morrison DC, Rudbach JA. Endotoxin-cell-membrane interactions leading to transmembrane signaling. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY 1981; 8:187-218. [PMID: 7018829 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3917-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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8
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Fractions of lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O111:B4 prepared by two extraction procedures. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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9
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Gander JE, Rudbach JA. Immunological investigations of Penicillium. II. Primary binding of glycopeptides and glycopeptide derivatives to specific antibodies. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1973; 10:81-92. [PMID: 4125506 DOI: 10.1016/0019-2791(73)90234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Katayama Y, Hattori H, Suganuma A. Membranous structure of purified Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. J Bacteriol 1971; 108:1412-5. [PMID: 4109867 PMCID: PMC247232 DOI: 10.1128/jb.108.3.1412-1415.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ultrastructure of the purified and lyophilized endotoxin from Escherichia coli O111 was observed by ultrathin sectioning. Onion-like globular membrane structures were observed in addition to rod-like and ribbon-like structures, indicating the existence of a globular membrane structure even in the dried state.
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11
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Leong D, Diaz R, Milner K, Rudbach J, Wilson JB. Some Structural and Biological Properties of
Brucella
Endotoxin. Infect Immun 1970; 1:174-82. [PMID: 16557710 PMCID: PMC415874 DOI: 10.1128/iai.1.2.174-182.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hot phenol-water extraction of smooth
Brucella abortus
and
B. melitensis
cells yielded a toxic fraction which was recovered from the phenol phase (fraction 5). Chemically, fractions 5 from both
Brucella
species were lipid-carbohydrate-protein-2 keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid complexes which were stable to heat and resistant to Pronase digestion. Electron micrographs of the
Brucella
toxins were morphologically indistinguishable from those of enterobacterial endotoxins. Biologically,
Brucella
toxins were lethal for mice and immunogenic for rabbits. An intravenous injection of
Brucella
toxin induced severe leukopenia with subsequent leukocytosis in mice. Cross-tolerance experiments with mice demonstrated that pretreatment with
B. abortus
toxin lessened the hypoferremia produced by challenge with
Escherichia coli
endotoxin. Furthermore, fractions 5 from
B. abortus
and
B. melitensis
were able to form hybrids with
E. coli
and
Salmonella enteritidis
endotoxins and also with each other. Although
Brucella
toxins possess many structural and biological properties in common with endotoxins from the
Enterobacteriaceae
, some quantitative differences in their biological potencies were observed.
Brucella
toxins were relatively innocuous in tests for pyrogenicity in rabbits and lethality for chick embryos. In nonspecific protection tests,
Brucella
toxin had only 1/75 the potency of
E. coli
endotoxin in protecting mice against challenge with virulent
S. typhi
. However, on the basis of the data presented and on the work done previously, we concluded that the heat-stable toxins of
B. abortus
and
B. melitensis
were endotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Leong
- Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840
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12
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Chedid L, Parant M, Parant F, Peroux F, Perez JJ. Hybridization by deoxycholate treatment or by biological degradation of bacterial endotoxins extracted from smooth and rough strains. Infect Immun 1970; 1:15-20. [PMID: 16557688 PMCID: PMC415848 DOI: 10.1128/iai.1.1.15-20.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An endotoxin extracted with phenol-water from a rough microorganism (Salmonella typhi strain R(2)) was hybridized with an endotoxin obtained by the Boivin technique from a smooth strain (S. enteritidis Danysz) when they were mixed in the presence of sodium deoxycholate. These two toxic antigens could also be hybridized by incubation in citrated serum. With this new composite molecule, the presence of the hydrophilic side chains on the smooth moiety influenced the electrophoretic migration of the R antigen and greatly hindered the reactivity of the R sites with their specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chedid
- Institut Pasteur, Paris 15, France
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Badakhsh FF, Herzberg M. Deoxycholate-treated, nontoxic, whole-cell vaccine protective against experimental salmonellosis of mice. J Bacteriol 1969; 100:738-44. [PMID: 4901358 PMCID: PMC250152 DOI: 10.1128/jb.100.2.738-744.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A vaccine prepared from the residue after extraction of whole cells of Salmonella typhimurium with 2% sodium deoxycholate proved to be nontoxic and highly immunogenic. The material was not lethal for mice at 6.0 mg and was essentially nontoxic in rabbit skin, whereas endotoxic activity was found in the dialyzed extract. A high dosage, above 2.0 mg, was less protective than lower doses, indicating a degree of "immunologic paralysis." Three inoculations of low doses, 0.25 mg each, induced protection against death and tissue infection in animals challenged with 2,000 ld(50) of virulent homologous S. typhimurium and against death, but not against tissue infection, after heterologous challenge with S. enteritidis. Residues of purified cell walls were as effective as residues of whole cells, indicating that the immunizing antigen(s) resided in the cell wall.
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Malchow D, Lüderitz O, Westphal O, Gerisch G, Riedel V. [Polysaccharides of vegetative and aggregationally competent amoebae of the strain Dictyostelium discoideum. 1. In vivo degradation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides]. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1967; 2:469-79. [PMID: 4866005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1967.tb00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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