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Coënon L, Geindreau M, Ghiringhelli F, Villalba M, Bruchard M. Natural Killer cells at the frontline in the fight against cancer. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:614. [PMID: 39179536 PMCID: PMC11343846 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that play a pivotal role as first line defenders in the anti-tumor response. To prevent tumor development, NK cells are searching for abnormal cells within the body and appear to be key players in immunosurveillance. Upon recognition of abnormal cells, NK cells will become activated to destroy them. In order to fulfill their anti-tumoral function, they rely on the secretion of lytic granules, expression of death receptors and production of cytokines. Additionally, NK cells interact with other cells in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we will first focus on NK cells' activation and cytotoxicity mechanisms as well as NK cells behavior during serial killing. Lastly, we will review NK cells' crosstalk with the other immune cells present in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïs Coënon
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mannon Geindreau
- Equipe TIRECs, Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche INSERM CTM-UMR1231, Dijon, France
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Equipe TIRECs, Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche INSERM CTM-UMR1231, Dijon, France
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Platform of Transfer in Biological Oncology, Georges-François Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France
| | - Martin Villalba
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut du Cancer Avignon-Provence Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mélanie Bruchard
- Equipe TIRECs, Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche INSERM CTM-UMR1231, Dijon, France.
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
- Platform of Transfer in Biological Oncology, Georges-François Leclerc Cancer Center, Dijon, France.
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2
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Vojdani A, Koksoy S, Vojdani E, Engelman M, Benzvi C, Lerner A. Natural Killer Cells and Cytotoxic T Cells: Complementary Partners against Microorganisms and Cancer. Microorganisms 2024; 12:230. [PMID: 38276215 PMCID: PMC10818828 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T (CD8+) cells are two of the most important types of immune cells in our body, protecting it from deadly invaders. While the NK cell is part of the innate immune system, the CD8+ cell is one of the major components of adaptive immunity. Still, these two very different types of cells share the most important function of destroying pathogen-infected and tumorous cells by releasing cytotoxic granules that promote proteolytic cleavage of harmful cells, leading to apoptosis. In this review, we look not only at NK and CD8+ T cells but also pay particular attention to their different subpopulations, the immune defenders that include the CD56+CD16dim, CD56dimCD16+, CD57+, and CD57+CD16+ NK cells, the NKT, CD57+CD8+, and KIR+CD8+ T cells, and ILCs. We examine all these cells in relation to their role in the protection of the body against different microorganisms and cancer, with an emphasis on their mechanisms and their clinical importance. Overall, close collaboration between NK cells and CD8+ T cells may play an important role in immune function and disease pathogenesis. The knowledge of how these immune cells interact in defending the body against pathogens and cancers may help us find ways to optimize their defensive and healing capabilities with methods that can be clinically applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Laboratory, Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA
| | - Sadi Koksoy
- Cyrex Laboratories, LLC, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA; (S.K.); (M.E.)
| | | | - Mark Engelman
- Cyrex Laboratories, LLC, Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA; (S.K.); (M.E.)
| | - Carina Benzvi
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel; (C.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Aaron Lerner
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel; (C.B.); (A.L.)
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3
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Qi S, Du Y, Sun M, Zhang L, Chen Z, Xiong H. Aberrant myelomonocytic CD56 expression predicts response to cyclosporine therapy in pediatric patients with moderate aplastic anemia. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1272593. [PMID: 38152649 PMCID: PMC10751928 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1272593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objects This study aimed to investigate the expression patterns and clinical significance of neural cell adhesion molecule-positive (CD56+) myelomonocytes in pediatric patients with moderate aplastic anemia (mAA). Methods Fifty-six pediatric patients with mAA were enrolled in this study. The patients' clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and response to cyclosporine therapy were obtained. CD56 expression on bone marrow myelomonocytic cells was investigated using flow cytometry. The association between aberrant CD56 expression and cyclosporine response was evaluated by a multivariate analysis. Results CD56+ myelomonocytes were detected in 43% of the mAA cases. Aberrant CD56 expression was frequent on immature CD45dimCD16dim granulocytes and mature CD45brightCD14bright monocytes. Compared with patients with CD56- myelomonocytes (CD56- patients), patients with CD56+ myelomonocytes (CD56+ patients) were in moderate hematological condition and had a distinct bone marrow cellular composition profile, which included an increased proportion of myeloid cells and CD56bright natural killer cells and a reduced proportion of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and B cells. The multivariate analysis determined that CD56+ myelomonocytes were a favorable factor for achieving response at 6 months after cyclosporine therapy. There was a trend towards a lower 3-year rate of evolution to severe aplastic anemia or relapse among the CD56+ patients (8%) than the CD56- patients (22%). Conclusion CD56+ patients had an increased myeloid compartment and better prognosis compared with CD56- patients. The findings demonstrated the favorable role of CD56+ myelomonocytes in aplastic anemia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Qi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Xiong
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Qin Y, Wang Q, Shi J. Immune checkpoint modulating T cells and NK cells response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Microbiol Res 2023; 273:127393. [PMID: 37182283 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Many subversive mechanisms promote the occurrence and development of chronic infectious diseases and cancer, among which the down-regulated expression of immune-activating receptors and the enhanced expression of immune-inhibitory receptors accelerate the occurrence and progression of the disease. Recently, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of tumors in multiple organs. However, the expression of immune checkpoint molecules on natural killer (NK) cells by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and its impact on NK cell effector functions have been poorly studied. In this review, we focus on what is currently known about the expression of various immune checkpoints in NK cells following Mtb infection and how it alters NK cell-mediated host cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Unraveling the function of NK cells after the infection of host cells by Mtb is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the innate immune mechanism of NK cells involved in tuberculosis and the evaluation of the efficacy of immunotherapies using immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat tuberculosis. In view of some similarities in the immune characteristics of T cells and NK cells, we reviewed the molecular mechanism of the interaction between T cells and Mtb, which can help us to further understand and explore the specific interaction mechanism between NK cells and Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Qin
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Qinglan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, and Research Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases in Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, No. 20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, China
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5
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Koh JY, Kim DU, Moon BH, Shin EC. Human CD8 + T-Cell Populations That Express Natural Killer Receptors. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e8. [PMID: 36911797 PMCID: PMC9995994 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are activated by TCRs that recognize specific cognate Ags, while NK-cell activation is regulated by a balance between signals from germline-encoded activating and inhibitory NK receptors. Through these different processes of Ag recognition, CD8+ T cells and NK cells play distinct roles as adaptive and innate immune cells, respectively. However, some human CD8+ T cells have been found to express activating or inhibitory NK receptors. CD8+ T-cell populations expressing NK receptors straddle the innate-adaptive boundary with their innate-like features. Recent breakthrough technical advances in multi-omics analysis have enabled elucidation of the unique immunologic characteristics of these populations. However, studies have not yet fully clarified the heterogeneity and immunological characteristics of each CD8+ T-cell population expressing NK receptors. Here we aimed to review the current knowledge of various CD8+ T-cell populations expressing NK receptors, and to pave the way for delineating the landscape and identifying the various roles of these T-cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Genome Insight, Inc., Daejeon 34051, Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Bae-Hyeon Moon
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea
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6
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Picard LK, Claus M, Fasbender F, Watzl C. Human NK cells responses are enhanced by CD56 engagement. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1441-1451. [PMID: 35775327 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are important innate lymphocytes for effective immune responses against intracellular pathogens and tumors. CD56 is a well-known marker for human NK cells, but there is very limited information about a functional role of this surface receptor. Here we show that engagement of CD56 can induce NK cell activation resulting in degranulation, IFN-γ secretion and morphological changes, making CD56 a potential co-activating receptor in NK cells. Interestingly, this effect was only observed in cytokine pre-activated and not in freshly isolated human NK cells, demonstrating that NK cell reactivity upon CD56 engagement was dependent on cytokine stimulation. Inhibition of Syk, PI3K, Erk and src-family-kinases impaired CD56-mediated NK cell stimulation. Finally, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to delete CD56 from primary human NK cells. While this abolished the stimulatory effect of CD56 on pre-activated NK cells, the cytotoxic activity of NK cells against several tumor target cells was not affected by the absence of CD56. This demonstrates that the stimulating effect of CD56 on pre-activated NK cells does not have a major impact on their cytotoxic activity, but it may contribute to the function of CD56 as a fungal recognition receptor and in the NK cell developmental synapse. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Katharina Picard
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Maren Claus
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Frank Fasbender
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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7
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da Silva LHR, Catharino LCC, da Silva VJ, Evangelista GCM, Barbuto JAM. The War Is on: The Immune System against Glioblastoma—How Can NK Cells Drive This Battle? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020400. [PMID: 35203609 PMCID: PMC8962431 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that play an important role in immunosurveillance, acting alongside other immune cells in the response against various types of malignant tumors and the prevention of metastasis. Since their discovery in the 1970s, they have been thoroughly studied for their capacity to kill neoplastic cells without the need for previous sensitization, executing rapid and robust cytotoxic activity, but also helper functions. In agreement with this, NK cells are being exploited in many ways to treat cancer. The broad arsenal of NK-based therapies includes adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded and activated cells, genetically engineered cells to contain chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-NKs), in vivo stimulation of NK cells (by cytokine therapy, checkpoint blockade therapies, etc.), and tumor-specific antibody-guided NK cells, among others. In this article, we review pivotal aspects of NK cells’ biology and their contribution to immune responses against tumors, as well as providing a wide perspective on the many antineoplastic strategies using NK cells. Finally, we also discuss those approaches that have the potential to control glioblastoma—a disease that, currently, causes inevitable death, usually in a short time after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Henrique Rodrigues da Silva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (L.H.R.d.S.); (L.C.C.C.); (V.J.d.S.); (G.C.M.E.)
| | - Luana Correia Croda Catharino
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (L.H.R.d.S.); (L.C.C.C.); (V.J.d.S.); (G.C.M.E.)
| | - Viviane Jennifer da Silva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (L.H.R.d.S.); (L.C.C.C.); (V.J.d.S.); (G.C.M.E.)
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Departamento de Hematologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 0124690, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Coeli Menezes Evangelista
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (L.H.R.d.S.); (L.C.C.C.); (V.J.d.S.); (G.C.M.E.)
| | - José Alexandre Marzagão Barbuto
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (L.H.R.d.S.); (L.C.C.C.); (V.J.d.S.); (G.C.M.E.)
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Departamento de Hematologia, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 0124690, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-7375
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8
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Gallardo-Zapata J, Maldonado-Bernal C. Role of Toll-like receptors in natural killer cell function in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:748. [PMID: 34539852 PMCID: PMC8436356 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are specialized lymphocytes primarily involved in the response to infection and tumors. NK cells are characterized by the presence of specific surface molecules, as well as a wide repertoire of receptors that impart microenvironment-dependent effector functions. Among these receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can be activated to condition the NK response to either a cytotoxic or immunoregulatory phenotype. However, cellular function is frequently impaired during disorders such as cancer. In the last decade, it has become increasingly evident that the stimulation of NK cells is a requirement for their increased cytotoxic activity. TLR activation has been suggested as an alternative route for reestablishing the antitumor activity of NK cells. The present review summarizes the characteristics of NK cells, their receptors, the expression and function of NK cell TLRs, and their functional status in cancer, primarily acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Gallardo-Zapata
- Immunology and Proteomics Research Unit, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico.,Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Carmen Maldonado-Bernal
- Immunology and Proteomics Research Unit, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
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9
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High-dimensional mass cytometry analysis of NK cell alterations in AML identifies a subgroup with adverse clinical outcome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020459118. [PMID: 34050021 PMCID: PMC8179170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020459118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are major antileukemic immune effectors. Leukemic blasts have a negative impact on NK cell function and promote the emergence of phenotypically and functionally impaired NK cells. In the current work, we highlight an accumulation of CD56-CD16+ unconventional NK cells in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), an aberrant subset initially described as being elevated in patients chronically infected with HIV-1. Deep phenotyping of NK cells was performed using peripheral blood from patients with newly diagnosed AML (n = 48, HEMATOBIO cohort, NCT02320656) and healthy subjects (n = 18) by mass cytometry. We showed evidence of a moderate to drastic accumulation of CD56-CD16+ unconventional NK cells in 27% of patients. These NK cells displayed decreased expression of NKG2A as well as the triggering receptors NKp30 and NKp46, in line with previous observations in HIV-infected patients. High-dimensional characterization of these NK cells highlighted a decreased expression of three additional major triggering receptors required for NK cell activation, NKG2D, DNAM-1, and CD96. A high proportion of CD56-CD16+ NK cells at diagnosis was associated with an adverse clinical outcome and decreased overall survival (HR = 0.13; P = 0.0002) and event-free survival (HR = 0.33; P = 0.018) and retained statistical significance in multivariate analysis. Pseudotime analysis of the NK cell compartment highlighted a disruption of the maturation process, with a bifurcation from conventional NK cells toward CD56-CD16+ NK cells. Overall, our data suggest that the accumulation of CD56-CD16+ NK cells may be the consequence of immune escape from innate immunity during AML progression.
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10
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Flego M, Colotti G, Ascione A, Dupuis ML, Petrucci E, Riccioni R, Andreotti M, Raggi C, Boe A, Barca S, Gellini M, Vella S, Mallano A. Isolation and preliminary characterization of a human 'phage display'-derived antibody against neural adhesion molecule-1 antigen interfering with fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 binding. Hum Antibodies 2021; 29:63-84. [PMID: 33164927 DOI: 10.3233/hab-200431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NCAM or CD56 antigen is a cell surface glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin super-family involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. NCAM is also over-expressed in many tumour types and is considered a tumour associated antigen, even if its role and biological mechanisms implicated in tumour progression and metastasis have not yet to be elucidated. In particular, it is quite well documented the role of the interaction between the NCAM protein and the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in metastasis and invasion, especially in the ovarian cancer progression. OBJECTIVE Here we describe the isolation and preliminary characterization of a novel human anti-NCAM single chain Fragment variable antibody able to specifically bind NCAM-expressing cells, including epithelial ovarian cancer cells. METHODS The antibody was isolate by phage display selection and was characterized by ELISA, FACS analysis and SPR experiments. Interference in EOC migration was analyzed by scratch test. RESULTS It binds a partially linear epitope lying in the membrane proximal region of two fibronectin-like domains with a dissociation constant of 3.43 × 10-8 M. Interestingly, it was shown to interfere with the NCAM-FGFR1 binding and to partially decrease migration of EOC cells. CONCLUSIONS According to our knowledge, this is the first completely human antibody able to interfere with this newly individuated cancer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Flego
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council, c/o Department Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ascione
- National Center for Control and Evaluation of Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Dupuis
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Petrucci
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Riccioni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Andreotti
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Raggi
- National Center for Control and Evaluation of Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Boe
- Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Barca
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation Unit of Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Medicinal Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Gellini
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vella
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mallano
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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11
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Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis IM, Chatzipantelis P, Kouroupi M, Balaska K, Koukourakis MI. Rectal cancer induces a regulatory lymphocytic phenotype in the tumor-draining lymph nodes to promote cancer cell installation. Immunol Res 2020; 68:363-372. [PMID: 33150567 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) are critical organs, where activation of B cells and T cells is orchestrated. Effector or regulatory anti-tumor immune responses are reflected by the composition of the lymphocytic and monocytic cell population of the node. Aside from the migratory cancer cell abilities, immune cell phenotypic changes in the TDLNs may define nodal invasion by cancer. We assessed the qualitative and quantitative differences between lymphocytic phenotypes in regional TDLNs, in 20 node-negative and 20 node-positive patients (involved and uninvolved nodes) with rectal adenocarcinomas. Benign reactive nodes were also analyzed. CD8+ cells, the main source of cytotoxic T cells, were increased in all TDLNs and, even stronger, in the involved nodes. The percentage of CD4+ cells were significantly increased in negative and uninvolved nodes, while the CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly lower in involved TDLNs. CD25+ and FOXP3+ regulatory lymphocytes, however, prevailed in involved nodes, while uninvolved and negative nodes had a low presence of these regulatory cells. CD20+ B cells were also more abundant in involved nodes. PD-1+ lymphocytes were localized in the germinal centers. A significantly lower percentage of PD-1+ lymphocytes were noted in involved nodes. The development of a regulatory lymphocytic phenotype in the TDLNs appears as an important mechanism that allows cancer cell installation into the nodal environment. As negative/uninvolved TDLNs had a less severe immunosuppression, it is postulated that secreted molecules by cancer cells gradually attenuate the anti-tumor defenses of the TDLNs allowing the subsequent intra-nodal growth of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Giatromanolaki
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Ioannis M Koukourakis
- Department of Radiotherapy / Oncology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Paschalis Chatzipantelis
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Kouroupi
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantina Balaska
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Michael I Koukourakis
- Department of Radiotherapy / Oncology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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12
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Bruins WSC, Zweegman S, Mutis T, van de Donk NWCJ. Targeted Therapy With Immunoconjugates for Multiple Myeloma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1155. [PMID: 32636838 PMCID: PMC7316960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of proteasome inhibitors (PI) and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD) has markedly increased the survival of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Also, the unconjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAb) daratumumab (anti-CD38) and elotuzumab (anti-SLAMF7) have revolutionized MM treatment given their clinical efficacy and safety, illustrating the potential of targeted immunotherapy as a powerful treatment strategy for MM. Nonetheless, most patients eventually develop PI-, IMiD-, and mAb-refractory disease because of the selection of resistant MM clones, which associates with a poor prognosis. Accordingly, these patients remain in urgent need of new therapies with novel mechanisms of action. In this respect, mAbs or mAb fragments can also be utilized as carriers of potent effector moieties to specifically target surface antigens on cells of interest. Such immunoconjugates have the potential to exert anti-MM activity in heavily pretreated patients due to their distinct and pleiotropic mechanisms of action. In addition, the fusion of highly cytotoxic compounds to mAbs decreases the off-target toxicity, thereby improving the therapeutic window. According to the effector moiety, immunoconjugates are classified into antibody-drug conjugates, immunotoxins, immunocytokines, or radioimmunoconjugates. This review will focus on the mechanisms of action, safety and efficacy of several promising immunoconjugates that are under investigation in preclinical and/or clinical MM studies. We will also include a discussion on combination therapy with immunoconjugates, resistance mechanisms, and future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassilis S C Bruins
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sonja Zweegman
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tuna Mutis
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Niels W C J van de Donk
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Gunesch JT, Dixon AL, Ebrahim TAM, Berrien-Elliott MM, Tatineni S, Kumar T, Hegewisch-Solloa E, Fehniger TA, Mace EM. CD56 regulates human NK cell cytotoxicity through Pyk2. eLife 2020; 9:e57346. [PMID: 32510326 PMCID: PMC7358009 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells are defined as CD56+CD3-. Despite its ubiquitous expression on human NK cells the role of CD56 (NCAM) in human NK cell cytotoxic function has not been defined. In non-immune cells, NCAM can induce signaling, mediate adhesion, and promote exocytosis through interactions with focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Here we demonstrate that deletion of CD56 on the NK92 cell line leads to impaired cytotoxic function. CD56-knockout (KO) cells fail to polarize during immunological synapse (IS) formation and have severely impaired exocytosis of lytic granules. Phosphorylation of the FAK family member Pyk2 at tyrosine 402 is decreased in NK92 CD56-KO cells, demonstrating a functional link between CD56 and signaling in human NK cells. Cytotoxicity, lytic granule exocytosis, and the phosphorylation of Pyk2 are rescued by the reintroduction of CD56. These data highlight a novel functional role for CD56 in stimulating exocytosis and promoting cytotoxicity in human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amera L Dixon
- Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Rice UniversityHoustonUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Tasneem AM Ebrahim
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Barnard CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Everardo Hegewisch-Solloa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
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Gunesch JT, Angelo LS, Mahapatra S, Deering RP, Kowalko JE, Sleiman P, Tobias JW, Monaco-Shawver L, Orange JS, Mace EM. Genome-wide analyses and functional profiling of human NK cell lines. Mol Immunol 2019; 115:64-75. [PMID: 30054012 PMCID: PMC6345623 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell lines, including YTS, NK92, NK3.3, and NKL, represent excellent models for the study of human natural killer cells. While phenotypic and functional differences between these cell lines have been reported, a multi-parametric study, encompassing genomic, phenotypic, and functional assays, has not been performed. Here, using a combination of techniques including microarray and copy number analyses, flow cytometry, and functional assays, we provide in-depth genetic, functional, and phenotypic comparison of YTS, NK92, NK3.3, and NKL cell lines. Specifically, we found that while the cell lines shared similarities in enrichment of growth and survival pathways, they had differential expression of 557 genes, including genes related to NK cell development, survival, and function. In addition, we provide genetic and phenotypic analyses that demonstrate distinct developmental origins of NK92, YTS, and NKL cell lines. Specifically, NK92 has a phenotype associated with the CD56bright NK cell subset, while both YTS and NKL appear more CD56dim-like. Finally, by classifying cell lines based on their lytic potential, we identified genes differentially expressed between NK cell lines with high and low lytic function. Taken together, these data provide the first comprehensive genetic, phenotypic, and functional analyses of these commonly used NK cell lines and provides deeper understanding into their origins and function. This will ultimately improve their use as models for human NK cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Gunesch
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laura S Angelo
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanjana Mahapatra
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - John W Tobias
- Penn Genomic Analysis Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | | | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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CD56 expression in breast cancer induces sensitivity to natural killer-mediated cytotoxicity by enhancing the formation of cytotoxic immunological synapse. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8756. [PMID: 31217484 PMCID: PMC6584531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the potential value of the natural killer (NK) cell line; NK-92, as immunotherapy tool for breast cancer (BC) treatment and searched for biomarker(s) of sensitivity to NK-92-mediated cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic activity of NK-92 cells towards one breast precancerous and nine BC cell lines was analyzed using calcein-AM and degranulation assays. The molecules associated with NK-92-responsiveness were determined by differential gene expression analysis using RNA-sequencing and validated by RT-PCR, immunostaining and flow cytometry. NK-target interactions and immunological synapse formation were assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Potential biomarker expression was determined by IHC in 99 patient-derived BC tissues and 10 normal mammary epithelial tissues. Most (8/9) BC cell lines were resistant while only one BC and the precancerous cell lines were effectively killed by NK-92 lymphocytes. NK-92-sensitive target cells specifically expressed CD56, which ectopic expression in CD56-negative BC cells induced their sensitivity to NK-92-mediated killing, suggesting that CD56 is not only a biomarker of responsiveness but actively regulates NK function. CD56 adhesion molecules which are also expressed on NK cells accumulate at the immunological synapse enhancing NK-target interactions, cytotoxic granzyme B transfer from NK-92 to CD56-expressing target cells and induction of caspase 3 activation in targets. Interestingly, CD56 expression was found to be reduced in breast tumor tissues (36%) with strong inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity in comparison to normal breast tissues (80%). CD56 is a potential predictive biomarker for BC responsiveness to NK-92-cell based immunotherapy and loss of CD56 expression might be a mechanism of escape from NK-immunity.
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16
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Santiago V, Rezvani K, Sekine T, Stebbing J, Kelleher P, Armstrong-James D. Human NK Cells Develop an Exhaustion Phenotype During Polar Degranulation at the Aspergillus fumigatus Hyphal Synapse. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2344. [PMID: 30405602 PMCID: PMC6204393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary aspergillosis is an opportunistic fungal infection affecting immunocompromised individuals. Increasing understanding of natural killer (NK) cell immunobiology has aroused considerable interest around the role of NK cells in pulmonary aspergillosis in the immunocompromised host. Murine studies indicate that NK cells play a critical role in pulmonary clearance of A. fumigatus. We show that the in vitro interaction between NK cells and A. fumigatus induces partial activation of NK cell immune response, characterised by low-level production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES, polarisation of lytic granules and release of fungal DNA. We observed a contact-dependent down-regulation of activatory receptors NKG2D and NKp46 on the NK cell surface, and a failure of full granule release. Furthermore, the NK cell cytokine-mediated response to leukaemic cells was impaired in the presence of A. fumigatus. These observations suggest that A. fumigatus-mediated NK cell immunoparesis may represent an important mechanism of immune evasion during pulmonary aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Santiago
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Kennedy Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kelleher
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Darius Armstrong-James
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Ziegler S, Weiss E, Schmitt AL, Schlegel J, Burgert A, Terpitz U, Sauer M, Moretta L, Sivori S, Leonhardt I, Kurzai O, Einsele H, Loeffler J. CD56 Is a Pathogen Recognition Receptor on Human Natural Killer Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6138. [PMID: 28733594 PMCID: PMC5522490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus (A.) fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal mold inducing invasive aspergillosis (IA) in immunocompromised patients. Although antifungal activity of human natural killer (NK) cells was shown in previous studies, the underlying cellular mechanisms and pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) are still unknown. Using flow cytometry we were able to show that the fluorescence positivity of the surface receptor CD56 significantly decreased upon fungal contact. To visualize the interaction site of NK cells and A. fumigatus we used SEM, CLSM and dSTORM techniques, which clearly demonstrated that NK cells directly interact with A. fumigatus via CD56 and that CD56 is re-organized and accumulated at this interaction site time-dependently. The inhibition of the cytoskeleton showed that the receptor re-organization was an active process dependent on actin re-arrangements. Furthermore, we could show that CD56 plays a role in the fungus mediated NK cell activation, since blocking of CD56 surface receptor reduced fungal mediated NK cell activation and reduced cytokine secretion. These results confirmed the direct interaction of NK cells and A. fumigatus, leading to the conclusion that CD56 is a pathogen recognition receptor. These findings give new insights into the functional role of CD56 in the pathogen recognition during the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ziegler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, WÜ4i, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Esther Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, WÜ4i, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, WÜ4i, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schlegel
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Burgert
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Terpitz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilian-University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Immunology Area, Pediatric Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Sivori
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale (DIMES) and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Universita' di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Ines Leonhardt
- Septomics Research Centre, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Septomics Research Centre, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, WÜ4i, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Loeffler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, WÜ4i, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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18
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Bartakova A, Alvarez-Delfin K, Weisman AD, Salero E, Raffa GA, Merkhofer RM, Kunzevitzky NJ, Goldberg JL. Novel Identity and Functional Markers for Human Corneal Endothelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:2749-62. [PMID: 27196322 PMCID: PMC4884060 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Human corneal endothelial cell (HCEC) density decreases with age, surgical complications, or disease, leading to vision impairment. Such endothelial dysfunction is an indication for corneal transplantation, although there is a worldwide shortage of transplant-grade tissue. To overcome the current poor donor availability, here we isolate, expand, and characterize HCECs in vitro as a step toward cell therapy. Methods Human corneal endothelial cells were isolated from cadaveric corneas and expanded in vitro. Cell identity was evaluated based on morphology and immunocytochemistry, and gene expression analysis and flow cytometry were used to identify novel HCEC-specific markers. The functional ability of HCEC to form barriers was assessed by transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) assays. Results Cultured HCECs demonstrated canonical morphology for up to four passages and later underwent endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EnMT). Quality of donor tissue influenced cell measures in culture including proliferation rate. Cultured HCECs expressed identity markers, and microarray analysis revealed novel endothelial-specific markers that were validated by flow cytometry. Finally, canonical HCECs expressed higher levels of CD56, which correlated with higher TEER than fibroblastic HCECs. Conclusions In vitro expansion of HCECs from cadaveric donor corneas yields functional cells identifiable by morphology and a panel of novel markers. Markers described correlated with function in culture, suggesting a basis for cell therapy for corneal endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Bartakova
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Karen Alvarez-Delfin
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Alejandra D Weisman
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Enrique Salero
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Gabriella A Raffa
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Richard M Merkhofer
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Noelia J Kunzevitzky
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States 2Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States 3Emmecell, K
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States 2Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States 4Byers Eye I
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19
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Oboshi W, Aki K, Tada T, Watanabe T, Yukimasa N, Ueno I, Saito K, Hosoi E. Flow Cytometric Evaluation of Surface CD56 Expression on Activated Natural Killer Cells as Functional Marker. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2016; 63:199-203. [PMID: 27644558 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.63.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Surface CD56 is the most important cell marker for defining NK cells. However, the relationship between the expression of surface CD56 and NK cell activity has not yet been elucidated in detail. Thirteen healthy volunteers were enrolled in the present study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with rIL-2 or rIL-12 (1, 10, 100 U/mL) for 18 h at 37°C. After incubation, surface CD56 expression on NK cells was evaluated using a flow cytometric analysis. A colorimetric-based lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was used for experiments on cytotoxicity. IFN-γ mRNA gene expression was quantified by real-time PCR. The expression level of surface CD56 on NK cells, cytotoxicity, and IFN-γ mRNA gene expression were significantly increased by the rIL-2 and rIL-12 stimulations. In addition, a positive correlation was found between surface CD56 expression and cytotoxic activity or IFN-γ mRNA gene expression. We revealed that the quantification of surface CD56 expression was applicable to the evaluation of cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production in activated NK cells. These results suggest that the measurement of surface CD56 expression represent an easy and rapidly reproducible technique to evaluate the activated state of NK cells and monitor NK cell activity in immunotherapy. J. Med. Invest. 63: 199-203, August, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Oboshi
- Subdivision of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Tokushima University
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20
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Roothans D, Smits E, Lion E, Tel J, Anguille S. CD56 marks human dendritic cell subsets with cytotoxic potential. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23037. [PMID: 23524451 PMCID: PMC3601173 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells (DCs), when appropriately stimulated, can express the archetypal natural killer (NK)-cell surface marker CD56. In addition to classical DC functions, CD56+ DCs are endowed with an unconventional cytotoxic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dessie Roothans
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO); Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; University of Antwerp; Antwerp, Belgium
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21
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Valgardsdottir R, Capitanio C, Texido G, Pende D, Cantoni C, Pesenti E, Rambaldi A, Golay J, Introna M. Direct involvement of CD56 in cytokine-induced killer-mediated lysis of CD56+ hematopoietic target cells. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:1013-21.e1. [PMID: 25201755 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are in-vitro-expanded T lymphocytes that represent a heterogeneous population. A large majority of CIK cells are CD3(+)CD56(+), and this population has been shown to confer a cytotoxic effect against tumor targets. The scope of this work was to study whether CD56 has a direct role in CIK-mediated cytotoxicity. Blocking of CD56 with the anti-CD56 monoclonal antibody GPR165 significantly reduced CIK-mediated lysis of three CD56(+) hematopoietic tumor cell lines (AML-NS8, NB4, and KCL22), whereas no effect was observed on three CD56(-) hematopoietic tumor cell lines (K562, REH, and MOLT-4). Knockdown of CD56 in CIK cells by short interfering RNA made the cells less cytotoxic against a CD56(+) target, and knockdown of CD56 in target cells with lentiviral short hairpin RNA significantly altered their susceptibility to CIK-mediated lysis. Our data suggest that homophilic interaction between CD56 molecules may occur in tumor-cell recognition, leading to CIK-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Valgardsdottir
- USS Centre of Cellular Therapy "G.Lanzani", USC Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, A.O. Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Cristina Capitanio
- USS Centre of Cellular Therapy "G.Lanzani", USC Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, A.O. Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudia Cantoni
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- USS Centre of Cellular Therapy "G.Lanzani", USC Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, A.O. Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Josée Golay
- USS Centre of Cellular Therapy "G.Lanzani", USC Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, A.O. Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Martino Introna
- USS Centre of Cellular Therapy "G.Lanzani", USC Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, A.O. Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.
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22
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The glucocorticoid receptor 1A3 promoter correlates with high sensitivity to glucocorticoid‐induced apoptosis in human lymphocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:825-36. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Czepluch FS, Schlegel M, Bremmer F, Behnes CL, Hasenfuss G, Schäfer K. Stage-dependent detection of CD14+ and CD16+ cells in the human heart after myocardial infarction. Virchows Arch 2013; 463:459-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hurd-Brown T, Udoji F, Martin T, Whalen MM. Effects of DDT and triclosan on tumor-cell binding capacity and cell-surface protein expression of human natural killer cells. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 33:495-502. [PMID: 22729613 PMCID: PMC3459142 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and triclosan (TCS) are organochlorine (OC) compounds that contaminate the environment, are found in human blood and have been shown to decrease the tumor-cell killing (lytic) function of human natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells defend against tumor cells and virally infected cells. They bind to these targets, utilizing a variety of cell surface proteins. The present study examined concentrations of DDT and TCS that decrease lytic function for alteration of NK binding to tumor targets. Levels of either compound that caused loss of binding function were then examined for effects on expression of cell-surface proteins needed for binding. NK cells exposed to 2.5 μM DDT for 24 h (which caused a greater than 55% loss of lytic function) showed a decrease in NK binding function of about 22%, and a decrease in CD16 cell-surface protein of 20%. NK cells exposed to 5 μM TCS for 24 h showed a decrease in ability to bind tumor cells of 37% and a decrease in expression of CD56 of about 34%. This same treatment caused a decrease in lytic function of greater than 87%. These results indicated that only a portion of the loss of NK lytic function seen with exposures to these compounds could be accounted for by loss of binding function. They also showed that loss of binding function is accompanied by a loss of cell-surface proteins important in binding function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Margaret M. Whalen
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Tennessee State University Nashville, TN, 37209
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25
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Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells are equipped with antigen-presenting and tumoricidal capacities. Blood 2012; 120:3936-44. [PMID: 22966165 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-435941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) represent a highly specialized naturally occurring dendritic-cell subset and are the main producers of type I interferons (IFNs) in response to viral infections. We show that human pDCs activated by the preventive vaccine FSME specifically up-regulate CD56 on their surface, a marker that was thought to be specific for NK cells and associated with cytolytic effector functions. We observed that FSME-activated pDCs specifically lysed NK target cells and expressed cytotoxic molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and granzyme B. Elevated levels of these molecules coincided with the expression of CD56, indicative for skewing human pDCs toward an interferon-producing killer DC subset. Detailed phenotypical and functional analysis revealed that pDCs attained a mature phenotype, secreted proinflammatory cytokines, and had the capacity to present antigens and stimulate T cells. Here, we report on the generation of CD56(+) human interferon producing killer pDCs with the capacity to present antigens. These findings aid in deciphering the role for pDCs in antitumor immunity and present a promising prospect of developing antitumor therapy using pDCs.
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Hurd T, Walker J, Whalen MM. Pentachlorophenol decreases tumor-cell-binding capacity and cell-surface protein expression of human natural killer cells. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 32:627-34. [PMID: 22912977 PMCID: PMC3428751 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an organochlorine pesticide that decreases the tumor-cell killing (lytic) function of human natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells defend against tumor cells and virally infected cells. They bind to these targets, utilizing a variety of cell-surface proteins. This study examined concentrations of PCP that decrease lytic function for alteration of NK binding to tumor targets. Levels of PCP that caused loss of binding function were then examined for effects on expression of cell-surface proteins needed for binding. Exposure to 10 μM PCP for 24 h (which caused a greater than 70% loss of lytic function) decreased NK binding function (34.6%), and CD11a (21.7%) and CD56 (26.2%) cell-surface proteins. Both binding function and cell-surface proteins were decreased after longer exposures to lower concentrations of PCP. These data indicate that continuous exposures to PCP decreased binding function as well as cell-surface marker expression in NK cells and that these changes may in part explain the losses of lytic function seen with these exposures. PCP exposures have been shown to increase the incidence of blood and kidney cancers in humans. These data indicate that a possible explanation for this increased risk may be loss of NK lytic function, which is at least in part owing to the loss of the ability of the NK cell to bind to tumor cells. These data also indicate that lost binding function may be due to loss of important cell-surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasia Hurd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
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Qin G, Liu Y, Zheng J, Xiang Z, Ng IHY, Malik Peiris JS, Lau YL, Tu W. Phenotypic and functional characterization of human γδ T-cell subsets in response to influenza A viruses. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1646-53. [PMID: 22457284 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Like αβ T cells, human γδ T cells also have different subsets with distinct characteristics. Whether human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells have functionally different subsets in response to influenza A (fluA) viruses remains unknown. In this study, we show for the first time that both central (CD45RA(-)CD27(+)) and effector (CD45RA(-)CD27(-)) memory Vγ9Vδ2 T cells have similar levels of immediate interferon (IFN) γ and cytotoxic responses to human and avian fluA virus-infected cells. In contrast, CD56(+) Vγ9Vδ2 T cells have significantly higher cytotoxicity against fluA virus-infected cells compared with their CD56(-) counterparts, whereas both subsets have similar IFN-γ responses. We further demonstrate that the CD16-dependent degranulation pathway, but not antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, contribute to the superior cytotoxicity of CD56(+) Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Our study provides further evidence for the phenotypic and functional characterization of human Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell subsets during fluA virus infection and may help improve the γδ T-cell-based immunotherapy for viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Qin
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Hurd T, Whalen MM. Tetrabromobisphenol A decreases cell-surface proteins involved in human natural killer (NK) cell-dependent target cell lysis. J Immunotoxicol 2011; 8:219-27. [PMID: 21623697 PMCID: PMC3145820 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2011.580437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) lymphocytes are able to destroy tumor cells and virally-infected cells. Interference with their function can leave an individual with increased susceptibility to cancer development and/or viral infection. We have shown that the tumor-destroying (lytic) function of NK cells can be dramatically decreased by exposure to the environmental contaminant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). TBBPA is a flame retardant used in a variety of materials including circuit boards, carpeting, and upholstery and has been found in human blood samples. TBBPA interferes with NK cell lytic function, in part, by decreasing the ability of NK cells to bind to target cells. This study examines the effects of exposures to concentrations of TBBPA (i.e., that were able to decrease the binding capacity of NK cells) on the expression of cell-surface proteins (CD2, CD11a, CD16, CD18, and CD56) that are needed for NK cells to bind target cells. NK cells were exposed to TBBPA for 24 h, 48 h, and 6 days or for 1 h followed by 24 h, 48 h, and 6 days in TBBPA-free media. Twenty-four-hour exposures to 5 µM TBBPA caused decreases in four of the cell-surface proteins examined. CD16 was decreased by >35%. The decreases in cell-surface proteins after a 48-h exposure were similar to those seen after 24 h. The results indicate that TBBPA exposures that decrease the binding function of human NK cells do so by decreasing the expression of cell-surface proteins needed for attachment of NK cells to targets cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasia Hurd
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Person RJ, Whalen MM. Effects of butyltin exposures on MAP kinase-dependent transcription regulators in human natural killer cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:227-33. [PMID: 20370538 PMCID: PMC2874114 DOI: 10.3109/15376511003746034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a major immune defense mechanism against cancer development and viral infection. The butyltins (BTs), tributyltin (TBT) and dibutyltin (DBT), have been widely used in industrial and other applications and significantly contaminate the environment. Both TBT and DBT have been detected in human blood. These compounds inhibit the lytic and binding function of human NK cells and thus could increase the incidence of cancer and viral infections. Butyltin (BT)-induced loss of NK function is accompanied by activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and decreases in expression of cell-surface and cytolytic proteins. MAPKs activate components of the transcription regulator AP-1 and activate the transcription regulator Elk-1. Based on the fact that BTs activate MAPKs and alter protein expression, the current study examined the effect of BT exposures on the levels and phosphorylation states of the components of AP-1 and the phosphorylation state of Elk-1. Exposure to 300 nM TBT for 10 min increased the phosphorylation of c-Jun in NK cells. One hour exposures to 300 nM and 200 nM TBT increased the phosphorylation and overall level of c-Jun. During a 300 nM treatment with TBT for 1 h the binding activity of AP-1 was significantly decreased. There were no significant alterations of AP-1 components or of Elk-1 with DBT exposures. Thus, it appears that TBT-induced alterations on phosphorylation, total levels, and binding activity of c-Jun might contribute to, but are not fully responsible for, TBT-induced alterations of NK protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Person
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
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Repertoire development and the control of cytotoxic/effector function in human gammadelta T cells. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:732893. [PMID: 20396597 PMCID: PMC2854522 DOI: 10.1155/2010/732893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
T cells develop into two major populations distinguished by their T cell receptor (TCR) chains. Cells with the alphabeta TCR generally express CD4 or CD8 lineage markers and mostly fall into helper or cytotoxic/effector subsets. Cells expressing the alternate gammadelta TCR in humans generally do not express lineage markers, do not require MHC for antigen presentation, and recognize nonpeptidic antigens. We are interested in the dominant Vgamma2Vdelta2+ T cell subset in human peripheral blood and the control of effector function in this population. We review the literature on gammadelta T cell generation and repertoire selection, along with recent work on CD56 expression and defining a cytotoxic/effector lineage within the phosphoantigen-reactive Vgamma2Vdelta2 cells. A unique mechanism for MHC-independent repertoire selection is linked to the control of effector function that is vital to the role for gammadelta T cells in tumor surveillance. Better understanding of these mechanisms will improve our ability to exploit this population for tumor immunotherapy.
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The Novel Chimeric Anti-NCAM (Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule) Antibody ch.MK1 Displays Antitumor Activity in SCID Mice but Does not Activate Complement-Dependent Cytolysis (CDC). J Immunother 2009; 32:442-51. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31819f8b69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Binding of thymoglobulin to natural killer cells leads to cell activation and interferon-gamma production. Transplantation 2009; 87:473-81. [PMID: 19307782 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181949c57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thymoglobulin is an antithymocyte globulin preparation used in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to prevent rejection and graft-versus-host disease. Because natural killer (NK)-cell alloreactivity improves HSCT outcome, but only in patients receiving thymoglobulin, we investigated the in vitro effects of thymoglobulin on purified NK cells. Thymoglobulin binding to NK cells and NK-cell activation were assessed by flow cytometry. NK surface targets for thymoglobulin were determined by competition inhibition assays using monoclonal antibodies. Chromium 51 (Cr) release assay, Annexin V combined with 7-amino-actinomycin D staining, and carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester staining were used to study cytotoxic activity, apoptosis/cell death, and NK-cell proliferation, respectively. Interferon (IFN)-gamma production was determined by ELISA. Thymoglobulin, thymoglobulin derived-F(ab')2 fragments as well as rabbit IgG bound NK cells, and competed strongly with anti-CD16. Thymoglobulin enhanced the expression of activation (CD69 and NKG2D) and degranulation (CD107a) markers on NK cells. It competed with CD18 binding and decreased NK activity, but not interleukin-15-induced killer activity. Effects on apoptosis/cell death and proliferation were minimal. F(ab')2 fragments and rabbit IgG strongly induced IFN-gamma production by NK cells. Thymoglobulin binds to NK cells by CD16 by its variable and constant regions. The decrease in NK-cell cytotoxic activity is restored by interleukin-15, and contrasts sharply with the induction of activation, degranulation, and IFN-gamma production. These data support the hypothesis that thymoglobulin treatment is required to observe the improvement in HSCT outcome by NK-cell alloreactivity.
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Cohavy O, Targan SR. CD56 marks an effector T cell subset in the human intestine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5524-32. [PMID: 17442934 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
T cells are key mediators of intestinal immunity, and specific T cell subsets can have differing immunoregulatory roles in animal models of mucosal inflammation. In this study, we describe human CD56+ T cells as a morphologically distinct population expressing a mature, nonproliferative phenotype that is frequent in the gut. Enhanced potential for IFN-gamma and TNF synthesis suggested a proinflammatory function, and we directly demonstrate effector function mediated by direct T-T interaction with responder cells in vitro. CD56+ T cells from peripheral blood responded to the gut-related CD2 signal, and were necessary for effective CD2-mediated proliferation of peripheral blood CD56- T cells. Our findings associate CD56+ T cells with the intestinal immune compartment and suggest a putative effector function in human mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Offer Cohavy
- Cedars-Sinai Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Grip O, Bredberg A, Lindgren S, Henriksson G. Increased subpopulations of CD16(+) and CD56(+) blood monocytes in patients with active Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13:566-72. [PMID: 17260384 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating monocytes may be subdivided according to the presence or absence of the Fcgamma receptor CD16 and the neural cell adhesion molecule CD56. Monocytes classified into these subpopulations are characterized by distinct phenotypic and functional features. We hypothesized that patients with active Crohn's disease differ in their peripheral monocyte subpopulations. METHODS Using flow cytometry we investigated the expression of CD16 and CD56 on circulating monocytes in 11 patients with active Crohn's disease and 11 controls. These monocyte subpopulations were then analyzed for expression of the chemokine receptor fractalkine, CX(3)CR1, and the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, CCR2. RESULTS We found a median 3.7-fold increase in the number of CD16(+) monocytes related to the population with high expression of the pattern recognition receptor CD14 compared to that in the controls (P < 0.001). By studying the percentage of monocytes expressing CX(3)CR1, and their relative fluorescence intensity (RFI), we found significant differences, with both the highest percentage and the highest RFI in the CD14(low)CD16(+) subpopulation, whereas the CD14(high)CD16(+) subgroup represented an intermediate population. Inversely, CCR2 expression was highest in the populations with high expression of CD14, whereas the CD14(low)CD16(+) subpopulation showed the lowest percentage and the lowest RFI for CCR2. We found the percentage of CD14(+)CD56(+) monocytes in patients with active Crohn's disease to be increased 2.7 times compared to the controls (P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS These results show that subsets of peripheral monocytes with a more mature phenotype are expanded in patients with active Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Grip
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, University Hospital MAS, Malmö, Sweden.
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35
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Jarahian M, Watzl C, Issa Y, Altevogt P, Momburg F. Blockade of natural killer cell-mediated lysis by NCAM140 expressed on tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2625-34. [PMID: 17294447 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) on malignant cells of neuroendocrine, epithelial and hematopoeitic origin has been reported, but its role for tumor cell recognition by the immune system remained uncertain so far. We have studied the cytotoxicity of the natural killer (NK) cell line NK92 and polyclonal NK cells from different donors, against NCAM-deficient and NCAM-transfected tumors. While the pancreatic carcinoma PANC-1 and the glioblastoma T98G showed no enhanced susceptibility to NK lysis after NCAM transfection, de novo NCAM expression in HeLa cervical carcinoma, SHEP neuroblastoma and the multiple myeloma lines RPMI-8226 and LP-1 was associated with significantly decreased lysis by NK cells. Binding of an NCAM-specific monoclonal antibody to NCAM-positive target cells was able to reverse the reduced lysis susceptibility. Conjugate formation of NCAM-expressing tumor cells with NK cells was blocked and could be restored by anti-NCAM. NK cell-expressed NCAM molecules which might engage in homotypic cis- or trans-interactions had no apparent inhibitory function. The known cis-ligands of NCAM, heparan sulfate proteoglycan and L1-CAM, were also not directly involved in NK inhibition. ICAM-1 mRNA and cell surface expression was downmodulated in NCAM-transfected HeLa cells. ICAM-1 is involved in killer cell immune synapse formation. Its downmodulation may therefore contribute to the reduced lysis of NCAM-expressing target cells. We conclude that aberrant expression of NCAM on tumor cells of different histogenetic origin can lead to inhibition of target cell recognition and lysis by NK cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- CHO Cells
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Clone Cells
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Jarahian
- Department of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Nelson EA, Walker SR, Li W, Liu XS, Frank DA. Identification of human STAT5-dependent gene regulatory elements based on interspecies homology. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:26216-24. [PMID: 16840779 PMCID: PMC3427032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605001200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT5 is a transcription factor essential for hematopoietic physiology. STAT5 functions to transduce signals from cytokines to the nucleus where it regulates gene expression. Although several important transcriptional targets of STAT5 are known, most remain unidentified. To identify novel STAT5 targets, we searched chromosomes 21 and 22 for clusters of STAT5 binding sites contained within regions of interspecies homology. We identified four such regions, including one with tandem STAT5 binding sites in the first intron of the NCAM2 gene. Unlike known STAT5 binding sites, this site is found within a very large intron and resides approximately 200 kb from the first coding exon of NCAM2. We demonstrate that this region confers STAT5-dependent transcriptional activity. We show that STAT5 binds in vivo to the NCAM2 intron in the NKL natural killer cell line and that this binding is induced by cytokines that activate STAT5. Neither STAT1 nor STAT3 bind to this region, despite sharing a consensus binding sequence with STAT5. Activation of STAT4 and STAT5 causes the accumulation of both of these STATs to the NCAM2 regulatory region. Therefore, using an informatics based approach to identify STAT5 targets, we have identified NCAM2 as both a STAT4- and STAT5-regulated gene, and we show that its expression is regulated by cytokines essential for natural killer cell survival and differentiation. This strategy may be an effective way to identify functional binding regions for transcription factors with known cognate binding sites anywhere in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A. Nelson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Departments of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Sarah R. Walker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Departments of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - X. Shirley Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - David A. Frank
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Departments of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115. Tel.: 617-632-4714; Fax: 617-632-6356;
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Bonkobara M, Sato T, Takahashi N, Kasahara Y, Yagihara H, Tamura K, Isotani M, Azakami D, Ono K, Washizu T. Characterization of cDNA and the genomic sequence encoding canine neural-cell adhesion molecule, CD56/N-CAM. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 107:171-6. [PMID: 15979156 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neural-cell adhesion molecule, CD56/N-CAM is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed by various tissues and cells, including natural killer (NK) cells. Despite the importance of CD56 as a marker for identifying NK cells in circulating blood, canine CD56 has not been identified. In the present study, we identified the canine counterparts of the 140-kDa (CD56-140) and 120-kDa (CD56-120) isoforms of human DC56. Both of amino acid sequences encoded by the canine CD56-140 and -120 cDNA showed high homology with those of human (both 96% homology), having well-conserved domains (five immunoglobulin, two fibronectin type III, and transmembrane and intracellular or glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked domain) among various species (human, mouse, and feline). We revealed that the transcripts of canine CD56-140 and -120 arise from alternative mRNA splicing from a single gene located on canine chromosome 5. Moreover, the mRNA encoding canine CD56-140 was expressed at high levels constitutively by nervous system and endocrine tissues as has shown in other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bonkobara
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
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38
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Sconocchia G, Keyvanfar K, El Ouriaghli F, Grube M, Rezvani K, Fujiwara H, McCoy JP, Hensel N, Barrett AJ. Phenotype and function of a CD56+ peripheral blood monocyte. Leukemia 2005; 19:69-76. [PMID: 15526027 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
G-CSF primed CD34 cells cultured for 2-3 weeks in IL-2 and stem cell factor generate CD56(high) cells with phenotypic and morphologic features of NK cells, and a novel adherent CD56(low) CD16- population expressing myeloid markers (CD33 and HLA-DR). We hypothesized that similar cells might also occur in peripheral blood. In 13/13 normal individuals, we found a circulating population of CD56(low), CD33+, FcgammaRI+, FcgammaRII+, HLA-DR+, CD11b(high), CD14+ monocytes closely resembling the cultured CD56(low)CD33+ cells. They may represent a normal counterpart of the CD56+ CD33+ hybrid myeloid/natural killer cell leukemia. Their mean frequency was 1.3+/-1% (standard deviation), range 0.16-3.5%, of total mononuclear cells. CD56(low)CD33+ cells, primed with cytomegalovirus antigen, induced autologous T-lymphocyte proliferation comparably to CD56-, CD14+ peripheral blood monocytes (PBM). Conversely, CD56(low) cells induced greater T-cell proliferation than CD56- PBM when lymphocyte responders were HLA mismatched. Unstimulated CD56(low)CD33+ cells showed a low antiproliferative effect on K562, which was increased upon LPS stimulation. The pattern of cytokine production by CD56(low)CD33+ cells and PBM largely overlapped; however, they produced detectable levels of IL-6 and IL-1beta. These results define a minor monocyte population with distinct phenotypic and functional features.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sconocchia
- Stem Cell Allotransplantation Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Odman-Ghazi SO, Hatcher F, Whalen MM. Persistent immunotoxic effects of tributyltin in human natural killer cells can be reversed by interleukin 2. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 19:25-31. [PMID: 21783459 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) is a widespread environmental contaminant due to its use in marine antifouling paints and as an anti-microbial agent in other applications. There are measurable levels of TBT in some samples of human blood. Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes capable of killing tumor and virally infected cells. Previously, we have shown that a 1h exposure to 300nM TBT caused a permanent decrease in the ability of human NK cells to bind to and destroy tumor target cells and in their expression of certain functionally relevant cell surface markers. The present study investigates the effect of the NK-stimulatory cytokine, interleukin (IL) 2 on TBT-induced decreases in NK cytotoxicity, binding function, and expression of CD16 and CD56. A 1h exposure to 300nM TBT followed by 24h in TBT-free media decreased cytotoxic function by 80%, and expression of CD16 by 16%. When 10ng/mL IL-2 was present during the 24h incubation there was no statistically significant decrease in cytotoxicity or expression of CD16. A 96h incubation in TBT-free media produced decreases in cytotoxicity (99%), binding function (65%), and expression of CD16 (48%) and CD56 (51%). IL-2 was able to reverse the TBT-induced decreases in each of these parameters seen after 96h. These results suggest that IL-2 restoration of NK ability to bind target cells correlates with its ability to restore CD16 and CD56 expression. Additionally, neither the loss of cytotoxic function (seen in the 24 or 48h periods following TBT exposure) nor its restoration by IL-2 can be substantially explained by the effects of TBT exposure on CD16 and CD56 expression or target binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah O Odman-Ghazi
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd., Nashville, TN 37209, USA
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40
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Tarazona R, Casado JG, Soto R, DelaRosa O, Peralbo E, Rioja L, Peña J, Solana R. Expression of NK-associated receptors on cytotoxic T cells from melanoma patients: a two-edged sword? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:911-24. [PMID: 15127235 PMCID: PMC11032847 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 01/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The coexistence of tumor progression with a tumor-specific immune response constitutes a major paradox of tumor immunity. During the last decade, the presence of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) recognising melanoma-associated antigens has been unequivocally demonstrated in numerous different in vivo and in vitro models. However, most often these melanoma-specific T lymphocytes do not control tumor growth. Several mechanisms that involve changes in melanoma phenotype and/or in T-cell differentiation and function could explain the inability of the immune response to control melanoma. In the last few years it has been demonstrated that cellular cytotoxicity is the result of a balance between activating signals triggered by the TCR and costimulatory molecules and inhibitory signals triggered by inhibitory receptors expressed by the CTL. Because the final outcome of the immune response against melanoma depends on the balance between activating and inhibitory signals, the expression de novo on melanoma cells of ligands for inhibitory NKRs and the down-regulation of costimulatory molecules may favor the escape of tumor cells from immunosurveillance. In this paper we review how altered expression of molecules required for T-cell costimulation could result in impaired lysis of melanoma. The modulation of antimelanoma T-cell responses by a group of receptors originally described on NK cells (NK-associated receptors) but which are now known also to be expressed on a subset of cytolytic effector cells is reviewed. We hypothesize that the expression of ligands for NKRs on melanoma cells may contribute to T-cell-mediated immune responses against melanoma either enhancing or inhibiting activation and differentiation to effector cells. Blocking inhibitory receptors or increasing activating receptors could result in new strategies to improve T-cell-mediated rejection of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Tarazona
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Unit, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
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Zhang K, Lu Q, Zhang Q, Hu X. Regulation of activities of NK cells and CD4 expression in T cells by human HNP-1, -2, and -3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 323:437-44. [PMID: 15369771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophil defensin alpha (HNP) is a group of cationic peptides of diverse physiological roles. Recent studies revealed the nature of HNPs as the dominant HLA-DR binding peptides on malignant cancer cells, which may block the major histocompatibility complex for antigen presentation. Here we show that HNPs may inhibit T cells by downregulating CD4 expression, a molecule of critical importance for T cell's interaction with the target cell. HNPs also inhibited tumor-cell-lysis activities of NK cells by downregulating CD16-CD56 expression. More importantly, HNPs were markedly elevated in 14 cancer tissues out of 15 self-paired human colorectal cancers and their adjacent noncancerous tissues. The subset compositions of HNPs extracted from cancer tissues and neutrophils were identical. Immunohistochemical studies indicated that HNPs mainly distributed in the infiltrated neutrophils in the interstitium. The elevated HNPs in cancer tissues may create a microenvironment unfavorable for adaptive immune reaction, implicating the cancer evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
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42
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Chen IM, Whalen M, Bankhurst A, Sever CE, Doshi R, Hardekopf D, Montgomery K, Willman CL. A new human natural killer leukemia cell line, IMC-1. A complex chromosomal rearrangement defined by spectral karyotyping: functional and cytogenetic characterization. Leuk Res 2004; 28:275-84. [PMID: 14687623 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(03)00254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new human IL-2 dependent leukemic cell line with a natural killer (NK) cell phenotype, IMC-1, was established from an adult patient with aggressive NK cell leukemia. The IMC-1 cell line expresses the CD56, CD2, CD11a, CD38 and HLA-DR cell surface antigens, whereas the CD16 and CD8 antigens expressed on the primary leukemic blasts from which the cell line was derived were lost after 7 and 28 weeks of culture, respectively. The IMC-1 cell line displays functional NK cytotoxicity and lyses target cells in a non-MHC restricted, antibody-independent manner with equal or superior efficiency to freshly isolated NK cells. Cytogenetic analysis at presentation and after 55 weeks in culture revealed complex structural and numerical abnormalities, defined by classic G-banding and by spectral karyotyping (SKY). Three apparently intact copies of chromosome 8 occurred in the diagnostic bone marrow specimen; the cell line also contains three copies of chromosome 8 but each was structurally altered. The development and detailed characterization of this new NK leukemic cell line will facilitate biologic and functional studies of NK cells and chromosomal aberrations potentially important in leukemic transformation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor/chemistry
- Cell Line, Tumor/ultrastructure
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/ultrastructure
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Fatal Outcome
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Killer Cells, Natural/chemistry
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Male
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Trisomy
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ming Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 900 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131-5636, USA
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43
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Lee YK, Kay NE. Reconstitution of innate immunity in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia: time to reconsider the possibilities. Leukemia 2003; 17:1945-7. [PMID: 14513043 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y K Lee
- Mayo Clinic, Division of Hematology, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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44
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Odman-Ghazi SO, Hatcher F, Whalen MM. Expression of functionally relevant cell surface markers in dibutyltin-exposed human natural killer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 146:1-18. [PMID: 12902148 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(03)00069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Butyltin (BT) compounds are known for their worldwide contamination. Dibutyltin (DBT) is used as a stabilizer in plastic products, and as a deworming agent in poultry. Poultry products have been shown to contain measurable levels of DBT. Drinking water has also been reported to contain BTs due to leaching from PVC pipes. We, and others, have found measurable levels of DBT in human blood. BTs appear to increase the risk of cancer and other viral infections in exposed individuals. In previous studies we have shown that the tumor killing function of natural killer (NK) lymphocytes was greatly diminished after as little as a 1 h exposure to DBT and the inhibition continued even after removal of the compound. We also showed that there was a significant decrease in NK cell lysis of K562 target cells after an exposure to 1.5 microM DBT for 24 h. This 24 h exposure also decreased the ability of NK cells to bind to tumor cells. Loss of binding function was not seen when NK cells were exposed to 5-10 microM DBT for 1 h. However, NK cells exposed to 5 microM DBT for 1 h and then incubated in DBT-free media for 24, 48, or 96 h, showed a significant loss of tumor-binding function within 24 h. The effects of DBT exposure on seven cell surface molecules that are involved in NK-cell interactions with target cells were investigated. The results indicated that the exposure of NK cells to 1.5 microM DBT for 24 h decreased the expression of CD2, CD11a, CD16, CD11c. There was no decrease in expression of any of the markers studied when NK cells were exposed to 5 microM DBT for 1 h, consistent with the fact that a 1-h exposure had no effect on the ability of NK cells to bind tumor cells. However, when NK cells were exposed to 5 microM DBT for 1 h followed by 24, 48 or 96 h incubations in DBT-free media there was decreased expression of several of the cells surface molecules with the most dramatic decreases being in CD16 and CD56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah O Odman-Ghazi
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209-1561, USA
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45
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Shimojima M, Nishimura Y, Miyazawa T, Kato K, Tohya Y, Akashi H. CD56 expression in feline lymphoid cells. J Vet Med Sci 2003; 65:769-73. [PMID: 12939502 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.65.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural-cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) consists of three major types of polypeptides (180, 140, and 120 kDa) whose predominant differences exist within the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. In this study, we generated a monoclonal antibody, termed SZK1, reactive to feline CD56 (fCD56) molecules (140 kDa form of N-CAM) expressed by the baculovirus expression system and investigated fCD56 expression in feline lymphoid cells. In flow cytometric analysis, SZK1 was reactive to a feline T-lymphoblastoid cell line MYA-1. Further, SZK1 was reactive to a very small population (1.1-1.7%) of freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of three specific pathogen-free cats, and the reactivity was increased by culturing of PBLs in the presence of interleukin-2 following concanavalin A-stimulation (>10%). In immunoblotting analysis, SZK1 detected an approximately 160 kDa antigen from MYA-1 cells, while from RNA of the cells reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction amplified the fragment resembling 140 kDa form of N-CAM. These finding suggest that fCD56 has similar characteristics with human CD56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shimojima
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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46
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Laine M, Ventä I, Hyrkäs T, Ma J, Konttinen YT. Chronic inflammation around painless partially erupted third molars. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2003; 95:277-82. [PMID: 12627097 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2003.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to assess the histologic host response in chronic, symptomless pericoronitis. STUDY DESIGN Gingival mucosal (n = 20) and dental follicle (n = 20) samples were collected during extraction from patients with pericoronitis and clinically healthy control subjects. Antibodies-recognizing macrophages (CD68), natural killer cells (CD56), T cells (CD2), helper T cells (CD4), suppressor/cytotoxic T cells (CD8), and neutrophils (lactoferrin) were applied in a labelled streptavidin-biotin method by using a DAKO TechMate staining robot. RESULTS Macrophage was the most numerous kind of cell in pericoronitis, but CD2+ T lymphocytes, with a normal CD4/CD8 ratio, were also increased (P < .01). Neutrophils were not increased and did not show signs of activation. Dental follicles did not contain increased numbers of inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION This type of pericoronitis is a chronic/smoldering, rather than an acute/purulent, infection. Because of the chronic and often symptomless nature of pericoronitis, various long-term sequelae may result, which may lead to the need for extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Laine
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki Hospital, City of Helsinki, Finland
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47
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Gan X, Zhang L, Solomon GF, Bonavida B. Mechanism of norepinephrine-mediated inhibition of human NK cytotoxic functions: inhibition of cytokine secretion, target binding, and programming for cytotoxicity. Brain Behav Immun 2002; 16:227-46. [PMID: 12009684 DOI: 10.1006/brbi.2000.0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) has been shown to inhibit human peripheral blood-derived natural-killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) in vitro. We demonstrate in this study that NE not only inhibits IL-2-activated NKCC but antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) as well. NK cytotoxicity by purified NK cells against K562 (NKCC) and against Raji cells (ADCC) were inhibited by NE (1-100 microM) by more than 50% in a 4-h (51)Cr release assay. The mechanism underlying the inhibition has been examined. NK cytotoxicity is dependent on target recognition and formation of NK-target conjugates, and activation by IL-2 is dependent on the secretion of cytokines (such as TNF-alpha) by NK cells. We hypothesized that the inhibition of NK functions by NE may be due to disruption of NK-target conjugation, blocking programming for lysis, and/or inhibition of cytokine secretion. Pretreatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with NE for 15 min significantly reduced the binding to K562 cells by CD16(+) NK lymphocytes. In the presence of K562 cells, NE down-regulated the expression of CD16 (FcgammaRIII) by human PBMC, an NK cell receptor responsible and necessary for ADCC and cytokine secretion. We also demonstrate that NE inhibited the IL-2-mediated up-regulation of the activation marker CD69. At concentrations of 10(-6) to 10(-5) M, NE inhibited TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and GM-CSF secretion by NK cells, which are essential for IL-2-driven NK maturation and functions. In addition, using single-cell analysis, NE pretreatment of lymphocytes reduced the frequency of killer cells in the NK-K562 conjugate population in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating an inhibition of the programming for lysis by NK cells. In summary, these data demonstrate that NE-induced inhibition of NK cytotoxicity is manifested at multiple levels, including a modification of NK cell receptor ligation to target cells, blockade of NK cytokine secretion necessary for NK maturation and differentiation, and inhibition of the target-induced activation of the cytotoxic mechanism(s) in NK cells. Thus, sympathetic activation, as often induced experimentally, may profoundly impair natural cellular immunity through varied measurable pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Count
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- K562 Cells/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Neuroimmunomodulation/physiology
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Sympathomimetics/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Gan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCLA School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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48
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells were first identified for their ability to kill tumor cells of different origins. They were subsequently found to be able to kill some normal cells, especially those infected by certain viruses. Natural killer cells are a distinct lymphocytic population, with the morphology of large granular lymphocytes, and they lack surface Ig or T-cell markers. Natural killer cytotoxicity is enhanced in vitro in the presence of cytokines such as interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha. However, when used in immunotherapy, these cytokines have not consistently augmented NK activity or shown antitumor effects. One explanation for this divergence is that NK cell activity is suppressed in tumor tissues by various factors, including reactive oxygen species produced by infiltrating monocytes and macrophages. Agents that inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species, such as histamine, may abrogate the suppression exerted on NK cells by monocytes/macrophages, therefore offering potential therapeutic benefit as immunoadjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Herberman
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2582, USA
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49
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Otani I, Niwa T, Tajima M, Ishikawa A, Watanabe T, Tsumagari S, Takeishi M, Kanayama K. CD56 is expressed exclusively on CD3+ T lymphocytes in canine peripheral blood. J Vet Med Sci 2002; 64:441-4. [PMID: 12069078 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.64.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD56+ cells in canine blood leukocytes were characterized by flow-cytometric analysis of peripheral blood of 30 healthy adult beagle-dogs (15 males and 15 non-pregnant females). In 19 of the 30 dogs, anti human CD56 antibody, Leu-19, reacted with 8.8-21.7% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. All CD56+ cells simultaneously expressed CD3 molecules on their surface. Further phenotypic analysis revealed that 50.6+/-13.1% of the CD56+ cells showed CD4-CD8+ phenotype and 43.7+/-10.1% showed CD4+CD8- phenotype. Expression intensity of CD56 on the CD4-CD8+CD56+ cells was significantly higher than that on CD4+CD8-CD56+ cells (P<0.001). These findings indicate that CD56, which is a neural cell adhesion molecule, is uniquely expressed on subsets of T lymphocytes in canine peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Otani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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50
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Ou D, Metzger DL, Wang X, Pozzilli P, Tingle AJ. beta-cell antigen-specific CD56(+) NKT cells from type 1 diabetic patients: autoaggressive effector T cells damage human CD56(+) beta cells by HLA-restricted and non-HLA-restricted pathways. Hum Immunol 2002; 63:256-70. [PMID: 12039407 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(02)00372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies of type 1 diabetes indicate that autoaggressive T cells specific to beta-cell antigens, reaching certain threshold levels, may play critical roles in the development of the disease. Flow cytometric analyses found that autoreactive T-cell lines from patients induced by beta-cell antigens consisted of four major subsets (CD4(+)CD56(-), CD4(+)CD56(+), CD8(+)CD56(-), and CD8(+)CD56(+)) and that CD56(+) NKT cells might be derived from CD56(-) T cells. Moreover, the proportion of CD56(+) NKT cells in the T-cell lines was influenced by time course of repeated antigen stimulation. beta-cell antigen-specific CD56(+) NKT (CD4(+) or CD8(+)) cells were more aggressive (HLA-restricted and -unrestricted) effector cells lysing target cells such as K562, Jurkat, P815 plus anti-CD3 antibody, and autologous B cells sensitized by beta-cell peptides, when compared with their CD56(-) counterparts. beta-cell antigen- specific CD4(+)CD56(+) NKT cells showed non-HLA-restricted cytotoxicity to human beta cells, insulinoma cell line CM, and to islet cell lines TRM-6 and HP62 expressing CD56 but not to four CD56(-) pancreatic cell lines of non- islet origin. The CD4(+)CD56(+) NKT cells showed stronger cytotoxicity to CM, TRM-6 and HP62 cells than did CD4(+)CD56(-) T cells. Moreover, isotope-unlabelled CD56(+) cells and anti-CD56 antibodies were able to inhibit cytotoxicity of CD4(+)CD56(+) NKT to CD56(+) target cells. These results suggest that CD56(+) NKT cells are aggressive cytotoxic cells to beta cells and that CD56 expression might be associated with the aggressiveness of effector T cells and the susceptibility of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ou
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
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