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Trincado V, Gala RP, Morales JO. Buccal and Sublingual Vaccines: A Review on Oral Mucosal Immunization and Delivery Systems. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101177. [PMID: 34696284 PMCID: PMC8539688 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, most vaccines available on the market are for parental use; however, this may not be the best option on several occasions. Mucosal routes of administration such as intranasal, sublingual, and buccal generate great interest due to the benefits they offer. These range from increasing patient compliance to inducing a more effective immune response than that achieved through conventional routes. Due to the activation of the common mucosal immune system, it is possible to generate an effective systemic and local immune response, which is not achieved through parenteral administration. Protection against pathogens that use mucosal entry routes is provided by an effective induction of mucosal immunity. Mucosal delivery systems are being developed, such as films and microneedles, which have proven to be effective, safe, and easy to administer. These systems have multiple advantages over commonly used injections, which are simple to manufacture, stable at room temperature, painless for the patient since they do not require puncture. Therefore, these delivery systems do not require to be administered by medical personnel; in fact, they could be self-administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Trincado
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile;
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380494, Chile
- Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Rikhav P. Gala
- Biotechnology Division, Center Mid-Atlantic, Fraunhofer USA, Newark, DE 19702, USA;
| | - Javier O. Morales
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile;
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago 8380494, Chile
- Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Santiago 8380494, Chile
- Correspondence:
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Mullbacher A, Pardo J, Furuya Y. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Inactivation by Gamma Irradiation for T and B Cell Immunity. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110928. [PMID: 33182546 PMCID: PMC7697093 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite accumulating preclinical data demonstrating a crucial role of cytotoxic T cell immunity during viral infections, ongoing efforts on developing COVID-19 vaccines are mostly focused on antibodies. In this commentary article, we discuss potential benefits of cytotoxic T cells in providing long-term protection against COVID-19. Further, we propose that gamma-ray irradiation, which is a previously tested inactivation method, may be utilized to prepare an experimental COVID-19 vaccine that can provide balanced immunity involving both B and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Mullbacher
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School for Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, ACT, Australia;
| | - Julian Pardo
- Immunotherapy, Inflammation and Cancer, Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon, ARAID/Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon)/University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Yoichi Furuya
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-518-262-0097
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3
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Simons KH, de Vries MR, Peters HAB, Jukema JW, Quax PHA, Arens R. CD8+ T Cells Protect During Vein Graft Disease Development. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:77. [PMID: 31263704 PMCID: PMC6584838 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Vein grafts are frequently used conduits for arterial reconstruction in patients with cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, vein graft disease (VGD) causes diminished patency rates. Innate immune system components are known to contribute to VGD. However, the role of T cells has yet to be established. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of T cells and T cell activation pathways via the T cell receptor (TCR), co-stimulation and bystander effect in VGD. Methods and results: Here, we show upon vein graft surgery in mice depleted of CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells, that CD8+ T cells are locally activated and have a major protective role for vein graft patency. In presence of CD8+ T cells vein grafts appear patent while CD8+ T cell depletion results in occluded vein grafts with increases apoptosis. Importantly, the protective effect of CD8+ T cells in VGD development was TCR and co-stimulation independent. This was demonstrated in vein grafts of OT-I mice, CD70−/−, CD80/86−/−, and CD70/80/86−/− mice compared to C57BL/6 mice. Interestingly, cytokines including IL-15, IL-18, IL-33, and TNF are up-regulated in vein grafts. These cytokines are co-operatively capable to activate CD8+ T cells in a bystander-mediated fashion, in contrast to CD4+ T cells. Conclusions: T cells are modulators of VGD with a specific protective role of CD8+ T cells, which are locally activated in vein grafts. CD8+ T cells may protect against occlusive lesions by providing survival signals, and concert their protection independent of TCR and co-stimulation signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin H Simons
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Margreet R de Vries
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hendrika A B Peters
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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4
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Mediators of the homeostasis and effector functions of memory Th2 cells as novel drug targets in intractable chronic allergic diseases. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:754-765. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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5
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Yeon SM, Halim L, Chandele A, Perry CJ, Kim SH, Kim SU, Byun Y, Yuk SH, Kaech SM, Jung YW. IL-7 plays a critical role for the homeostasis of allergen-specific memory CD4 T cells in the lung and airways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11155. [PMID: 28894184 PMCID: PMC5593957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells respond rapidly to repeated antigen exposure and can maintain their population for extended periods through self-renewal. These characteristics of memory T cells have mainly been studied during viral infections, whereas their existence and functions in allergic diseases have been studied incompletely. Since allergic patients can suffer repeated relapses caused by intermittent allergen exposure, we hypothesized that allergen- specific memory Th2 cells are present and the factors necessary for the maintenance of these cells are provided by the lung and airways. Using a murine model of airway inflammation, we found that allergen-specific CD4 T cells survived longer than 70 days in the lung and airways in an IL-7 dependent fashion. These T cells showing homeostatic proliferation were largely found in the mediastinal lymph node (mLN), rather than the airways; however, cells residing in the lung and airways developed recall responses successfully. We also found that CD4 T cells exhibited differential phenotypes in the mLN and in the lung. Altogether, we believe that allergen-specific memory T cells reside and function in the lung and airways, while their numbers are replenished through homeostatic turnover in the mLNs. Furthermore, we determined that IL-7 signaling is important for the homeostasis of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Yeon
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-si, Korea
| | - Lea Halim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anmol Chandele
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Curtis J Perry
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-si, Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- National Primate Research Center and Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-si, Korea
| | - Soon Hong Yuk
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-si, Korea
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yong Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-si, Korea.
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6
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Jameson SC. T Cell Memory: without Prompting. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4443-4. [PMID: 23606720 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Jameson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
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7
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Ou-Yang CW, Zhu M, Sullivan SA, Fuller DM, Zhang W. The requirement of linker for activation of T cells in the primary and memory responses of CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2938-47. [PMID: 23401587 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is a transmembrane adaptor protein that links TCR engagement to downstream signaling events. Although it is clear that LAT is essential in thymocyte development and initiation of T cell activation, its function during T cell expansion, contraction, and memory formation remains unknown. To study the role of TCR-mediated signaling in CD8 T cells during the course of pathogen infection, we used an inducible mouse model to delete LAT in Ag-specific CD8 T cells at different stages of Listeria infection and analyzed the effect of deletion on T cell responses. Our data showed that LAT is important for maintaining CD8 T cell expansion during the priming phase; however, it is not required for CD8 T cell contraction and memory maintenance. Moreover, LAT deficiency accelerates memory differentiation during the effector-to-memory transition, leading to a higher frequency of KLRG1(low)IL-7R(high)CD62L(high) memory T cells. Nonetheless, these LAT-deficient memory T cells were unable to proliferate or produce cytokines upon secondary infection. Our data demonstrated that, although TCR-mediated signaling is dispensable for contraction and memory maintenance, it regulates CD8 T cell memory differentiation and is essential for the memory response against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-wen Ou-Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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8
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Kurle S, Thakar M, Shete A, Paranjape R. In vitro sensitization of T cells with DC-associated/delivered HIV constructs can induce a polyfunctional CTL response, memory T-cell response, and virus suppression. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:45-54. [PMID: 22233251 PMCID: PMC3271377 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The absence of a suitable animal model for HIV infection is one of the major obstacles to the development of a preventive HIV vaccine. Vaccines showing good response in animal studies may fail in human efficacy trials. We have demonstrated DC-mediated in vitro sensitization of autologous T cells against three HIV constructs. The in vitro sensitized T cells were able to demonstrate a polyfunctional T-cell response, as well as central and effector memory T cells, and virus lysis in a virus inhibition assay, three potentially protective responses. However, none of the constructs could induce all three responses. Also there were variations from volunteer to volunteer. These may be due to genetic and other factors. This study provides evidence of an in vitro system that can be used to assess the immune response against a candidate vaccine, and may also provide the opportunity to modify vaccine constructs to achieve the goal of developing an ideal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarali Kurle
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, Bhosari, Pune, India
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9
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Martel CJM, Agger EM, Poulsen JJ, Hammer Jensen T, Andresen L, Christensen D, Nielsen LP, Blixenkrone-Møller M, Andersen P, Aasted B. CAF01 potentiates immune responses and efficacy of an inactivated influenza vaccine in ferrets. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22891. [PMID: 21850242 PMCID: PMC3151275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Trivalent inactivated vaccines (TIV) against influenza are given to 350 million people every year. Most of these are non-adjuvanted vaccines whose immunogenicity and protective efficacy are considered suboptimal. Commercially available non-adjuvanted TIV are known to elicit mainly a humoral immune response, whereas the induction of cell-mediated immune responses is negligible. Recently, a cationic liposomal adjuvant (dimethyldioctadecylammonium/trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate, CAF01) was developed. CAF01 has proven to enhance both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to a number of different experimental vaccine candidates. In this study, we compared the immune responses in ferrets to a commercially available TIV with the responses to the same vaccine mixed with the CAF01 adjuvant. Two recently circulating H1N1 viruses were used as challenge to test the vaccine efficacy. CAF01 improved the immunogenicity of the vaccine, with increased influenza-specific IgA and IgG levels. Additionally, CAF01 promoted cellular-mediated immunity as indicated by interferon-gamma expressing lymphocytes, measured by flow cytometry. CAF01 also enhanced the protection conferred by the vaccine by reducing the viral load measured in nasal washes by RT-PCR. Finally, CAF01 allowed for dose-reduction and led to higher levels of protection compared to TIV adjuvanted with a squalene emulsion. The data obtained in this human-relevant challenge model supports the potential of CAF01 in future influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Jean-Marie Martel
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Juul Poulsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Hammer Jensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Andresen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Peter Nielsen
- National Influenza Laboratory, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Blixenkrone-Møller
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent Aasted
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Phenotypes and functions of persistent Sendai virus-induced antibody forming cells and CD8+ T cells in diffuse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue typify lymphocyte responses of the gut. Virology 2011; 410:429-436. [PMID: 21227475 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes of the diffuse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (d-NALT) are uniquely positioned to tackle respiratory pathogens at their point-of-entry, yet are rarely examined after intranasal (i.n.) vaccinations or infections. Here we evaluate an i.n. inoculation with Sendai virus (SeV) for elicitation of virus-specific antibody forming cells (AFCs) and CD8(+) T cells in the d-NALT. Virus-specific AFCs and CD8(+) T cells each appeared by day 7 after SeV inoculation and persisted for 8 months, explaining the long-sustained protection against respiratory virus challenge conferred by this vaccine. AFCs produced IgM, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgA, while CD8+ T cells were cytolytic and produced low levels of cytokines. Phenotypic analyses of virus-specific T cells revealed striking similarities with pathogen-specific immune responses in the intestine, highlighting some key features of adaptive immunity at a mucosal site.
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11
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Wakim LM, Woodward-Davis A, Bevan MJ. Memory T cells persisting within the brain after local infection show functional adaptations to their tissue of residence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:17872-9. [PMID: 20923878 PMCID: PMC2964240 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1010201107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is not routinely surveyed by lymphocytes and is defined as an immuno-privileged site. However, viral infection of the brain results in the infiltration and long-term persistence of pathogen-specific CD8(+) T cells. These cells survive without replenishment from the circulation and are referred to as resident memory T cells (Trm). Brain Trm selectively express the integrin CD103, the expression of which is dependent on antigen recognition within the tissue. After clearance of virus, CD8(+) T cells persist in tight clusters, presumably at prior infection hot spots. Antigen persistence is not a prerequisite for T-cell retention, as suggested by the failure to detect viral genomes in the T-cell clusters. Furthermore, we show that an intracranial dendritic cell immunization regimen, which allows the transient introduction of antigen, also results in the generation of memory T cells that persist long term in the brain. Brain Trm die rapidly on isolation from the tissue and fail to undergo recall expansion after adoptive transfer into the bloodstream of antigen-challenged recipients. These ex vivo defects imply a dependency on the local milieu for function and survival. Cumulatively, this work shows that Trm are a specialized population of memory T cells that can be deposited in tissues previously thought to be beyond routine immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Wakim
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Amanda Woodward-Davis
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Michael J. Bevan
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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12
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Controlling influenza by cytotoxic T-cells: calling for help from destroyers. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:863985. [PMID: 20508820 PMCID: PMC2875772 DOI: 10.1155/2010/863985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a vaccine preventable disease that causes severe illness and excess mortality in humans. Licensed influenza vaccines induce humoral immunity and protect against strains that antigenically match the major antigenic components of the vaccine, but much less against antigenically diverse influenza strains. A vaccine that protects against different influenza viruses belonging to the same subtype or even against viruses belonging to more than one subtype would be a major advance in our battle against influenza. Heterosubtypic immunity could be obtained by cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses against conserved influenza virus epitopes. The molecular mechanisms involved in inducing protective CTL responses are discussed here. We also focus on CTL vaccine design and point to the importance of immune-related databases and immunoinformatics tools in the quest for new vaccine candidates. Some techniques for analysis of T-cell responses are also highlighted, as they allow estimation of cellular immune responses induced by vaccine preparations and can provide correlates of protection.
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13
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Steers NJ, Peachman KK, McClain S, Alving CR, Rao M. Liposome-encapsulated HIV-1 Gag p24 containing lipid A induces effector CD4+ T-cells, memory CD8+ T-cells, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Vaccine 2009; 27:6939-49. [PMID: 19748578 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Liposomal lipid A is an effective adjuvant for the delivery of antigens and for the induction of both cellular and humoral immunity. In this study, we demonstrate that following the third immunization with HIV-1 Gag p24 encapsulated in liposomes containing lipid A [L(p24+LA)], central memory CD8+ T-cells were localized in the spleen and lymph nodes of mice while effector memory CD8+ T-cells and effector CD4+ T-cells were found in the PBMC. Effector CD4+ T-cells were also detected in the spleen and lymph nodes. The predominant cytokine secreted from splenic lymphocytes and lymph nodes was IFN-gamma. In contrast, IL-6 and IL-10 were the major cytokines produced from PBMC. The peptide stimulation indicated that the cytokine responses observed were T-cell specific. The results demonstrate the importance of the adjuvant liposomal lipid A for the induction of HIV-1 Gag p24 -specific CD8+ T-cells, effector CD4+ T-cells, and cytokines with a Th-1 type profile after immunization with L(p24+LA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Steers
- Division of Retrovirology, USMHRP, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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14
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Touvrey C, Derré L, Devevre E, Corthesy P, Romero P, Rufer N, Speiser DE. Dominant human CD8 T cell clonotypes persist simultaneously as memory and effector cells in memory phase. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6718-26. [PMID: 19454666 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system plays a critical role in protection at the time of secondary infection. It does so through the rapid and robust reactivation of memory T cells which are maintained long-term, in a phenotypically heterogeneous state, following their primary encounter with Ag. Although most HLA-A*0201/influenza matrix protein(58-66)-specific CD8 T cells from healthy donors display characteristics typical of memory T cells, through our extensive phenotypic analysis we have further shown that up to 20% of these cells express neither the IL-7 receptor CD127 nor the costimulatory molecule CD28. In contrast to the majority of CD28(pos) cells, granzyme B and perforin were frequently expressed by the CD28(neg) cells, suggesting that they are effector cells. Indeed, these cells were able to kill target cells, in an Ag-specific manner, directly ex vivo. Thus, our findings demonstrate the remarkable long-term persistence in healthy humans of not only influenza-specific memory cells, but also of effector T cells. We further observed that granzyme B expression in influenza-specific CD8 T cells paralleled levels in the total CD8 T cell population, suggestive of Ag-nonspecific bystander activation. Sequencing of TCR alpha- and beta-chains showed that the TCR repertoire specific for this epitope was dominated by one, or a few, T cell clonotype per healthy donor. Moreover, our sequencing analysis revealed, for the first time in humans, that identical clonotypes can coexist as both memory and effector T cells, thereby supporting the principle of multipotent clonotypic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Touvrey
- Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Mintern JD, Bedoui S, Davey GM, Moffat JM, Doherty PC, Turner SJ. Transience of MHC Class I-restricted antigen presentation after influenza A virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:6724-9. [PMID: 19346476 PMCID: PMC2672519 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0901128106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen expressed as MHC Class I glycoprotein (pMHCI) complexes on dendritic cells is the primary driver of CD8(+) T cell clonal expansion and differentiation. As we seek to define the molecular differences between acutely stimulated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effectors and long-lived memory T cells, it is essential that we understand the duration of in vivo pMHCI persistence. Although infectious influenza A virus is readily cleared by mammalian hosts, that does not necessarily mean that all influenza antigen is totally eliminated. An exhaustive series of carefully controlled adoptive transfer experiments using 3 different carboxy fluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester-labeled T cell receptor-transgenic CTL populations and a spectrum of genetically engineered and wild-type influenza A viruses provided no evidence for pMHCI persistence over the 30-60-d interval after virus challenge. Molecular profiles identified in antigen-specific T cells at this time may thus be considered to reflect established immunologic memory and not recent CTL activation from a persistent pMHCI pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine D. Mintern
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Gayle M. Davey
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Jessica M. Moffat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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Whitmire JK, Asano MS, Kaech SM, Sarkar S, Hannum LG, Shlomchik MJ, Ahmed R. Requirement of B cells for generating CD4+ T cell memory. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 182:1868-76. [PMID: 19201839 PMCID: PMC2658628 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cells can influence T cell responses by directly presenting Ag or by secreting Ab that binds to Ag to form immunogenic complexes. Conflicting evidence suggests that persisting Ag-Ab complexes propagate long-term T cell memory; yet, other data indicate that memory cells can survive without specific Ag or MHC. In this study, the roles of B cells and Ag-Ab complexes in T cell responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection were investigated using B cell-deficient or B cell-competent mice. Despite normal lymphocyte expansion after acute infection, B cell-deficient mice rapidly lost CD4(+) T cell memory, but not CD8(+) T cell memory, during the contraction phase. To determine whether Ag-Ab complexes sustain CD4(+) T cell memory, T cell responses were followed in B cell-transgenic (mIg-Tg) mice that have B cells but neither LCMV-specific Ab nor LCMV-immune complex deposition. In contrast to B cell-deficient mice, mIg-Tg mice retained functional Th cell memory, indicating that B cells selectively preserve CD4(+) T cell memory independently of immune complex formation. An in vivo consequence of losing CD4(+) T cell memory was that B cell-deficient mice were unable to resolve chronic virus infection. These data implicate a B cell function other than Ab production that induces long-term protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Whitmire
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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17
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Immunology. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, ASTHMA AND IMMUNOLOGY 2008. [PMCID: PMC7122665 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-33395-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The concept of forbidden foods that should not be eaten goes back to the Garden of Eden and apart from its religious meanings it may also have foreshadowed the concept of foods that can provoke adverse reactions. Thus we could say that allergic diseases have plagued mankind since the beginning of life on earth. The prophet Job was affected by a condition that following the rare symptoms described by the Holy Bible might be identified as a severe form of atopic dermatitis (AD). The earliest record of an apparently allergic reaction is 2621 B.C., when death from stinging insects was first described by hieroglyphics carved into the walls of the tomb of Pharaoh Menes depicting his death following the sting of a wasp. In 79 A.D., the death of the Roman admiral Pliny the Elder was ascribed to the SO2-rich gases emanating from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Hippocrates (460–377 B.C.) was probably the first to describe how cow’s milk (CM) could cause gastric upset and hives, proposing dietetic measures including both treatment and prevention for CM allergy.
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18
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Bozzi A, Reis BS, Goulart MI, Pereira MCN, Pedroso EP, Goes AM. Analysis of memory T cells in the human paracoccidioidomycosis before and during chemotherapy treatment. Immunol Lett 2007; 114:23-30. [PMID: 17897724 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cell populations in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) were analyzed before and after chemotherapy treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected from patients infected by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis or from non-infected individuals were stimulated in vitro with either membrane and extra-cellular antigens (MEXO) or yeast cell antigen preparation (PbAg) of P. brasiliensis. An increase in the level of CD4(+) memory T cells was determined in PBMC from PCM patients before (NT) and after treatment (TR) and in those with PCM relapsed (RE) compared to that from non-infected controls (NINF). The CD8(+) memory T cells were increased in PBMC from RE patients stimulated with MEXO, but not in NT or TR. The distribution of memory B cells did not differ between NT and TR patients, while a significant elevation was determined in RE patients and higher antibody levels were also detected. The cytokine analysis showed low production of IFN-gamma by cells from RE patients compared with NT or TR patients. In contrast, high production of IL-4 was detected in NT and RE patients, and moderate levels were produced by RE patients. These results suggest that IFN-gamma production may participate in the maintenance of immunological memory in the acquired protection against P. brasiliensis infection and this data can contribute to future development of successful treatment of PCM to avoid relapsing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bozzi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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19
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Lloyd AR, Jagger E, Post JJ, Crooks LA, Rawlinson WD, Hahn YS, Ffrench RA. Host and viral factors in the immunopathogenesis of primary hepatitis C virus infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2006; 85:24-32. [PMID: 17130897 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Individuals infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) have two possible outcomes of infection, clearance or persistent infection. The focus of this review is the host mechanisms that facilitate clearance. The interaction between HCV viral components and the immune system ultimately determines the balance between the virus and host. Strong evidence points to the aspects of cellular immune response as the key determinants of outcome. The recent discovery of viral evasion strategies targeting innate immunity suggests that the interferon-alpha/beta induction pathways are also critical. A growing body of evidence has implicated polymorphisms in both innate and adaptive immune response genes as determinants of viral clearance in individuals infected with HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Lloyd
- Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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20
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Abstract
The pool of memory T cells is regulated by homeostatic mechanisms to persist for prolonged periods at a relatively steady overall size. Recent work has shown that two members of the common gamma chain (gammac) family of cytokines, interleukin-7 (IL-7) and IL-15, govern homeostasis of memory T cells. These two cytokines work in conjunction to support memory T-cell survival and intermittent background proliferation. Normal animals contain significant numbers of spontaneously arising memory-phenotype (MP) cells, though whether these cells are representative of true antigen-specific memory T cells is unclear. Nevertheless, it appears that the two types of memory cells do not display identical homeostatic requirements. For antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells, IL-7 is primarily important for survival while IL-15 is crucial for their background proliferation. For memory CD4+ T cells, IL-7 has an important role, whereas the influence of IL-15 is still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Surh
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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21
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Elliot LN, Lloyd AR, Ziegler JB, Ffrench RA. Protective immunity against hepatitis C virus infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2006; 84:239-49. [PMID: 16509830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2006.01427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that a small percentage of individuals exposed to the hepatitis C virus have the capacity to generate a strong cellular immune response against the virus and avoid persistent infection, and perhaps do so repeatedly after re-exposure. This article reviews the evidence that the responses identified in this unique group of individuals represent the protective immunity that will need to be elicited by hepatitis C virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N Elliot
- School of Women's and Children's Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Ganusov VV, Pilyugin SS, Ahmed R, Antia R. How does cross-reactive stimulation affect the longevity of CD8+ T cell memory? PLoS Comput Biol 2006; 2:e55. [PMID: 16789812 PMCID: PMC1475713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory—the ability to “remember” previously encountered pathogens and respond faster upon re-exposure is a central feature of the immune response in vertebrates. The cross-reactive stimulation hypothesis for the maintenance of memory proposes that memory cells specific for a given pathogen are maintained by cross-reactive stimulation following infections with other (unrelated) pathogens. We use mathematical models to examine the cross-reactive stimulation hypothesis. We find that: (i) the direct boosting of cross-reactive lineages only provides a very small increase in the average longevity of immunological memory; (ii) the expansion of cross-reactive lineages can indirectly increase the longevity of memory by reducing the magnitude of expansion of new naive lineages which occupy space in the memory compartment and are responsible for the decline in memory; (iii) cross-reactive stimulation results in variation in the rates of decline of different lineages of memory cells and enrichment of memory cell population for cells that are cross-reactive for the pathogens to which the individual has been exposed. Immunological memory—the ability to “remember” previously encountered pathogens and respond faster on re-exposure—is a central feature of the immune response of vertebrates. Exposure to a pathogen results in the clonal expansion of a few relatively rare clones of immune cells which are specific for the pathogen to form a population large enough to control the pathogen. Immunological memory arises from the maintenance of an elevated numbers of these pathogen-specific immune cells. There has been much debate on the contribution of different processes such as the persistence of antigen, cross-reactive stimulation, and homeostasis to the maintenance of the elevated number of “memory” cells. Models have been useful in understanding the contributions of these various processes to the maintenance of memory. The models have shown that the decline rate of memory specific for previously encountered pathogens arises due to exposure to new pathogens—this causes the replacement of a fraction of “old” memory cells with memory cells specific for new pathogens. In this paper Ganusov, Antia, and colleagues use mathematical models to explore how the ability of cross-reactive memory cells to respond to the antigens on more than one pathogen can help in the maintenance of immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly V Ganusov
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sergei S Pilyugin
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville Florida, United States of America
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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23
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Müllbacher A, Lobigs M, Alsharifi M, Regner M. Cytotoxic T-cell immunity as a target for influenza vaccines. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2006; 6:255-6. [PMID: 16631540 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(06)70443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Marsden VS, Kappler JW, Marrack PC. Homeostasis of the memory T cell pool. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 139:63-74. [PMID: 16319493 DOI: 10.1159/000090000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells are critical for the establishment of long-term immunity. The number of memory T cells formed at the conclusion of the primary response is strongly influenced by the number of effector T cells generated in the response, but some factors can additionally enhance the efficiency and quality of memory cell recruitment. Homeostasis of the memory T cell pool depends on cytokine-mediated regulation of cell survival and proliferation. This review discusses factors that influence both the development and the maintenance of the memory T cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S Marsden
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO, USA
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25
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Patke DS, Ahmadzadeh M, Bingaman AW, Farber DL. Anti-CD3 priming generates heterogeneous antigen-specific memory CD4 T cells. Clin Immunol 2005; 117:125-32. [PMID: 16143567 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD3 activation of peripheral T cells is used in adoptive immunotherapy for cancer and HIV infection, but the long-term fate of anti-CD3-primed T cells in vivo is not known. In this study, we demonstrate that anti-CD3-mediated activation of influenza hemagglutinin (HA)-specific TCR-transgenic CD4 T cells results in generation of a long-lived HA-specific memory CD4 T cell population when transferred into lymphocyte-deficient and intact mouse hosts. This anti-CD3-primed memory population is indistinguishable from HA peptide-primed memory CD4 T cells in terms of phenotype, rapid recall function, and enhanced proliferative capacity. Moreover, anti-CD3 priming generates phenotypically heterogeneous memory subsets in lymphoid and non-lymphoid sites. Our results suggest that anti-CD3 has potential efficacy in generating memory responses in adoptive immunotherapies and vaccines and that the tissue distribution and maintenance of heterogeneous lymphoid and non-lymphoid memory T cell subsets are a stochastic process that can occur independent of antigen or TCR specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa S Patke
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MSTF Building, Room 400, 685 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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26
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Edling AE, Tuohy VK. Stem cell reconstitution of autoimmune T cell repertoires. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 169:126-36. [PMID: 16199096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of T cell memory in autoimmune disease may be complex because the unending renewable supply of self provides an inherent high antigen load that effectively precludes clearance, and because the broad array of potential immunogenic targets provides extensive self-recognition plasticity. Autoimmunity is characterized by a dynamic self-recognition process in which the primary autoreactivity initiating disease is soon followed and often displaced by secondary neoautoreactivities, or epitope spreading, that emerge as a result of endogenous self-priming. Here we show that the autoimmune disease process involves a tertiary phase of self recognition characterized by stem cell reconstitution of autoreactive T cells that recapitulates the myelin self recognition process involved in disease initiation and spreading during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our study indicates that sustained autoimmune memory may not simply be due to the persistence of long-lived memory T cells, but may also involve bone marrow regeneration and replacement of the autoreactive T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Edling
- Department of Immunology, NB30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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27
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Mahnke YD, Schwendemann J, Beckhove P, Schirrmacher V. Maintenance of long-term tumour-specific T-cell memory by residual dormant tumour cells. Immunology 2005; 115:325-36. [PMID: 15946250 PMCID: PMC1782166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
LacZ (Gal)-reactive immune cells were transferred into athymic nu/nu mice inoculated with Gal-expressing syngeneic tumour cells (ESbL-Gal) in order to study tumour-protective T-cell memory. This transfer prevented tumour outgrowth in recipients and resulted in the persistence of a high frequency of Gal-specific CD8(+) T cells in the bone marrow and spleen. In contrast, such Ag-specific memory CD8(+) T cells were not detectable by peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) multimer staining in animals that had not previously received an antigenic challenge. Even though CD44(hi) memory T cells from the bone marrow showed a significantly higher turnover rate, as judged by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, than respective cells from spleen or lymph nodes, as well as in comparison to CD44(lo) naïve T cells, these findings suggest that tumour-associated antigen (TAA) from residual dormant tumour cells are implicated in maintaining high frequencies of long-term surviving Gal-specific memory CD8(+) T cells. Memory T cells could be recruited to the peritoneal cavity by tumour vaccination of immunoprotected nu/nu mice and exhibited ex vivo antitumour reactivity. Long-term immune memory and tumour protection could be maintained over four successive transfers between tumour-inoculated recipients, which involved periodic antigenic restimulation in vivo prior to reisolating the cells for adoptive transfer. Using a cell line (ESbL-Gal-BM) that was established from dormant tumour cells isolated from the bone marrow of immunoprotected animals, it could be demonstrated that the tumour cells had up-regulated the expression of MHC class I molecules and down-regulated the expression of several adhesion molecules during the in vivo passage. Our results suggest that the bone marrow microenvironment has special features that are of importance for the maintenance of tumour dormancy and immunological T-cell memory, and that a low level of persisting antigen favours the maintenance of Ag-specific memory T cells over irrelevant memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda D Mahnke
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Luo Y, Zhou H, Mizutani M, Mizutani N, Liu C, Xiang R, Reisfeld RA. A DNA vaccine targeting Fos-related antigen 1 enhanced by IL-18 induces long-lived T-cell memory against tumor recurrence. Cancer Res 2005; 65:3419-27. [PMID: 15833877 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel vaccination strategy induced specific CD8(+) T cell-mediated immunity that eradicated spontaneous and experimental pulmonary cancer metastases in syngeneic mice and was also effective in a therapeutic setting of established breast cancer metastases. This was achieved by targeting transcription factor Fos-related antigen 1(Fra-1), overexpressed by many tumor cells, with an ubiquitinated DNA vaccine against Fra-1, coexpressing secretory IL-18. Insight into the immunologic mechanisms involved was provided by adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes from successfully immunized BALB/c mice to syngeneic severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Specifically, long-lived T memory cells were maintained dormant in nonlymphoid tissues by IL-18 in the absence of tumor antigen. Importantly, a second tumor cell challenge of these SCID mice restored both, robust tumor-specific cytotoxicity and long-lived T-cell memory, capable of eradicating established pulmonary cancer metastases, suggesting that this vaccine could be effective against tumor recurrence.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/prevention & control
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/secondary
- Female
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Interleukin-8/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Luo
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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29
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Abstract
Immunological memory - the ability to 'remember' previously encountered pathogens and respond faster on re-exposure - is a central feature of the immune response of vertebrates. We outline how mathematical models have contributed to our understanding of CD8(+) T-cell memory. Together with experimental data, models have helped to quantitatively describe and to further our understanding of both the generation of memory after infection with a pathogen and the maintenance of this memory throughout the life of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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30
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Mori S, Kocak U, Shaw JL, Mullen CA. Augmentation of post transplant immunity: antigen encounter at the time of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation enhances antigen-specific donor T-cell responses in the post transplant repertoire. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35:793-801. [PMID: 15750607 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
After transplant, the immune system is reconstituted by cells derived from both hematopoietic stem cells and peripheral expansion from differentiated donor T cells. After transplant, immune function is poor despite transplantation of mature lymphocytes from immune-competent donors. We tested the hypothesis that early antigen encounter at the time of cell transplant would improve the desired donor T-cell responses. Two independent models of peptide-specific T-cell responses were studied. The model for CD4 cells employed T cells from transgenic (Tg) DO11.11 mice that constitutively express the T-cell receptor for the class II-restricted ovalbumin peptide 323-339. The model for CD8 cells employed non-Tg H2-Db-restricted T-cell responses to the influenza nucleoprotein peptide 366-374. As measured both functionally and by direct imaging of T cells using clonotypic reagents, encounter with specific antigen at the time of T-cell transplantation led to clonal expansion of donor T cells and preservation of donor T-cell function in the post transplant immune environment. Antigen-specific donor T-cell function was poor if antigen encounter was delayed or omitted. Severe parent>F1 graft-versus-host reactions blocked the effect of early antigen exposure. Vaccination of transplant recipients against microbial or leukemia antigens may be worthy of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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31
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Abstract
Transgenic (Tg) mice carrying a T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for a CD8(+) T-cell epitope expressed in pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium yoelii has proven to be a valuable tool to advance our understanding of this anti-parasite T-cell response, as it occurs in vivo. The visualization of CD8(+) T cells in vivo and ex vivo greatly facilitated research aimed at characterizing basic features of this T-cell response such as the kinetics of differentiation and proliferation and the in vivo antigen presentation. Importantly, this research unveiled the existence of early self-regulatory mechanisms controlling the magnitude of the CD8(+) T-cell response and also identified CD4(+) T cells as critical elements in the development of memory populations. This review discusses our recent research using Tg mice and highlights our progress in understanding the CD8(+) T-cell-mediated immunity against malaria liver stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Morrot
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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32
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Morrot A, Zavala F. Regulation of the CD8+ T cell responses against Plasmodium liver stages in mice. Int J Parasitol 2005; 34:1529-34. [PMID: 15582529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells induced by immunization with Plasmodium sporozoites play a major role in protective immunity against parasite infection, inhibiting the development of liver stages. The activation of these T cells is initiated just a few hours after exposure to parasites and progresses rapidly through a tightly regulated program. Effector functions in CD8+ T are detectable as early as 24 h after immunization and this event is followed 24-48 h later by an accelerated expansion of the CD8+ T cell numbers which reaches a peak 4-5 days after priming. Concomitantly with the development of anti-parasite activity, CD8+ T cells acquire a self-regulatory role limiting the magnitude of the CD8+ T cell response. Once activated, CD8+ T cells strongly inhibit the priming of additional naive CD8+ T cells by competing for antigen presenting cells. On days 6-8 after immunization, a sudden contraction of this T cell response occurs due to programmed cell death of 70-80% of the activated cells. After this contraction phase, 15-20 days after priming, activated cells establish memory populations. The development and maintenance of these memory populations strictly depends on the presence of CD4+ T cells and IL-4, and probably also IL-7, IL-15 and IL-2. These cytokines, some of which are produced by CD4+ T cells, provide signals to prevents apoptosis and also induce the differentiation of memory sub-populations, most of which acquire definitive phenotypes 20-30 days after immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Morrot
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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33
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Crough T, Burrows JM, Fazou C, Walker S, Davenport MP, Khanna R. Contemporaneous fluctuations in T?cell responses to persistent herpes virus infections. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:139-49. [PMID: 15597326 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The classical paradigm for T cell dynamics suggests that the resolution of a primary acute virus infection is followed by the generation of a long-lived pool of memory T cells that is thought to be highly stable. Very limited alteration in this repertoire is expected until the immune system is re-challenged by reactivation of latent viruses or by cross-reactive pathogens. Contradicting this view, we show here that the T cell repertoire specific for two different latent herpes viruses in the peripheral blood displayed significant contemporaneous co-fluctuations of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. The coordinated responses to two different viruses suggest that the fluctuations within the T cell repertoire may be driven by sub-clinical viral reactivation or a more generalized 'bystander' effect. The later contention was supported by the observation that, while absolute number of CD3(+) T cells and their subsets and also the cell surface phenotype of antigen-specific T cells remained relatively constant, a loss of CD62L expression in the total CD8(+) T cell population was coincident with the expansion of tetramer-positive virus-specific T cells. This study demonstrates that the dynamic process of T cell expansion and contractions in persistent viral infections is not limited to the acute phase of infection, but also continues during the latent phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Crough
- Tumour Immunology Laboratory and Co-operative Centre for Vaccine Technology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia
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34
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Shudo E, Iwasa Y. Dynamic optimization of host defense, immune memory, and post-infection pathogen levels in mammals. J Theor Biol 2004; 228:17-29. [PMID: 15064080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When attacked by pathogens, higher vertebrates produce specific immune cells that fight against them. We here studied the host's optimal schedule of specific immune cell production. The damage caused by the pathogen increases with the pathogen amount in the host integrated over time. On the other hand, there is also a cost incurred by the production of specific immune cells, not only in terms of the energy needed to produce and maintain the cells, but also with respect to damages sustained by the host's body as a result of immune activity. The optimal strategy of the host is the one that minimizes the total cost, defined as a weighted sum of the damage caused by pathogens and the costs caused by the specific immune cells. The problem is solved by using Pontryagin's maximum principle and dynamic programming. The optimal defense schedule is typically as follows: In the initial phase after infection, immune cells are produced at the fastest possible rate. The amount of pathogen increases temporarily but is eventually suppressed. When the pathogen amount is suppressed to a sufficiently low level, the immune cell number decreases and converges to a low steady level, which is maintained by alternately switching between fastest production and no production. We examine the effect of time delay required to have fully active immune cells by comparing cases with different number of rate limiting steps before producing immune cells. We examine the effect of the duration of time (time delay) required before full-scale production of active immune cells by comparing cases with different numbers of rate-limiting steps before immune-cell production. We also discuss the role of immune memory based on the results of the optimal immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Shudo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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35
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Abstract
A cardinal feature of the adaptive immune response is its ability to generate long-lived populations of memory T lymphocytes. Memory T cells are specific to the antigen encountered during the primary immune response and react rapidly and vigorously upon re-encounter with the same antigen. Memory T cells that recognize microbial antigens provide the organism with long-lasting protection against potentially fatal infections. On the other hand, memory T cells that recognize donor alloantigens can jeopardize the survival of life-saving organ transplants. We review here the immunobiology of memory T cells and describe their role in the rejection of solid organ allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Immunology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue NB30, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Virus-specific memory T cell populations demonstrate plasticity in antigenic and functional phenotype, in recognition of antigen, and in their ability to accommodate new memory T cell populations. The adaptability of complex antigen-specific T cell repertoires allows the host to respond to a diverse array of pathogens and accommodate memory pools to many pathogens in a finite immune system. This is in part accounted for by crossreactive memory T cells, which can be employed in immune responses and mediate protective immunity or life-threatening immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond M Welsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi G Lakkis
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029, USA.
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38
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Abstract
In this review, we briefly cover the critical requirements for interleukin-7 (IL-7) in thymocyte development and peripheral T-cell homeostasis. Part of the IL-7 effect is antiapoptotic or 'trophic' and we have studied the intracellular pathways involved in lymphocyte survival and death regulated by this cytokine. We review the evidence for a role of the JAK signal transducers and activators of transcription protein (STAT) pathway and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathways in survival. The death pathway following IL-7 withdrawal is discussed in terms of the balance of BCL-2 vs. BAX and other death proteins and the role of metabolic disturbances involving glucose metabolism and intracellular pH. The IL-7 survival and death pathways in lymphocytes may be representative of many trophic factors in different cell types; yet we conclude that much of the mechanism remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette R Khaled
- BioMolecular Science Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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39
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Campos M, Godson DL. The effectiveness and limitations of immune memory: understanding protective immune responses. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:655-61. [PMID: 12782062 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immune memory is the foundation of the practise of vaccination. Research on the molecular and cellular events leading to generation and development of memory T and B lymphocytes explain why there are heightened secondary immune responses after an initial encounter with antigen. In this review, we discuss how clonal expansion, targeted tissue localisation, more efficient antigen recognition and more proficient effector functions contribute to the improved effectiveness of memory cells. Despite the enhanced efficacy of memory cells and the recall immune response, there are numerous experimental and empirical examples in which protection provided by vaccines are short-lived, particularly against pathogens that replicate and cause pathology at their site of entry. In the absence of active immune effector activities, the ability of memory cells to respond quickly enough to control this type of infection is limited. The protective efficacy of bovine herpes virus-1 vaccines in experimental and field challenge conditions are used to illustrate the concept that full protection from disease conferred by vaccination requires the presence of active immune effector mechanisms. Thus, regardless of the many successful technological advances in vaccine design and better understanding of mechanisms underlining induction of memory responses by vaccination, we should recognise that vaccine immunoprophylaxis has limitations. Expectations for vaccines should be realistic and linked to the understanding of host immune responses and knowledge regarding the pathogen and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Campos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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40
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Mojtabavi N, Dekan G, Stingl G, Epstein MM. Long-lived Th2 memory in experimental allergic asthma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4788-96. [PMID: 12391188 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although life-long immunity against pathogens is beneficial, immunological memory responses directed against allergens are potentially harmful. Because there is a paucity of information about Th2 memory cells in allergic disease, we established a model of allergic asthma in BALB/c mice to explore the generation and maintenance of Th2 memory. We induced disease without the use of adjuvants, thus avoiding Ag depots, and found that unlike allergic asthma in mice immunized with adjuvant, immunizing with soluble and aerosol OVA resulted in pathological lung lesions resembling human disease. To test memory responses we allowed mice with acute disease to recover and then re-exposed them to aerosol OVA a second time. Over 400 days later these mice developed OVA-dependent eosinophilic lung inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus hypersecretion, and IgE. Over 1 year after recuperating from acute disease, mice had persistent lymphocytic lung infiltrates, Ag-specific production of IL-4 and IL-5 from spleen and lung cells in vitro, and elevated IgG1. Moreover, when recuperated mice were briefly aerosol challenged, we detected early expression of Th2 cytokine RNA in lungs. Taken together, these data demonstrate the presence of long-lived Th2 memory cells in spleen and lungs involved in the generation of allergic asthma upon Ag re-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Mojtabavi
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Vienna International Research Cooperation Center, Austria
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41
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Hafalla JCR, Sano GI, Carvalho LH, Morrot A, Zavala F. Short-term antigen presentation and single clonal burst limit the magnitude of the CD8(+) T cell responses to malaria liver stages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:11819-24. [PMID: 12185251 PMCID: PMC129352 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.182189999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria sporozoites induce swift activation of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells that inhibit the intracellular development of liver-stage parasites. The length of time of functional in vivo antigen presentation, estimated by monitoring the activation of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, is of short duration, with maximum T cell activation occurring within the first 8 h after immunization and lasting approximately 48 h. Although the magnitude of the CD8(+) T cell response closely correlates with the number of parasites used for immunization, increasing the time of antigen presentation by daily immunizations does not enhance the magnitude of this response. Thus, once a primary clonal burst is established, the CD8(+) T cell response becomes refractory or unresponsive to further antigenic stimulation. These findings strongly suggest that the most efficient strategy for the induction of primary CD8(+) T cell responses is the delivery of a maximal amount of antigen in a single dose, thereby ensuring a clonal burst that involves the largest number of precursors to become memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius C R Hafalla
- Department of Medical and Molecular Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- J M McNally
- Department of Pathology, Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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43
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Becker TC, Wherry EJ, Boone D, Murali-Krishna K, Antia R, Ma A, Ahmed R. Interleukin 15 is required for proliferative renewal of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1541-8. [PMID: 12070282 PMCID: PMC2193552 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation and efficient maintenance of antigen-specific memory T cells is essential for long-lasting immunological protection. In this study, we examined the role of interleukin (IL)-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor alpha chain. Both cytokine- and receptor-deficient mice made potent primary CD8 T cell responses to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), effectively cleared the virus and generated a pool of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells that were phenotypically and functionally similar to memory CD8 T cells present in IL-15(+/+) mice. However, longitudinal analysis revealed a slow attrition of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals. This loss of CD8 T cells was due to a severe defect in the proliferative renewal of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells in IL-15(-/-) mice. Taken together, these results show that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C Becker
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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44
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Abstract
Typical immune responses lead to prominent clonal expansion of antigen-specific T and B cells followed by differentiation into effector cells. Most effector cells die at the end of the immune response but some of these cells survive and form long-lived memory cells. The factors controlling the formation and survival of memory T cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sprent
- Department of Immunology, IMM4, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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45
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Berard M, Tough DF. Qualitative differences between naïve and memory T cells. Immunology 2002; 106:127-38. [PMID: 12047742 PMCID: PMC1782715 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2002] [Accepted: 04/17/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Berard
- The Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Cerny
- Clinica Medica, Ospedale Civico, Lugano, and Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Bern, Switzerland
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47
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Livingstone AM, Kuhn M. Peptide-pulsed splenic dendritic cells prime long-lasting CD8(+) T cell memory in the absence of cross-priming by host APC. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:281-90. [PMID: 11782019 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200201)32:1<281::aid-immu281>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with cells expressing endogenous antigens can stimulate long-lived CD8(+) T cell memory. In many cases, the response is also stimulated by host antigen-presenting cells (APC) that have processed antigen from internalized apoptotic cells or cell fragments. This study investigated whether immunization with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DC) could prime long-lasting, peptide-specific CD8(+) T cell immunity in the absence of cross-priming by host APC. C57BL / 6 female mice immunized with syngeneic male splenic DC pulsed with the H-2K(b)-restricted ovalbumin peptide OVA(257 - 264) made memory CD8(+) CD44(high) T cell responses to OVA(257 - 264) and the male antigen HY more than 1 year after immunization. Establishment and maintenance of peptide-specific CD8(+) T cell memory did not require antibody or B cells. Immunization of H-2(bxd) mice with OVA(257 - 264)-pulsed minor-incompatible H-2(b) or H-2(d) DC demonstrated that CD8(+) T cells were primed exclusively by the injected cells, and not by peptide transferred to host APC, even though there was very effective cross-priming for CD8(+) T cell responses to the minor antigens expressed by the DC. Thus peptide-pulsed DC can prime long-lasting CD8(+) memory responses without any requirement for cross-priming by other APC.
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48
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Azimi N, Nagai M, Jacobson S, Waldmann TA. IL-15 plays a major role in the persistence of Tax-specific CD8 cells in HAM/TSP patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:14559-64. [PMID: 11717409 PMCID: PMC64721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.251540598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15 is a critical cytokine for the maintenance of memory-phenotype CD8 cells in mice. Here, we investigated the role of IL-15 in the neurological disease termed human T cell lymphotropic virus I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The high number of viral-specific CD8 cells in these patients is associated with inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Because IL-15 is overexpressed in these patients, we asked whether IL-15 contributes to the persistence of human T cell lymphotropic virus I viral-specific CD8 cells. Using ex vivo cultures of HAM/TSP peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we demonstrated that in the majority of patients examined here blocking IL-15 action resulted in a decrease in the number of viral-specific CD8 cells. This decrease was caused by both inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in these cells. The data indicate that IL-15 plays a major role in the maintenance of viral-specific CD8 cells in HAM/TSP.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antigens, Viral
- Apoptosis
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Division
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Gene Products, tax/immunology
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interleukin-15/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-15/physiology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/pathology
- Protein Subunits
- Receptors, Interleukin-15
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- N Azimi
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1374, USA.
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49
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Wedemeyer H, Mizukoshi E, Davis AR, Bennink JR, Rehermann B. Cross-reactivity between hepatitis C virus and Influenza A virus determinant-specific cytotoxic T cells. J Virol 2001; 75:11392-400. [PMID: 11689620 PMCID: PMC114725 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.23.11392-11400.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2001] [Accepted: 08/20/2001] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular immune response contributes to viral clearance as well as to liver injury in acute and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. An immunodominant determinant frequently recognized by liver-infiltrating and circulating CD8(+) T cells of HCV-infected patients is the HCV(NS3-1073) peptide CVNGVCWTV. Using a sensitive in vitro technique with HCV peptides and multiple cytokines, we were able to expand cytotoxic T cells specific for this determinant not only from the blood of 11 of 20 HCV-infected patients (55%) but also from the blood of 9 of 15 HCV-negative blood donors (60%), while a second HCV NS3 determinant was recognized only by HCV-infected patients and not by seronegative controls. The T-cell response of these healthy blood donors was mediated by memory T cells, which cross-reacted with a novel T-cell determinant of the A/PR/8/34 influenza A virus (IV) that is endogenously processed from the neuraminidase (NA) protein. Both the HCV NS3 and the IV NA peptide displayed a high degree of sequence homology, bound to the HLA-A2 molecule with high affinity, and were recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes with similar affinity (10(-8) M). Using the HLA-A2-transgenic mouse model, we then demonstrated directly that HCV-specific T cells could be induced in vivo by IV infection. Splenocytes harvested from IV-infected mice at the peak of the primary response (day 7 effector cells) or following complete recovery (day 21 memory cells) recognized the HCV NS3 peptide, lysed peptide-pulsed target cells, and produced gamma interferon. These results exemplify that host responses to an infectious agent are influenced by cross-reactive memory cells induced by past exposure to heterologous viruses, which could have important consequences for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wedemeyer
- Liver Diseases Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20982, USA
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50
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Champagne P, Dumont AR, Sékaly RP. Learning to remember: generation and maintenance of T-cell memory. DNA Cell Biol 2001; 20:745-60. [PMID: 11879568 DOI: 10.1089/104454901753438561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunologic memory results from a carefully coordinated interplay between cells of the immune system. In this review, we explore various aspects of the nature, generation, and maintenance of T lymphocyte-mediated immunologic memory. In light of the demonstrated heterogeneity of the memory T-cell pool, we hypothesize that subsets of memory T cells instructed to mature to distinct differentiation stages may differ, not only in functional and homing properties, but also in the conditions they require for survival, including antigen persistence and cytokine environment. Hence, according to this hypothesis, distinct memory T-cell subsets result from the nature and timing of the signals provided by the immune environment and occupy distinct niches. Intracellular and extracellular molecular mechanisms that underlie and modulate T-cell memory are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Champagne
- Laboratory of Immunology, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Canada
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