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Ritmeester-Loy SA, Draper IH, Bueter EC, Lautz JD, Zhang-Wong Y, Gustafson JA, Wilson AL, Lin C, Gafken PR, Jensen MC, Orentas R, Smith SEP. Differential protein-protein interactions underlie signaling mediated by the TCR and a 4-1BB domain-containing CAR. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadd4671. [PMID: 38442200 PMCID: PMC10986860 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.add4671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Cells rely on activity-dependent protein-protein interactions to convey biological signals. For chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells containing a 4-1BB costimulatory domain, receptor engagement is thought to stimulate the formation of protein complexes similar to those stimulated by T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated signaling, but the number and type of protein interaction-mediating binding domains differ between CARs and TCRs. Here, we performed coimmunoprecipitation mass spectrometry analysis of a second-generation, CD19-directed 4-1BB:ζ CAR (referred to as bbζCAR) and identified 128 proteins that increased their coassociation after target engagement. We compared activity-induced TCR and CAR signalosomes by quantitative multiplex coimmunoprecipitation and showed that bbζCAR engagement led to the activation of two modules of protein interactions, one similar to TCR signaling that was more weakly engaged by bbζCAR as compared with the TCR and one composed of TRAF signaling complexes that was not engaged by the TCR. Batch-to-batch and interindividual variations in production of the cytokine IL-2 correlated with differences in the magnitude of protein network activation. Future CAR T cell manufacturing protocols could measure, and eventually control, biological variation by monitoring these signalosome activation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Ritmeester-Loy
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Isabella H. Draper
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Eric C. Bueter
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jonathan D Lautz
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Yue Zhang-Wong
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Joshua A. Gustafson
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Seattle Children’s Therapeutics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
| | - Ashley L. Wilson
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Seattle Children’s Therapeutics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
| | - Chenwei Lin
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Philip R. Gafken
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Michael C. Jensen
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Seattle Children’s Therapeutics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Rimas Orentas
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Stephen E. P. Smith
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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2
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Structural Conservation and Effects of Alterations in T Cell Receptor Transmembrane Interfaces. Biophys J 2018; 114:1030-1035. [PMID: 29395047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) are octameric assemblies of type-I membrane proteins in which a receptor heterodimer (αβ, δγ, or pre-Tαβ) is associated with three dimeric signaling modules (CD3δε, CD3γε, and ζζ) at the T cell or pre-T cell surface. In the human αβTCR, the α and β transmembrane (TM) domains form a specific structure that acts as a hub for assembly with the signaling modules inside the lipid bilayer. Conservation of key polar contacts across the C-terminal half of this TM interface suggests that the structure is a common feature of all TCR types. In this study, using molecular dynamics simulations in explicit lipid bilayers, we show that human δγ and pre-Tαβ TM domains also adopt stable αβ-like interfaces, yet each displays unique features that modulate the stability of the interaction and are related to sequences that are conserved within TCR types, but are distinct from the αβ sequences. We also performed simulations probing effects of previously reported mutations in the human αβ TM interface, and observed that the most disruptive mutations caused substantial departures from the wild-type TM structure and increased dynamics. These simulations show a strong correlation between structural instability, increased conformational variation, and the severity of structural defects in whole-TCR complexes measured in our previous biochemical assays. These results thus support the view that the stability of the core TM structure is a key determinant of TCR structural integrity and suggest that the interface has been evolutionarily optimized for different forms of TCRs.
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3
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Oldham RAA, Medin JA. Practical considerations for chimeric antigen receptor design and delivery. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:961-978. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1339687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn A. A. Oldham
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A. Medin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Schoenborn JR, Tan YX, Zhang C, Shokat KM, Weiss A. Feedback circuits monitor and adjust basal Lck-dependent events in T cell receptor signaling. Sci Signal 2012; 4:ra59. [PMID: 21917715 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Src family kinase Lck is crucial for the initiation of TCR signaling. The activity of Lck is tightly controlled to prevent erroneous immune activation, yet it enables rapid cellular responses over a range of sensitivities to antigens. Here, in experiments with an analog-sensitive variant of the tyrosine kinase Csk, we report that Lck in T cells is dynamically controlled by an equilibrium between Csk and the tyrosine phosphatase CD45. By rapidly inhibiting Csk, we showed that changes in this equilibrium were sufficient to activate canonical TCR signaling pathways independently of ligand binding to the TCR. The activated signaling pathways showed sustained and enhanced phosphorylation compared to that in TCR-stimulated cells, revealing a feedback circuit that was sensitive to the basal signaling machinery. We identified the inhibitory adaptor molecule Dok-1 (downstream of kinase 1) as a candidate that may respond to alterations in basal signaling activity. Our results also suggest a role for Csk in the termination or dampening of TCR signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie R Schoenborn
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Brodeur JF, Li S, Martins MDS, Larose L, Dave VP. Critical and Multiple Roles for the CD3ε Intracytoplasmic Tail in Double Negative to Double Positive Thymocyte Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4844-53. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Li Y. Alterations in the expression pattern of TCR zeta chain in T cells from patients with hematological diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 13:267-75. [PMID: 18854088 DOI: 10.1179/102453308x343482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The TCR zeta chain, a component of the T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex, plays a significant role in the assembly of the receptor complex and in connecting antigen recognition to the intracellular signal transduction apparatus. Recently, studies have demonstrated altered expression and function of this signal transduction molecule in T cells from patients with hematological diseases. In this review, current knowledge concerning the biological feature and function of TCR zeta protein, splice variant and mutation of TCR zeta chain gene and alteration of expression pattern in hematological diseases and the related mechanism are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College and Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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7
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Agrawal R, Carpino N, Tsygankov A. TULA proteins regulate activity of the protein tyrosine kinase Syk. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:953-64. [PMID: 18189269 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
TULA belongs to a two-member family: TULA (STS-2) is a lymphoid protein, whereas STS-1/TULA-2 is expressed ubiquitously. TULA proteins were implicated in the regulation of signaling mediated by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs). The initial experiments did not fully reveal the molecular mechanism of these effects, but suggested that both TULA proteins act in a similar fashion. It was shown recently that STS-1/TULA-2 dephosphorylates PTKs. In this study, we analyzed the effects of TULA proteins on Syk, a PTK playing an important role in lymphoid signaling. First, we have shown that TULA-2 decreases tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk in vivo and in vitro and that the intact phosphatase domain of TULA-2 is essential for this effect. We have also shown that TULA-2 exhibits a certain degree of substrate specificity. Our results also indicate that inactivated TULA-2 increases tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk in cells co-transfected to overexpress these proteins, thus acting as a dominant-negative form that suppresses dephosphorylation of Syk caused by endogenous TULA-2. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that phosphatase activity of TULA is negligible as compared to that of TULA-2 and that this finding correlates with an increase in Syk tyrosine phosphorylation in cells overexpressing TULA. This result is consistent with the dominant-negative effect of inactivated TULA-2, arguing that TULA acts in this system as a negative regulator of TULA-2-dependent dephosphorylation. To summarize, our findings indicate that TULA proteins may exert opposite effects on PTK-mediated signaling and suggest that a regulatory mechanism based on this feature may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Agrawal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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8
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Young JA, Becker AM, Medeiros JJ, Shapiro VS, Wang A, Farrar JD, Quill TA, van Huijsduijnen RH, van Oers NS. The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN4/PTP-MEG1, an enzyme capable of dephosphorylating the TCR ITAMs and regulating NF-kappaB, is dispensable for T cell development and/or T cell effector functions. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3756-66. [PMID: 18614237 PMCID: PMC2596642 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor signaling processes are controlled by the integrated actions of families of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases). Several distinct cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphatases have been described that are able to negatively regulate TCR signaling pathways, including SHP-1, SHP-2, PTPH1, and PEP. Using PTPase substrate-trapping mutants and wild type enzymes, we determined that PTPN4/PTP-MEG1, a PTPH1-family member, could complex and dephosphorylate the ITAMs of the TCR zeta subunit. In addition, the substrate-trapping derivative augmented basal and TCR-induced activation of NF-kappaB in T cells. To characterize the contribution of this PTPase in T cells, we developed PTPN4-deficient mice. T cell development and TCR signaling events were comparable between wild type and PTPN4-deficient animals. The magnitude and duration of TCR-regulated ITAM phosphorylation, as well as overall protein phosphorylation, was unaltered in the absence of PTPN4. Finally, Th1- and Th2-derived cytokines and in vivo immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes were equivalent between wild type and PTPN4-deficient mice. These findings suggest that additional PTPases are involved in controlling ITAM phosphorylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Young
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Amy M. Becker
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jennifer J. Medeiros
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Virginia S. Shapiro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - J. David Farrar
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Timothy A. Quill
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | | | - Nicolai S.C. van Oers
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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9
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WANDROO F, BELL A, DARBYSHIRE P, PRATT G, STANKOVIC T, GORDON J, LAWSON S, MOSS P. ZAP-70 is highly expressed in most cases of childhood pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Lab Hematol 2008; 30:149-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2007.00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Levin SE, Zhang C, Kadlecek TA, Shokat KM, Weiss A. Inhibition of ZAP-70 kinase activity via an analog-sensitive allele blocks T cell receptor and CD28 superagonist signaling. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15419-30. [PMID: 18378687 PMCID: PMC2397475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ZAP-70 is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that is required for T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling. Both mice and humans deficient in ZAP-70 fail to develop functional T cells, thus demonstrating its necessity for T cell development and function. There is currently no highly specific, cell-permeable, small molecule inhibitor for ZAP-70; therefore, we generated a mutant ZAP-70 allele that retains kinase activity but is sensitive to inhibition by a mutant-specific inhibitor. We validated the chemical genetic inhibitor system in Jurkat T cell lines, where the inhibitor blocked ZAP-70-dependent TCR signaling in cells expressing the analog-sensitive allele. Interestingly, the inhibitor also ablated CD28 superagonist signaling, thereby demonstrating the utility of this system in dissecting the requirement for ZAP-70 in alternative mechanisms of T cell activation. Thus, we have developed the first specific chemical means of inhibiting ZAP-70 in cells, which serves as a valuable tool for studying the function of ZAP-70 in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Levin
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California-San Francisco, 5134 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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11
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DeFord-Watts LM, Young JA, Pitcher LA, van Oers NSC. The membrane-proximal portion of CD3 epsilon associates with the serine/threonine kinase GRK2. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16126-34. [PMID: 17420248 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609418200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of protein kinases is one of the primary mechanisms whereby T cell receptors (TCR) propagate intracellular signals. To date, the majority of kinases known to be involved in the early stages of TCR signaling are protein-tyrosine kinases such as Lck, Fyn, and ZAP-70. Here we report a constitutive association between the TCR and a serine/threonine kinase, which was mediated through the membrane-proximal portion of CD3 epsilon. Mass spectrometry analysis of CD3 epsilon-associated proteins identified G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) as a candidate Ser/Thr kinase. Transient transfection assays and Western blot analysis verified the ability of GRK2 to interact with the cytoplasmic domain of CD3 epsilon within a cell. These findings are consistent with recent reports demonstrating the ability of certain G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and G proteins to physically associate with the alpha/beta TCR. Because GRK2 is primarily involved in arresting GPCR signals, its interaction with CD3 epsilon may provide a novel means whereby the TCR can negatively regulate signals generated through GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M DeFord-Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093, USA
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12
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Becker AM, DeFord-Watts LM, Wuelfing C, van Oers NSC. The Constitutive Tyrosine Phosphorylation of CD3ζ Results from TCR-MHC Interactions That Are Independent of Thymic Selection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4120-8. [PMID: 17371967 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TCR complex, when isolated from thymocytes and peripheral T cells, contains a constitutively tyrosine-phosphorylated CD3zeta molecule termed p21. Previous investigations have shown that the constitutive phosphorylation of CD3zeta results from TCR interactions with MHC molecules occurring in both the thymus and the periphery. To determine what contribution the selection environment had on this constitutive phosphorylation, we analyzed CD3zeta from several distinct class I- and II-restricted TCR-transgenic mice where thymocyte development occurred in either a selecting or a nonselecting MHC environment. Herein, we report that constitutively phosphorylated CD3zeta (p21) was present in thymocytes that developed under nonselecting peptide-MHC conditions. These findings strongly support the model that the TCR has an inherent avidity for MHC molecules before repertoire selection. Biochemical analyses of the TCR complex before and after TCR stimulation suggested that the constitutively phosphorylated CD3zeta subunit did not contribute to de novo TCR signals. These findings may have important implications for T cell functions during self-MHC recognition under normal and autoimmune circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Becker
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review describes advances in understanding the role of the CD3 delta subunit in human T-cell development as deduced from a recently described human immunodeficiency. The review also compares CD3 delta deficiency with other human CD3 subunit deficiencies and with corresponding animal models. RECENT FINDINGS In describing CD3 delta deficiency in humans this review shows that patients with profound T-cell depletion, who present at 2-3 months with severe viral infection, lack CD3 delta as a result of a mutation in the extracellular domain of this gene. The genetic aberration was discovered by comparing patients' and normal thymocytes, using mass gene screening with the microarray technique. In humans the absence of CD3 delta results in a complete arrest in thymocyte development at the stage of double negative to double positive transition and the development of gamma delta T-cell receptor-positive T cells is also impaired. SUMMARY Unlike patients with CD3 gamma or CD3 epsilon deficiency who have a milder condition, patients with CD3 delta deficiency present with severe lethal susceptibility to infections during early infancy. As expected, this profound immunodeficiency was cured with an allogenic bone marrow transplantation. In contrast to murine CD3 (-/) delta, which retains a normal gamma delta T-cell receptor-positive T-cell population and only partly affects the developmental transition of double positive to single positive thymocytes, CD3 delta in humans appears to be more critically required for the development of both alpha beta and gamma delta T-cell receptor-positive T-cell lineages. The studies also show for the first time that comparing relevant patients' with normal tissue using microarray technology can aid in the discovery of the genetic basis of inherited disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim M Roifman
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, and Program of Infection, Immunity, Injury and Repair, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
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14
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Mock JR, Vakevainen M, Deng K, Latimer JL, Young JA, van Oers NSC, Greenberg S, Hansen EJ. Haemophilus ducreyi targets Src family protein tyrosine kinases to inhibit phagocytic signaling. Infect Immun 2006; 73:7808-16. [PMID: 16299270 PMCID: PMC1307070 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.12.7808-7816.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus ducreyi, the etiologic agent of the sexually transmitted disease chancroid, has been shown to inhibit phagocytosis of both itself and secondary targets in vitro. Immunodepletion of LspA proteins from H. ducreyi culture supernatant fluid abolished this inhibitory effect, indicating that the LspA proteins are necessary for the inhibition of phagocytosis by H. ducreyi. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that macrophages incubated with wild-type H. ducreyi, but not with a lspA1 lspA2 mutant, were unable to complete development of the phagocytic cup around immunoglobulin G-opsonized targets. Examination of the phosphotyrosine protein profiles of these two sets of macrophages showed that those incubated with wild-type H. ducreyi had greatly reduced phosphorylation levels of proteins in the 50-to-60-kDa range. Subsequent experiments revealed reductions in the catalytic activities of both Lyn and Hck, two members of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases that are known to be involved in the proximal signaling steps of Fcgamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Additional experiments confirmed reductions in the levels of both active Lyn and active Hck in three different immune cell lines, but not in HeLa cells, exposed to wild-type H. ducreyi. This is the first example of a bacterial pathogen that suppresses Src family protein tyrosine kinase activity to subvert phagocytic signaling in hostcells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Mock
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9048, USA
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15
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Brdicka T, Kadlecek TA, Roose JP, Pastuszak AW, Weiss A. Intramolecular regulatory switch in ZAP-70: analogy with receptor tyrosine kinases. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:4924-33. [PMID: 15923611 PMCID: PMC1140569 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.12.4924-4933.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ZAP-70, a Syk family cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), is required to couple the activated T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) to downstream signaling pathways. It contains two tandem SH2 domains that bind to phosphorylated TCR subunits and a C-terminal catalytic domain. The region connecting the SH2 domains with the kinase domain, termed interdomain B, has previously been shown to have striking regulatory effects on ZAP-70 function, presumed to be due to the recruitment of key substrates. Paradoxically, deletion of interdomain B preserves ZAP-70 function. Recent structural studies of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) revealed that their juxtamembrane regions negatively regulate their catalytic activities. In EphB2 and several other RTKs, this autoinhibition depends upon interaction between the kinase domain and tyrosine residues within the juxtamembrane region. Autoinhibition is released when these tyrosines become phosphorylated following receptor stimulation. Sequence homology suggested analogous regulation for ZAP-70. Based on mutagenesis analysis of ZAP-70 interdomain B, we find that this region downregulates ZAP-70 catalytic activity in a similar manner as the juxtamembrane region of EphB2. Similar regulation was also noted for the related Syk kinase. These findings suggest that a general autoinhibitory mechanism employed by RTKs is also used by some cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Brdicka
- Department of Medicine, The Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA
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16
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Sozio MS, Mathis MA, Young JA, Wälchli S, Pitcher LA, Wrage PC, Bartók B, Campbell A, Watts JD, Aebersold R, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R, van Oers NSC. PTPH1 is a predominant protein-tyrosine phosphatase capable of interacting with and dephosphorylating the T cell receptor zeta subunit. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:7760-9. [PMID: 14672952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309994200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) play key roles in regulating tyrosine phosphorylation levels in cells, yet the identity of their substrates remains limited. We report here on the identification of PTPases capable of dephosphorylating the phosphorylated immune tyrosine-based activation motifs present in the T cell receptor zeta subunit. To characterize these PTPases, we purified enzyme activities directed against the phosphorylated T cell receptor zeta subunit by a combination of anion and cation chromatography procedures. A novel ELISA-based PTPase assay was developed to rapidly screen protein fractions for enzyme activity following the various chromatography steps. We present data that SHP-1 and PTPH1 are present in highly enriched protein fractions that exhibit PTPase activities toward a tyrosine-phosphorylated TCR zeta substrate (specific activity ranging from 0.23 to 40 pmol/min/microg). We also used a protein-tyrosine phosphatase substrate-trapping library comprising the catalytic domains of 47 distinct protein-tyrosine phosphatases, representing almost all the tyrosine phosphatases identified in the human genome. PTPH1 was the predominant phosphatase capable of complexing phospho-zeta. Subsequent transfection assays indicated that SHP-1 and PTPH1 are the two principal PTPases capable of regulating the phosphorylation state of the TCR zeta ITAMs, with PTPH1 directly dephosphorylating zeta. This is the first reported demonstration that PTPH1 is a candidate PTPase capable of interacting with and dephosphorylating TCR zeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Sozio
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9093, USA
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17
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Dadi HK, Simon AJ, Roifman CM. Effect of CD3delta deficiency on maturation of alpha/beta and gamma/delta T-cell lineages in severe combined immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1821-8. [PMID: 14602880 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa031178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harjit K Dadi
- Divisions of Immunology and Allergy and the Infection, Immunity, Injury and Repair Program, the Research Institute and the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Pitcher LA, Ohashi PS, van Oers NSC. T cell antagonism is functionally uncoupled from the 21- and 23-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated TCR zeta subunits. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:845-52. [PMID: 12847253 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The functional effects of altered peptide ligands on T cells is proposed to involve differential intracellular signaling mediated by the 21- and 23-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated derivatives of the TCR zeta subunit (p21 and p23). To understand the functional contribution of p21 and p23 to T cell development and T cell antagonism, we generated selected TCR zeta transgenic mice maintained on the P14 alphabeta TCR transgenic line such that p23 or both p21 and p23 were selectively eliminated. Importantly, one line (YF1,2) retains the constitutively tyrosine-phosphorylated p21 in the complete absence of inducible p23. We determined that T cell development was uncoupled from p21 and/or p23. Using a series of agonist, weak agonist, and antagonist peptides, we analyzed the role of each of the phosphorylated forms of TCR zeta on T cell activation and antagonism. In this study, we report that the proliferative responses of alphabeta P14 T cells to agonist peptides and the inhibition of proliferation resulting from antagonist peptide treatments was functionally uncoupled from p21 and/or p23. These results suggest that the mechanism of T cell antagonism is independent of the two phosphorylated TCR zeta derivatives.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Amino Acid Substitution/immunology
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Weight
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Phenylalanine/genetics
- Phenylalanine/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Subunits/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Subunits/biosynthesis
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Tyrosine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Pitcher
- Center for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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19
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Carrasco YR, Navarro MN, Toribio ML. A role for the cytoplasmic tail of the pre-T cell receptor (TCR) alpha chain in promoting constitutive internalization and degradation of the pre-TCR. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:14507-13. [PMID: 12473666 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204944200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of the alpha beta T cell receptor (TCR) by its ligand results in the down-modulation of TCR cell surface expression, which is thought to be a central event in T cell activation. On the other hand, pre-TCR signaling is a key process in alpha beta T cell development, which appears to proceed in a constitutive and ligand-independent manner. Here, comparative analyses on the dynamics of pre-TCR and TCR cell surface expression show that unligated pre-TCR complexes expressed on human pre-T cells behave as engaged TCR complexes, i.e. they are rapidly internalized and degraded in lysosomes and proteasomes but do not recycle back to the cell surface. Thus, pre-TCR down-regulation takes place constitutively without the need for extracellular ligation. By using TCR alpha/p Tau alpha chain chimeras, we demonstrate that prevention of recycling and induction of degradation are unique pre-TCR properties conferred by the cytoplasmic domain of the pT alpha chain. Finally, we show that pre-TCR internalization is a protein kinase C-independent process that involves the combination of src kinase-dependent and -independent pathways. These data suggest that constitutive pre-TCR down-modulation regulates pre-TCR surface expression levels and hence the extent of ligand-independent signaling through the pre-TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda R Carrasco
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Spain
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20
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Hayes SM, Shores EW, Love PE. An architectural perspective on signaling by the pre-, alphabeta and gammadelta T cell receptors. Immunol Rev 2003; 191:28-37. [PMID: 12614349 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is a multimeric complex composed of an antigen-binding clonotypic heterodimer and a signal transducing complex consisting of the CD3 dimers (CD3gammaepsilon and CD3deltaepsilon) and a TCR-zeta homodimer. In all jawed vertebrates there are two T cell lineages, alphabeta and gammadelta, distinguished by the clonotypic subunits contained within their TCRs (TCR-alpha and -beta or TCR-gamma and -delta, respectively). A third receptor complex, the preTCR, is only expressed on immature T cells. The preTCR, which contains the invariant pre-Talpha (pTalpha) chain in lieu of TCR-alpha, plays a critical role in the early development of alphabeta lineage cells. The subunit composition of the signal transducing complexes of the pre-, alphabeta- and gammadeltaTCRs was previously thought to be identical. However, recent data demonstrate that there are significant differences in the signal transducing complexes of these three TCRs. For example, alphabetaTCRs contain both CD3gammaepsilon and CD3deltaepsilon dimers, whereas gammadeltaTCRs contain only CD3gammaepsilon dimers. Moreover, preTCR function appears to be unaffected in the absence of CD3delta, suggesting that CD3deltaepsilon dimers are dispensable for pre-TCR assembly. In this review, we summarize current data relating to the subunit composition of the pre-, alphabeta- and gammadeltaTCRs and discuss how these structural differences may impact receptor signaling and alphabeta/gammadelta lineage determination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Hayes
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Ito Y, Arai S, van Oers NSC, Aifantis I, von Boehmer H, Miyazaki T. Positive selection by the pre-TCR yields mature CD8+ T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4913-9. [PMID: 12391203 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.4913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been of much interest whether there is functional redundancy between the constitutively signaling pre-Talpha/TCRbeta (pre-TCR) and ligated TCRalphabeta complexes, which independently operate the two distinct checkpoints during thymocyte development, i.e., the pre-TCR involved in beta-selection at the CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative stage and the TCRalphabeta being crucial for positive/negative selection at the CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive stage. We found that the pre-TCR expressed on double-positive cells in TCRalpha-deficient (TCRalpha(-/-)) mice produced a small number of mature CD8(+) T cells. Surprisingly, when pre-Talpha was overexpressed, resulting in augmentation of pre-TCR expression, there was a striking increase of the CD8(+) T cells. In addition, even in the absence of up-regulation of pre-TCR expression, a similar increase of CD8(+) T cells was also observed in TCRalpha(-/-) mice overexpressing Egr-1, which lowers the threshold of signal strength required for positive selection. In sharp contrast, the CD8(+) T cells drastically decreased in the absence of pre-Talpha on a TCRalpha(-/-) background. Thus, the pre-TCR appears to functionally promote positive selection of CD8(+) T cells. The biased production of CD8(+) T cells via the pre-TCR might also support the potential involvement of signal strength in CD4/CD8 lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Ito
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390, USA
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22
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Carrasco YR, Navarro MN, de Yébenes VG, Ramiro AR, Toribio ML. Regulation of surface expression of the human pre-T cell receptor complex. Semin Immunol 2002; 14:325-34. [PMID: 12220933 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-5323(02)00065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has recently been made in defining the role that pre-antigen receptor complexes, namely the pre-T and pre-B cell receptors, play in lymphocyte development. It is now established that these receptors direct, in a similar way, the survival, expansion, clonality and further differentiation of pre-T and pre-B lymphocytes, respectively. However, less is known about the mechanisms which ensure that only minute amounts of pre-TCR and pre-BCR reach the plasma membrane of developing lymphocytes. In this review, we discuss the implications of recent experimental approaches which address the developmental regulation of human pre-TCR expression and the molecular mechanisms that control surface pre-TCR expression levels.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/immunology
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda R Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Xu Z, Weiss A. Negative regulation of CD45 by differential homodimerization of the alternatively spliced isoforms. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:764-71. [PMID: 12134145 DOI: 10.1038/ni822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) is not well understood. Although CD45 can be negatively regulated by dimerization, how dimerization is modulated is unclear. Here we show that various isoforms of CD45 differentially homodimerize in T cells. The dimerization is modulated by the sialylation and O-glycosylation of alternatively spliced CD45 exons in the extracellular domain. Thus, the smallest isoform, CD45RO--which undergoes the least extracellular sialylation and O-glycosylation--homodimerizes with the highest efficiency, resulting in decreased signaling via the T cell receptor. Because CD45 is required for T cell activation, our findings may reveal a mechanism that contributes to the termination of the primary T cell response. Our results not only demonstrate the biological significance of alternative splicing in the immune system, but also suggest a model for regulating RPTP dimerization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Department of Medicine and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA
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24
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Panigada M, Porcellini S, Barbier E, Hoeflinger S, Cazenave PA, Gu H, Band H, von Boehmer H, Grassi F. Constitutive endocytosis and degradation of the pre-T cell receptor. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1585-97. [PMID: 12070286 PMCID: PMC2193560 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pre-T cell receptor (TCR) signals constitutively in the absence of putative ligands on thymic stroma and signal transduction correlates with translocation of the pre-TCR into glycolipid-enriched microdomains (rafts) in the plasma membrane. Here, we show that the pre-TCR is constitutively routed to lysosomes after reaching the cell surface. The cell-autonomous down-regulation of the pre-TCR requires activation of the src-like kinase p56(lck), actin polymerization, and dynamin. Constitutive signaling and degradation represents a feature of the pre-TCR because the gammadeltaTCR expressed in the same cell line does not exhibit these features. This is also evident by the observation that the protein adaptor/ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl is phosphorylated and selectively translocated into rafts in pre-TCR- but not gammadeltaTCR-expressing cells. A role of c-Cbl-mediated ubiquitination in pre-TCR degradation is supported by the reduction of degradation through pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome and through a dominant-negative c-Cbl ubiquitin ligase as well as by increased pre-TCR surface expression on immature thymocytes in c-Cbl-deficient mice. The pre-TCR internalization contributes significantly to the low surface level of the receptor on developing T cells, and may in fact be a requirement for optimal pre-TCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Panigada
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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25
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Abstract
Cell-fate decisions are controlled typically by conserved receptors that interact with co-evolved ligands. Therefore, the lineage-specific differentiation of immature CD4+ CD8+ T cells into CD4+ or CD8+ mature T cells is unusual in that it is regulated by clonally expressed, somatically generated T-cell receptors (TCRs) of unpredictable fine specificity. Yet, each mature T cell generally retains expression of the co-receptor molecule (CD4 or CD8) that has an MHC-binding property that matches that of its TCR. Two models were proposed initially to explain this remarkable outcome--'instruction' of lineage choice by initial signalling events or 'selection' after a stochastic fate decision that limits further development to cells with coordinated TCR and co-receptor specificities. Aspects of both models now appear to be correct; mistake-prone instruction of lineage choice precedes a subsequent selection step that filters out most incorrect decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Germain
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1892, USA.
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26
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Ramiro AR, Navarro MN, Carreira A, Carrasco YR, de Yébenes VG, Carrillo G, San Millán JL, Rubin B, Toribio ML. Differential developmental regulation and functional effects on pre-TCR surface expression of human pTalpha(a) and pTalpha(b) spliced isoforms. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5106-14. [PMID: 11673521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.5106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Functional rearrangement at the TCRbeta locus leads to surface expression on developing pre-T cells of a pre-TCR complex composed of the TCRbeta-chain paired with the invariant pre-TCRalpha (pTalpha) chain and associated with CD3 components. Pre-TCR signaling triggers the expansion and further differentiation of pre-T cells into TCRalphabeta mature T cells, a process known as beta selection. Besides the conventional pTalpha transcript (termed pTalpha(a)), a second, alternative spliced, isoform of the pTalpha gene (pTalpha(b)) has been described, whose developmental relevance remains unknown. In this study, phenotypic, biochemical, and functional evidence is provided that only pTalpha(a) is capable of inducing surface expression of a CD3-associated pre-TCR complex, which seems spontaneously recruited into lipid rafts, while pTalpha(b) pairs with and retains TCRbeta intracellularly. In addition, by using real-time quantitative RT-PCR approaches, we show that expression of pTalpha(a) and pTalpha(b) mRNA spliced products is differentially regulated along human intrathymic development, so that pTalpha(b) transcriptional onset is developmentally delayed, but beta selection results in simultaneous shutdown of both isoforms, with a relative increase of pTalpha(b) transcripts in beta-selected vs nonselected pre-T cells in vivo. Relative increase of pTalpha(b) is also shown to occur upon pre-T cell activation in vitro. Taken together, our data illustrate that transcriptional regulation of pTalpha limits developmental expression of human pre-TCR to intrathymic stages surrounding beta selection, and are compatible with a role for pTalpha(b) in forming an intracellular TCRbeta-pTalpha(b) complex that may be responsible for limiting surface expression of a pTalpha(a)-containing pre-TCR and/or may be competent to signal from a subcellular compartment.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/biosynthesis
- Cell Line
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Precursors/biosynthesis
- RNA Splicing
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ramiro
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Mancini SJ, Candéias SM, Di Santo JP, Ferrier P, Marche PN, Jouvin-Marche E. TCRA gene rearrangement in immature thymocytes in absence of CD3, pre-TCR, and TCR signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4485-93. [PMID: 11591775 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During thymocyte differentiation, TCRA genes are massively rearranged only after productively rearranged TCRB genes are expressed in association with pTalpha and CD3 complex molecules within a pre-TCR. Signaling from the pre-TCR via the CD3 complex is thought to be required to promote TCRA gene accessibility and recombination. However, alphabeta(+) thymocytes do develop in pTalpha-deficient mice, showing that TCRalpha-chain genes are rearranged, either in CD4(-)CD8(-) or CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes, in the absence of pre-TCR expression. In this study, we analyzed the TCRA gene recombination status of early immature thymocytes in mutant mice with arrested thymocyte development, deficient for either CD3 or pTalpha and gammac expression. ADV genes belonging to different families were found rearranged to multiple AJ segments in both cases. Thus, TCRA gene rearrangement is independent of CD3 and gammac signaling. However, CD3 expression was found to play a role in transcription of rearranged TCRalpha-chain genes in CD4(-)CD8(-) thymocytes. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the molecular control of early T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Mancini
- Laboratoire d'Immunochimie, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U548, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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28
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Vasseur F, Le Campion A, Pénit C. Scheduled kinetics of cell proliferation and phenotypic changes during immature thymocyte generation. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3038-47. [PMID: 11592080 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(2001010)31:10<3038::aid-immu3038>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Precursor CD4-CD8- (DN) thymocytes rearrange their TCR-beta genes, and only those which succeed in beta-selection subsequently expand and differentiate into immature CD4+CD8+ (DP) thymocytes. The cell subsets corresponding to the successive steps of this transition can be defined in terms of CD44 and CD25 expression. We partially synchronized the differentiation process by eliminating cycling cells with the anti-mitotic agent demecolcine. Using in vivo pulse labeling with bromodeoxyuridine, we determined the order of entry into DNA synthesis of the different DN and transitory (CD4-/lo CD8+) cell subsets. Two independent proliferation phases were identified. The first cells to enter the cell cycle were CD44-CD25lo, and CD4/CD8/TCR-/BrdU four-color staining showed that they all expressed a low density of the TCR-beta chain, an element of the pre-TCR (the TCR-alpha locus is still in germ-line configuration at this stage). Cycling of CD44+CD25+ cells was detected later, and no starting point was observed at the CD44-CD25hi stage. CD8 expression was immediately detectable in cycling cells, but they took 24 h to reach the DP stage. The study of TCR-Calpha-deficient mice showed that beta gene rearrangement occurred once proliferation had ceased at the DP stage, and that it had no influence on the DN-DP transition. These data show that precursor thymocytes undergo two independent waves of expansion, and that the second wave is restricted to cells capable of pre-TCR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vasseur
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 345, Institut Necker, Paris, France
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29
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Carrasco YR, Ramiro AR, Trigueros C, de Yébenes VG, García-Peydró M, Toribio ML. An endoplasmic reticulum retention function for the cytoplasmic tail of the human pre-T cell receptor (TCR) alpha chain: potential role in the regulation of cell surface pre-TCR expression levels. J Exp Med 2001; 193:1045-58. [PMID: 11342589 PMCID: PMC2193431 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.9.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pre-T cell receptor (TCR), which consists of a TCR-beta chain paired with pre-TCR-alpha (pTalpha) and associated with CD3/zeta components, is a critical regulator of T cell development. For unknown reasons, extremely low pre-TCR levels reach the plasma membrane of pre-T cells. By transfecting chimeric TCR-alpha-pTalpha proteins into pre-T and mature T cell lines, we show here that the low surface expression of the human pre-TCR is pTalpha chain dependent. Particularly, the cytoplasmic domain of pTalpha is sufficient to reduce surface expression of a conventional TCR-alpha/beta to pre-TCR expression levels. Such reduced expression cannot be attributed to qualitative differences in the biochemical composition of the CD3/zeta modules associated with pre-TCR and TCR surface complexes. Rather, evidence is provided that the pTalpha cytoplasmic tail also causes a reduced surface expression of individual membrane molecules such as CD25 and CD4, which are shown to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Native pTalpha is also observed to be predominantly ER localized. Finally, sequential truncations along the pTalpha cytoplasmic domain revealed that removal of the COOH-terminal 48 residues is sufficient to release a CD4-pTalpha chimera from ER retention, and to restore native CD4 surface expression levels. As such a truncation in pTalpha also correlates with enhanced pre-TCR expression, the observed pTalpha ER retention function may contribute to the regulation of surface pre-TCR expression on pre-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda R. Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena R. Ramiro
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - César Trigueros
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia G. de Yébenes
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina García-Peydró
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María L. Toribio
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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30
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von Boehmer H, Aifantis I, Azogui O, Saint-Ruf C, Grassi F. The impact of pre-T-cell receptor signals on gene expression in developing T cells. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2001; 64:283-9. [PMID: 11232298 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1999.64.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H von Boehmer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U373 Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, F-75730 Paris, France
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31
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Steff AM, Trop S, Maira M, Drouin J, Hugo P. Opposite ability of pre-TCR and alpha beta TCR to induce apoptosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5044-50. [PMID: 11290785 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.5044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In early CD4(-)CD8(-) pro-thymocytes, signaling through the pre-TCR is crucial for survival and differentiation into CD4(+)CD8(+) cells. At this more mature stage, interactions between alphabetaTCR and self-Ag/MHC complexes in turn lead either to cell survival and differentiation (positive selection) or to cell death (negative selection). Intrinsic differences must therefore exist between pre-TCR signals in CD4(-)CD8(-) thymocytes and alphabetaTCR signals in CD4(+)CD8(+) cells, since only the latter can mediate a death signal. In this work, we directly compared the capability of pre-TCR and alphabetaTCR to induce apoptosis in a CD4(-)CD8(-) thymoma cell line following receptor cross-linking with mAbs. Cross-linking of alphabetaTCR triggered high levels of programmed cell death, mimicking the negative selection signal usually induced in CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes. In contrast, pre-TCR was very inefficient at inducing apoptosis upon cross-linking, despite similar levels of surface receptor expression. Importantly, inefficient apoptosis induction by the pre-TCR did not result from its weak association with TCRzeta chain, since TCRs containing alpha-pTalpha chimeric chains, binding weakly to TCRzeta, were still able to induce apoptosis. Although similar tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium influx were induced after either pre-TCR or alphabetaTCR cross-linking, the two pathways diverged at the level of Fas ligand induction. Among putative transcription factors involved in Fas ligand mRNA induction, Nur77 and NFAT transcriptional activities were readily induced after alphabetaTCR, but not pre-TCR, stimulation. Together, these results support the view that the structure of the pre-TCR and alphabetaTCR directly influences their apoptosis-inducing capabilities by activating distinct signaling pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Cell Death/genetics
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Ligands
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Lymphoma/metabolism
- Lymphoma/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- NFATC Transcription Factors
- Nuclear Proteins
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Receptors, Steroid
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Neoplasms/immunology
- Thymus Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thymus Neoplasms/pathology
- Trans-Activators/immunology
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Steff
- Division of Research and Development, PROCREA BioSciences, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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32
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Baker JE, Majeti R, Tangye SG, Weiss A. Protein tyrosine phosphatase CD148-mediated inhibition of T-cell receptor signal transduction is associated with reduced LAT and phospholipase Cgamma1 phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:2393-403. [PMID: 11259588 PMCID: PMC86872 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.7.2393-2403.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the role of the receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase CD148 in T-cell activation. Overexpression of CD148 in the Jurkat T-cell line inhibited activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells following T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation but not following stimulation through a heterologously expressed G protein-coupled receptor, the human muscarinic receptor subtype 1. Using a tetracycline-inducible expression system, we show that the TCR-mediated activation of both the Ras and calcium pathways was inhibited by expression of CD148 at levels that approximate those found in activated primary T cells. These effects were dependent on the phosphatase activity of CD148. Analysis of TCR-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation demonstrated that most phosphoproteins were unaffected by CD148 expression. However, phospholipase Cgamma1 (PLCgamma1) and LAT were strikingly hypophosphorylated in CD148-expressing cells following TCR stimulation, whereas the phosphorylation levels of Slp-76 and Itk were modestly reduced. Based on these results, we propose that CD148 negatively regulates TCR signaling by interfering with the phosphorylation and function of PLCgamma1 and LAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Baker
- Department of Medicine and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA
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33
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Haks MC, Cordaro TA, van den Brakel JH, Haanen JB, de Vries EF, Borst J, Krimpenfort P, Kruisbeek AM. A redundant role of the CD3 gamma-immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif in mature T cell function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2576-88. [PMID: 11160319 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At least four different CD3 polypeptide chains are contained within the mature TCR complex, each encompassing one (CD3gamma, CD3delta, and CD3epsilon) or three (CD3zeta) immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) within their cytoplasmic domains. Why so many ITAMs are required is unresolved: it has been speculated that the different ITAMs function in signal specification, but they may also serve in signal amplification. Because the CD3zeta chains do not contribute unique signaling functions to the TCR, and because the ITAMs of the CD3-gammadeltaepsilon module alone can endow the TCR with normal signaling capacity, it thus becomes important to examine how the CD3gamma-, delta-, and epsilon-ITAMs regulate TCR signaling. We here report on the role of the CD3gamma chain and the CD3gamma-ITAM in peripheral T cell activation and differentiation to effector function. All T cell responses were reduced or abrogated in T cells derived from CD3gamma null-mutant mice, probably because of decreased expression levels of the mature TCR complex lacking CD3gamma. Consistent with this explanation, T cell responses proceed undisturbed in the absence of a functional CD3gamma-ITAM. Loss of integrity of the CD3gamma-ITAM only slightly impaired the regulation of expression of activation markers, suggesting a quantitative contribution of the CD3gamma-ITAM in this process. Nevertheless, the induction of an in vivo T cell response in influenza A virus-infected CD3gamma-ITAM-deficient mice proceeds normally. Therefore, if ITAMs can function in signal specification, it is likely that either the CD3delta and/or the CD3epsilon chains endow the TCR with qualitatively unique signaling functions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- CD3 Complex/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Haks
- Division of Immunology, Division of Cellular Biochemistry, and Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Trop S, Rhodes M, Wiest DL, Hugo P, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Competitive displacement of pT alpha by TCR-alpha during TCR assembly prevents surface coexpression of pre-TCR and alpha beta TCR. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:5566-72. [PMID: 11067911 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.10.5566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During alphabeta T cell development, CD4(-)CD8(-) thymocytes first express pre-TCR (pTalpha/TCR-beta) before their differentiation to the CD4(+)CD8(+) stage. Positive selection of self-tolerant T cells is then determined by the alphabeta TCR expressed on CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes. Conceivably, an overlap in surface expression of these two receptors would interfere with the delicate balance of thymic selection. Therefore, a mechanism ensuring the sequential expression of pre-TCR and TCR must function during thymocyte development. In support of this notion, we demonstrate that expression of TCR-alpha by immature thymocytes terminates the surface expression of pre-TCR. Our results reveal that expression of TCR-alpha precludes the formation of pTalpha/TCR-beta dimers within the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to the displacement of pre-TCR from the cell surface. These findings illustrate a novel posttranslational mechanism for the regulation of pre-TCR expression, which may ensure that alphabeta TCR expression on thymocytes undergoing selection is not compromised by the expression of pre-TCR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Dimerization
- Disulfides/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha/physiology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Precursors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Precursors/biosynthesis
- Protein Precursors/metabolism
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trop
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Berger MA, Carleton M, Rhodes M, Sauder JM, Trop S, Dunbrack RL, Hugo P, Wiest DL. Identification of a novel pre-TCR isoform in which the accessibility of the TCR beta subunit is determined by occupancy of the 'missing' V domain of pre-T alpha. Int Immunol 2000; 12:1579-91. [PMID: 11058578 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.11.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have identified a novel pre-TCR isoform that is structurally distinct from conventional pre-TCR complexes and whose TCR beta chains are inaccessible to anti-TCR beta antibodies. We term this pre-TCR isoform the MB (masked beta)-pre-TCR. Pre-T alpha (pT alpha) subunits of MB-pre-TCR complexes have a larger apparent mol. wt due to extensive modification with O:-linked carbohydrates; however, preventing addition of O-glycans does not restore antibody recognition of the TCR beta subunits of MB-pre-TCR complexes. Importantly, accessibility of TCR beta chains in MB-pre-TCR complexes is restored by filling in the 'missing' variable (V) domain of pT alpha with a V domain from TCR alpha. Moreover, the proportion of pre-TCR complexes in which the TCR beta subunits are accessible to anti-TCR beta antibody varies with the cellular context, suggesting that TCR beta accessibility is controlled by a trans-acting factor. The way in which this factor might control TCR beta accessibility as well as the physiologic relevance of TCR beta masking for pre-TCR function are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carbohydrate Sequence
- Dimerization
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Glycosylation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis
- Protein Isoforms/deficiency
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Isoforms/isolation & purification
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/isolation & purification
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Berger
- Immunobiology Working Group, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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36
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Saint-Ruf C, Panigada M, Azogui O, Debey P, von Boehmer H, Grassi F. Different initiation of pre-TCR and gammadeltaTCR signalling. Nature 2000; 406:524-7. [PMID: 10952314 DOI: 10.1038/35020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lineage choice is of great interest in developmental biology. In the immune system, the alphabeta and gammadelta lineages of T lymphocytes diverge during the course of the beta-, gamma- and delta-chain rearrangement of T-cell receptor (TCR) genes that takes place within the same precursor cell and which results in the formation of the gammadeltaTCR or pre-TCR proteins. The pre-TCR consists of the TCRbeta chain covalently linked to the pre-TCRalpha protein, which is present in immature but not in mature T cells which instead express the TCRalpha chain. Animals deficient in pre-TCRalpha have few alphabeta lineage cells but an increased number of gammadelta T cells. These gammadelta T cells exhibit more extensive TCRbeta rearrangement than gammadelta T cells from wild-type mice. These observations are consistent with the idea that different signals emanating from the gammadeltaTCR and pre-TCR instruct lineage commitment. Here we show, by using confocal microscopy and biochemistry to analyse the initiation of signalling, that the pre-TCR but not the gammadeltaTCR colocalizes with the p56lck Src kinase into glycolipid-enriched membrane domains (rafts) apparently without any need for ligation. This results in the phosphorylation of CD3epsilon and Zap-70 signal transducing molecules. The results indicate clear differences between pre-TCR and gammadeltaTCR signalling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Leukopoiesis/physiology
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Palmitic Acid/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- C Saint-Ruf
- Institut Necker, U INSERM 373, Faculté de Médecine Necker, Paris, France
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37
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids are small lipophilic compounds that mediate their many biological effects by binding an intracellular receptor (GR) that, in turn, translocates to the nucleus and directly or indirectly regulates gene transcription. Perhaps the most recognized biologic effect of glucocorticoids on peripheral T cells is immunosuppression, which is due to inhibition of expression of a wide variety of activationinduced gene products. Glucocorticoids have also been implicated in Th lineage development (favoring the generation of Th2 cells) and, by virtue of their downregulation of fasL expression, the inhibition of activation-induced T cell apoptosis. Glucocorticoids are also potent inducers of apoptosis, and even glucocorticoid concentrations achieved during a stress response can cause the death of CD4(+)CD8(+ )thymocytes. Perhaps surprisingly, thymic epithelial cells produce glucocorticoids, and based upon in vitro and in vivo studies of T cell development it has been proposed that these locally produced glucocorticoids participate in antigen-specific thymocyte development by inhibiting activation-induced gene transcription and thus increasing the TCR signaling thresholds required to promote positive and negative selection. It is anticipated that studies in animals with tissue-specific GR-deficiency will further elucide how glucocorticoids affect T cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Ashwell
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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38
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Sosinowski T, Pandey A, Dixit VM, Weiss A. Src-like adaptor protein (SLAP) is a negative regulator of T cell receptor signaling. J Exp Med 2000; 191:463-74. [PMID: 10662792 PMCID: PMC2195826 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.3.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling is dependent on Lck, a Src family kinase. The Src-like adaptor protein (SLAP) contains Src homology (SH)3 and SH2 domains, which are highly homologous to those of Lck and other Src family members. Because of the structural similarity between Lck and SLAP, we studied its potential role in TCR signaling. Here, we show that SLAP is expressed in T cells, and that when expressed in Jurkat T cells it can specifically inhibit TCR signaling leading to nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-, activator protein 1 (AP-1)-, and interleukin 2-dependent transcription. The SH3 and SH2 domains of SLAP are required for maximal attenuation of TCR signaling. This inhibitory activity can be bypassed by the combination of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, suggesting that SLAP acts proximally in the TCR signaling pathway. SLAP colocalizes with endosomes in Jurkat and in HeLa cells, and is insoluble in mild detergents. In stimulated Jurkat cells, SLAP associates with a molecular signaling complex containing CD3zeta, ZAP-70, SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kD (SLP-76), Vav, and possibly linker for activation of T cells (LAT). These results suggest that SLAP is a negative regulator of TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Sosinowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | | | - Arthur Weiss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795
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39
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Mancini S, Candéias SM, Fehling HJ, von Boehmer H, Jouvin-Marche E, Marche PN. TCR α-Chain Repertoire in pTα-Deficient Mice Is Diverse and Developmentally Regulated: Implications for Pre-TCR Functions and TCRA Gene Rearrangement. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.11.6053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Pre-TCR expression on developing thymocytes allows cells with productive TCRB gene rearrangements to further differentiate. In wild-type mice, most TCRA gene rearrangements are initiated after pre-TCR expression. However, in pTα-deficient mice, a substantial number of αβ+ thymocytes are still produced, in part because early TCR α-chain expression can rescue immature thymocytes from cell death. In this study, the nature of these TCR α-chains, produced and expressed in the absence of pre-TCR expression, have been analyzed. We show, by FACS analysis and sequencing of rearranged transcripts, that the TCRA repertoire is diverse in pTα−/− mice and that the developmental regulation of AJ segment use is maintained, yet slightly delayed around birth when compared with wild-type mice. We also found that T cell differentiation is more affected by pTα inactivation during late gestation than later in life. These data suggest that the pre-TCR is not functionally required for the initiation and regulation of TCRA gene rearrangement and that fetal thymocytes are more dependent than adult cells on pTα-derived signals for their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mancini
- *Laboratoire d’Immunochimie, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique-Grenoble, Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 238, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Serge M. Candéias
- *Laboratoire d’Immunochimie, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique-Grenoble, Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 238, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Harald von Boehmer
- ‡Institut Necker, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 373, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Jouvin-Marche
- *Laboratoire d’Immunochimie, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique-Grenoble, Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 238, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice N. Marche
- *Laboratoire d’Immunochimie, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique-Grenoble, Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Structurale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit 238, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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40
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Carleton M, Ruetsch NR, Berger MA, Rhodes M, Kaptik S, Wiest DL. Signals Transduced by CD3ε, But Not by Surface Pre-TCR Complexes, Are Able to Induce Maturation of an Early Thymic Lymphoma In Vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.5.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Development of immature CD4−CD8− (double-negative) thymocytes to the CD4+CD8+ (double-positive) stage is linked to productive rearrangement of the TCRβ locus by signals transduced through the pre-TCR. However, the mechanism whereby pre-TCR signaling is initiated remains unclear, in part due to the lack of an in vitro model system amenable to both biochemical and genetic analysis. In this study, we establish the thymic lymphoma Scid.adh as such a model system. Scid.adh responds to Ab engagement of surface IL-2Ra (TAC):CD3ε molecules (a signaling chimera that mimics pre-TCR signaling in vivo) by undergoing changes in gene expression observed following pre-TCR activation in normal thymocytes. These changes include down-regulation of CD25, recombinase-activating gene (RAG)-1, RAG-2, and pTα; and the up-regulation of TCRα germline transcripts. We term this complete set of changes in gene expression, in vitro maturation. Interestingly, Scid.adh undergoes only a subset of these changes in gene expression following Ab engagement of the pre-TCR. Our findings make two important points. First, because TAC:CD3ε stimulation of Scid.adh induces physiologically relevant changes in gene expression, Scid.adh is an excellent cellular system for investigating the molecular requirements for pre-TCR signaling. Second, Ab engagement of CD3ε signaling domains in isolation (TAC:CD3ε) promotes in vitro maturation of Scid.adh, whereas engagement of CD3ε molecules contained within the complete pre-TCR fails to do so. Our current working hypothesis is that CD3ε fails to promote in vitro maturation when in the context of an Ab-engaged pre-TCR because another pre-TCR subunit(s), possibly TCRζ, qualitatively alters the CD3ε signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carleton
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Immunobiology Working Group, Division of Basic Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Norman R. Ruetsch
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Immunobiology Working Group, Division of Basic Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Marc A. Berger
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Immunobiology Working Group, Division of Basic Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Michele Rhodes
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Immunobiology Working Group, Division of Basic Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Steven Kaptik
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Immunobiology Working Group, Division of Basic Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - David L. Wiest
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Immunobiology Working Group, Division of Basic Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19111
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41
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Chu DH, van Oers NSC, Malissen M, Harris J, Elder M, Weiss A. Pre-T Cell Receptor Signals Are Responsible for the Down-Regulation of Syk Protein Tyrosine Kinase Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.5.2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Thymocyte development proceeds through two critical checkpoints that involve signaling events through two different receptors, the TCR and the pre-TCR. These receptors employ two families of protein tyrosine kinases to propagate their signals, the Src and Syk families. Genetic and biochemical evidence has shown that the Src family kinases are critical for normal T cell maturation. ZAP-70, a Syk family kinase, has similarly been implicated as a critical component in thymocyte development. Although genetic evidence has suggested that Syk is involved during thymocyte development, a definitive study of Syk expression has not been performed. In this paper we report our reanalysis of Syk expression in subpopulations of murine and human thymocytes by intracellular staining and flow cytometry using anti-Syk mAbs. Syk is expressed at increased levels during the stages in which pre-TCR signaling occurs. Furthermore, Syk is down-regulated after the pre-TCR checkpoint has been passed. Syk may play an important role in thymic development during pre-TCR signal transduction. Finally, incomplete down-regulation of Syk expression was noted in human thymocytes, offering a possible explanation for the distinct phenotypes of mice and humans deficient in ZAP-70.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie Malissen
- §Centre d’Immunologie Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Arthur Weiss
- *Microbiology and Immunology,
- ‡Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
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42
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Wiest DL, Berger MA, Carleton M. Control of early thymocyte development by the pre-T cell receptor complex: A receptor without a ligand? Semin Immunol 1999; 11:251-62. [PMID: 10441211 DOI: 10.1006/smim.1999.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Beta-selection refers to a developmental checkpoint linking thymocyte survival to the outcome of antigen receptor gene rearrangement. Immature thymocytes that productively rear-range the gene segments of the TCRbeta locus undergo proliferative expansion and mature to the CD4(+)CD8(+)stage; those failing to do so die by apoptosis. How are these precursor cells alerted that TCRbeta rearrangement has been productive? While it is clear that this process involves signals transduced by a surrogate form of the TCR termed the pre-TCR, it remains unclear how pre-TCR signals are triggered. In this review, we will discuss the implications of recent experimental attempts to address this issue, as well as how pre-TCR activation is linked to the changes in gene expression that underlie thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Wiest
- Division of Basic Sciences, Immunobiology Working Group, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 7701 Burholme Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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43
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Pingel S, Baker M, Turner M, Holmes N, Alexander DR. The CD45 tyrosine phosphatase regulates CD3-induced signal transduction and T cell development in recombinase-deficient mice: restoration of pre-TCR function by active p56(lck). Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:2376-84. [PMID: 10458749 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199908)29:08<2376::aid-immu2376>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pre-TCR complex regulates the transition from CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative (DN) to CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) thymocytes during T cell development. In CD45(-/-) mice there is an accumulation of DN cells, suggesting a possible role for CD45 in pre-TCR signaling. We therefore crossed CD45(-/-) with Rag-1(-/-) mice to investigate the signaling functions of the CD3 complex in DN thymocytes. Remarkably, treatment of Rag-1(-/-)/CD45(-/-) mice with a CD3 mAb caused maturation to the DP stage at only 3% of the level measured in Rag-1(-/-) mice. Furthermore, ligation of the CD3 complex on Rag-1(-/-) /CD45(-/-) thymocytes in vitro induced less tyrosine phosphorylation in specific proteins when compared to Rag-1(-/-) thymocytes. CD45(-/-) mice were also crossed with pLGFA mice expressing a constitutively active form of the lck tyrosine kinase which restored the DN to DP transition to near normal levels. Our results are consistent with a model in which CD45-activated p56(lck) is critical for pre-TCR signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pingel
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development Programme of Molecular Immunology, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, GB
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44
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Haks MC, Krimpenfort P, van den Brakel JH, Kruisbeek AM. Pre-TCR signaling and inactivation of p53 induces crucial cell survival pathways in pre-T cells. Immunity 1999; 11:91-101. [PMID: 10435582 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Signaling through the pre-TCR is essential for early T cell development and is severely impaired in mice lacking the CD3 gamma chain of the pre-TCR. We here address the molecular mechanisms underlying this defect. Impaired pre-TCR signaling is shown to be associated with a profound increase in the number of apoptotic CD4- CD8- (DN) thymocytes. Introduction of p53 deficiency into CD3 gamma-deficient mice completely reverses the cell survival defect in CD3 gamma-deficient DN thymocytes and rescues the block in pre-T cell differentiation. In addition, the CD4+ CD8+ (DP) compartment is expanded to its normal size. These findings suggest that the pre-TCR regulates progression through the DNA-damage checkpoint of the DN to DP transition by inactivating p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Haks
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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45
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Trop S, Steff AM, Denis F, Wiest DL, Hugo P. The connecting peptide domain of pT alpha dictates weak association of the pre-T cell receptor with the TCR zeta subunit. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:2187-96. [PMID: 10427981 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199907)29:07<2187::aid-immu2187>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Signals delivered through the pre-TCR, a heterodimer of pT alpha and TCR beta chains, are crucial for the maturation and proliferation of immature alphabeta lineage thymocytes from the CD4- CD8- to the CD4+ CD8+ stage. To gain insight into the structural and functional properties of the pre-TCR, chimeric TCR alpha chains were generated by replacing domains of the alpha chain cytoplasmic, transmembrane and constant regions with homologous domains from the pT alpha chain. All chimeric TCR could be expressed stably at the cell surface and induce Ca2+ mobilization as well as phosphorylation of several protein substrates on tyrosine residues. However, chimeras wherein the connecting peptide of TCR alpha chain was substituted by the one from pT alpha, were weakly associated with the TCR zeta chain, showing that functional but not physical interactions were preserved in such chimeras. In contrast, introduction of the connecting peptide of TCR alpha in the pT alpha chain was insufficient to confer stable association with the TCR zeta chain. These results demonstrate that the inability of the pre-TCR to interact strongly with TCR zeta is attributable to amino acid residues present throughout the region comprised between the intrachain Cys and the transmembrane domain. It remains to be determined whether the weak physical interaction between the pre-TCR alphand the zeta2 homodimer prevents the activation of specific TCR zeta-dependent signaling pathways, and thus confers unique signaling properties upon the pre-TCR. In addition, this structural difference between the pT alpha/beta and alphabeta TCR might constitute a means to regulate the expression of these receptors at the surface of thymocytes, at different stages of their maturation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trop
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, QC, Canada
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46
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Malissen B, Ardouin L, Lin SY, Gillet A, Malissen M. Function of the CD3 subunits of the pre-TCR and TCR complexes during T cell development. Adv Immunol 1999; 72:103-48. [PMID: 10361573 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, France
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47
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Iritani BM, Alberola-Ila J, Forbush KA, Perimutter RM. Distinct signals mediate maturation and allelic exclusion in lymphocyte progenitors. Immunity 1999; 10:713-22. [PMID: 10403646 PMCID: PMC5310940 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Successful in-frame rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes or T cell antigen receptor (TCR) beta chain genes in lymphocyte progenitors results in formation of pre-BCR and pre-TCR complexes. These complexes signal progenitor cells to mature, expand in cell number, and suppress further rearrangements at the immunoglobulin heavy chain or TCRbeta chain loci, thereby ensuring allelic exclusion. We used transgenic expression of a constitutively active form of c-Raf-1 (Raf-CAAX) to demonstrate that activation of the Map kinase pathway can stimulate both maturation and expansion of B and T lymphocytes, even in the absence of pre-TCR or pre-BCR formation. However, the same Raf signal did not mediate allelic exclusion. We conclude that maturation of lymphocyte progenitors and allelic exclusion require distinct signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Iritani
- Department of Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
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48
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Grassi F, Barbier E, Porcellini S, von Boehmer H, Cazenave PA. Surface Expression and Functional Competence of CD3-Independent TCR ζ-Chains in Immature Thymocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.5.2589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In recombinase-deficient (RAG-2−/−) mice, double-negative thymocytes can be stimulated to proliferate and differentiate by anti-CD3 Abs. CD3 molecules are expressed on the surface of these cells in association with calnexin. In this study, we show that ζ-chains can be recovered as phosphorylated proteins in association with phosphorylated ZAP-70 from anti-CD3-stimulated RAG-2−/− thymocytes, even though they are not demonstrably associated with the CD3/calnexin complex. The lack of a physical association of ζ dimers with the CD3 complex in RAG-2−/− thymocytes and also in a pre-TCR-expressing cell line, as well as the efficient association of ζ dimers with ZAP-70 in the RAG-2−/− thymocytes, suggest that these ζ-chain dimers could contribute to pre-TCR signaling. This idea is supported by the finding that in RAG-2−/− ζ-deficient thymocytes, ZAP-70 and p120cbl were only weakly phosphorylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grassi
- *Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze Mediche, Università di Milano at Department of Biological and Technological Research, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (HSR), Milan, Italy
- †Unité d’Immunochimie Analytique, Département d’Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherche Associée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique D1961, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; and
| | - Eliane Barbier
- †Unité d’Immunochimie Analytique, Département d’Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherche Associée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique D1961, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; and
| | - Simona Porcellini
- *Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze Mediche, Università di Milano at Department of Biological and Technological Research, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (HSR), Milan, Italy
| | - Harald von Boehmer
- ‡Institut Necker, Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Medicale, U373, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-André Cazenave
- †Unité d’Immunochimie Analytique, Département d’Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherche Associée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique D1961, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; and
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49
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Takase K, Okazaki Y, Wakizaka K, Shevchenko A, Mann M, Saito T. Molecular cloning of pTAC12 an alternative splicing product of the CD3gamma chain as a component of the pre-T cell antigen-receptor complex. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:30675-9. [PMID: 9804841 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.46.30675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have reported that a 12-kDa molecule (pTAC12 as a pre-T cell receptor (TCR)-associated chain) was associated as a dimer with the pre-TCR complex as well as the clonotype-independent CD3 complex on the cell surface of immature thymocytes. We now report by protein sequencing and molecular cloning that pTAC12 is an alternatively spliced product of the CD3gamma chain lacking exon 4 containing the transmembrane region. The transcript of pTAC12 is expressed in most T cell lineages and parallels the expression of CD3gamma. However, the pTAC12 protein is expressed on the cell surface of immature thymocytes but not mature T cells, despite the fact that mature T cells express a low level of pTAC12 in association with the TCR complex within the cells. These results indicate that pTAC12 may play a special role for the transport/expression and assembly of the pre-TCR.CD3 complex as well as the clonotype-independent CD3 complex in immature thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takase
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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50
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Würch A, Biro J, Potocnik AJ, Falk I, Mossmann H, Eichmann K. Requirement of CD3 complex-associated signaling functions for expression of rearranged T cell receptor beta VDJ genes in early thymic development. J Exp Med 1998; 188:1669-78. [PMID: 9802979 PMCID: PMC2212509 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.9.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
During alpha beta thymocyte development, the clonotypic alpha beta-T cell receptor (TCR) is preceded by sequentially expressed immature versions of the TCR-CD3 complex: the pre-TCR, containing a clonotypic TCR-beta chain and invariant pre-Talpha, is expressed on pre-T cells before rearrangement of the TCR-alpha locus. Moreover, clonotype-independent CD3 complexes (CIC) appear on pro-T cells before VDJ rearrangements of TCR-beta genes. The pre-TCR is known to mediate TCR-beta selection, the prerequisite for maturation of CD4(-)8(-) double negative (DN) thymocytes to the CD4(+)8(+) double positive stage. A developmental function of CIC has so far not been delineated. In mice single deficient and double deficient for CD3zeta/eta and/or p56(lck), we observe a pronounced reduction in the proportions of CD25(+) DN thymocytes that express intracellular TCR-beta chains. TCR-beta transcripts are reduced in parallel with TCR-beta polypeptide chains whereas no reduction in TCR-beta locus rearrangements could be detected. Wild-type levels of TCR-beta transcripts and of cells expressing TCR-beta polypeptide chains are induced by treatment with anti-CD3epsilon mAb. The data suggest that the initial expression of rearranged TCR-beta VDJ genes in pro-T cell to pre-T cell progression is dependent on CD3 complex signaling, and thus define a putative developmental function for CIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Würch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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