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Dudek AM, Feist WN, Sasu EJ, Luna SE, Ben-Efraim K, Bak RO, Cepika AM, Porteus MH. A simultaneous knockout knockin genome editing strategy in HSPCs potently inhibits CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 infection. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:499-518.e6. [PMID: 38579682 PMCID: PMC11212398 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell transplant (HSCT) of CCR5 null (CCR5Δ32) cells can be curative for HIV-1-infected patients. However, because allogeneic HSCT poses significant risk, CCR5Δ32 matched bone marrow donors are rare, and CCR5Δ32 transplant does not confer resistance to the CXCR4-tropic virus, it is not a viable option for most patients. We describe a targeted Cas9/AAV6-based genome editing strategy for autologous HSCT resulting in both CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 resistance. Edited human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) maintain multi-lineage repopulation capacity in vivo, and edited primary human T cells potently inhibit infection by both CCR5-tropic and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1. Modification rates facilitated complete loss of CCR5-tropic replication and up to a 2,000-fold decrease in CXCR4-tropic replication without CXCR4 locus disruption. This multi-factor editing strategy in HSPCs could provide a broad approach for autologous HSCT as a functional cure for both CCR5-tropic and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Dudek
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William N Feist
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elena J Sasu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sofia E Luna
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kaya Ben-Efraim
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rasmus O Bak
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alma-Martina Cepika
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew H Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Immune Checkpoints in Viral Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091051. [PMID: 32967229 PMCID: PMC7551039 DOI: 10.3390/v12091051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As evidence has mounted that virus-infected cells, such as cancer cells, negatively regulate the function of T-cells via immune checkpoints, it has become increasingly clear that viral infections similarly exploit immune checkpoints as an immune system escape mechanism. Although immune checkpoint therapy has been successfully used in cancer treatment, numerous studies have suggested that such therapy may also be highly relevant for treating viral infection, especially chronic viral infections. However, it has not yet been applied in this manner. Here, we reviewed recent findings regarding immune checkpoints in viral infections, including COVID-19, and discussed the role of immune checkpoints in different viral infections, as well as the potential for applying immune checkpoint blockades as antiviral therapy.
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Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have shown remarkable ability to re-direct T cells to target CD19-expressing tumours, resulting in remission rates of up to 90% in individuals with paediatric acute lymphoblastic lymphoma. Lessons learned from these clinical trials of adoptive T cell therapy for cancer, as well as investments made in manufacturing T cells at commercial scale, have inspired researchers to develop CARs for additional applications. Here, we explore the challenges and opportunities of using this technology to target infectious diseases such as with HIV and undesired immune responses such as autoimmunity and transplant rejection. Despite substantial obstacles, the potential of CAR T cells to enable cures for a wide array of disease settings could be transformational for the medical field.
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Harishankar M, Ravikrishnan H, Ravishankar A, Hanna LE, Swaminathan S, Selvaraj P, Bethunaickan R. IL-10 Promoter -592 Polymorphism may Influence Susceptibility to HIV Infection in South Indian Population. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:58-63. [PMID: 29468971 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x16666180219153752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors play an important role in the development of disease susceptibility or protection. Cytokine gene polymorphisms are reported to be associated with altered levels of cytokine production that can impact disease progression in HIV and TB. OBJECTIVE In this study, we studied IL-10 -592(C/A) and TGF-β -509 (C/T) promoter polymorphisms to understand their role in susceptibility or resistance to HIV and TB in a South Indian population. METHOD Genomic DNA was isolated from healthy controls, pulmonary tuberculosis patients (n=122) and HIV positive individuals (n=100) and used for genotyping by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS Results revealed that under dominant model (CC vs CA+AA), IL-10 -592 'A' allele either 'CA' or 'AA' combinations significantly associated with susceptibility to HIV compared to healthy controls (OR: 1.88(1.05-3.35); p=0.030). However, we found no significant association with TB. TGF-β -509 polymorphism did not associate with either HIV or TB under overdominant model. Neither of the promoter polymorphisms associated with sex in either HIV or TB. However, a trend towards higher risk to HIV was found in females compared with males in IL-10 -592 'AA' genotype. CONCLUSION This study suggests the association of IL-10 -592 "AA" genotype with susceptibility to HIV under dominant model in the Southern Indian population. Future studies are needed with a larger sample size in order to confirm the observations made in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Harishankar
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Harini Ravikrishnan
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Akshaya Ravishankar
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Division of HIV, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Division of HIV, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India.,Director- General, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Paramasivam Selvaraj
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
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Leibman RS, Richardson MW, Ellebrecht CT, Maldini CR, Glover JA, Secreto AJ, Kulikovskaya I, Lacey SF, Akkina SR, Yi Y, Shaheen F, Wang J, Dufendach KA, Holmes MC, Collman RG, Payne AS, Riley JL. Supraphysiologic control over HIV-1 replication mediated by CD8 T cells expressing a re-engineered CD4-based chimeric antigen receptor. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006613. [PMID: 29023549 PMCID: PMC5638568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV is adept at avoiding naturally generated T cell responses; therefore, there is a need to develop HIV-specific T cells with greater potency for use in HIV cure strategies. Starting with a CD4-based chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that was previously used without toxicity in clinical trials, we optimized the vector backbone, promoter, HIV targeting moiety, and transmembrane and signaling domains to determine which components augmented the ability of T cells to control HIV replication. This re-engineered CAR was at least 50-fold more potent in vitro at controlling HIV replication than the original CD4 CAR, or a TCR-based approach, and substantially better than broadly neutralizing antibody-based CARs. A humanized mouse model of HIV infection demonstrated that T cells expressing optimized CARs were superior at expanding in response to antigen, protecting CD4 T cells from infection, and reducing viral loads compared to T cells expressing the original, clinical trial CAR. Moreover, in a humanized mouse model of HIV treatment, CD4 CAR T cells containing the 4-1BB costimulatory domain controlled HIV spread after ART removal better than analogous CAR T cells containing the CD28 costimulatory domain. Together, these data indicate that potent HIV-specific T cells can be generated using improved CAR design and that CAR T cells could be important components of an HIV cure strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Leibman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Max W. Richardson
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christoph T. Ellebrecht
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Colby R. Maldini
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Glover
- Department of Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Secreto
- Department of Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Irina Kulikovskaya
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Simon F. Lacey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah R. Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yanjie Yi
- Department of Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Farida Shaheen
- Department of Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Sangamo BioSciences Inc., Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Keith A. Dufendach
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Holmes
- Sangamo BioSciences Inc., Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Department of Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aimee S. Payne
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James L. Riley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Khamri W, Abeles RD, Hou TZ, Anderson AE, El-Masry A, Triantafyllou E, Bernsmeier C, Larsen FS, Singanayagam A, Kudo N, Possamai LA, Lebosse F, Auzinger G, Bernal W, Willars C, Weston CJ, Lombardi G, Wendon J, Thursz M, Antoniades CG. Increased Expression of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 by T Cells, Induced by B7 in Sera, Reduces Adaptive Immunity in Patients With Acute Liver Failure. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:263-276.e8. [PMID: 28363639 PMCID: PMC5516432 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with acute liver failure (ALF) have defects in innate immune responses to microbes (immune paresis) and are susceptible to sepsis. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), which interacts with the membrane receptor B7 (also called CD80 and CD86), is a negative regulator of T-cell activation. We collected T cells from patients with ALF and investigated whether inhibitory signals down-regulate adaptive immune responses in patients with ALF. METHODS We collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with ALF and controls from September 2013 through September 2015 (45 patients with ALF, 20 patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure, 15 patients with cirrhosis with no evidence of acute decompensation, 20 patients with septic shock but no cirrhosis or liver disease, and 20 healthy individuals). Circulating CD4+ T cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. CD4+ T cells were incubated with antigen, or agonist to CD3 and dendritic cells, with or without antibody against CTLA4; T-cell proliferation and protein expression were quantified. We measured levels of soluble B7 molecules in supernatants of isolated primary hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells, and biliary epithelial cells from healthy or diseased liver tissues. We also measured levels of soluble B7 serum samples from patients and controls, and mice with acetaminophen-induced liver injury using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Peripheral blood samples from patients with ALF had a higher proportion of CD4+ CTLA4+ T cells than controls; patients with infections had the highest proportions. CD4+ T cells from patients with ALF had a reduced proliferative response to antigen or CD3 stimulation compared to cells from controls; incubation of CD4+ T cells from patients with ALF with an antibody against CTLA4 increased their proliferative response to antigen and to CD3 stimulation, to the same levels as cells from controls. CD4+ T cells from controls up-regulated expression of CTLA4 after 24-48 hours culture with sera from patients with ALF; these sera were found to have increased concentrations of soluble B7 compared to sera from controls. Necrotic human primary hepatocytes exposed to acetaminophen, but not hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells and biliary epithelial cells from patients with ALF, secreted high levels of soluble B7. Sera from mice with acetaminophen-induced liver injury contained high levels of soluble B7 compared to sera from mice without liver injury. Plasma exchange reduced circulating levels of soluble B7 in patients with ALF and expression of CTLA4 on T cells. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral CD4+ T cells from patients with ALF have increased expression of CTLA4 compared to individuals without ALF; these cells have a reduced response to antigen and CD3 stimulation. We found sera of patients with ALF and from mice with liver injury to have high concentrations of soluble B7, which up-regulates CTLA4 expression by T cells and reduces their response to antigen. Plasma exchange reduces levels of B7 in sera from patients with ALF and might be used to restore antimicrobial responses to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Khamri
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Robin D. Abeles
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tie Zheng Hou
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E. Anderson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed El-Masry
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Fin S. Larsen
- Department of Hepatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nobuaki Kudo
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia A. Possamai
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Fanny Lebosse
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Auzinger
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - William Bernal
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher J. Weston
- Centre for Liver Research and National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Wendon
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Thursz
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Charalambos G. Antoniades
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, United Kingdom,Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, United Kingdom
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Gonzalez SM, Zapata W, Rugeles MT. Role of Regulatory T Cells and Inhibitory Molecules in the Development of Immune Exhaustion During Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. Viral Immunol 2015; 29:2-10. [PMID: 26566019 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key hallmarks of chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is the persistent immune activation triggered since early stages of the infection, followed by the development of an exhaustion phenomena, which leads to the inability of immune cells to respond appropriately to the virus and other pathogens, constituting the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); this exhausting state is characterized by a loss of effector functions of immune cells such as proliferation, production of cytokine, as well as cytotoxic potential and it has been attributable to an increased response of regulatory T cells and recently also to the expression in different cell populations of inhibitory molecules, such as programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), T cell immunoglobulin-3 (Tim-3), and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3). The importance of these molecules relies on the possibility to restore the immune response once these molecules are blocked, constituting a potential therapeutic target for treatment during HIV infection. In this regard, we explored the available data evaluating the functional role of Treg cells and inhibitory molecules during the infection in both blood and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and their contribution to the development of immune exhaustion and progression to AIDS, as well as their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Milena Gonzalez
- 1 Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata
- 1 Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia .,2 Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Sede Medellín, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia , Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Teresa Rugeles
- 1 Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia
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Increased susceptibility of CD4+ T cells from elderly individuals to HIV-1 infection and apoptosis is associated with reduced CD4 and enhanced CXCR4 and FAS surface expression levels. Retrovirology 2015; 12:86. [PMID: 26452480 PMCID: PMC4600300 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elderly HIV-1 infected individuals progress to AIDS more frequently and rapidly than people becoming infected at a young age. To identify possible reasons for these differences in clinical progression, we performed comprehensive phenotypic analyses of CD4+ T cells from uninfected young and elderly individuals, and examined their susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and programmed death. Results Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from older people contain an increased percentage of central memory and Th17 CD4+ T cells that are main target cells of HIV-1 and strongly reduced proportions of naïve T cells that are poorly susceptible to HIV-1. Unstimulated T cells from elderly individuals expressed higher levels of activation markers, death receptors, and the viral CXCR4 co-receptor than those from young individuals but responded poorly to stimulation. CD4+ T cells from older individuals were highly susceptible to CXCR4- and CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection but produced significantly lower quantities of infectious virus than cells from young individuals because they were highly prone to apoptosis and thus presumably had a very short life span. The increased susceptibility of T cells from the elderly to HIV-1 infection correlated directly with CXCR4 and inversely with CD4 expression. The levels of apoptosis correlated with the cell surface expression of FAS but not with the expression of programmed death receptor 1 (PD1) or tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Conclusions Increased levels of activated and highly susceptible HIV-1 target cells, reduced CD4 and enhanced CXCR4 cell surface expression, together with the high susceptibility to FAS-induced programmed cell death may contribute to the rapid CD4+ T cell depletion and accelerated clinical course of infection in elderly HIV-1-infected individuals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0213-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Polymorphisms in the IFNγ, IL-10, and TGFβ genes may be associated with HIV-1 infection. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:248571. [PMID: 25802474 PMCID: PMC4354727 DOI: 10.1155/2015/248571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated possible associations between the TNFα-308G/A, IFN+874A/T, IL-6-174C/G, IL-10-1082A/G, and TGFβ-509C/T polymorphisms with HIV-1 infection, in addition to correlation of the polymorphisms with clinical markers of AIDS progression, such as levels of CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes and plasma viral load. METHODS A total of 216 individuals who were infected with HIV-1 and on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 294 individuals from the uninfected control group were analyzed. RESULTS All individuals evaluated were negative for total anti-HBc, anti-HCV, anti-T. pallidum, and anti-HTLV-1/2. The polymorphisms were identified by PCR-RFLP. Individuals presenting the IFN+874A allele as well as the AA genotype were more frequent in the HIV-1 infected group compared to the control group (P < 0.05), in addition to having lower levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes. The CD8+ T lymphocytes count was significantly lower in individuals with the IL-10-1082 GG genotype. The TGFβ-509TT genotype was associated with higher plasma viral load. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the presence of the IFN+874A allele confers susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and a decrease in the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes. In addition, the genotype associated with high serum levels of TGFβ may be associated with an increase in plasma viral load.
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A Patient with HIV Treated with Ipilimumab and Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Melanoma Metastases to the Brain. Case Rep Oncol Med 2013; 2013:946392. [PMID: 24383025 PMCID: PMC3870634 DOI: 10.1155/2013/946392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers, such as melanoma, that are associated with immune deficiencies are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients. Once patients develop melanoma metastases to the brain, treatment is often limited to palliative surgery and/or radiation. Ipilimumab, a CTLA-4 antagonist, has been shown to improve the median survival of patients with metastatic melanoma. However, available data regarding the safety and efficacy of ipilimumab in HIV-infected patients who develop intracranial melanoma metastases is limited. Here we report our experience administering ipilimumab to a patient with HIV-AIDS who developed multiple intracranial melanoma metastases. Following treatment, our patient showed improvement in systemic tumor control without any apparent interference with antiretroviral treatment.
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Larsson M, Shankar EM, Che KF, Saeidi A, Ellegård R, Barathan M, Velu V, Kamarulzaman A. Molecular signatures of T-cell inhibition in HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2013; 10:31. [PMID: 23514593 PMCID: PMC3610157 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses play a crucial role in the control of viral replication in HIV-infected individuals. However, the virus succeeds in exploiting the immune system to its advantage and therefore, the host ultimately fails to control the virus leading to development of terminal AIDS. The virus adopts numerous evasion mechanisms to hijack the host immune system. We and others recently described the expression of inhibitory molecules on T cells as a contributing factor for suboptimal T-cell responses in HIV infection both in vitro and in vivo. The expression of these molecules that negatively impacts the normal functions of the host immune armory and the underlying signaling pathways associated with their enhanced expression need to be discussed. Targets to restrain the expression of these molecular markers of immune inhibition is likely to contribute to development of therapeutic interventions that augment the functionality of host immune cells leading to improved immune control of HIV infection. In this review, we focus on the functions of inhibitory molecules that are expressed or secreted following HIV infection such as BTLA, CTLA-4, CD160, IDO, KLRG1, LAG-3, LILRB1, PD-1, TRAIL, TIM-3, and regulatory cytokines, and highlight their significance in immune inhibition. We also highlight the ensemble of transcriptional factors such as BATF, BLIMP-1/PRDM1, FoxP3, DTX1 and molecular pathways that facilitate the recruitment and differentiation of suppressor T cells in response to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Larsson
- Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, 58 185, Sweden.
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Mazigo HD, Nuwaha F, Wilson S, Kinung'hi SM, Morona D, Waihenya R, Heukelbach J, Dunne DW. Epidemiology and interactions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus - 1 and Schistosoma mansoni in sub-Saharan Africa. Infect Dis Poverty 2013; 2:2. [PMID: 23849678 PMCID: PMC3707091 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1/AIDS and Schistosoma mansoni are widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and co-infection occurs commonly. Since the early 1990s, it has been suggested that the two infections may interact and potentiate the effects of each other within co-infected human hosts. Indeed, S. mansoni infection has been suggested to be a risk factor for HIV transmission and progression in Africa. If so, it would follow that mass deworming could have beneficial effects on HIV-1 transmission dynamics. The epidemiology of HIV in African countries is changing, shifting from urban to rural areas where the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni is high and public health services are deficient. On the other side, the consequent pathogenesis of HIV-1/S. mansoni co-infection remains unknown. Here we give an account of the epidemiology of HIV-1 and S. mansoni, discuss co-infection and possible biological causal relationships between the two infections, and the potential impact of praziquantel treatment on HIV-1 viral loads, CD4+ counts and CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Our review of the available literature indicates that there is evidence to support the hypothesis that S. mansoni infections can influence the replication of the HIV-1, cell-to-cell transmission, as well as increase HIV progression as measured by reduced CD4+ T lymphocytes counts. If so, then deworming of HIV positive individuals living in endemic areas may impact on HIV-1 viral loads and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey D Mazigo
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Environmental Health and Communicable Disease Control, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, P.O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Fred Nuwaha
- Department of Environmental Health and Communicable Disease Control, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Shona Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Safari M Kinung'hi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, P.O. Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Domenica Morona
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Rebecca Waihenya
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62,000, 00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jorg Heukelbach
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Ceará, Brazil
| | - David W Dunne
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
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Richardson MW, Jadlowsky J, Didigu CA, Doms RW, Riley JL. Kruppel-like factor 2 modulates CCR5 expression and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3815-21. [PMID: 22988032 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CCR5, a cell surface molecule critical for the transmission and spread of HIV-1, is dynamically regulated during T cell activation and differentiation. The molecular mechanism linking T cell activation to modulation of CCR5 expression remains undefined. Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a transcription factor that promotes quiescence, survival, and in part by modulating chemokine receptor levels, induces homing to secondary lymphoid organs. Given the relationship between T cell activation and chemokine receptor expression, we tested whether the abundance of KLF2 after T cell activation regulates CCR5 expression and, thus, susceptibility of a T cell to CCR5-dependent HIV-1 strains (R5). We observed a strong correlation between T cell activation, expression of KLF2 and CCR5, and susceptibility to infection. To directly measure how KLF2 affects CCR5 regulation, we introduced small interfering RNA targeting KLF2 expression and demonstrated that reduced KLF2 expression also resulted in less CCR5. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays identified KLF2 bound to the CCR5 promoter in resting but not CD3/28 activated T cells, suggesting that KLF2 directly regulates CCR5 expression. Introduction of KLF2 under control of a heterologous promoter could restore CCR5 expression and R5 susceptibility to CD3/28 costimulated T cells and some transformed cell lines. Thus, KLF2 is a host factor that modulates CCR5 expression in CD4 T cells and influences susceptibility to R5 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max W Richardson
- Department of Microbiology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Li JZ, Brumme CJ, Lederman MM, Brumme ZL, Wang H, Spritzler J, Carrington M, Medvik K, Walker BD, Schooley RT, Kuritzkes DR. Characteristics and outcomes of initial virologic suppressors during analytic treatment interruption in a therapeutic HIV-1 gag vaccine trial. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34134. [PMID: 22479542 PMCID: PMC3316607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the placebo-controlled trial ACTG A5197, a trend favoring viral suppression was seen in the HIV-1-infected subjects who received a recombinant Ad5 HIV-1 gag vaccine. OBJECTIVE To identify individuals with initial viral suppression (plasma HIV-1 RNA set point <3.0 log(10) copies/ml) during the analytic treatment interruption (ATI) and evaluate the durability and correlates of virologic control and characteristics of HIV sequence evolution. METHODS HIV-1 gag and pol RNA were amplified and sequenced from plasma obtained during the ATI. Immune responses were measured by flow cytometric analysis and intracellular cytokine expression assays. Characteristics of those with and without initial viral suppression were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Eleven out of 104 participants (10.6%) were classified as initial virologic suppressors, nine of whom had received the vaccine. Initial virologic suppressors had significantly less CD4+ cell decline by ATI week 16 as compared to non-suppressors (median 7 CD4+ cell gain vs. 247 CD4+ cell loss, P = 0.04). However, of the ten initial virologic suppressors with a pVL at ATI week 49, only three maintained pVL <3.0 log(10) copies/ml. HIV-1 Gag-specific CD4+ interferon-γ responses were not associated with initial virologic suppression and no evidence of vaccine-driven HIV sequence evolution was detected. Participants with initial virologic suppression were found to have a lower percentage of CD4+ CTLA-4+ cells prior to treatment interruption, but a greater proportion of HIV-1 Gag-reactive CD4+ TNF-α+ cells expressing either CTLA-4 or PD-1. CONCLUSIONS Among individuals participating in a rAd5 therapeutic HIV-1 gag vaccine trial, initial viral suppression was found in a subset of patients, but this response was not sustained. The association between CTLA-4 and PD-1 expression on CD4+ T cells and virologic outcome warrants further study in trials of other therapeutic vaccines in development. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00080106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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15
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Rossetti M, Cavarelli M, Gregori S, Scarlatti G. HIV-Derived Vectors for Gene Therapy Targeting Dendritic Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 762:239-61. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4433-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Burke MM, Kluger HM, Golden M, Heller KN, Hoos A, Sznol M. Case Report: response to ipilimumab in a patient with HIV with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:e792-4. [PMID: 21990407 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.36.9199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Burke
- Smilow Cancer Hospital at Yale-New Haven, New Haven, CT, USA
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Messal N, Serriari NE, Pastor S, Nunès JA, Olive D. PD-L2 is expressed on activated human T cells and regulates their function. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:2214-9. [PMID: 21752471 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.06.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T-cell activation and proliferation are regulated by cosignaling adhesion molecules involved in positive or negative signals. Programmed death (PD)-1 is one of immune inhibitory molecules that is expressed in activated T cells and is a promising target for immunotherapy. Both PD-1 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2 are expressed on antigen presenting cells (APCs) involved in the dialogue between a T cell and an APC. Here, we analysed the expression of these ligands, especially for PD-L2, on T cells. PD-L2 appears to be expressed on activated CD4 and CD8T cell subsets. Moreover, as PD-1 molecule, PD-L2 engagement at the surface of T cells is able to down-modulate cytokine production and cell proliferation. These observations indicate that PD-L2 is expressed following activation and is involved in the regulation of T cell function, highlighting the level of complexity in the T cell cosignaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Messal
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 891, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, F-13009, Marseille, France
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18
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Mattner J. Genetic susceptibility to autoimmune liver disease. World J Hepatol 2011; 3:1-7. [PMID: 21307981 PMCID: PMC3035697 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v3.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) are considered as putative autoimmune diseases of the liver. Whereas strong evidence that bacterial infection may trigger PBC exists, the etiologies for PSC and AIH remain unknown. Although there have been significant discoveries of genetic polymorphisms that may underlie the susceptibility to these liver diseases, their associations with environmental triggers and the subsequent implications have been difficult to elucidate. While single nucleotide polymorphisms within the negative costimulatory molecule cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have been suggested as genetic susceptibility factors for all three disorders, we discuss the implications of CTLA-4 susceptibility alleles mainly in the context of PBC, where Novosphingobium aromaticivorans, an ubiquitous alphaproteobacterium, has recently been specifically associated with the pathogenesis of this devastating liver disease. Ultimately, the discovery of infectious triggers of PBC may expand the concept of genetic susceptibility in immune-mediated liver diseases from the concept of aberrant immune responses against self-antigens to insufficient and/or inappropriate immunological defense mechanisms allowing microbes to cross natural barriers, establish infection and damage respective target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Mattner
- Jochen Mattner, Microbiology Institute - Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen D91054, Germany
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The cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4 polymorphisms affect response to hepatitis C virus-specific therapy in HIV(+) patients with acute and chronic hepatitis C virus co-infection. AIDS 2010; 24:2001-7. [PMID: 20588168 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32833bedc8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), a co-receptor expressed on T lymphocytes, is involved in the regulation of T-cell functions. Here, we analyzed the potential impact of the CTLA4 polymorphisms on response to hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific treatment in HIV(+) patients co-infected with HCV. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 184 HIV/HCV co-infected Caucasian patients were enrolled into this study, including 109 patients with chronic and 75 patients with acute hepatitis C. CTLA4 genotypes were determined by LightCycler PCR. RESULTS We found the CTLA4 -318 C/C genotype to be associated with sustained virological response in HCV/HIV co-infection (P = 0.035). Moreover, response rates were significantly higher in patients with a +49G/G genotype [23/29 (79.3%)] than in carriers of other +49 genotypes [59/155 (38.1%); OR 6.2; P = 0.00005]. Of note, the CTLA4 +49G/G genotype was confirmed as an independent predictor for treatment response in both patients with acute and chronic hepatitis C. CONCLUSION CTLA4 polymorphisms are associated with treatment-induced resolution of HCV infection in HIV co-infected patients. These findings underline the impact of genetic host factors for successful treatment.
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Serriari NE, Gondois-Rey F, Guillaume Y, Remmerswaal EBM, Pastor S, Messal N, Truneh A, Hirsch I, van Lier RAW, Olive D. B and T lymphocyte attenuator is highly expressed on CMV-specific T cells during infection and regulates their function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3140-8. [PMID: 20693422 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), like its relative programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), is a receptor that negatively regulates murine T cell activation. However, its expression and function on human T cells is currently unknown. We report in this study on the expression of BTLA in human T cell subsets as well as its regulation on virus-specific T cells during primary human CMV infection. BTLA is expressed on human CD4(+) T cells during different stages of differentiation, whereas on CD8(+) T cells, it is found on naive T cells and is progressively downregulated in memory and differentiated effector-type cells. During primary CMV infection, BTLA was highly induced on CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells immediately following their differentiation from naive cells. After control of CMV infection, BTLA expression went down on memory CD8(+) cells. Engagement of BTLA by mAbs blocked CD3/CD28-mediated T cell proliferation and Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion. Finally, in vitro blockade of the BTLA pathway augmented, as efficient as anti-PD-1 mAbs, allogeneic as well as CMV-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation. Thus, our results suggest that, like PD-1, BTLA provides a potential target for enhancing the functional capacity of CTLs in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacer-Eddine Serriari
- Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 891, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Université de Méditerranée, Infrastructures en Biologie Sante et Agronomie Cancer Immunomonitoring Platform, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 137, Marseille, France
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Elrefaei M, Burke CM, Baker CA, Jones NG, Bousheri S, Bangsberg DR, Cao H. HIV-specific TGF-beta-positive CD4+ T cells do not express regulatory surface markers and are regulated by CTLA-4. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:329-37. [PMID: 20433405 PMCID: PMC2933167 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cell dysfunction in HIV-1 infection is associated with increased CTLA-4 and TGF-beta expression. In this study we described a population of TGF-beta-positive CD4(+) T cells with multiple HIV specificities. These HIV-specific TGF-beta-positive CD4(+) T cells did not display the immunophenotypic patterns traditionally attributed to regulatory CD4(+) T cells. TGF-beta-positive CD4(+) T cells were FOXP3 negative, CD25 negative, and displayed a heterogeneous surface expression of CD127. We also examined one potential mechanism for regulating TGF-beta expression by HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells. Blocking of the TGF-beta receptor II led to increased HIV-specific IFN-gamma-positive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. Interestingly, HIV-specific TGF-beta-positive CD4(+) T cells did not substantially express CTLA-4. Nevertheless, CTLA-4 blockade resulted in a significant decrease in HIV-specific TGF-beta-positive CD4(+) T cell responses, and a concomitant increase in HIV-specific IFN-gamma-positive CD4(+) T cell responses. Our study proposes a mechanism by which HIV-specific TGF-beta production may be regulated by CTLA-4 engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elrefaei
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804
| | - Candace M. Burke
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804
| | - Chris A.R. Baker
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804
| | - Norman G. Jones
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804
| | | | - David R. Bangsberg
- Harvard Initiative for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Huyen Cao
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804
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Mukherjee R, Plesa G, Sherrill-Mix S, Richardson MW, Riley JL, Bushman FD. HIV sequence variation associated with env antisense adoptive T-cell therapy in the hNSG mouse model. Mol Ther 2010; 18:803-11. [PMID: 20104212 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The first use of lentiviral vectors in humans involved transduction of mature T-cells with an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-derived env antisense (envAS) vector to protect cells from HIV infection. In that study, only a minority of the patient T-cell population could be gene-modified, raising the question of whether the altered cells could affect replicating HIV populations. We investigated this using humanized NOD/SCID IL-2Rgamma(null) (hNSG) mice reconstituted with approximately 4-11% envAS-modified human T-cells. Mice were challenged with HIV-1(NL4-3), which has an env perfectly complementary to envAS, or with HIV-1(BaL), which has a divergent env. No differences were seen in viral titer between mice that received envAS-modified cells and control mice that did not. Using 454/Roche pyrosequencing, we analyzed the mutational spectrum in HIV populations in serum-from 33 mice we recovered 84,074 total reads comprising 31,290 unique sequence variants. We found enrichment of A-to-G transitions and deletions in envAS-treated mice, paralleling a previous tissue culture study where most target cells contained envAS, even though minority of cells were envAS-modified here. Unexpectedly, this enrichment was only detected after the challenge with HIV-1(BaL), where the viral genome would form an imperfect duplex with envAS, and not HIV-1(NL4-3), where a perfectly matched duplex would form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithun Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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23
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TGF-beta and IL-10 production by HIV-specific CD8+ T cells is regulated by CTLA-4 signaling on CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8194. [PMID: 20016783 PMCID: PMC2791208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation in HIV-1 infection is associated with increased expression of inhibitory molecules such as CTLA-4, TGF-beta, and IL-10. In this study we examined one potential mechanism for regulating TGF-beta and IL-10 expression by HIV-specific suppressor CD8+ T cells. No overlap between TGF-beta, IL-10, and IFN-gamma cytokine production by HIV-specific CD8+ T cells was observed. TGF-beta positive and IL-10 positive cells were FOXP3 negative, CD25 negative, and displayed a heterogeneous surface expression of CD127. TGF-beta and IL-10 positive CD8+ T cells did not express CTLA-4. Nevertheless, CTLA-4 blockade resulted in a significant decrease in HIV-specific TGF-beta positive and IL-10 positive CD8+ T cell responses, and a concomitant increase in HIV-specific IFN-gamma positive CD8+ T cell responses. Depletion of CD4+ T cells abrogated the impact of CTLA-4 on HIV-specific TGF-beta positive and IL-10 positive CD8+ T cells. Our study suggests that CTLA-4 Signaling on CD4+ T cells regulates the inhibitory functions of the HIV-specific suppressor CD8+ T cells.
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Kaufmann DE, Walker BD. PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitory cosignaling pathways in HIV infection and the potential for therapeutic intervention. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5891-7. [PMID: 19414738 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The balance between proinflammatory mechanisms and the dampening of excessive immune activation is critical for successful clearance of a pathogen without harm to the host. In particular, molecules of the B7:CD28 family play a critical role in regulating T cell activation and peripheral tolerance. Chronic pathogens like HIV, which is characterized by ongoing viral replication despite detectable virus-specific T cell responses, and cancer cells have exploited these pathways to attenuate Ag-specific T cell immunity. This review summarizes evidence that molecules of the B7:CD28 family, PD-1, CTLA-4, and their ligands, play an active and reversible role in virus-specific T cell exhaustion associated with HIV infection in humans and in the SIV model in macaques. We discuss the potential for immunotherapeutic interventions based on manipulation of these inhibitory networks, the promising data obtained with blockade of the PD-1 pathway in animal models, and the challenges to such therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Kaufmann
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Breaking immune tolerance against tumor self-antigens is presently an area of intense research in the design of cancer therapies. One possible method to enhance immune system activation against tumor antigens is by blocking the inhibitory co-stimulatory signals mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4, (CTLA-4) expressed on activated T cells. The fully human monoclonal antibodies that are directed against human CTLA-4, ipilimumab (Medarex/Bristol-Myers Squibb) and CP-675,206 (Pfizer/Abgenix, now Amgen), have demonstrated activity against metastatic melanoma, hormone refractory prostate cancer and other malignancies. They have also uncovered unusual immune-related adverse events manifesting as self-limiting inflammatory reactions of the bowel, skin and pituitary. This article reviews preclinical development and data generated from Phase I, II and III studies with regard to the end points reported and immune-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee F Langer
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Program in Molecular Therapeutics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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26
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Venkatachari NJ, Majumder B, Ayyavoo V. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 Vpr induces differential regulation of T cell costimulatory molecules: Direct effect of Vpr on T cell activation and immune function. Virology 2007; 358:347-56. [PMID: 17023015 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral proteins disrupt the normal host cellular immune pathways thus exploiting the cellular machinery for replication, survival and to escape host immune attack. Here we evaluated the direct effects of HIV-1 Vpr-mediated immune modulation of infected T cells. Vpr specifically downregulated the expression of CD28 and increased the expression of CTLA-4, whereas no significant difference in the expression of CD25 and HLA-DR was observed. Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) production in T cells was evaluated as a measure of the downstream effector functions. Results indicate that Vpr significantly inhibited IFN-gamma production and this may, in part, due to Vpr's ability to inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, and its transcriptional regulation. Together these results support that HIV-1 Vpr selectively dysregulates the immune functions at multiple levels and exerts its inhibitory effects in the presence of other viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimhan J Venkatachari
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 Desoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Kamal SM, El Sayed Khalifa K. Immune modulation by helminthic infections: worms and viral infections. Parasite Immunol 2006; 28:483-96. [PMID: 16965284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Helminthic infections occur worldwide, especially in developing countries. About one-quarter of the world's population, 1.5 billion, are infected with one or more of the major soil-transmitted helminths, including hookworms, ascarids, and whipworms. Schistosomes infect more than 200 million people worldwide with 600 million at risk in 74 countries. The interaction between helminths and the host's immune system provokes particular immunomodulatory and immunoregulatory mechanisms that ensure their survival in the host for years. However, these changes might impair the immunological response to bystander bacterial, viral, and protozoal pathogens and to vaccination. Modulation of the immune system by infection with helminthic parasites is proposed to reduce the levels of allergic responses and to protect against inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we summarize the immunological milieu associated with helminthic infections and its impact on viral infections, mainly hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus in humans and experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kamal
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt.
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Shao W, Lazaryan A, Dorak MT, Penman-Aguilar A, Wilson CM, Margolick JB, Goedert JJ, Prins M, Tang J, Kaslow RA. Cohort- and time-specific associations of CTLA4 genotypes with HIV-1 disease progression. AIDS 2006; 20:1583-90. [PMID: 16868438 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000238403.08497.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CTLA4 in the chromosome 2q33 region encodes cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) associated antigen 4, which downregulates CTL responses. We examined the relationships between common CTLA4 variants and several outcomes of HIV-1 infection in adults and adolescents. METHODS We studied 765 HIV-1-infected persons: 558 Caucasian seroconverters from three cohorts (MACS, ACS, and DCG) and 207 infected adolescents (mostly female) from another cohort (REACH) of mixed ethnicity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in CTLA4 promoter (-1147C/T, -658C/T, -318C/T), coding sequence (49A/G) and the 3' untranslated region (CT60A/G) were resolved by PCR-based techniques. Repeated measures and survival analyses were used to test allelic and haplotypic associations with HIV-1 viral load (VL) and time to AIDS, respectively. RESULTS Individuals carrying -318T or the (-1147) T-(-318) T haplotype had elevated HIV-1 VL in MACS and REACH but reduced VL in DCG and ACS participants. Time-dependent associations of CTLA4-318T with VL were observed in MACS and REACH (P = 0.03-0.09). In Cox regression models adjusted for age and established contributory markers in CCR5 and HLA class I genes, CTLA4-318T was associated with rapid progression to AIDS in MACS (relative hazard 1.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.15-2.49; P < 0.01) as opposed to a non-significant slower disease progression in ACS and no appreciable association in DCG. CONCLUSIONS Association of CTLA4 genotypes with clinical and virological outcomes following HIV-1 infection appeared to vary with time and among the cohorts. Further analyses in conjunction with other biologically and positionally related genes, such as CD28 and ICOS, may help explain the disparate findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuo Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0022, USA
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Swiggard WJ, Baytop C, Yu JJ, Dai J, Li C, Schretzenmair R, Theodosopoulos T, O'Doherty U. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 can establish latent infection in resting CD4+ T cells in the absence of activating stimuli. J Virol 2006; 79:14179-88. [PMID: 16254353 PMCID: PMC1280214 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.22.14179-14188.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting CD4(+) T cells are the best-defined reservoir of latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, but how the reservoir is formed is unclear. Understanding how the reservoir of latently infected cells forms is critical because it is a major barrier to curing HIV infection. The system described here may provide an in vitro model of latent HIV-1 infection in resting CD4(+) T cells. We demonstrated that HIV-1 integrates into the genomes of in vitro-inoculated resting CD4(+) T cells that have not received activating stimuli and have not entered cell cycle stage G(1b). A percentage of the resting CD4(+) T cells that contain integrated DNA produce virus upon stimulation, i.e., are latently infected. Our results show that latent HIV-1 infection occurs in unstimulated resting CD4(+) T cells and suggest a new route for HIV-1 reservoir formation.
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Roy AM, Schweighardt B, Eckstein LA, Goldsmith MA, McCune JM. Enhanced replication of R5 HIV-1 over X4 HIV-1 in CD4(+)CCR5(+)CXCR4(+) T cells. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 40:267-75. [PMID: 16249699 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000176593.14172.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To enter human cells, HIV-1 usually uses CD4 and 1 of 2 coreceptors: CCR5 and CXCR4. Interestingly, even though CCR5 is expressed on far fewer T cells than is CXCR4, many patients in early- and late-stage HIV disease maintain high levels of CCR5-tropic (R5) viruses. We hypothesized that such high R5 viral loads may be sustained because, relative to CXCR4-tropic (X4) HIV-1 infection, R5 HIV-1 infection of permissive CD4(+)CCR5(+)CXCR4(+) T cells results in the production of significantly more infectious virus particles per target cell. To investigate this possibility, we compared the levels of virus production per target cell after isogenic R5 and X4 HIV-1 infection of 2 in vitro primary human lymphocyte culture systems: T-cell receptor-stimulated blood-derived CD4(+) T cells and tonsil histoculture (which requires no exogenous stimulation for ex vivo infection). We provide evidence that R5 HIV-1 does indeed compensate for a small target cell population by producing, on average, 5 to 10 times more infectious virus per CCR5(+) target cell than X4 HIV-1. This replicative advantage may contribute to the predominance of R5 HIV-1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Roy
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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31
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Borkow G, Bentwich Z. Chronic immune activation associated with chronic helminthic and human immunodeficiency virus infections: role of hyporesponsiveness and anergy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 17:1012-30, table of contents. [PMID: 15489359 PMCID: PMC523563 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.4.1012-1030.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation is one of the hallmarks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It is present also, with very similar characteristics, in very large human populations infested with helminthic infections. We have tried to review the studies addressing the changes in the immune profiles and responses of hosts infected with either one of these two chronic infections. Not surprisingly, several of the immune derangements and impairments seen in HIV infection, and considered by many to be the "specific" effects of HIV, can be found in helminth-infected but HIV-noninfected individuals and can thus be accounted for by the chronic immune activation itself. A less appreciated element in chronic immune activation is the immune suppression and anergy which it may generate. Both HIV and helminth infections represent this aspect in a very wide and illustrative way. Different degrees of anergy and immune hyporesponsiveness are present in these infections and probably have far-reaching effects on the ability of the host to cope with these and other infections. Furthermore, they may have important practical implications, especially with regard to protective vaccinations against AIDS, for populations chronically infected with helminths and therefore widely anergic. The current knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the generation of anergy by chronic immune activation is thoroughly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Borkow
- Animal Scienes, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
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32
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Abstract
Dendritic cells are critical for host immunity and are involved both in the innate and adaptive immune responses. They are among the first cells targeted by HIV-1 in vivo at mucosal sites. Dendritic cells can sequester HIV-1 in endosomal compartments for several days and transmit infectious HIV-1 to interacting T cells in the lymph node, which is the most important site for viral replication and spread. Initially, the cellular immune response developed against HIV-1 is strong, but eventually it fails to control and resolve the infection. The most dramatic effect seen on the immune system during untreated HIV-1 infection is the destruction of helper CD4(+) T cells, which leads to subsequent immune deficiency. However, the immunomodulatory effects of HIV-1 on different dendritic cell subpopulations may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1. This review discusses the effects HIV-1 exerts on dendritic cells in vivo and in vitro, including the binding and uptake of HIV by dendritic cells, the formation of infectious synapses, infection, and the role of dendritic cells in HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Larsson
- New York University, School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 507, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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33
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Chemnitz JM, Parry RV, Nichols KE, June CH, Riley JL. SHP-1 and SHP-2 associate with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif of programmed death 1 upon primary human T cell stimulation, but only receptor ligation prevents T cell activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:945-54. [PMID: 15240681 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 854] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To study the cis- and trans-acting factors that mediate programmed death 1 (PD-1) signaling in primary human CD4 T cells, we constructed a chimeric molecule consisting of the murine CD28 extracellular domain and human PD-1 cytoplasmic tail. When introduced into CD4 T cells, this construct mimics the activity of endogenous PD-1 in terms of its ability to suppress T cell expansion and cytokine production. The cytoplasmic tail of PD-1 contains two structural motifs, an ITIM and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM). Mutation of the ITIM had little effect on PD-1 signaling or functional activity. In contrast, mutation of the ITSM abrogated the ability of PD-1 to block cytokine synthesis and to limit T cell expansion. Further biochemical analyses revealed that the ability of PD-1 to block T cell activation correlated with recruitment of Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) and SHP-2, and not the adaptor Src homology 2 domain-containing molecule 1A, to the ITSM domain. In TCR-stimulated T cells, SHP-2 associated with PD-1, even in the absence of PD-1 engagement. Despite this interaction, the ability of PD-1 to block T cell activation required receptor ligation, suggesting that colocalization of PD-1 with CD3 and/or CD28 may be necessary for inhibition of T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M Chemnitz
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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34
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Agadjanyan MG, Chattergoon MA, Holterman MJ, Monzavi-Karbassi B, Kim JJ, Dentchev T, Wilson D, Ayyavoo V, Montaner LJ, Kieber-Emmons T, Sekaly RP, Weiner DB. Costimulatory molecule immune enhancement in a plasmid vaccine model is regulated in part through the Ig constant-like domain of CD80/86. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:4311-9. [PMID: 14530356 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.8.4311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is great interest in understanding the role of costimulatory molecules in immune activation. In both the influenza and HIV DNA immunization models, several groups have reported that coimmunization of mice with plasmids encoding immunogen and CD86, but not CD80, effectively boosts Ag-specific T cell activation. This difference in immune priming provided an opportunity to examine the functional importance of different regions of the B.7 molecules in immune activation. To examine this issue, we developed a series of chimeric CD80 and CD86 constructs as well as deletion mutants, and examined their immune activating potential in the DNA vaccine model. We demonstrate that the lack of an Ig constant-like region in the CD80 molecule is critically important to the enhanced immune activation observed. CD80 C-domain deletion mutants induce a highly inflammatory Ag-specific cellular response when administered as part of a plasmid vaccine. The data suggest that the constant-like domains, likely through intermolecular interactions, are critically important for immune regulation during costimulation and that engineered CD80/86 molecules represent more potent costimulatory molecules and may improve vaccine adjuvant efficacy.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- B7-1 Antigen/administration & dosage
- B7-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-1 Antigen/physiology
- B7-2 Antigen
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Constant Regions/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Constant Regions/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Constant Regions/physiology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Immunological
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Plasmids
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Sequence Deletion/immunology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Simian virus 40/genetics
- Simian virus 40/immunology
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Agadjanyan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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35
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Abstract
Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells required for generation of adaptive immunity. These cells are one of the initial target cells for HIV-1 infection or capture of virions at site of transmission in the mucosa. DCs carrying HIV-1 will migrate to the lymphoid tissue where they can contribute to the dissemination of the virus to adjacent CD4+ T cells. In addition, HIV-1-exposed DCs may have impaired antigen-presenting capacity resulting in inadequate expansion of HIV-1-specific T cell responses. Here, we review the infection of different subtypes of DCs by HIV-1 and the relevance of these cells in the transmission and establishment of HIV-1 disease. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms through which HIV-1-DC interactions could be exploited to optimise the generation and maintenance of HIV-1-specific T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Lore
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3022, USA.
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36
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Mo R, Chen J, Han Y, Bueno-Cannizares C, Misek DE, Lescure PA, Hanash S, Yung RL. T cell chemokine receptor expression in aging. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:895-904. [PMID: 12517955 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.2.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Changes in chemokine receptor expression are important in determining T cell migration and the subsequent immune response. To better understand the contribution of the chemokine system in immune senescence we determined the effect of aging on CD4(+) T cell chemokine receptor function using microarray, RNase protection assays, Western blot, and in vitro chemokine transmigration assays. Freshly isolated CD4(+) cells from aged (20-22 mo) mice were found to express a higher level of CCR1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8 and CXCR2-5, and a lower level of CCR7 and 9 than those from young (3-4 mo) animals. Caloric restriction partially or completely restored the aging effects on CCR1, 7, and 8 and CXCR2, 4, and 5. The aging-associated differences in chemokine receptor expression cannot be adequately explained by the age-associated shift in the naive/memory or Th1/Th2 profile. CD4(+) cells from aged animals have increased chemotactic response to stromal cell-derived factor-1 and macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha, suggesting that the observed chemokine receptor changes have important functional consequences. We propose that the aging-associated changes in T cell chemokine receptor expression may contribute to the different clinical outcome in T cell chemokine receptor-dependent diseases in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruran Mo
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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37
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Leng Q, Bentwich Z, Magen E, Kalinkovich A, Borkow G. CTLA-4 upregulation during HIV infection: association with anergy and possible target for therapeutic intervention. AIDS 2002; 16:519-29. [PMID: 11872994 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200203080-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the role of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) during HIV infection. METHODS Intracellular CTLA-4 expression, determined by flow-cytometry, and proliferative responses to HIV antigens, were studied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 93 HIV-1-infected [HIV(+)] patients and 40 HIV-1 seronegative controls. RESULTS The proportions of CTLA-4 expressing CD4+ T cells were: (1) significantly higher in HIV(+) patients, 10.95 +/- 0.66%, than in controls, 6 +/- 0.45% (P < 0.0001); (2) inversely correlated to CD4+ counts (r = -0.67, P < 0.005, n = 16, drug-naive patients; r = -0.57, P < 0.0001, n = 77, HAART-treated patients); and (3) positively correlated to proportion of activated (HLA-DR+CD3+) (r = 0.53, P < 0.0001) and memory (CD45RO+CD4+) T cells (r = 0.46, P < 0.001). CD28 median fluorescence intensity in CTLA-4- cells was twice that in CTLA-4+ cells (140 +/- 5.3 versus 70 +/- 2.28, P < 0.00001), whereas cells low in CD28 and CD4, expressed more CTLA-4 (P < 0.0001). Higher proportion of CTLA-4+CD4+ cells expressed CCR5 and Ki-67, in comparison with CTLA-4-CD4+ cells, (65 +/- 11.9 and 25 +/- 7.5% versus 27 +/- 8.9 and 3.7 +/- 2%, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Among HAART-treated patients, with viral load below detectable levels, CD4+ cells increase was inversely correlated to %CTLA-4+CD4+ cells (r = -0.5, P = 0.003, n = 39). Proliferation of PBMC to anti-CD3, gp-120 depleted HIV-1 antigen or HIV-1 p24 stimulation was inversely correlated with CTLA-4 levels (r = -0.68, P = 0.0035; r = -0.38,P = 0.04; and r = -0.43, P = 0.028, respectively). CONCLUSIONS (1) CTLA-4 is upregulated during HIV infection and may therefore account for CD4 T-cell decline and anergy in HIV-1 infection. (2) Increased levels of CTLA-4 may undermine immune responses and in the HAART-treated patient-immune reconstitution. (3) Blocking of CTLA-4 may offer a novel approach for immune-based therapy in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Leng
- Ruth Ben-Ari Institute of Clinical Immunology and AIDS Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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38
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Ebert LM, McColl SR. Up-regulation of CCR5 and CCR6 on distinct subpopulations of antigen-activated CD4+ T lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:65-72. [PMID: 11751947 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Following infection, naive T cells are activated in the secondary lymphoid tissue, but then need to move to the infected tissue in the periphery to mediate their effector functions. The acquisition of inflammatory chemokine receptors, such as CCR5 and CCR6, may contribute to the efficient relocation of activated T cells to inflamed sites in the periphery. In keeping with this idea, the present study has demonstrated that CCR5 and CCR6 are up-regulated on CD4+ T cells upon activation in the MLR. The observed increase in expression correlated well with the acquisition of an activated/memory phenotype and was largely (CCR5) or completely (CCR6) separated temporally from the initiation of cell division. In contrast, the regulation of two other chemokine receptors, CXCR3 and CXCR4, occurred in close parallel with the cell division process. Increased mRNA levels are likely to contribute to the enhanced surface expression of CCR5 and CCR6, but in the case of CCR6, translocation of intracellular stores of protein to the cell surface may be an additional mechanism of regulation. The up-regulation of CCR5 was more extensive than that of CCR6, as only approximately half the activated CCR5+ T cells coexpressed CCR6. The increased expression of CCR5 resulted in enhanced chemotaxis toward the CCR5 ligand macrophage-inflammatory protein-1beta/CCL4, but up-regulation of CCR6 did not result in altered chemotactic responsiveness to macrophage-inflammatory protein-3alpha/CCL20, suggesting an alternative function for this receptor.
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MESH Headings
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunophenotyping
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Kinetics
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR5/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR6
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/classification
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Transcriptional Activation
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Ebert
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Adelaide University, Adelaide 5005, Australia
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39
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Mengozzi M, Malipatlolla M, De Rosa SC, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA, Roederer M. Naive CD4 T cells inhibit CD28-costimulated R5 HIV replication in memory CD4 T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:11644-9. [PMID: 11562498 PMCID: PMC58783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.211205098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation with antibodies to CD3 and CD28 coimmobilized on beads can be used to significantly expand T cells ex vivo. With CD4 T cells from HIV-infected patients, this expansion usually is accompanied by complete suppression of viral replication, presumed to be caused by down-regulation of the viral coreceptor CCR5 and up-regulation of CCR5 ligands. Here we show that this suppression occurs in total CD4 T cells acutely infected with R5 HIV, but not in purified CD62L(-) memory CD4 T cells. The lack of complete suppression in these memory cells, typically comprising 10-40% of total CD4 T cells, occurs despite high levels of CCR5 ligand secretion and down-regulation of CCR5. Significantly, adding back naive or CD62L(+) memory CD4 T cells inhibits the viral replication in the CD62L(-) cells, with the naive cells capable of completely repressing the virus. Although this inhibition was previously thought to be specific to bead-bound anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation, we show that the same suppression is obtained with sufficiently strong anti-CD3/B7.1 stimulation. Our results show that inhibitory mechanisms, expressed predominantly by strongly stimulated naive CD4 T cells and mediated independently of CCR5-binding chemokines, play a role in the inhibition of R5 HIV replication in CD4 T cells upon CD28 costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mengozzi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5318, USA
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40
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Ebert LM, McColl SR. Coregulation of CXC chemokine receptor and CD4 expression on T lymphocytes during allogeneic activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4870-8. [PMID: 11290763 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.4870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Upon activation, naive T cells alter their migratory patterns, acquiring the ability to move through peripheral tissues as well as the general lymphoid circulation. Although the mechanisms responsible for these alterations are not well understood, changes in chemokine receptor expression may play a critical role. To investigate these changes, the expression patterns of two chemokine receptors, CXCR3 and CXCR4, were compared on CD4(+) T cells following activation in the MLR. By day 9 of activation, expression of the inflammatory chemokine receptor CXCR3 was up-regulated, while expression of the homeostatic chemokine receptor CXCR4 was down-regulated. Alterations in receptor expression occurred almost exclusively on a subpopulation of T cells that expressed higher levels of CD4. These CD4(high) T cells demonstrated many characteristics of activated T cells and had undergone division in the MLR. By day 9 of culture, the majority of CXCR3(+) and CXCR4(-) cells had divided and had acquired an activated/memory phenotype (CD45RA(-) CD45RO(+) CD69(+) CD25(+)). The levels of transcripts for both CXCR3 and CXCR4 were increased upon allo-activation. The discrepancy between levels of CXCR4 mRNA and surface protein was not due to sequestration of the receptor in intracellular compartments, as CXCR4 was not detectable intracellularly. However, intracellular CXCR3 was readily detectable. Finally, cells from allogeneic cultures demonstrated enhanced migration toward IFN-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant and reduced migration toward stromal cell-derived factor-1 compared with syngeneic controls, thus suggesting that the observed switch in receptor expression may at least partly contribute to the differential patterns of migration displayed by naive and memory T cells.
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MESH Headings
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL11
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunophenotyping
- Intracellular Fluid/immunology
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Ebert
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Adelaide University, South Australia, Australia
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41
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Riley JL, Blair PJ, Musser JT, Abe R, Tezuka K, Tsuji T, June CH. ICOS costimulation requires IL-2 and can be prevented by CTLA-4 engagement. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4943-8. [PMID: 11290772 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.4943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between ICOS, CD28, CTLA-4, and IL-2 to gain a better understanding of this family of costimulatory receptors in the immune response. Using magnetic beads coated with anti-CD3 and varying amounts of anti-ICOS and anti-CTLA-4 Abs, we show that CTLA-4 ligation blocks ICOS costimulation. In addition to inhibiting cellular proliferation, CTLA-4 engagement prevented ICOS-costimulated T cells from producing IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. Both an indirect and direct mechanism of CTLA-4's actions were examined. First, CTLA-4 engagement on resting cells was found to indirectly block ICOS costimulation by interferring with the signals needed to induce ICOS cell surface expression. Second, on preactivated cells that had high levels of ICOS expression, CTLA-4 ligation blocked the ICOS-mediated induction of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13, suggesting an interference with downstream signaling pathways. The addition of IL-2 not only overcame both mechanisms, but also greatly augmented the level of cellular activation suggesting synergy between ICOS and IL-2 signaling. This cooperation between ICOS and IL-2 signaling was explored further by showing that the minimum level of IL-2 produced by ICOS costimulation was required for T cell proliferation. Finally, exogenous IL-2 was required for sustained growth of ICOS-costimulated T cells. These results indicate that stringent control of ICOS costimulation is maintained initially by CTLA-4 engagement and later by a requirement for exogenous IL-2.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/pharmacology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates
- Immunosuppressive Agents/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/metabolism
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Riley
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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