1
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Wang H, Liu D, Zhou X. Effect of Mycolic Acids on Host Immunity and Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:396. [PMID: 38203570 PMCID: PMC10778799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids constitute pivotal constituents within the cell wall structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Due to their structural diversity, the composition of mycolic acids exhibits substantial variations among different strains, endowing them with the distinctive label of being the 'signature' feature of mycobacterial species. Within Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the primary classes of mycolic acids include α-, keto-, and methoxy-mycolic acids. While these mycolic acids are predominantly esterified to the cell wall components (such as arabinogalactan, alginate, or glucose) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a fraction of free mycolic acids are secreted during in vitro growth of the bacterium. Remarkably, different types of mycolic acids possess varying capabilities to induce foamy macro-phages and trigger immune responses. Additionally, mycolic acids play a regulatory role in the lipid metabolism of host cells, thereby exerting influence over the progression of tuberculosis. Consequently, the multifaceted properties of mycolic acids shape the immune evasion strategy employed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A comprehensive understanding of mycolic acids is of paramount significance in the pursuit of developing tuberculosis therapeutics and unraveling the intricacies of its pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100086, China; (H.W.); (D.L.)
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Dingpu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100086, China; (H.W.); (D.L.)
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100086, China; (H.W.); (D.L.)
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing 100086, China
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2
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Kim S, Cho S, Kim JH. CD1-mediated immune responses in mucosal tissues: molecular mechanisms underlying lipid antigen presentation system. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1858-1871. [PMID: 37696897 PMCID: PMC10545705 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) molecule differs from major histocompatibility complex class I and II because it presents glycolipid/lipid antigens. Moreover, the CD1-restricted T cells that recognize these self and foreign antigens participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses. CD1s are constitutively expressed by professional and nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in mucosal tissues, namely, the skin, lung, and intestine. This suggests that CD1-reactive T cells are involved in the immune responses of these tissues. Indeed, evidence suggests that these cells play important roles in diverse diseases, such as inflammation, autoimmune disease, and infection. Recent studies elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which CD1 presents lipid antigens suggest that defects in these mechanisms could contribute to the activities of CD1-reactive T cells. Thus, improving our understanding of these mechanisms could lead to new and effective therapeutic approaches to CD1-associated diseases. In this review, we discuss the CD1-mediated antigen presentation system and its roles in mucosal tissue immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Gong Y, Wang J, Li F, Zhu B. Polysaccharides and glycolipids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their induced immune responses. Scand J Immunol 2023; 97:e13261. [PMID: 39008002 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The structures of polysaccharides and glycolipids at M. tuberculosis cell wall vary among different strains, which affect the physiology and pathogenesis of mycobacteria by activating or inhibiting innate and acquired immunity. Among them, some components such as lipomannan (LM) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) activate innate immunity by recognizing some kinds of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like Toll-like receptors, while other components like mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) could prevent innate immune responses by inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and maturation of phagosomes. In addition, many glycolipids can activate natural killer T (NKT) cells and CD1-restricted T cells to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Furthermore, humoral immunity against cell wall components, such as antibodies against LAM, plays a role in immunity against M. tuberculosis infection. Cell wall polysaccharides and glycolipids of M. tuberculosis have potential applications as antigens and adjuvants for novel TB subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gong
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fei Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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4
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Farquhar R, Van Rhijn I, Moody DB, Rossjohn J, Shahine A. αβ T-cell receptor recognition of self-phosphatidylinositol presented by CD1b. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102849. [PMID: 36587766 PMCID: PMC9900620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1 glycoproteins present lipid-based antigens to T-cell receptors (TCRs). A role for CD1b in T-cell-mediated autoreactivity was proposed when it was established that CD1b can present self-phospholipids with short alkyl chains (∼C34) to T cells; however, the structural characteristics of this presentation and recognition are unclear. Here, we report the 1.9 Å resolution binary crystal structure of CD1b presenting a self-phosphatidylinositol-C34:1 and an endogenous scaffold lipid. Moreover, we also determined the 2.4 Å structure of CD1b-phosphatidylinositol complexed to an autoreactive αβ TCR, BC8B. We show that the TCR docks above CD1b and directly contacts the presented antigen, selecting for both the phosphoinositol headgroup and glycerol neck region via antigen remodeling within CD1b and allowing lateral escape of the inositol moiety through a channel formed by the TCR α-chain. Furthermore, through alanine scanning mutagenesis and surface plasmon resonance, we identified key CD1b residues mediating this interaction, with Glu-80 abolishing TCR binding. We in addition define a role for both CD1b α1 and CD1b α2 molecular domains in modulating this interaction. These findings suggest that the BC8B TCR contacts both the presented phospholipid and the endogenous scaffold lipid via a dual mechanism of corecognition. Taken together, these data expand our understanding into the molecular mechanisms of CD1b-mediated T-cell autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Farquhar
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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5
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Ramon-Luing LA, Carranza C, Téllez-Navarrete NA, Medina-Quero K, Gonzalez Y, Torres M, Chavez-Galan L. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv Strain Increases the Frequency of CD3 +TCR + Macrophages and Affects Their Phenotype, but Not Their Migration Ability. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010329. [PMID: 35008755 PMCID: PMC8745617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mycobacterial infections, the number of cells from two newly discovered subpopulations of CD3+ myeloid cells are increased at the infection site; one type expresses the T cell receptor (CD3+TCRαβ+) and the other does not (CD3+TCRαβ−). The role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) virulence in generating these subpopulations and the ability of these cells to migrate remains unclear. In this study, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected in vitro with either a virulent (H37Rv) or an avirulent (H37Ra) Mtb strain were phenotypically characterized based on three MDM phenotypes (CD3−, CD3+TCRαβ+, and CD3+TCRαβ−); then, their migration ability upon Mtb infection was evaluated. We found no differences in the frequency of CD3+ MDMs at 24 h of infection with either Mtb strain. However, H37Rv infection increased the frequency of CD3+TCRαβ+ MDMs at a multiplicity of infection of 1 and altered the expression of CD1b, CD1c, and TNF on the surface of cells from both the CD3+ MDM subpopulations; it also modified the expression of CCR2, CXCR1, and CCR7, thus affecting CCL2 and IL-8 levels. Moreover, H37Rv infection decreased the migration ability of the CD3− MDMs, but not CD3+ MDMs. These results confirm that the CD3+ macrophage subpopulations express chemokine receptors that respond to chemoattractants, facilitating cell migration. Together, these data suggest that CD3+ MDMs are a functional subpopulation involved in the immune response against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero A. Ramon-Luing
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (L.A.R.-L.); (N.A.T.-N.)
| | - Claudia Carranza
- Laboratory of Tuberculosis Immunobiology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (C.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Norma A. Téllez-Navarrete
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (L.A.R.-L.); (N.A.T.-N.)
| | - Karen Medina-Quero
- Laboratory of Immunology, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Mexico City 11200, Mexico;
| | - Yolanda Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Martha Torres
- Laboratory of Tuberculosis Immunobiology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (C.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (L.A.R.-L.); (N.A.T.-N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(55)-54871700 (ext. 5270)
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6
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Zhou AX, Scriba TJ, Day CL, Hagge DA, Seshadri C. A simple assay to quantify mycobacterial lipid antigen-specific T cell receptors in human tissues and blood. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0010018. [PMID: 34914694 PMCID: PMC8717985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) encode the history of antigenic challenge within an individual and have the potential to serve as molecular markers of infection. In addition to peptide antigens bound to highly polymorphic MHC molecules, T cells have also evolved to recognize bacterial lipids when bound to non-polymorphic CD1 molecules. One such subset, germline-encoded, mycolyl lipid-reactive (GEM) T cells, recognizes mycobacterial cell wall lipids and expresses a conserved TCR-ɑ chain that is shared among genetically unrelated individuals. We developed a quantitative PCR assay to determine expression of the GEM TCR-ɑ nucleotide sequence in human tissues and blood. This assay was validated on plasmids and T cell lines. We tested blood samples from South African subjects with or without tuberculin reactivity or with active tuberculosis disease. We were able to detect GEM TCR-ɑ above the limit of detection in 92% of donors but found no difference in GEM TCR-ɑ expression among the three groups after normalizing for total TCR-ɑ expression. In a cohort of leprosy patients from Nepal, we successfully detected GEM TCR-ɑ in 100% of skin biopsies with histologically confirmed tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy. Thus, GEM T cells constitute part of the T cell repertoire in the skin. However, GEM TCR-ɑ expression was not different between leprosy patients and control subjects after normalization. Further, these results reveal the feasibility of developing a simple, field deployable molecular diagnostic based on mycobacterial lipid antigen-specific TCR sequences that are readily detectable in human tissues and blood independent of genetic background.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Cell Wall/genetics
- Cell Wall/immunology
- Cohort Studies
- Humans
- Leprosy/blood
- Leprosy/diagnosis
- Leprosy/immunology
- Leprosy/microbiology
- Lipids/immunology
- Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods
- Mycobacterium/genetics
- Mycobacterium/immunology
- Mycobacterium/isolation & purification
- Nepal
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/blood
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- South Africa
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Tuberculosis/blood
- Tuberculosis/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela X. Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheryl L. Day
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Deanna A. Hagge
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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7
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Sieniawska E, Sawicki R, Marchev AS, Truszkiewicz W, Georgiev MI. Tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis via disruption of the cell envelope surface and oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 156:112405. [PMID: 34273428 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The unique structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope provides impermeable barrier against environmental stimuli. In the situation that this barrier is disturbed Mycobacteria react at the transcriptional and translational level to redirect metabolic processes and to maintain integrity of the cell. In this work we aimed to explore the early metabolic response of M. tuberculosis to tanshinones, which are active antimycobacterial compounds of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge root. The investigation of the expression of sigma factors revealed the significant shifts in the general bacterial regulatory network, whereas LC-MS metabolomics evidenced the changes in the composition of bacterial cell envelope and indicated altered metabolic pathways. Tanshinones acted via the disruption of the cell envelope surface and generation of reactive oxygen species. Bacteria responded with overproduction of inner region of outer membrane, fluctuations in the production of glycerophosphoinositolglycans, as well as changes in the levels of mycobactins, accompanied by enrichment of metabolic pathways related to redox balance and repair of damages caused by tanshinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Sieniawska
- Medical University of Lublin, Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Rafal Sawicki
- Medical University of Lublin, Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Andrey S Marchev
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
| | - Wieslaw Truszkiewicz
- Medical University of Lublin, Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Milen I Georgiev
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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8
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Holzheimer M, Buter J, Minnaard AJ. Chemical Synthesis of Cell Wall Constituents of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9554-9643. [PMID: 34190544 PMCID: PMC8361437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causing
tuberculosis disease, features an extraordinary
thick cell envelope, rich in Mtb-specific lipids,
glycolipids, and glycans. These cell wall components are often directly
involved in host–pathogen interaction and recognition, intracellular
survival, and virulence. For decades, these mycobacterial natural
products have been of great interest for immunology and synthetic
chemistry alike, due to their complex molecular structure and the
biological functions arising from it. The synthesis of many of these
constituents has been achieved and aided the elucidation of their
function by utilizing the synthetic material to study Mtb immunology. This review summarizes the synthetic efforts of a quarter
century of total synthesis and highlights how the synthesis layed
the foundation for immunological studies as well as drove the field
of organic synthesis and catalysis to efficiently access these complex
natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Nathan A, Beynor JI, Baglaenko Y, Suliman S, Ishigaki K, Asgari S, Huang CC, Luo Y, Zhang Z, Lopez K, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Ernst JD, Jimenez J, Calderón RI, Lecca L, Van Rhijn I, Moody DB, Murray MB, Raychaudhuri S. Multimodally profiling memory T cells from a tuberculosis cohort identifies cell state associations with demographics, environment and disease. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:781-793. [PMID: 34031617 PMCID: PMC8162307 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multimodal T cell profiling can enable more precise characterization of elusive cell states underlying disease. Here, we integrated single-cell RNA and surface protein data from 500,089 memory T cells to define 31 cell states from 259 individuals in a Peruvian tuberculosis (TB) progression cohort. At immune steady state >4 years after infection and disease resolution, we found that, after accounting for significant effects of age, sex, season and genetic ancestry on T cell composition, a polyfunctional type 17 helper T (TH17) cell-like effector state was reduced in abundance and function in individuals who previously progressed from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection to active TB disease. These cells are capable of responding to M.tb peptides. Deconvoluting this state-uniquely identifiable with multimodal analysis-from public data demonstrated that its depletion may precede and persist beyond active disease. Our study demonstrates the power of integrative multimodal single-cell profiling to define cell states relevant to disease and other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Nathan
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica I Beynor
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuriy Baglaenko
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Ishigaki
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samira Asgari
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chuan-Chin Huang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Luo
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zibiao Zhang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kattya Lopez
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Joel D Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Roger I Calderón
- Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, Peru
- Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonid Lecca
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan B Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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10
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Layton ED, Barman S, Wilburn DB, Yu KKQ, Smith MT, Altman JD, Scriba TJ, Tahiri N, Minnaard AJ, Roederer M, Seder RA, Darrah PA, Seshadri C. T Cells Specific for a Mycobacterial Glycolipid Expand after Intravenous Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1240-1250. [PMID: 33536255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intradermal vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) protects infants from disseminated tuberculosis, and i.v. BCG protects nonhuman primates (NHP) against pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In humans and NHP, protection is thought to be mediated by T cells, which typically recognize bacterial peptide Ags bound to MHC proteins. However, during vertebrate evolution, T cells acquired the capacity to recognize lipid Ags bound to CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c proteins expressed on APCs. It is unknown whether BCG induces T cell immunity to mycobacterial lipids and whether CD1-restricted T cells are resident in the lung. In this study, we developed and validated Macaca mulatta (Mamu) CD1b and CD1c tetramers to probe ex vivo phenotypes and functions of T cells specific for glucose monomycolate (GMM), an immunodominant mycobacterial lipid Ag. We discovered that CD1b and CD1c present GMM to T cells in both humans and NHP. We show that GMM-specific T cells are expanded in rhesus macaque blood 4 wk after i.v. BCG, which has been shown to protect NHP with near-sterilizing efficacy upon M. tuberculosis challenge. After vaccination, these T cells are detected at high frequency within bronchoalveolar fluid and express CD69 and CD103, markers associated with resident memory T cells. Thus, our data expand the repertoire of T cells known to be induced by whole cell mycobacterial vaccines, such as BCG, and show that lipid Ag-specific T cells are resident in the lungs, where they may contribute to protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Layton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Soumik Barman
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Damien B Wilburn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Krystle K Q Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Malisa T Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - John D Altman
- National Institutes of Health Tetramer Core Facility, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 9747, South Africa
| | - Nabil Tahiri
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen 7925, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen 7925, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Patricia A Darrah
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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11
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Ruibal P, Voogd L, Joosten SA, Ottenhoff THM. The role of donor-unrestricted T-cells, innate lymphoid cells, and NK cells in anti-mycobacterial immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:30-47. [PMID: 33529407 PMCID: PMC8154655 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination strategies against mycobacteria, focusing mostly on classical T‐ and B‐cells, have shown limited success, encouraging the addition of alternative targets. Classically restricted T‐cells recognize antigens presented via highly polymorphic HLA class Ia and class II molecules, while donor‐unrestricted T‐cells (DURTs), with few exceptions, recognize ligands via genetically conserved antigen presentation molecules. Consequently, DURTs can respond to the same ligands across diverse human populations. DURTs can be activated either through cognate TCR ligation or via bystander cytokine signaling. TCR‐driven antigen‐specific activation of DURTs occurs upon antigen presentation via non‐polymorphic molecules such as HLA‐E, CD1, MR1, and butyrophilin, leading to the activation of HLA‐E–restricted T‐cells, CD1‐restricted T‐cells, mucosal‐associated invariant T‐cells (MAITs), and TCRγδ T‐cells, respectively. NK cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which lack rearranged TCRs, are activated through other receptor‐triggering pathways, or can be engaged through bystander cytokines, produced, for example, by activated antigen‐specific T‐cells or phagocytes. NK cells can also develop trained immune memory and thus could represent cells of interest to mobilize by novel vaccines. In this review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the contributions of DURTs, NK cells, and ILCs in anti–M tuberculosis, M leprae, and non‐tuberculous mycobacterial immunity and explore possible ways in which they could be harnessed through vaccines and immunotherapies to improve protection against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ruibal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Voogd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone A Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Animal models for human group 1 CD1 protein function. Mol Immunol 2020; 130:159-163. [PMID: 33384157 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The CD1 antigen presenting system is evolutionary conserved and found in mammals, birds and reptiles. Humans express five isoforms, of which CD1a, CD1b and CD1c represent the group 1 CD1-molecules. They are recognized by T cells that express diverse αβ-T cell receptors. Investigation of the role of group 1 CD1 function has been hampered by the fact that CD1a, CD1b and CD1c are not expressed by mice. However, other animals, such as guinea pigs or cattle, serve as alternative models and have established basic aspects of CD1-dependent, antimicrobial immune functions. Group 1 CD1 transgenic mouse models became available about ten years ago. In a series of seminal studies these mouse models coined the mechanistical understanding of the role of the corresponding CD1 restricted T cell responses. This review gives a short overview of available animal studies and the lessons that have been and still can be learned.
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13
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The thick waxy coat of mycobacteria, a protective layer against antibiotics and the host's immune system. Biochem J 2020; 477:1983-2006. [PMID: 32470138 PMCID: PMC7261415 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is the leading cause of death from an infectious disease, with a mortality rate of over a million people per year. This pathogen's remarkable resilience and infectivity is largely due to its unique waxy cell envelope, 40% of which comprises complex lipids. Therefore, an understanding of the structure and function of the cell wall lipids is of huge indirect clinical significance. This review provides a synopsis of the cell envelope and the major lipids contained within, including structure, biosynthesis and roles in pathogenesis.
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14
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Smith DGM, Ito E, Yamasaki S, Williams SJ. Cholesteryl 6- O-acyl-α-glucosides from diverse Helicobacter spp. signal through the C-type lectin receptor Mincle. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7907-7915. [PMID: 32996960 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01776k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter spp. are Gram-negative bacteria that cause a spectrum of disease in the gut, biliary tree and liver. Many Helicobacter spp. produce a range of cholesteryl α-glucosides that have the potential to act as pathogen associated molecular patterns. We report a highly stereoselective α-glucosylation of cholesterol using 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-O-benzyl-d-glucopyranosyl N-phenyl-2,2,2-trifluoroacetimidate, which allowed the synthesis of cholesteryl α-glucoside (αCG) and representative Helicobacter spp. cholesteryl 6-O-acyl-α-glucosides (αCAGs; acyl = C12:0, 14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1). All αCAGs, irrespective of the nature of their acyl chain composition, strongly agonised signalling through the C-type lectin receptor Mincle from human and mouse to similar degrees. By contrast, αCG only weakly signalled through human Mincle, and did not signal through mouse Mincle. These results provide a molecular basis for understanding of the immunobiology of non-pylori Helicobacter infections in humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G M Smith
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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15
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Tahiri N, Fodran P, Jayaraman D, Buter J, Witte MD, Ocampo TA, Moody DB, Van Rhijn I, Minnaard AJ. Total Synthesis of a Mycolic Acid from
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Tahiri
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Peter Fodran
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Dhineshkumar Jayaraman
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Martin D. Witte
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Tonatiuh A. Ocampo
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and ImmunityHarvard Medical School, Hale BTM 60 Fenwood Road Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and ImmunityHarvard Medical School, Hale BTM 60 Fenwood Road Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and ImmunityHarvard Medical School, Hale BTM 60 Fenwood Road Boston MA 02115 USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht University Yalelaan 1 3584 CL Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J. Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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16
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Tahiri N, Fodran P, Jayaraman D, Buter J, Witte MD, Ocampo TA, Moody DB, Van Rhijn I, Minnaard AJ. Total Synthesis of a Mycolic Acid from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7555-7560. [PMID: 32067294 PMCID: PMC7216993 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycolic acids and their glycerol, glucose, and trehalose esters ("cord factor") form the main part of the mycomembrane. Despite their first isolation almost a century ago, full stereochemical evaluation is lacking, as is a scalable synthesis required for accurate immunological, including vaccination, studies. Herein, we report an efficient, convergent, gram-scale synthesis of four stereo-isomers of a mycolic acid and its glucose ester. Binding to the antigen presenting protein CD1b and T cell activation studies are used to confirm the antigenicity of the synthetic material. The absolute stereochemistry of the syn-methoxy methyl moiety in natural material is evaluated by comparing its optical rotation with that of synthetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Tahiri
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter Fodran
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Dhineshkumar Jayaraman
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Martin D. Witte
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Tonatiuh A. Ocampo
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and ImmunityHarvard Medical School, Hale BTM60 Fenwood RoadBostonMA02115USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and ImmunityHarvard Medical School, Hale BTM60 Fenwood RoadBostonMA02115USA
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and ImmunityHarvard Medical School, Hale BTM60 Fenwood RoadBostonMA02115USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 13584 CLUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J. Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 79747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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17
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Dulberger CL, Rubin EJ, Boutte CC. The mycobacterial cell envelope - a moving target. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 18:47-59. [PMID: 31728063 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the leading cause of death due to infection, has a dynamic and immunomodulatory cell envelope. The cell envelope structurally and functionally varies across the length of the cell and during the infection process. This variability allows the bacterium to manipulate the human immune system, tolerate antibiotic treatment and adapt to the variable host environment. Much of what we know about the mycobacterial cell envelope has been gleaned from model actinobacterial species, or model conditions such as growth in vitro, in macrophages and in the mouse. In this Review, we combine data from different experimental systems to build a model of the dynamics of the mycobacterial cell envelope across space and time. We describe the regulatory pathways that control metabolism of the cell wall and surface lipids in M. tuberculosis during growth and stasis, and speculate about how this regulation might affect antibiotic susceptibility and interactions with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Dulberger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric J Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cara C Boutte
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
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18
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Rodriguez-Cruz A, Vesin D, Ramon-Luing L, Zuñiga J, Quesniaux VFJ, Ryffel B, Lascurain R, Garcia I, Chávez-Galán L. CD3 + Macrophages Deliver Proinflammatory Cytokines by a CD3- and Transmembrane TNF-Dependent Pathway and Are Increased at the BCG-Infection Site. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2550. [PMID: 31787969 PMCID: PMC6855269 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are essential cells of the innate immune response against microbial infections, and they have the ability to adapt under both pro- and anti-inflammatory conditions and develop different functions. A growing body of evidence regarding a novel macrophage subpopulation that expresses CD3 has recently emerged. Here, we explain that human circulating monocytes can be differentiated into CD3+TCRαβ+ and CD3+TCRαβ− macrophages. Both cell subpopulations express on their cell surface HLA family molecules, but only the CD3+TCRαβ+ macrophage subpopulation co-express CD1 family molecules and transmembrane TNF (tmTNF). CD3+TCRαβ+ macrophages secrete IL-1β, IL-6 IP-10, and MCP-1 by both tmTNF- and CD3-dependent pathways, while CD3+TCRαβ− macrophages specifically produce IFN-γ, TNF, and MIP-1β by a CD3-dependent pathway. In this study, we also used a mouse model of BCG-induced pleurisy and demonstrated that CD3+ myeloid cells (TCRαβ+ and TCRαβ− cells) are increased at the infection sites during the acute phase (2 weeks post-infection). Interestingly, cell increment was mediated by tmTNF, and the soluble form of TNF was dispensable. BCG-infection also induced the expression of TNF receptor 2 on CD3+ myeloid cells, which increased after BCG-infection, suggesting that the tmTNF/TNFRs axis plays an important role in the presence or function of these cells in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Rodriguez-Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dominique Vesin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lucero Ramon-Luing
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joaquin Zuñiga
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Valérie F J Quesniaux
- Experimental Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (UMR7355), CNRS and University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Experimental Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (UMR7355), CNRS and University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Ricardo Lascurain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Hospital Nacional Homeopático, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irene Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leslie Chávez-Galán
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
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19
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Reinink P, Shahine A, Gras S, Cheng TY, Farquhar R, Lopez K, Suliman SA, Reijneveld JF, Le Nours J, Tan LL, León SR, Jimenez J, Calderon R, Lecca L, Murray MB, Rossjohn J, Moody DB, Van Rhijn I. A TCR β-Chain Motif Biases toward Recognition of Human CD1 Proteins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3395-3406. [PMID: 31694911 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput TCR sequencing allows interrogation of the human TCR repertoire, potentially connecting TCR sequences to antigenic targets. Unlike the highly polymorphic MHC proteins, monomorphic Ag-presenting molecules such as MR1, CD1d, and CD1b present Ags to T cells with species-wide TCR motifs. CD1b tetramer studies and a survey of the 27 published CD1b-restricted TCRs demonstrated a TCR motif in humans defined by the TCR β-chain variable gene 4-1 (TRBV4-1) region. Unexpectedly, TRBV4-1 was involved in recognition of CD1b regardless of the chemical class of the carried lipid. Crystal structures of two CD1b-specific TRBV4-1+ TCRs show that germline-encoded residues in CDR1 and CDR3 regions of TRBV4-1-encoded sequences interact with each other and consolidate the surface of the TCR. Mutational studies identified a key positively charged residue in TRBV4-1 and a key negatively charged residue in CD1b that is shared with CD1c, which is also recognized by TRBV4-1 TCRs. These data show that one TCR V region can mediate a mechanism of recognition of two related monomorphic Ag-presenting molecules that does not rely on a defined lipid Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Reinink
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Rachel Farquhar
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kattya Lopez
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Socios en Salud Sucursal Peru, 15001 Lima, Peru
| | - Sara A Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Josephine F Reijneveld
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Li Lynn Tan
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Megan B Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; .,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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20
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The role of low molecular weight thiols in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116:44-55. [PMID: 31153518 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) thiols are molecules with a functional sulfhydryl group that enable them to detoxify reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species and other free radicals. Their roles range from their ability to modulate the immune system to their ability to prevent damage of biological molecules such as DNA and proteins by protecting against oxidative, nitrosative and acidic stress. LMW thiols are synthesized and found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Due to their beneficial role to both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, their specific functions need to be elucidated, most especially in pathogenic prokaryotes such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), in order to provide a rationale for targeting their biosynthesis for drug development. Ergothioneine (ERG), mycothiol (MSH) and gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC) are LMW thiols that have been shown to interplay to protect M.tb against cellular stress. Though ERG, MSH and GGC seem to have overlapping functions, studies are gradually revealing their unique physiological roles. Understanding their unique physiological role during the course of tuberculosis (TB) infection, would pave the way for the development of drugs that target their biosynthetic pathway. This review identifies the knowledge gap in the unique physiological roles of LMW thiols and proposes their mechanistic roles based on previous studies. In addition, it gives an update on identified inhibitors of their biosynthetic enzymes.
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21
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Layton ED, Yu KKQ, Smith MT, Scriba TJ, De Rosa SC, Seshadri C. Validation of a CD1b tetramer assay for studies of human mycobacterial infection or vaccination. J Immunol Methods 2018; 458:44-52. [PMID: 29684428 PMCID: PMC5960426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CD1 tetramers loaded with lipid antigens facilitate the identification of rare lipid-antigen specific T cells present in human blood and tissue. Because CD1 proteins are structurally non-polymorphic, these tetramers can be applied to genetically diverse human populations, unlike MHC-I and MHC-II tetramers. However, there are no standardized assays to quantify and characterize lipid antigen-specific T cells present within clinical samples. We incorporated CD1b tetramers loaded with the mycobacterial lipid glucose monomycolate (GMM) into a multi-parameter flow cytometry assay. Using a GMM-specific T-cell line, we demonstrate that the assay is linear, reproducible, repeatable, precise, accurate, and has a limit of detection of approximately 0.007%. Having formally validated this assay, we performed a cross-sectional study of healthy U.S. controls and South African adolescents with and without latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). We show that GMM-specific T cells are specifically detected in South African subjects with LTBI and not in U.S. healthy controls. This assay can be expanded to include additional tetramers or phenotypic markers to characterize GMM-specific T cells in studies of mycobacterial infection, disease, or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D Layton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Krystle K Q Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Malisa T Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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22
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Singh P, Rameshwaram NR, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Cell envelope lipids in the pathophysiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:689-710. [PMID: 29771143 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular bacterium that persists and replicates inside macrophages. The bacterium possesses an unusual lipid-rich cell envelope that provides a hydrophobic impermeable barrier against many environmental stressors and allows it to survive extremely hostile intracellular surroundings. Since the lipid-rich envelope is crucial for M. tuberculosis virulence, the components of the cell wall lipid biogenesis pathways constitute an attractive target for the development of vaccines and antimycobacterial chemotherapeutics. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the mycobacterial cell envelope lipid components and their contributions to the physiology and pathogenicity of mycobacteria. We also discussed the current status of the antimycobacterial drugs that target biosynthesis, export and regulation of cell envelope lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576 104, India
| | - Nagender Rao Rameshwaram
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
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23
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van der Peet PL, Nagata M, Shah S, White JM, Yamasaki S, Williams SJ. Lipid structure influences the ability of glucose monocorynomycolate to signal through Mincle. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:9267-9277. [PMID: 27714279 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01781a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mincle (macrophage-inducible C-type lectin) is a C-type lectin receptor that provides the capacity for immune sensing of a range of pathogen- and commensal-derived glycolipids. Mincle can recognize mycolic and/or corynomycolic acid esters of trehalose, glycerol and glucose from mycobacteria and corynebacteria. While simple straight-chain long fatty acids (e.g. behenic acid) can substitute for mycolic acid on trehalose and glycerol and maintain robust signalling through Mincle, glucose monobehenate has been reported to be much less active than glucose monocorynomycolate (GMCM). We report the preparation of a range of analogues of GMCM to explore structural requirements in the lipid chain for signalling through Mincle. GMCM analogues bearing simple straight chain or branched fatty acid esters provided only weak signalling through human and mouse Mincle. A GMCM variant with a truncated (pentyl) α-chain provided attenuated signalling, whereas an analogue with an extended (tricosyl; C23) α-chain signalled as potently as GMCM. This work suggests that Mincle has the ability to survey mycolate-derived glycolipids from actinomycetes, distinguishing non-pathogenic (e.g. Rhodococcus spp.) and pathogenic (e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis) species on the basis of α-chain length. Finally, an α-phenyldodecyl analogue of GMCM possessed similar potency to GMCM and was only slightly less potent than trehalose dimycolate (cord factor), showing that large functional groups may be tolerated in the α-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L van der Peet
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010 Australia.
| | - Masahiro Nagata
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sayali Shah
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010 Australia.
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010 Australia.
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Spencer J Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010 Australia.
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24
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Torina A, Guggino G, La Manna MP, Sireci G. The Janus Face of NKT Cell Function in Autoimmunity and Infectious Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020440. [PMID: 29389901 PMCID: PMC5855662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells (NKT) are a subset of T lymphocytes bridging innate and adaptive immunity. These cells recognize self and microbial glycolipids bound to non-polymorphic and highly conserved CD1d molecules. Three NKT cell subsets, type I, II, and NKT-like expressing different antigen receptors (TCR) were described and TCR activation promotes intracellular events leading to specific functional activities. NKT can exhibit different functions depending on the secretion of soluble molecules and the interaction with other cell types. NKT cells act as regulatory cells in the defense against infections but, on the other hand, their effector functions can be involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory disorders due to their exposure to different microbial or self-antigens, respectively. A deep understanding of the biology and functions of type I, II, and NKT-like cells as well as their interplay with cell types acting in innate (neuthrophils, innate lymphoid cells, machrophages, and dendritic cells) and adaptive immunity (CD4⁺,CD8⁺, and double negative T cells) should be important to design potential immunotherapies for infectious and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Torina
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Via Marinuzzi 3, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Guggino
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine, Rheumatology Section, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Marco Pio La Manna
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, Section of General Pathology, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
- Central Laboratory Advanced Diagnostic and Biological Research, University Hospital, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Guido Sireci
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, Section of General Pathology, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
- Central Laboratory Advanced Diagnostic and Biological Research, University Hospital, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
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25
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Chancellor A, Tocheva AS, Cave-Ayland C, Tezera L, White A, Al Dulayymi JR, Bridgeman JS, Tews I, Wilson S, Lissin NM, Tebruegge M, Marshall B, Sharpe S, Elliott T, Skylaris CK, Essex JW, Baird MS, Gadola S, Elkington P, Mansour S. CD1b-restricted GEM T cell responses are modulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis mycolic acid meromycolate chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10956-E10964. [PMID: 29158404 PMCID: PMC5754766 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708252114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a major human pandemic. Germline-encoded mycolyl lipid-reactive (GEM) T cells are donor-unrestricted and recognize CD1b-presented mycobacterial mycolates. However, the molecular requirements governing mycolate antigenicity for the GEM T cell receptor (TCR) remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate CD1b expression in TB granulomas and reveal a central role for meromycolate chains in influencing GEM-TCR activity. Meromycolate fine structure influences T cell responses in TB-exposed individuals, and meromycolate alterations modulate functional responses by GEM-TCRs. Computational simulations suggest that meromycolate chain dynamics regulate mycolate head group movement, thereby modulating GEM-TCR activity. Our findings have significant implications for the design of future vaccines that target GEM T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chancellor
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna S Tocheva
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cave-Ayland
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Liku Tezera
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew White
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Juma'a R Al Dulayymi
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ivo Tews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wilson
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Histochemistry Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marc Tebruegge
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 3052 Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Marshall
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Elliott
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Chris-Kriton Skylaris
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan W Essex
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Gadola
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Elkington
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Salah Mansour
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom;
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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26
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Van Rhijn I, Iwany SK, Fodran P, Cheng TY, Gapin L, Minnaard AJ, Moody DB. CD1b-mycolic acid tetramers demonstrate T-cell fine specificity for mycobacterial lipid tails. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1525-1534. [PMID: 28665555 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis synthesizes a thick cell wall comprised of mycolic acids (MA), which are foreign antigens for human T cells. T-cell clones from multiple donors were used to determine the fine specificity of MA recognition by human αβ T cells. Most CD1-presented lipid antigens contain large hydrophilic head groups comprised of carbohydrates or peptides that dominate patterns of T-cell specificity. MA diverges from the consensus antigen motif in that it lacks a head group. Using multiple forms of natural and synthetic MA and MA-specific T-cells with different T-cell receptors, we found that, unlike antigens with larger head groups, lipid length strongly controlled T-cell responses to MA. In addition, the three forms of MA that naturally occur in M. tuberculosis that differ in modifications on the lipid tail, differ in their potency for activating MA-specific T-cell clones. Thus, naturally occurring MA forms should be considered as separate, partly cross-reactive antigens. Two of the three forms of MA could be loaded onto human CD1b proteins, creating working CD1b-MA tetramers. The creation of CD1b-MA tetramers represents a new tool for future studies that track the effector functions and kinetics of MA-specific T-cells ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah K Iwany
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Fodran
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and National Jewish Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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27
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T cell receptor recognition of CD1b presenting a mycobacterial glycolipid. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13257. [PMID: 27807341 PMCID: PMC5095289 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CD1 proteins present microbial lipids to T cells. Germline-encoded mycolyl lipid-reactive (GEM) T cells with conserved αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize CD1b presenting mycobacterial mycolates. As the molecular basis underpinning TCR recognition of CD1b remains unknown, here we determine the structure of a GEM TCR bound to CD1b presenting glucose-6-O-monomycolate (GMM). The GEM TCR docks centrally above CD1b, whereby the conserved TCR α-chain extensively contacts CD1b and GMM. Through mutagenesis and study of T cells from tuberculosis patients, we identify a consensus CD1b footprint of TCRs present among GEM T cells. Using both the TCR α- and β-chains as tweezers to surround and grip the glucose moiety of GMM, GEM TCRs create a highly specific mechanism for recognizing this mycobacterial glycolipid. Germline-encoded mycolyl lipid-reactive (GEM) T cells recognize CD1b proteins presenting mycobacterial mycolates via their T-cell receptors (TCRs). Here, the authors present the structure of this interaction and provide a molecular basis for the co-recognition of CD1b and a mycobacterial glycolipid.
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28
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Smith DG, Williams SJ. Immune sensing of microbial glycolipids and related conjugates by T cells and the pattern recognition receptors MCL and Mincle. Carbohydr Res 2016; 420:32-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Zhao J, Siddiqui S, Shang S, Bian Y, Bagchi S, He Y, Wang CR. Mycolic acid-specific T cells protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a humanized transgenic mouse model. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26652001 PMCID: PMC4718816 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 1 CD1 molecules, CD1a, CD1b and CD1c, present lipid antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to T cells. Mtb lipid-specific group 1 CD1-restricted T cells have been detected in Mtb-infected individuals. However, their role in protective immunity against Mtb remains unclear due to the absence of group 1 CD1 expression in mice. To overcome the challenge, we generated mice that expressed human group 1 CD1 molecules (hCD1Tg) and a CD1b-restricted, mycolic-acid specific TCR (DN1Tg). Using DN1Tg/hCD1Tg mice, we found that activation of DN1 T cells was initiated in the mediastinal lymph nodes and showed faster kinetics compared to Mtb Ag85B-specific CD4+ T cells after aerosol infection with Mtb. Additionally, activated DN1 T cells exhibited polyfunctional characteristics, accumulated in lung granulomas, and protected against Mtb infection. Therefore, our findings highlight the vaccination potential of targeting group 1 CD1-restricted lipid-specific T cells against Mtb infection. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08525.001 Most cases of tuberculosis are caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is believed to have infected one third of the world’s population. Most of these infections are dormant and don’t cause any symptoms. However, active infections can be deadly if left untreated and often require six months of treatment with multiple antibiotics. One reason why these infections are so difficult to treat is because the M. tuberculosis cell walls contain fatty molecules known as mycolic acids, which make the bacteria less susceptible to antibiotics. These molecules also help the bacteria to subvert and then hide from the immune system. The prevalence of the disease and the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance have spurred the search for an effective vaccine against tuberculosis. While most efforts have focused on using protein fragments in tuberculosis vaccines, some evidence suggests that human immune cells can recognize fatty molecules such as mycolic acids and that these cells could help manage and control M. tuberculosis infections. However, it has been difficult to determine whether these immune cells genuinely play a protective role against the disease because most vaccine research uses mouse models and mice do not have an equivalent of these immune cells. Now, Zhao et al. have engineered a “humanized” mouse model that produces the fatty molecule-specific immune cells, and show that these mice do respond to the presence of mycolic acids. Infecting the genetically engineered mice with M. tuberculosis revealed that the fatty molecule-specific immune cells were quickly activated within lymph nodes at the center of the chest. These cells later accumulated at sites in the lung where the bacteria reside, and ultimately protected against M. tuberculosis infection. The results show that these specific immune cells can counteract M. tuberculosis, and highlight the potential of using mycolic acids to generate an effective vaccine that provides protection against tuberculosis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08525.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Sarah Siddiqui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Shaobin Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Yao Bian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Sreya Bagchi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Ying He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
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30
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Mester B, Bauer E, Wood CE, Hermans IF, Gasser O. Expression of CD1a and Type-1 Polarization Are Dissociated in Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140432. [PMID: 26460687 PMCID: PMC4603902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo generated monocyte-derived dendritic cell (moDC)-vaccines have long been touted as promising immunotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment, although the response rate generally remains low. The reasons for this are still unclear and confounded by the diversity in manufacturing protocols that may affect moDC function. Preclinical studies have shown that the stimulatory function of dendritic cells can be improved by engaging invariant NKT cells in vivo through the presentation of the glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide via CD1d. However, expression of CD1d on moDC has been shown to be negatively correlated with expression of CD1a, which in turn has been suggested to be a surrogate marker for IL-12 secreting type-1 polarized moDC, the preferred functional characteristics for cancer vaccines. Here we challenge this notion by showing that plasma-derived lipids drive functional levels of CD1d expression, while CD1a expression can vary considerably in these cells without being correlated with a loss of polarization or immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Mester
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Evelyn Bauer
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Catherine E. Wood
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ian F. Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Gasser
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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31
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Glucose monomycolates based on single synthetic mycolic acids. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 190:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Zajonc DM, Girardi E. Recognition of Microbial Glycolipids by Natural Killer T Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:400. [PMID: 26300885 PMCID: PMC4523824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells can recognize microbial antigens when presented by dedicated antigen-presenting molecules. While peptides are presented by classical members of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) family (MHC I and II), lipids, glycolipids, and lipopeptides can be presented by the non-classical MHC member, CD1. The best studied subset of lipid-reactive T cells are type I natural killer T (iNKT) cells that recognize a variety of different antigens when presented by the non-classical MHCI homolog CD1d. iNKT cells have been shown to be important for the protection against various microbial pathogens, including B. burgdorferi, the causative agents of Lyme disease, and S. pneumoniae, which causes pneumococcal meningitis and community-acquired pneumonia. Both pathogens carry microbial glycolipids that can trigger the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), leading to iNKT cell activation. iNKT cells have an evolutionary conserved TCR alpha chain, yet retain the ability to recognize structurally diverse glycolipids. They do so using a conserved recognition mode, in which the TCR enforces a conserved binding orientation on CD1d. TCR binding is accompanied by structural changes within the TCR binding site of CD1d, as well as the glycolipid antigen itself. In addition to direct recognition of microbial antigens, iNKT cells can also be activated by a combination of cytokines (IL-12/IL-18) and TCR stimulation. Many microbes carry TLR antigens, and microbial infections can lead to TLR activation. The subsequent cytokine response in turn lower the threshold of TCR-mediated iNKT cell activation, especially when weak microbial or even self-antigens are presented during the cause of the infection. In summary, iNKT cells can be directly activated through TCR triggering of strong antigens, while cytokines produced by the innate immune response may be necessary for TCR triggering and iNKT cell activation in the presence of weak antigens. Here, we will review the molecular basis of iNKT cell recognition of glycolipids, with an emphasis on microbial glycolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
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33
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Siddiqui S, Visvabharathy L, Wang CR. Role of Group 1 CD1-Restricted T Cells in Infectious Disease. Front Immunol 2015; 6:337. [PMID: 26175733 PMCID: PMC4484338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved CD1 family of antigen-presenting molecules presents lipid antigens rather than peptide antigens to T cells. CD1 molecules, unlike classical MHC molecules, display limited polymorphism, making CD1-restricted lipid antigens attractive vaccine targets that could be recognized in a genetically diverse human population. Group 1 CD1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)-restricted T cells have been implicated to play critical roles in a variety of autoimmune and infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and recent discoveries on the development of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells and their function in different infection models. In particular, we focus on (1) newly identified microbial and self-lipid antigens, (2) kinetics, phenotype, and unique properties of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells during infection, and (3) the similarities of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells to the closely related group 2 CD1-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Siddiqui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Lavanya Visvabharathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
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34
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Trehalolipid biosurfactants from nonpathogenic Rhodococcus actinobacteria with diverse immunomodulatory activities. N Biotechnol 2015; 32:559-68. [PMID: 25796474 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Actinobacteria of the genus Rhodococcus produce trehalolipid biosurfactants with versatile biochemical properties and low toxicity. In recent years, these biosurfactants are increasingly studied as possible biomedical agents with expressed immunological activities. Applications of trehalolipids from Rhodococcus, predominantly cell-bound, in biomedicine are also attractive because their cost drawback could be less significant for high-value products. The review summarizes recent findings in immunomodulatory activities of trehalolipid biosurfactants from nonpathogenic Rhodococcus and related actinobacteria and compares their biomedical potential with well-known immunomodifying properties of trehalose dimycolates from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Molecular mechanisms of trehalolipid interactions with immunocompetent cells are also discussed.
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van der Peet PL, Gunawan C, Torigoe S, Yamasaki S, Williams SJ. Corynomycolic acid-containing glycolipids signal through the pattern recognition receptor Mincle. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5100-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose monocorynomycolate is revealed to signal through both mouse and human Mincle. Glycerol monocorynomycolate is shown to selectively signal through human Mincle, with the activity residing predominantly in the 2′S-isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L. van der Peet
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- University of Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Christian Gunawan
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- University of Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Shota Torigoe
- Division of Molecular Immunology
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 812-8582
- Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation
- Kyushu University
- Fukuoka 812-8582
- Japan
| | - Spencer J. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- University of Melbourne
- Australia
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Thirunavukkarasu S, de Silva K, Plain KM, J Whittington R. Role of host- and pathogen-associated lipids in directing the immune response in mycobacterial infections, with emphasis on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 42:262-75. [PMID: 25163812 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.932327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria have a complex cell wall with a high lipid content that confers unique advantages for bacterial survival in the hostile host environment, leading to long-term infection. There is a wealth of evidence suggesting the role cell wall-associated lipid antigens play at the host-pathogen interface by contributing to bacterial virulence. One pathway that pathogenic mycobacteria use to subvert host immune pathways to their advantage is host cholesterol/lipid homeostasis. This review focuses on the possible role of pathogen- and host-associated lipids in the survival and persistence of pathogenic mycobacteria with emphasis on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. We draw upon literature in diverse areas of infectious and metabolic diseases and explain a mechanism by which mycobacterial-induced changes in the host cellular energy state could account for phenomena that are a hallmark of chronic mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- a Faculty of Veterinary Science , University of Sydney , Camden , Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- a Faculty of Veterinary Science , University of Sydney , Camden , Australia
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De Libero G, Singhal A, Lepore M, Mori L. Nonclassical T cells and their antigens in tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a018473. [PMID: 25059739 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
T cells that recognize nonpeptidic antigens, and thereby are identified as nonclassical, represent important yet poorly characterized effectors of the immune response. They are present in large numbers in circulating blood and tissues and are as abundant as T cells recognizing peptide antigens. Nonclassical T cells exert multiple functions including immunoregulation, tumor control, and protection against infections. They recognize complexes of nonpeptidic antigens such as lipid and glycolipid molecules, vitamin B2 precursors, and phosphorylated metabolites of the mevalonate pathway. Each of these antigens is presented by antigen-presenting molecules other than major histocompatibility complex (MHC), including CD1, MHC class I-related molecule 1 (MR1), and butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1) molecules. Here, we discuss how nonclassical T cells participate in the recognition of mycobacterial antigens and in the mycobacterial-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro De Libero
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138648 Singapore Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amit Singhal
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138648 Singapore
| | - Marco Lepore
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mori
- SIgN (Singapore Immunology Network), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138648 Singapore Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Kawasaki N, Rillahan CD, Cheng TY, Van Rhijn I, Macauley MS, Moody DB, Paulson JC. Targeted delivery of mycobacterial antigens to human dendritic cells via Siglec-7 induces robust T cell activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1560-6. [PMID: 25000981 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipids from mycobacteria can be presented to human T cells by group 1 CD1 Ag-presenting molecules (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c). Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells are activated by lipid Ags presented by myeloid dendritic cells (DCs), after which they generate antibacterial effector functions, including IFN-γ secretion and cytolysis. Thus, mycobacterial lipids are being investigated as components of novel vaccines for mycobacterial infections. In this study we show that the mycobacterial lipid Ag C80 glucose-6-monomycolate can be delivered to human CD1b(+) DCs via targeted liposomal nanoparticles, leading to robust group 1 CD1-restricted activation of T cells. Targeting was achieved by decorating the liposomes with a high-affinity glycan ligand of sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin (Siglec)-7, a siglec receptor expressed on DCs that mediates rapid endocytosis and transport of its cargo to lysosomes. An Ab to Siglec-7 completely blocked the binding of targeted liposomes to human monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs), demonstrating their targeting specificity. Mo-DCs pulsed with targeted liposomes containing C80 glucose-6-monomycolate more potently activated a CD1b-restricted T cell line relative to Mo-DCs pulsed with free lipid Ag or antigenic liposomes without Siglec-7 ligand. These data suggest that the endocytic function of Siglec-7 can be exploited to deliver glycolipid Ags to their target cell and increase the efficiency of display to T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Kawasaki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Cory D Rillahan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
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De Libero G, Mori L. The T-Cell Response to Lipid Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:219. [PMID: 24904574 PMCID: PMC4033098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells recognize lipid antigens presented by dedicated antigen-presenting molecules that belong to the CD1 family. This review discusses the structural properties of CD1 molecules, the nature of mycobacterial lipid antigens, and the phenotypic and functional properties of T-cells recognizing mycobacterial lipids. In humans, the five CD1 genes encode structurally similar glycoproteins that recycle in and thus survey different cellular endosomal compartments. The structure of the CD1-lipid-binding pockets, their mode of intracellular recycling and the type of CD1-expressing antigen-presenting cells all contribute to diversify lipid immunogenicity and presentation to T-cells. Mycobacteria produce a large variety of lipids, which form stable complexes with CD1 molecules and stimulate specific T-cells. The structures of antigenic lipids may be greatly different from each other and each lipid may induce unique T-cells capable of discriminating small lipid structural changes. The important functions of some lipid antigens within mycobacterial cells prevent the generation of negative mutants capable of escaping this type of immune response. T-cells specific for lipid antigens are stimulated in tuberculosis and exert protective functions. The mechanisms of antigen recognition, the type of effector functions and the mode of lipid-specific T-cell priming are discussed, emphasizing recent evidence of the roles of lipid-specific T-cells in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro De Libero
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Singapore , Singapore ; Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mori
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Singapore , Singapore
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Lipidomics is a distinct subspecialty of metabolomics concerned with hydrophobic molecules that organize into membranes. Most of the lipid classes present in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
are found only in
Actinobacteria
and show extreme structural diversity. This article highlights the conceptual basis and the practical challenges associated with the mass spectrometry–based lipidomic study of
M. tuberculosis
to solve basic questions about the virulence of this lipid-laden organism.
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Host-pathogen interactions during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 374:211-41. [PMID: 23881288 DOI: 10.1007/82_2013_332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The intimate and persistent connection between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its human host suggests that the pathogen has evolved extensive mechanisms to evade eradication by the immune system. In particular, the organism has adapted to replicate within phagocytic cells, especially macrophages, which are specialized to kill microbes. Over the past decade of M. tuberculosis research, the means to manipulate both the organism and the host has ushered in an exciting time that has uncovered some of the mechanisms of the innate macrophage-pathogen interactions that lie at the heart of M. tuberculosis pathogenesis, though many interactions likely still await discovery. In this chapter, we will delve into some of these advances, with an emphasis on the interactions that occur on the cellular level when M. tuberculosis cells encounter macrophages. In particular, we focus on two major aspects of M. tuberculosis biology regarding the proximal physical interface between the bacterium and host, namely the interactions with the phagosomal membrane as well as the distinctive mycobacterial cell wall. Importantly, some of the emerging paradigms in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis and host response represent common themes in bacterial pathogenesis, such as the role of host cell membrane perforation in intracellular survival and host response. However, the array of unique bacterial lipid mediators and their interaction with host cells highlights the unique biology of this persistent pathogen.
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42
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T-cell activation by transitory neo-antigens derived from distinct microbial pathways. Nature 2014; 509:361-5. [PMID: 24695216 DOI: 10.1038/nature13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cells discriminate between foreign and host molecules by recognizing distinct microbial molecules, predominantly peptides and lipids. Riboflavin precursors found in many bacteria and yeast also selectively activate mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, an abundant population of innate-like T cells in humans. However, the genesis of these small organic molecules and their mode of presentation to MAIT cells by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-related protein MR1 (ref. 8) are not well understood. Here we show that MAIT-cell activation requires key genes encoding enzymes that form 5-amino-6-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-A-RU), an early intermediate in bacterial riboflavin synthesis. Although 5-A-RU does not bind MR1 or activate MAIT cells directly, it does form potent MAIT-activating antigens via non-enzymatic reactions with small molecules, such as glyoxal and methylglyoxal, which are derived from other metabolic pathways. The MAIT antigens formed by the reactions between 5-A-RU and glyoxal/methylglyoxal were simple adducts, 5-(2-oxoethylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-OE-RU) and 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-D-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU), respectively, which bound to MR1 as shown by crystal structures of MAIT TCR ternary complexes. Although 5-OP-RU and 5-OE-RU are unstable intermediates, they became trapped by MR1 as reversible covalent Schiff base complexes. Mass spectra supported the capture by MR1 of 5-OP-RU and 5-OE-RU from bacterial cultures that activate MAIT cells, but not from non-activating bacteria, indicating that these MAIT antigens are present in a range of microbes. Thus, MR1 is able to capture, stabilize and present chemically unstable pyrimidine intermediates, which otherwise convert to lumazines, as potent antigens to MAIT cells. These pyrimidine adducts are microbial signatures for MAIT-cell immunosurveillance.
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Van Rhijn I, Gherardin NA, Kasmar A, de Jager W, Pellicci DG, Kostenko L, Tan LL, Bhati M, Gras S, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J, Moody DB. TCR bias and affinity define two compartments of the CD1b-glycolipid-specific T Cell repertoire. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4054-60. [PMID: 24683194 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Current views emphasize TCR diversity as a key feature that differentiates the group 1 (CD1a, CD1b, CD1c) and group 2 (CD1d) CD1 systems. Whereas TCR sequence motifs define CD1d-reactive NKT cells, the available data do not allow a TCR-based organization of the group 1 CD1 repertoire. The observed TCR diversity might result from donor-to-donor differences in TCR repertoire, as seen for MHC-restricted T cells. Alternatively, diversity might result from differing CD1 isoforms, Ags, and methods used to identify TCRs. Using CD1b tetramers to isolate clones recognizing the same glycolipid, we identified a previously unknown pattern of V gene usage (TRAV17, TRBV4-1) among unrelated human subjects. These TCRs are distinct from those present on NKT cells and germline-encoded mycolyl lipid-reactive T cells. Instead, they resemble the TCR of LDN5, one of the first known CD1b-reactive clones that was previously thought to illustrate the diversity of the TCR repertoire. Interdonor TCR conservation was observed in vitro and ex vivo, identifying LDN5-like T cells as a distinct T cell type. These data support TCR-based organization of the CD1b repertoire, which consists of at least two compartments that differ in TCR sequence motifs, affinity, and coreceptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Characterization of the receptors for mycobacterial cord factor in Guinea pig. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88747. [PMID: 24533147 PMCID: PMC3923057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Guinea pig is a widely used animal for research and development of tuberculosis vaccines, since its pathological disease process is similar to that present in humans. We have previously reported that two C-type lectin receptors, Mincle (macrophage inducible C-type lectin, also called Clec4e) and MCL (macrophage C-type lectin, also called Clec4d), recognize the mycobacterial cord factor, trehalose-6,6′-dimycolate (TDM). Here, we characterized the function of the guinea pig homologue of Mincle (gpMincle) and MCL (gpMCL). gpMincle directly bound to TDM and transduced an activating signal through ITAM-bearing adaptor molecule, FcRγ. Whereas, gpMCL lacked C-terminus and failed to bind to TDM. mRNA expression of gpMincle was detected in the spleen, lymph nodes and peritoneal macrophages and it was strongly up-regulated upon stimulation of zymosan and TDM. The surface expression of gpMincle was detected on activated macrophages by a newly established monoclonal antibody that also possesses a blocking activity. This antibody potently suppressed TNF production in BCG-infected macrophages. Collectively, gpMincle is the TDM receptor in the guinea pig and TDM-Mincle axis is involved in host immune responses against mycobacteria.
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Mycolic acids: structures, biosynthesis, and beyond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:67-85. [PMID: 24374164 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acids are major and specific lipid components of the mycobacterial cell envelope and are essential for the survival of members of the genus Mycobacterium that contains the causative agents of both tuberculosis and leprosy. In the alarming context of the emergence of multidrug-resistant, extremely drug-resistant, and totally drug-resistant tuberculosis, understanding the biosynthesis of these critical determinants of the mycobacterial physiology is an important goal to achieve, because it may open an avenue for the development of novel antimycobacterial agents. This review focuses on the chemistry, structures, and known inhibitors of mycolic acids and describes progress in deciphering the mycolic acid biosynthetic pathway. The functional and key biological roles of these molecules are also discussed, providing a historical perspective in this dynamic area.
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46
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T cell recognition of non-peptidic antigens in infectious diseases. Indian J Med Res 2013; 138:620-31. [PMID: 24434317 PMCID: PMC3928695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to recognize a wide range of antigenic molecules of self and non-self origin. The stimulatory antigens form complexes with antigen-presenting molecules and directly interact with the T cell receptor (TCR). Peptidic antigens associate with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and therefore, are indicated as MHC-restricted. Non-peptidic antigens do not bind to MHC molecules and are presented by other classes of antigen-presenting molecules. These non-MHC restricted antigens include glycolipid molecules, phosphorylated metabolites of the mevalonate pathway and vitamin B2 precursors. T cells specific for non-peptidic antigens have important roles in host defense against infections, autoimmunity, allergies and tumour immunosurveillance. Hence, understanding the molecular interactions between the antigen presenting cell (APC) and the T cells with non-peptidic specificity is of great relevance. Here, we review current knowledge of this type of T cells, their TCR repertoire, the structural aspects of recognized antigens, the mode of antigen recognition, and their function with special emphasis on their role in infectious diseases.
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Koza G, Muzael M, Schubert-Rowles RR, Theunissen C, Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS. The synthesis of methoxy and keto mycolic acids containing methyl-trans-cyclopropanes. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.04.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A conserved human T cell population targets mycobacterial antigens presented by CD1b. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:706-13. [PMID: 23727893 PMCID: PMC3723453 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) pair in millions of combinations to create complex and personally unique T cell repertoires. Using tetramers to analyze CD1b-reactive TCRs, we detected T cells with highly stereotyped TCR α chains present among genetically unrelated tuberculosis patients. These germline-encoded mycolyl-reactive (GEM) T cells were defined by CD4 expression and rearrangement of TRAV1-2 to TRAJ9 with few N-region additions. TCR analysis by high throughput sequencing, binding and crystallography showed linkage of TCR α sequence motifs to high affinity antigen recognition. Thus, the CD1-reactive TCR repertoire is composed of at least two compartments, high affinity GEM TCRs and more diverse TCRs with low affinity for CD1b-lipid complexes. These data demonstrate high inter-donor conservation of TCRs, which likely results from selection by a non-polymorphic antigen presenting molecule and an immunodominant antigen.
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Yamamoto H, Oda M, Nakano M, Watanabe N, Yabiku K, Shibutani M, Inoue M, Imagawa H, Nagahama M, Himeno S, Setsu K, Sakurai J, Nishizawa M. Development of vizantin, a safe immunostimulant, based on the structure-activity relationship of trehalose-6,6'-dicorynomycolate. J Med Chem 2012; 56:381-5. [PMID: 23210481 DOI: 10.1021/jm3016443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vizantin, 6,6'-bis-O-(3-nonyldodecanoyl)-α,α'-trehalose, was developed as a safe immunostimulator on the basis of a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study with trehalose 6,6'-dicorynomycolate (TDCM). It was possible to synthesize vizantin on a large scale more easily than in the case of TDCM, and the compound exhibited more potent prophylactic effect on experimental lung metastasis of B16-F0 melanoma cells. Because vizantin stimulated human macrophages, it is a promising candidate for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
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50
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Verschoor JA, Baird MS, Grooten J. Towards understanding the functional diversity of cell wall mycolic acids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:325-39. [PMID: 22659327 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycolic acids constitute the waxy layer of the outer cell wall of Mycobacterium spp. and a few other genera. They are diverse in structure, providing a unique chromatographic foot-print for almost each of the more than 70 Mycobacterium species. Although mainly esterified to cell wall arabinogalactan, trehalose or glucose, some free mycolic acid is secreted during in vitro growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In M. tuberculosis, α-, keto- and methoxy-mycolic acids are the main classes, each differing in their ability to attract neutrophils, induce foamy macrophages or adopt an antigenic structure for antibody recognition. Of interest is their particular relationship to cholesterol, discovered by their ability to attract cholesterol, to bind Amphotericin B or to be recognised by monoclonal antibodies that cross-react with cholesterol. The structural elements that determine this diverse functionality include the carboxylic acid in the mycolic motif, as well as the nature and stereochemistry of the two functional groups in the merochain. The functional diversity of mycolic acid classes implies that much information may be contained in the selective expression and secretion of mycolic acids to establish tuberculosis after infection of the host. Their cholesteroid nature may relate to how they utilize host cholesterol for their persistent survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Verschoor
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
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