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Liu J, Xiao Q, Zhou R, Wang Y, Xian Q, Ma T, Zhuang K, Zhou L, Guo D, Wang X, Ho WZ, Li J. Comparative Analysis of Immune Activation Markers of CD8 + T Cells in Lymph Nodes of Different Origins in SIV-Infected Chinese Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2016; 7:371. [PMID: 27708644 PMCID: PMC5030343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered T-cell homeostasis, such as expansion of CD8+ T cells to the secondary lymphatic compartments, has been suggested as a mechanism of HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-pathogenesis. However, the role of immune activation of CD8+ T cells in the CD4/CD8 turnover and viral replication in these tissues is not completely understood. In this study, we compared the expression of immune activation markers (CD69 and HLA-DR) on CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood and lymph nodes (LNs) of SIV-infected/uninfected Chinese rhesus macaques. SIV-infected macaques had significantly higher percentages of CD8+CD69+ and CD8+HLA-DR+ T cells in all these anatomical compartments than uninfected macaques. LNs that located close to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (colon, mesenteric, and iliac LNs) of SIV-infected macaques had profoundly lower numbers of CD4+ T cells, but no significant difference in expression of activation marker (CD8+CD69+ and CD8+HLA-DR+) as compared with the peripheral lymphatic tissues (axillary and inguinal LNs). The CD4/CD8 ratios were negatively correlated with the activation of CD8+ T cells in the overall LNs, with further associations with CD8+HLA-DR+ in GI LNs while CD8+CD69+ in peripheral LNs. These observations demonstrate that the increase of CD8+ T cell activation is a contributing factor for the decline of CD4/CD8 ratios in GI system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Liu
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan , China
| | - Qianhao Xiao
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan , China
| | - Runhong Zhou
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan , China
| | - Yong Wang
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan , China
| | - Qiaoyang Xian
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan , China
| | - Tongcui Ma
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan , China
| | - Ke Zhuang
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan , China
| | - Li Zhou
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan , China
| | - Deyin Guo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jieliang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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Mooster JL, Le Bras S, Massaad MJ, Jabara H, Yoon J, Galand C, Heesters BA, Burton OT, Mattoo H, Manis J, Geha RS. Defective lymphoid organogenesis underlies the immune deficiency caused by a heterozygous S32I mutation in IκBα. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:185-202. [PMID: 25601653 PMCID: PMC4322042 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mooster et al. created a knock-in mouse harboring a mutation (S32I) in IκBα that has been identified in a patient with ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency. The mice are characterized by defective architectural cell function; they lack lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, splenic marginal zones, and follicular DCs and fail to develop germinal centers. These features have not been previously recognized in patients. Patients with ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (ED-ID) caused by mutations in the inhibitor of NF-κB α (IκBα) are susceptible to severe recurrent infections, despite normal T and B cell numbers and intact in vitro lymphocyte function. Moreover, the outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in these patients is poor despite good engraftment. Mice heterozygous for the IκBα S32I mutation found in patients exhibited typical features of ED-ID. Strikingly, the mice lacked lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, splenic marginal zones, and follicular dendritic cells and failed to develop contact hypersensitivity (CHS) or form germinal centers (GCs), all features not previously recognized in patients and typical of defective noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR)–driven induction of chemokines and adhesion molecules mediated by both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways was impaired, and levels of p100 were markedly diminished in the mutant. IκBα mutant→Rag2−/−, but not WT→IκBα mutant, bone marrow chimeras formed proper lymphoid organs and developed CHS and GCs. Defective architectural cell function explains the immunodeficiency and poor outcome of HSCT in patients with IκBα deficiency and suggests that correction of this niche is critical for reconstituting their immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Mooster
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Severine Le Bras
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michel J Massaad
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Haifa Jabara
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Juhan Yoon
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Claire Galand
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Oliver T Burton
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hamid Mattoo
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - John Manis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Allergy and Immunology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Popov Aleksandrov A, Mirkov I, Demenesku J, Ninkov M, Zolotarevski L, Kataranovski D, Kataranovski M. Strain differences in contact hypersensitivity reaction to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 75:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kim DY, Fukuyama S, Nagatake T, Takamura K, Kong IG, Yokota Y, Lee CH, Kiyono H. Implications of nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) in the development of allergic responses in an allergic rhinitis mouse model. Allergy 2012; 67:502-9. [PMID: 22257110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) serves as an important inductive site for mucosal immunity in the upper respiratory tract. Despite its importance in the mucosal immune system, little is known regarding the role of NALT in airway allergic immune responses. We aimed to elucidate the role of NALT in the induction of upper airway allergic responses in a mouse model. METHODS Inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation 2 (Id2)(-/-) and Id2(+/-) mice was exposed to the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic rhinitis model, because the former resulted in the NALT deficiency. The allergic parameters, such as allergic symptoms, serum OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, eosinophil infiltration, and cytokine profiles in the nasal mucosa, were compared between Id2(-/-) and Id2(+/-) groups. RESULTS NALT-null, Id2(-/-) mice displayed significantly lower allergic responses compared with Id2(+/-) mice, as demonstrated by lower levels of allergic symptoms, serum OVA-specific IgE, eosinophilic infiltration, and local Th2 cytokine transcriptions. To determine which of two factors, that is, the absence of NALT or the alteration of immunocompetent cell populations caused by the Id2 deficiency, has a larger effect on the attenuated allergic immune responses in Id2(-/-) mice, lethally irradiated Id2(-/-) mice were engrafted with C57BL/6 wild-type bone marrow cells and showed still significantly lower allergic immune responses compared with equally treated Id2(+/-) mice. In addition, IgE class switch recombination-associated molecules, such as ε immunoglobulin heavy-chain germline gene transcript, ε mRNA, and activation-induced cytidine deaminase mRNA, were detected in NALT from OVA-sensitized wild-type mice. CONCLUSION These results show the critical role of NALT for the induction of allergic responses in the upper airway at least in part by means of class switching to IgE in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Fukuyama
- Division of Mucosal Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The Institute of Medical Science; The University of Tokyo; Minato-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - T. Nagatake
- Division of Mucosal Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The Institute of Medical Science; The University of Tokyo; Minato-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | - K. Takamura
- Division of Mucosal Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The Institute of Medical Science; The University of Tokyo; Minato-ku; Tokyo; Japan
| | | | - Y. Yokota
- Department of Molecular Genetics; School of Medicine; University of Fukui; Eiheiji-cho; Yoshida-gun; Fukui; Japan
| | - C. H. Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Chongno-gu; Seoul; Korea
| | - H. Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The Institute of Medical Science; The University of Tokyo; Minato-ku; Tokyo; Japan
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5
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Day TA, Koch M, Nouailles G, Jacobsen M, Kosmiadi GA, Miekley D, Kuhlmann S, Jörg S, Gamradt P, Mollenkopf HJ, Hurwitz R, Reece ST, Kaufmann SHE, Kursar M. Secondary lymphoid organs are dispensable for the development of T-cell-mediated immunity during tuberculosis. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1663-73. [PMID: 20222088 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis causes 2 million deaths per year, yet in most cases the immune response successfully contains the infection and prevents disease outbreak. Induced lymphoid structures associated with pulmonary granuloma are observed during tuberculosis in both humans and mice and could orchestrate host defense. To investigate whether granuloma perform lymphoid functions, mice lacking secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). As in WT mice, granuloma developed, exponential growth of MTB was controlled, and antigen-specific T-cell responses including memory T cells were generated in the absence of SLO. Moreover, adoptively transferred T cells were primed locally in lungs in a granuloma-dependent manner. T-cell activation was delayed in the absence of SLO, but resulted in a normal development program including protective subsets and functional recall responses that protected mice against secondary MTB infection. Our data demonstrate that protective immune responses can be generated independently of SLO during MTB infection and implicate local pulmonary T-cell priming as a mechanism contributing to host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A Day
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Hofmann J, Greter M, Du Pasquier L, Becher B. B-cells need a proper house, whereas T-cells are happy in a cave: the dependence of lymphocytes on secondary lymphoid tissues during evolution. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:144-53. [PMID: 20181529 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental tenet of immunology is that adaptive immune responses are initiated in secondary lymphoid tissues. This dogma has been challenged by several recent reports. We discuss how successful T cell-mediated immunity can be initiated outside of such dedicated structures, whereas they are required for adaptive humoral immunity. This resembles an ancient immune pathway in the oldest cold-blooded vertebrates, which lack lymph nodes and sophisticated B-cell responses including optimal affinity maturation. The T-cell, however, has retained the capacity to recognize antigen in a lymph node-free environment. Besides bone marrow and lung, the liver is one organ that can potentially serve as a surrogate lymphoid organ and could represent a remnant from the time before lymph nodes developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Hofmann
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Inst. Exp. Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Neo-lymphoid aggregates in the adult liver can initiate potent cell-mediated immunity. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000109. [PMID: 19468301 PMCID: PMC2680335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Are lymph nodes really essential for successful immunizations? We found that the liver can compensate for missing lymphoid structures in initiating cellular, but not antibody-mediated, immunity. Subcutaneous immunization delivers antigen (Ag) to local Ag-presenting cells that subsequently migrate into draining lymph nodes (LNs). There, they initiate the activation and expansion of lymphocytes specific for their cognate Ag. In mammals, the structural environment of secondary lymphoid tissues (SLTs) is considered essential for the initiation of adaptive immunity. Nevertheless, cold-blooded vertebrates can initiate potent systemic immune responses even though they lack conventional SLTs. The emergence of lymph nodes provided mammals with drastically improved affinity maturation of B cells. Here, we combine the use of different strains of alymphoplastic mice and T cell migration mutants with an experimental paradigm in which the site of Ag delivery is distant from the site of priming and inflammation. We demonstrate that in mammals, SLTs serve primarily B cell priming and affinity maturation, whereas the induction of T cell-driven immune responses can occur outside of SLTs. We found that mice lacking conventional SLTs generate productive systemic CD4- as well as CD8-mediated responses, even under conditions in which draining LNs are considered compulsory for the initiation of adaptive immunity. We describe an alternative pathway for the induction of cell-mediated immunity (CMI), in which Ag-presenting cells sample Ag and migrate into the liver where they induce neo-lymphoid aggregates. These structures are insufficient to support antibody affinity maturation and class switching, but provide a novel surrogate environment for the initiation of CMI. Lymph nodes (LNs) are believed to be the most important tissues initiating immune responses by facilitating the activation of T and B lymphocytes. Mice lacking such LNs (called alymphoplastic) are severely immune compromised and resistant to immunizations. We discovered that the immune-deficiency of such alymphoplastic mice is actually not caused by the loss of LNs, but rather by the underlying genetic lesion. Surprisingly, mice lacking all lymph nodes can still mount potent T cell-mediated immune responses. We also discovered that T and B cells have completely different structural requirements for their activation/maturation. Whereas B cells rely on LNs to become efficient antibody-producing cells, T cells can be activated successfully outside of such dedicated tissues. So—in the absence of LNs—antigens delivered by immunization are actively transported into the liver where cellular immunity is initiated. The mammalian fetal liver is responsible for the early formation of blood and immune cells, and we propose that the adult liver can still provide a niche for T cell–antigen encounters. During evolution, T and B cells emerged simultaneously, allowing cold-blooded vertebrates (which lack LNs) to launch adaptive immune responses. The development of LNs in mammals coincided with a drastic improvement in antibody affinity maturation, whereas T cells remain LN-independent to this day.
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9
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Dose metrics in the acquisition of skin sensitization: Thresholds and importance of dose per unit area. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 52:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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The absence of cutaneous lymph nodes results in a Th2 response and increased susceptibility to Leishmania major infection in mice. Infect Immun 2008; 76:4241-50. [PMID: 18625738 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01714-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are important sentinel organs where antigen-presenting cells interact with T cells to induce adaptive immune responses. In cutaneous infection of mice with Leishmania major, resistance depends on the induction of a T-helper-cell-1 (Th1)-mediated cellular immune response in draining, peripheral LNs. We investigated whether draining, peripheral LNs are absolutely required for resistance against L. major infection. We investigated the course of experimental leishmaniasis in wild-type (wt) mice lacking peripheral LNs (pLNs), which we generated by in utero blockade of membrane-bound lymphotoxin, and in mice lacking pLNs or all LNs due to genetic deletion of lymphotoxin ligands or receptors. wt mice of the resistant C57BL/6 strain without local skin-draining LNs were still able to generate specific T-cell responses, but this yielded Th2 cells. This switch to a Th2 response resulted in severe systemic infection. We also confirmed these results with mice lacking pLNs due to genetic depletion of lymphotoxin-beta. The complete absence of LNs due to a genetic depletion of the lymphotoxin-beta receptor also resulted in a marked deterioration of disease and a Th2 response. Thus, in the absence of pLNs, an L. major-specific Th2 response is induced in the remaining secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and non-skin-draining LNs. This indicates a critical requirement for pLNs to induce protective Th1 immunity and suggests that whether Th1 or Th2 priming to the same antigen occurs depends on the site of the primary antigen recognition.
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11
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Randolph GJ, Ochando J, Partida-Sánchez S. Migration of dendritic cell subsets and their precursors. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:293-316. [PMID: 18045026 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to initiate and orchestrate immune responses is a consequence of their localization within tissues and their specialized capacity for mobilization. The migration of a given DC subset is typified by a restricted capacity for recirculation, contrasting markedly with T cells. Routes of DC migration into lymph nodes differ notably for distinct DC subsets. Here, we compare the distinct migratory patterns of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), CD8alpha(+) DCs, Langerhans cells, and conventional myeloid DCs and discuss how the highly regulated patterns of DC migration in vivo may affect their roles in immunity. Finally, to gain a more molecular appreciation of the specialized migratory properties of DCs, we review the signaling cascades that govern the process of DC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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12
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Kocks JR, Davalos-Misslitz ACM, Hintzen G, Ohl L, Förster R. Regulatory T cells interfere with the development of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:723-34. [PMID: 17371929 PMCID: PMC2118537 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Presence and extent of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is subject to considerable variations between species and is only occasionally observed in lungs of mice. Here we demonstrate that mice deficient for the chemokine receptor CCR7 regularly develop highly organized BALT. These structures were not present at birth but were detectable from day 5 onwards. Analyzing CCR7−/−/wild-type bone marrow chimeras, we demonstrate that the development of BALT is caused by alterations of the hematopoietic system in CCR7-deficient mice. These observations together with the finding that CCR7-deficient mice posses dramatically reduced numbers of regulatory T cells (T reg cells) in the lung-draining bronchial lymph node suggest that BALT formation might be caused by disabled in situ function of T reg cells. Indeed, although adoptive transfer of wild-type T reg cells to CCR7-deficient recipients resulted in a profound reduction of BALT formation, neither naive wild-type T cells nor T reg cells from CCR7−/− donors impair BALT generation. Furthermore, we provide evidence that CCR7-deficient T reg cells, although strongly impaired in homing to peripheral lymph nodes, are fully effective in vitro. Thus our data reveal a CCR7-dependent homing of T reg cells to peripheral lymph nodes in conjunction with a role for these cells in controlling BALT formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Kocks
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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13
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Aoyama K, Xu B, Cook RE, Kusumoto M, Shi M, Michie SA, Takeuchi T. Contact sensitizer potassium dichromate alters lymphocyte populations in draining lymph nodes and blood in mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2007; 17:475-81. [PMID: 20020874 DOI: 10.1080/15376510701190839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chromium is a common human contact allergen, but it is not known whether chromates cause contact hypersensitivity by immunological mechanisms similar to those induced by strong haptens. To understand the immunological events of contact hypersensitivity to chromates, we investigated whether and how chromate sensitization alters lymphocyte subsets in draining lymph nodes (DLNs), blood, and spleens in mice. BALB/c mice were sensitized by painting their ears with 0.5% potassium dichromate or vehicle alone on 3 consecutive days. Flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte surface antigens showed that the chromate exposure significantly increased the percentage of B cells and decreased the percentages of T cells in the DLNs. This was accompanied by a relative increase in T cells and a relative decrease in B cells in peripheral blood. In contrast to the chromate, sodium dodecyl sulfate (a skin irritant) did not affect B cells or T cells in the three compartments. Moreover, sensitization to the chromate led to dose-dependent decreases in the percentages of CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells in the DLNs. However, CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory T cells were significantly increased in the blood and DLNs of the chromate-sensitized mice. Additionally, the percentage of B cells in the DLNs but not blood was dose-dependently increased in the chromate-sensitized mice. Histologically, B-cell areas were dramatically enlarged in the DLNs of the chromate-sensitized mice. Thus, this report provides basic information to further elucidate the role of individual lymphocyte subsets in contact hypersensitivity to chromates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Aoyama
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kagoshima University School of Medicine, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
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14
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Abstract
During evolution, the development of secondary lymphoid organs has evolved as a strategy to promote adaptive immune responses at sites of antigen sequestration. Mesenteric lymph nodes (LNs) and Peyer's patches (PPs) are localized in proximity to mucosal surfaces, and their development is coordinated by a series of temporally and spatially regulated molecular events involving the collaboration between hematopoietic, mesenchymal, and, for PPs, epithelial cells. Transcriptional control of cellular differentiation, production of cytokines as well as adhesion molecules are mandatory for organogenesis, recruitment of mature leukocytes, and lymphoid tissue organization. Similar to fetal and neonatal organogenesis, lymphoid tissue neoformation can occur in adult individuals at sites of chronic stimulation via cytokines and TNF-family member molecules. These molecules represent new therapeutic targets to manipulate the microenvironment during autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Finke
- Center for Biomedicine, Developmental Immunology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences (DKBW), University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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15
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O'Leary JG, Goodarzi M, Drayton DL, von Andrian UH. T cell- and B cell-independent adaptive immunity mediated by natural killer cells. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:507-16. [PMID: 16617337 DOI: 10.1038/ni1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly believed that only T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes expressing recombination-dependent antigen-specific receptors mediate contact hypersensitivity responses to haptens. Here we found that mice devoid of T cells and B cells demonstrated substantial contact hypersensitivity responses to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene and oxazolone. Those responses were adaptive in nature, as they persisted for at least 4 weeks and were elicited only by haptens to which mice were previously sensitized. No contact hypersensitivity was induced in mice lacking all lymphocytes, including natural killer cells. Contact hypersensitivity responses were acquired by such mice after adoptive transfer of natural killer cells from sensitized donors. Transferable hapten-specific memory resided in a Ly49C-I(+) natural killer subpopulation localized specifically in donor livers. These observations indicate that natural killer cells can mediate long-lived, antigen-specific adaptive recall responses independent of B cells and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline G O'Leary
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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16
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Chamoto K, Wakita D, Narita Y, Zhang Y, Noguchi D, Ohnishi H, Iguchi T, Sakai T, Ikeda H, Nishimura T. An Essential Role of Antigen-Presenting Cell/T-Helper Type 1 Cell-Cell Interactions in Draining Lymph Node during Complete Eradication of Class II–Negative Tumor Tissue by T-Helper Type 1 Cell Therapy. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1809-17. [PMID: 16452242 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies have shown that transfer of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T helper type 1 (Th1) cells into mice bearing MHC class II+ OVA-expressing tumor cells (A20-OVA) causes complete tumor rejection. Here we show that, although Th1 cell therapy alone was not effective against MHC class II- OVA-expressing tumor cells (EG-7), treatment of mice bearing established EG-7 tumors by i.v. transfer of Th1 cells combined with i.t. injection of the model tumor antigen OVA induced complete tumor rejection. Transferred Th1 cells enhanced the migration of tumor-infiltrating antigen-presenting cells (APC) that had processed OVA into the draining lymph node (DLN). Although transferred Th1 cells were randomly distributed in DLN, distal LN, spleen, and tumor tissue, active proliferation of Th1 cells always initiated in DLN, where Th1 cells efficiently interacted with APC that presented OVA. In parallel, OVA-tetramer+ CTLs, showing EG-7-specific cytotoxicity, were highly induced in DLN and the local tumor site. The OVA-tetramer+ CTL functioned systemically because two bilateral tumor masses were both completely rejected on treatment of one tumor. Furthermore, either active proliferation of transferred Th1 cells or generation of tetramer+ CTL was not induced in MHC class II-deficient mice and LN-deficient Aly/Aly mice. These results indicate that DLN is an indispensable organ for initiating active APC/Th1 cell interactions, which is critical for inducing complete eradication of tumor mass by tumor-specific CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Chamoto
- Division of Immunoregulation, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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17
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Wakita D, Chamoto K, Zhang Y, Narita Y, Noguchi D, Ohnishi H, Iguchi T, Sakai T, Ikeda H, Nishimura T. An indispensable role of type-1 IFNs for inducing CTL-mediated complete eradication of established tumor tissue by CpG-liposome co-encapsulated with model tumor antigen. Int Immunol 2006; 18:425-34. [PMID: 16415100 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated the capacity of a novel, nanoparticle-based tumor vaccine to eradicate established tumors in mice. C57BL/6 mice were intradermally (i.d.) inoculated with ovalbumin (OVA)-expressing EG-7 tumor cells. When the tumor size reached 7-8 mm, the tumor-bearing mice were i.d. injected near the tumor-draining lymph node (DLN) with liposomes encapsulated with unmethylated cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) (CpG-liposomes) co-encapsulated with OVA. This vaccination protocol markedly prevented the growth of the established tumor mass and approximately 50% of tumor-bearing mice became completely cured. Tumor eradication correlated with the generation of OVA/H-2K(b)-tetramer(+) CTLs in the tumor DLN and at the tumor site with specific cytotoxicity toward EG-7 cells. Interestingly, tetramer(+) CTLs failed to be induced in lymph node-deficient Aly/Aly mice. Thus, tetramer(+) CTLs appeared to be generated in the tumor DLN and subsequently migrated into the tumor site. In vivo antibody blocking experiments revealed that CD8(+) T cells, but not CD4(+) T, NK or NKT cells, were the major effector cells mediating tumor eradication. CTL induction was also inhibited when vaccinated tumor-bearing mice were treated with both anti-IFN-alpha and anti-IFN-beta mAbs but not with anti-IFN-alpha or anti-IFN-beta mAb alone. Neither IFN-gamma(-/-) nor IL-12(-/-) mice showed impaired induction of tetramer(+) CTLs. Thus, these findings revealed that CpG-ODN-induced IFN-alpha/beta, but not IL-12 or IFN-gamma, is critical for the generation of tumor-specific CTLs in response to vaccination. These results highlight the potential utility of CpG-liposomes co-encapsulated with protein tumor antigens as therapeutic vaccines in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiko Wakita
- Division of Immunoregulation, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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18
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Slingluff CL, Chianese-Bullock KA, Bullock TNJ, Grosh WW, Mullins DW, Nichols L, Olson W, Petroni G, Smolkin M, Engelhard VH. Immunity to melanoma antigens: from self-tolerance to immunotherapy. Adv Immunol 2006; 90:243-95. [PMID: 16730266 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(06)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective immune therapy for cancer is a central goal of immunologists in the 21st century. Our laboratories have been deeply involved in characterization of the immune response to melanoma and translation of laboratory discoveries into clinical trials. We have identified a cohort of peptide antigens presented by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules on melanoma cells and widely recognized by T cells from melanoma patients. These have been incorporated into peptide-based vaccines that induce CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell responses in 80-100% of patients. Major objective clinical tumor regressions have been observed in some patients, and overall survival in vaccinated patients exceeds expected stage-specific survival. New clinical trials will determine the value of combination of melanoma helper peptides (MHP) into multipeptide vaccines targeting CD8 cells. New trials will also evaluate new approaches to modulating the host-tumor relationship and will develop new combination therapies. Parallel investigations in murine models are elucidating the immunobiology of the melanoma-host relationship and addressing issues that are not feasible to approach in human trials. Based on the fact that the largest cohort of melanoma antigens are derived from normal proteins concerned with pigment production, we have evaluated the mechanisms of self-tolerance to tyrosinase (Tyr) and have determined how T cells in an environment of self-tolerance are impacted by immunization. Using peptide-pulsed dendritic cells as immunogens, we have also used the mouse model to establish strategies for quantitative and qualitative enhancement of antitumor immunity. This information creates opportunities for a new generation of therapeutic interventions using cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, Public Health Sciences, Medicine, Pathology, Human Immune Therapy Center, Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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19
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Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs serve as hubs for the adaptive immune system, bringing together antigen, antigen-presenting cells, and lymphocytes. Two families of G protein-coupled receptors play essential roles in lymphocyte migration through these organs: chemokine receptors and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. Chemokines expressed by lymphoid stromal cells guide lymphocyte and dendritic cell movements during antigen surveillance and the initiation of adaptive immune responses. S1P receptor-1 is required for lymphocyte egress from thymus and secondary lymphoid organs and is downregulated by the immunosuppressive drug FTY720. Here, we review the steps associated with the initiation of adaptive immune responses in secondary lymphoid organs, highlighting the roles of chemokines and S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0414, USA.
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20
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Mohan J, Bruce ME, Mabbott NA. Follicular dendritic cell dedifferentiation reduces scrapie susceptibility following inoculation via the skin. Immunology 2005; 114:225-34. [PMID: 15667567 PMCID: PMC1782078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.02074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of subacute infectious neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by the accumulation in affected tissues of PrP(Sc), an abnormal isoform of the host prion protein (PrPc). Following peripheral exposure, TSE infectivity and PrP(Sc) usually accumulate in lymphoid tissues prior to neuroinvasion. Studies in mice have shown that exposure through scarified skin is an effective means of TSE transmission. Following inoculation via the skin, a functional immune system is critical for the transmission of TSEs to the brain, but until now, it has not been known which components of the immune system are required for efficient neuroinvasion. Temporary dedifferentiation of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) by treatment with an inhibitor of the lymphotoxin-beta receptor signalling pathway (LTbetaR-Ig) 3 days before or 14 days after inoculation via the skin, blocked the early accumulation of PrP(Sc) and TSE infectivity within the draining lymph node. Furthermore, in the temporary absence of FDCs before inoculation, disease susceptibility was reduced and survival time significantly extended. Treatment with LTbetaR-Ig 14 days after TSE inoculation also significantly extended the disease incubation period. However, treatment 42 days after inoculation did not affect disease susceptibility or survival time, suggesting that the infection may have already have spread to the nervous system. Together these data show that FDCs are essential for the accumulation of PrP(Sc) and infectivity within lymphoid tissues and subsequent neuroinvasion following TSE exposure via the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Mohan
- Institute for Animal Health, Ogston Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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21
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Koch F, Ivarsson L, Janke K, Stoitzner P, Ryffel B, Eugster HP, Romani N. Development and maturation of Langerhans cells, spleen and bone marrow dendritic cells in TNF-alpha/lymphotoxin-alpha double-deficient mice. Immunol Lett 2005; 96:109-20. [PMID: 15585314 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Revised: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are key regulators of immunity and tolerance. TNF-alpha has manifold effects on dendritic cells. It is an indispensable ingredient in several dendritic cell generation protocols, especially in the human, and it is included in diverse maturation stimuli for dendritic cells. Mice deficient in various components of the TNF/lymphotoxin system (TNF-alpha, lymphotoxin-alpha and -beta, TNF receptors, combinations thereof) have profound defects in mounting immune responses to infections. The dendritic cell system in these mice has been incompletely studied to date. We therefore investigated dendritic cells from the epidermis (Langerhans cells), spleen and the bone marrow of mice double-deficient in TNF-alpha and lymphotoxin-alpha. We report that dendritic cells in these mice are grossly normal. Langerhans cells, spleen and bone marrow dendritic cells can develop and mature. Their expression of MHC II and CD86 is not impaired, and their T cell-stimulatory as well as antigen-processing capacity is comparable to their normal counterparts. Thus, the described defects in these mice appear to be due the lack of lymph nodes, the disturbed architecture of the spleen, and deranged chemokine production patterns, rather than to a profoundly altered dendritic cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Koch
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020-Innsbruck, Austria.
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22
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Spahn TW, Maaser C, Eckmann L, Heidemann J, Lügering A, Newberry R, Domschke W, Herbst H, Kucharzik T. The lymphotoxin-beta receptor is critical for control of murine Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis. Gastroenterology 2004; 127:1463-73. [PMID: 15521015 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lymphotoxin is a tumor necrosis factor-family cytokine. Blocking of lymphotoxin alpha 1 beta 2 /lymphotoxin-beta receptor interactions prevents experimental colitis in mice, and this suggests a potential treatment principle of human inflammatory bowel disease. Infection of mice with Citrobacter rodentium serves as an animal model for human infectious colitis induced by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli . We studied the role of lymphotoxin alpha 1 beta 2 /lymphotoxin-beta receptor signaling in Citrobacter rodentium -induced colitis. METHODS Mice with disrupted lymphotoxin alpha 1 beta 2 /lymphotoxin-beta receptor interactions secondary to gene defects (lymphotoxin-alpha -/- , lymphotoxin-beta -/- , and lymphotoxin-beta receptor -/- ) or treatment with the antagonist lymphotoxin-beta receptor-immunoglobulin G fusion protein were infected with Citrobacter rodentium . Body weight, fecal excretion of Citrobacter rodentium , and disease-related mortality were monitored. Spleen and liver organ cultures of mice assessed systemic infection. Intestinal inflammation and lymphoid architecture were histologically recorded in the large intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen of infected mice. RESULTS Inhibition of lymphotoxin alpha 1 beta 2 /lymphotoxin-beta receptor interactions was associated with increased severity of Citrobacter rodentium -induced colitis, as indicated by increased disease-related mortality, more severe weight loss, intestinal bacterial abscesses, and a higher burden of Citrobacter rodentium in the spleen and liver of -/- and lymphotoxin-beta receptor-immunoglobulin G-treated mice. There was a reduction of CD11c + dendritic cells in the spleen of naive and infected -/- and lymphotoxin-beta receptor-immunoglobulin G-treated mice. In infected lymphotoxin-beta receptor -/- mice, anti- Citrobacter rodentium immunoglobulin G2a levels were decreased, whereas immunoglobulin G1 levels were increased. Citrobacter rodentium -induced interleukin-4 secretion was increased in lymphotoxin-beta receptor -/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Lymphotoxin alpha 1 beta 2 /lymphotoxin-beta receptor interactions are critical for immunity against Citrobacter rodentium in mice. Impaired anti-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli immunity may be anticipated in anti-lymphotoxin-beta receptor-directed therapy for human inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Spahn
- Department of Medicine, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany.
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23
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Moyron-Quiroz JE, Rangel-Moreno J, Kusser K, Hartson L, Sprague F, Goodrich S, Woodland DL, Lund FE, Randall TD. Role of inducible bronchus associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) in respiratory immunity. Nat Med 2004; 10:927-34. [PMID: 15311275 DOI: 10.1038/nm1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is occasionally found in the lungs of mice and humans; however, its role in respiratory immunity is unknown. Here we show that mice lacking spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches generate unexpectedly robust primary B- and T-cell responses to influenza, which seem to be initiated at sites of induced BALT (iBALT). Areas of iBALT have distinct B-cell follicles and T-cell areas, and support T and B-cell proliferation. The homeostatic chemokines CXCL13 and CCL21 are expressed independently of TNFalpha and lymphotoxin at sites of iBALT formation. In addition, mice with iBALT, but lacking peripheral lymphoid organs, clear influenza infection and survive higher doses of virus than do normal mice, indicating that immune responses generated in iBALT are not only protective, but potentially less pathologic, than systemic immune responses. Thus, iBALT functions as an inducible secondary lymphoid tissue for respiratory immune responses.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Dudda
- Department of Dermatology, Clinical Research Group Allergology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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25
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Guan H, Zu G, Xie Y, Tang H, Johnson M, Xu X, Kevil C, Xiong WC, Elmets C, Rao Y, Wu JY, Xu H. Neuronal repellent Slit2 inhibits dendritic cell migration and the development of immune responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:6519-26. [PMID: 14662852 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.12.6519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the essential functions of dendritic cells is to take up Ags in peripheral tissues and migrate into secondary lymphoid organs to present Ags to lymphocytes for the induction of immune responses. Although many studies have demonstrated that the migration of dendritic cells is closely associated with the development of immune responses, little is known about factors that inhibit dendritic cell migration and control the extent of immune responses to Ag stimulation. We show that Slit2, a neuronal repellent factor, is up-regulated in the skin by allergen sensitization and down-regulates the migration of Langerhans cells. The effect is mediated by direct interaction of Slit2 with cells that express a Slit-specific receptor, Robo1. Slit2-mediated inhibition of Langerhans cell migration results in suppression of contact hypersensitivity responses. These findings provide insights into a novel mechanism by which Slit2 functions as an anti-inflammatory factor for the initiation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Guan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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26
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Mullins DW, Sheasley SL, Ream RM, Bullock TNJ, Fu YX, Engelhard VH. Route of immunization with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells controls the distribution of memory and effector T cells in lymphoid tissues and determines the pattern of regional tumor control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 198:1023-34. [PMID: 14530375 PMCID: PMC2194213 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have established that the route of immunization with peptide-pulsed, activated DC leads to memory CD8+ T cells with distinct distributions in lymphoid tissues, which determines the ability to control tumors growing in different body sites. Both intravenous (i.v.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization induced memory T cells in spleen and control of metastatic-like lung tumors. s.c. immunization also induced memory T cells in lymph nodes (LNs), imparting protection against subcutaneously growing tumors. In contrast, i.v. immunization-induced memory was restricted to spleen and failed to impart protective immunity against subcutaneously growing tumors. Memory cell distribution and tumor control were both linked to injection route–dependent localization of DCs in lymphoid compartments. Using peripheral LN–ablated mice, these LNs were shown to be essential for control of subcutaneously growing tumors but not lung metastases; in contrast, using immunized asplenic mice, we found that the spleen is necessary and sufficient for control of lung tumors, but unnecessary for control of subcutaneously growing tumors. These data demonstrate the existence of a previously undescribed population of splenic-resident memory CD8 T cells that are essential for the control of lung metastases. Thus, regional immunity based on memory T cell residence patterns is an important factor in DC-based tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Mullins
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Box 801386, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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27
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Girolomoni G, Pastore S, Cavani A, Albanesi C. The role of chemokines in inflammatory skin diseases. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2003:191-225. [PMID: 14579781 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-05397-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Girolomoni
- Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IRCCS, Via Monte di Creta 104 00167, Roma, Italy.
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28
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Abstract
The discovery that lymphotoxin alpha (LTalpha) knockout mice lack peripheral lymphoid tissues reformed the study of organogenesis of peripheral lymphoid tissues from a research field that was solely descriptive and dependent on histological methods to one requiring all modern technologies. The concepts of inducer cells for organogenesis of peripheral lymphoid tissues as a separate hematopoietic lineage and of mesenchymal organizer cells have been established through this progress. These discoveries led to the comprehension of the basic framework of the events during organogenesis of peripheral lymphoid tissues. However, many important questions remain unanswered. This review discusses those questions which have arisen from our studies on the organogenesis of Peyer's patches.
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29
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Wang B, Esche C, Mamelak A, Freed I, Watanabe H, Sauder DN. Cytokine knockouts in contact hypersensitivity research. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2003; 14:381-9. [PMID: 12948522 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(03)00050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a Langerhans cell (LC)-dependent, T cell-mediated cutaneous immune response. CHS reflects a culmination of LC activities in vivo: uptake of epicutaneous antigens, migration into lymph nodes, and presentation of antigens to naïve T cells. Although studies have suggested involvement of the cytokine network in LC migration and CHS initiation, the in vivo function of individual cytokines remains largely unknown. Gene targeting technology has made it possible to study in vivo functions of cytokines through gene-targeted knockout (KO) mice deficient in a given cytokine or its receptor. A variety of cytokine knockouts have been used to assign biological functions to specific cytokines in CHS. These studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghe Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Johns Hopkins University, Outpatient Center-Room 6068, 601 N, Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-0900, USA.
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30
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Abstract
As we travel into a new century, confronted with new infectious diseases and bioweapon threats, with surgeons continuing to push the boundaries of what is transplantable, and with gene therapists working on ways to remedy a myriad of genetic diseases, the need for improved methods to augment and suppress immune function is paramount. The recent discovery that a novel immunosuppressant works by blocking lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs provides a compelling example of how improved understanding of lymphoid organ function will contribute to future drug development and human health. This volume brings together reviews from leaders in the field of thymus and secondary lymphoid organ biology, including discussions on the roles of transcriptional regulators Foxn1, retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma and nuclear factor-kappaB in lymphoid organ development, the function of lymphotoxin and other cytokines in lymphoid tissue organization, the guidance activity of chemokines in a multitude of immune cell-positioning events, the mechanism of action of the immunosuppressant FTY720, and the application of two-photon laser scanning microscopy to reveal the dynamic behavior of lymphoid cells in the depths of these essential tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA.
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31
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Gommerman JL, Giza K, Perper S, Sizing I, Ngam-Ek A, Nickerson-Nutter C, Browning JL. A role for surface lymphotoxin in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis independent of LIGHT. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:755-67. [PMID: 12952924 PMCID: PMC182210 DOI: 10.1172/jci18648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In studies using genetically deficient mice, a role for the lymphotoxin (LT) system in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has remained controversial. Here, we have reassessed this conclusion by using a fusion protein decoy that blocks the LT pathway in vivo without evoking the developmental defects inherent in LT-deficient mice. We have found that inhibition of the LT pathway prevented disease in two models of EAE that do not rely on the administration of pertussis toxin. Surprisingly, disease attenuation was due to specific blockade of LTalphabeta binding rather than the binding of LIGHT to its receptors. In a third system that requires pertussis toxin, LT inhibition did not affect disease, as was observed when the same model was used with LT-deficient mice. Disease prevention in pertussis toxin-free models was associated with defects in T cell responses and migration. When the DO11.10 T cell transgenic system was used, inhibition of the LT pathway was shown to uncouple T cell priming from T cell recall responses. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the LT pathway and its ability to maintain lymphoid microenvironments is critical for sustaining late-phase T cell responses in multiple sclerosis.
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32
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Zhang N, Guo J, He YW. Lymphocyte accumulation in the spleen of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma-deficient mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:1667-75. [PMID: 12902464 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.4.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hormone nuclear receptor retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORgamma) plays important roles in thymocyte development and lymphoid organogenesis. RORgamma and its thymus-specific isoform RORgammat are expressed in the thymus, but not in the spleen and bone marrow (BM). However, RORgamma(-/-) mice have 2- to 3-fold more splenocytes than wild-type controls due to an accumulation of conventional resting B lymphocytes. The increase in B lymphocytes in RORgamma(-/-) mice is caused neither by abnormal B cell development in the BM nor by an obvious defect in the peripheral T cell compartment. Furthermore, analyses of BM chimeras using either RORgamma(-/-) or recombinase-activating gene-2(-/-) mice as recipients and wild-type or RORgamma(-/-) mice as donors, respectively, demonstrate that the splenic microenvironment of RORgamma(-/-) mice is defective, since wild-type T and B lymphocytes accumulated in these chimeric mice. In addition, T lymphocyte homeostasis was altered due to a lowered thymic output in RORgamma(-/-) mice. Collectively, these results suggest that RORgamma regulates lymphocyte homeostasis at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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33
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Gommerman JL, Browning JL. Lymphotoxin/light, lymphoid microenvironments and autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3:642-55. [PMID: 12974479 DOI: 10.1038/nri1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Much of the efficiency of the immune system is attributed to the high degree of spatial and temporal organization in the secondary lymphoid organs. Signalling through the lymphotoxin (LT) pathway is a crucial element in the maintenance of this organized microenvironment. The effect of altering lymphoid microenvironments on immune responses remains relatively unexplored. Inhibitors of the LT and LIGHT pathways have been shown to reduce disease in a wide range of autoimmune models. This approach has provided a tool to probe the effect of manipulation of the microenvironment on both normal and pathological immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Gommerman
- Biogen, Department of Exploratory Sciences, 12 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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34
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Fava RA, Notidis E, Hunt J, Szanya V, Ratcliffe N, Ngam-Ek A, De Fougerolles AR, Sprague A, Browning JL. A role for the lymphotoxin/LIGHT axis in the pathogenesis of murine collagen-induced arthritis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:115-26. [PMID: 12816989 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.1.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A lymphotoxin-beta (LTbeta) receptor-Ig fusion protein (LTbetaR-Ig) was used to evaluate the importance of the lymphotoxin/LIGHT axis in the development and perpetuation of arthritis. Prophylactic treatment with the inhibitor protein LTbetaR-Ig blocked the induction of collagen-induced arthritis in mice and adjuvant arthritis in Lewis rats. Treatment of mice with established collagen-induced arthritis reduced the severity of arthritic symptoms and joint tissue damage. However, in a passive model of anti-collagen Ab-triggered arthritis, joint inflammation was not affected by LTbetaR-Ig treatment precluding LT/LIGHT involvement in the very terminal immune complex/complement/FcR-mediated effector phase. Collagen-II and Mycobacterium-specific T cell responses were not impaired, yet there was evidence that the overall response to the mycobacterium was blunted. Serum titers of anti-collagen-II Abs were reduced especially during the late phase of disease. Treatment with LTbetaR-Ig ablated follicular dendritic cell networks in the draining lymph nodes, suggesting that impaired class switching and affinity maturation may have led to a decreased level of pathological autoantibodies. These data are consistent with a model in which the LT/LIGHT axis controls microenvironments in the draining lymph nodes. These environments are critical in shaping the adjuvant-driven initiating events that impact the subsequent quality of the anti-collagen response in the later phases. Consequently, blockade of the LT/LIGHT axis may represent a novel approach to the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis that involve both T cell and Ab components.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/administration & dosage
- Arthritis, Experimental/etiology
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen/administration & dosage
- Collagen/immunology
- Disease Progression
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Freund's Adjuvant/administration & dosage
- Freund's Adjuvant/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphotoxin beta Receptor
- Lymphotoxin-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lymphotoxin-alpha/physiology
- Lymphotoxin-beta
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Fava
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05001, USA
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35
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To consider the factors that confer on chemicals the ability to cause allergic sensitization, with particular emphasis on the induction of skin sensitization. DATA SOURCES Original and review articles available in the scientific literature. STUDY SELECTION The expert opinion of the authors was used to select studies for inclusion in this review. RESULTS A number of requirements must be met if a chemical is to induce skin sensitization. The most important requirements are access to the viable epidermis, the formation of stable conjugates with proteins, elicitation of cytokine production by skin cells, and the initiation of T-lymphocyte responses. In addition, qualitative aspects of induced immune responses influence the form of allergic sensitization. CONCLUSIONS An increasingly sophisticated understanding of the factors required for the development of skin sensitization and other forms of chemical-induced allergy provides new opportunities for toxicological investigation and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kimber
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, England.
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36
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Yu P, Spiotto MT, Lee Y, Schreiber H, Fu YX. Complementary role of CD4+ T cells and secondary lymphoid tissues for cross-presentation of tumor antigen to CD8+ T cells. J Exp Med 2003; 197:985-95. [PMID: 12695490 PMCID: PMC2193872 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC class I-restricted tumor antigens can be presented to CD8+ T cells by two distinct pathways: via direct and indirect presentation. The relative contribution of these two pathways toward the initial activation of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and their subsequent tumor rejection is still vigorously debated. Using a tumor model able to dissect the relative contributions of direct and indirect presentation, we show unequivocally the inefficiency of direct presentation and the essential requirement of indirect presentation for the priming of naive tumor antigen-specific T cells leading to tumor rejection. Moreover, we characterize the essential environment under which indirect presentation occurs, and find efficient cross-priming of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in the complete absence of secondary lymphoid tissues. The independence of this process from local lymph nodes is compromised, however, in the absence of CD4+ T cell help. Therefore, our paper demonstrates that effective immune protection against tumors requires the cross-priming of CD8+ T cells under conditions that require either CD4+ T cell help, or draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- Deptartment of Pathology, Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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37
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Alferink J, Lieberam I, Reindl W, Behrens A, Weiss S, Hüser N, Gerauer K, Ross R, Reske-Kunz AB, Ahmad-Nejad P, Wagner H, Förster I. Compartmentalized production of CCL17 in vivo: strong inducibility in peripheral dendritic cells contrasts selective absence from the spleen. J Exp Med 2003; 197:585-99. [PMID: 12615900 PMCID: PMC2193819 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs)(*) fulfill an important regulatory function at the interface of the innate and adaptive immune system. The thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) is produced by DCs and facilitates the attraction of activated T cells. Using a fluorescence-based in vivo reporter system, we show that CCL17 expression in mice is found in activated Langerhans cells and mature DCs located in various lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs, and is up-regulated after stimulation with Toll-like receptor ligands. DCs expressing CCL17 belong to the CD11b(+)CD8(-)Dec205(+) DC subset, including the myeloid-related DCs located in the subepithelial dome of Peyer's patches. CCL17-deficient mice mount diminished T cell-dependent contact hypersensitivity responses and display a deficiency in rejection of allogeneic organ transplants. In contrast to lymphoid organs located at external barriers of the skin and mucosa, CCL17 is not expressed in the spleen, even after systemic microbial challenge or after in vitro stimulation. These findings indicate that CCL17 production is a hallmark of local DC stimulation in peripheral organs but is absent from the spleen as a filter of blood-borne antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Alferink
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany
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38
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Zhou P, Hwang KW, Palucki D, Kim O, Newell KA, Fu YX, Alegre ML. Secondary lymphoid organs are important but not absolutely required for allograft responses. Am J Transplant 2003; 3:259-66. [PMID: 12614279 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.00067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The role of secondary lymphoid organs in adaptive immune responses following transplantation is controversial. To examine the requirement for peripheral lymphoid organs in mounting immune responses to transplantation antigens, lymphotoxin alpha-deficient (LTalpha-/-) and LTbeta-receptor-deficient (LTbetaR-/-) mice that lack lymph nodes and Peyer's patches were used as recipients of fully allogeneic heart and skin grafts. Splenectomized LTalpha-/- and LTbetaR-/- mice effectively rejected skin and cardiac allografts, although with delayed kinetics when compared with wild-type controls. In addition, initial skin allograft challenge in splenectomized LTbetaR-/- mice resulted in accelerated rejection of subsequent donor cardiac allografts when compared with heart rejection in nonsensitized controls. Thus, although peripheral lymphoid organs play an important role in allowing allograft responses to occur, they do not appear to be absolutely required for either acute allograft rejection, or T-cell priming. These results suggest that immunologic events capable of leading to allograft rejection can successfully occur at sites other than classical secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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39
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Spahn TW, Herbst H, Rennert PD, Lügering N, Maaser C, Kraft M, Fontana A, Weiner HL, Domschke W, Kucharzik T. Induction of colitis in mice deficient of Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes is associated with increased disease severity and formation of colonic lymphoid patches. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:2273-82. [PMID: 12466141 PMCID: PMC1850913 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2002] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with immune activation in Peyer's patches and mucosal lymph nodes. The role of these organs in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis was investigated. We used mice lacking Peyer's patches and/or lymph nodes because of lymphotoxin-alpha gene deficiency or treatment in utero with lymphotoxin-beta-receptor IgG and tumor necrosis factor-receptor-I (55)-IgG fusion proteins. Mice lacking Peyer's patches and lymph nodes because of lymphotoxin-alpha deficiency or in utero fusion protein treatment developed more severe colitis than control mice as indicated by more severe intestinal shrinking, longer colonic ulcers, and higher histological disease scores. Oral DSS triggered the formation of colonic submucosal lymphoid patches in these mice and caused an increase in the number of submucosal lymphoid patches in mice treated in utero with the fusion proteins. Mice lacking Peyer's patches only showed more submucosal lymphoid patches whereas intestinal length and histological disease score were similar to control mice. In conclusion, more severe DSS-induced colitis correlates with the loss of the mesenteric lymph nodes. However, neither the absence of Peyer's patches nor the presence of colonic lymphoid patches were correlated with increased disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Spahn
- Department of Medicine B, Münster University Hospital, Albert Schweitzer-Strasse 33, D-48129 Münster, Germany.
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40
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Gommerman JL, Mackay F, Donskoy E, Meier W, Martin P, Browning JL. Manipulation of lymphoid microenvironments in nonhuman primates by an inhibitor of the lymphotoxin pathway. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:1359-69. [PMID: 12417575 PMCID: PMC151614 DOI: 10.1172/jci15975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2002] [Accepted: 08/27/2002] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticular networks in lymphoid organs play critical roles in the organization of local microenvironments. A number of these elements are maintained by continual signaling through the lymphotoxin system. Evaluation of the lymphotoxin (LT) pathway in primates using a fusion protein decoy provides a unique opportunity to assess modulation of splenic microenvironments in a species with considerably greater background immunological activity compared with rodents. Within the germinal center microenvironment, treatment resulted in a collapse of follicular dendritic cell (FDC) networks and in the disappearance of a ringlike network of immune complex-carrying cells, although some other attributes of the germinal center appeared to be unaltered. Treatment also resulted in changes in the splenic marginal zone, a microenvironment where the architecture is notably different from that of the rodent. Cessation of treatment and recovery allowed us to monitor reemergence of these cell types and revealed that FDCs rely on LT-dependent signals to recompact into appropriately positioned tight networks. Despite the loss of FDC networks, the primary Ab response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin was unaltered over a 20-day period. Manipulation of these microenvironments may represent a novel approach to modulating immune function in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Gommerman
- Department of Exploratory Sciences, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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41
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Gommerman JL, Mackay F, Donskoy E, Meier W, Martin P, Browning JL. Manipulation of lymphoid microenvironments in nonhuman primates by an inhibitor of the lymphotoxin pathway. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0215975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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42
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Luther SA, Bidgol A, Hargreaves DC, Schmidt A, Xu Y, Paniyadi J, Matloubian M, Cyster JG. Differing activities of homeostatic chemokines CCL19, CCL21, and CXCL12 in lymphocyte and dendritic cell recruitment and lymphoid neogenesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:424-33. [PMID: 12077273 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite their widespread expression, the in vivo recruitment activities of CCL19 (EBV-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine) and CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor 1) have not been established. Furthermore, although CXCL13 (B lymphocyte chemoattractant) has been shown to induce lymphoid neogenesis through induction of lymphotoxin (LT)alpha1beta2, it is unclear whether other homeostatic chemokines have this property. In this work we show that ectopic expression in pancreatic islets of CCL19 leads to small infiltrates composed of lymphocytes and dendritic cells and containing high endothelial venules and stromal cells. Ectopic CXCL12 induced small infiltrates containing few T cells but enriched in dendritic cells, B cells, and plasma cells. Comparison of CCL19 transgenic mice with mice expressing CCL21 (secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine) revealed that CCL21 induced larger and more organized infiltrates. A more significant role for CCL21 is also suggested in lymphoid tissues, as CCL21 protein was found to be present in lymph nodes and spleen at much higher concentrations than CCL19. CCL19 and CCL21 but not CXCL12 induced LTalpha1beta2 expression on naive CD4 T cells, and treatment of CCL21 transgenic mice with LTbetaR-Fc antagonized development of organized lymphoid structures. LTalpha1beta2 was also induced on naive T cells by the cytokines IL-4 and IL-7. These studies establish that CCL19 and CXCL12 are sufficient to mediate cell recruitment in vivo and they indicate that LTalpha1beta2 may function downstream of CCL21, CCL19, and IL-2 family cytokines in normal and pathological lymphoid tissue development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Chemokine CCL19
- Chemokine CCL21
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/physiology
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/immunology
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/pathology
- Female
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/pharmacology
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphotoxin beta Receptor
- Lymphotoxin-alpha/biosynthesis
- Lymphotoxin-beta
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Plasma Cells/cytology
- Plasma Cells/immunology
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- Rats
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Ribosomal Proteins
- Stromal Cells/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv A Luther
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA
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43
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Scheu S, Alferink J, Pötzel T, Barchet W, Kalinke U, Pfeffer K. Targeted disruption of LIGHT causes defects in costimulatory T cell activation and reveals cooperation with lymphotoxin beta in mesenteric lymph node genesis. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1613-24. [PMID: 12070288 PMCID: PMC2193565 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2002] [Revised: 04/18/2002] [Accepted: 05/06/2002] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently described tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family member LIGHT (herpes virus entry mediator [HVEM]-L/TNFSF14), a ligand for the lymphotoxin (LT)beta receptor, HVEM, and DcR3, was inactivated in the mouse. In contrast to mice deficient in any other member of the LT core family, LIGHT(-/-) mice develop intact lymphoid organs. Interestingly, a lower percentage of LIGHT(-/-)LTbeta(-/-) animals contain mesenteric lymph nodes as compared with LTbeta(-/-) mice, whereas the splenic microarchitecture of LIGHT(-/-)LTbeta(-/-) and LTbeta(-/-) mice shows a comparable state of disruption. This suggests the existance of an additional undiscovered ligand for the LTbeta receptor (LTbetaR) or a weak LTalpha(3)-LTbetaR interaction in vivo involved in the formation of secondary lymphoid organs. LIGHT acts synergistically with CD28 in skin allograft rejection in vivo. The underlying mechanism was identified in in vitro allogeneic MLR studies, showing a reduced cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and cytokine production. Detailed analyses revealed that proliferative responses specifically of CD8+ T cells are impaired and interleukin 2 secretion of CD4+ T cells is defective in the absence of LIGHT. Furthermore, a reduced 3[H]-thymidine incorporation after T cell receptor stimulation was observed. This for the first time provides in vivo evidence for a cooperative role for LIGHT and LTbeta in lymphoid organogenesis and indicates important costimulatory functions for LIGHT in T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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44
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Nasorri F, Sebastiani S, Mariani V, De Pità O, Puddu P, Girolomoni G, Cavani A. Activation of nickel-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes in the absence of professional antigen-presenting cells. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118:172-9. [PMID: 11851891 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis ensues from exaggerated T cell responses to haptens. Dendritic cells are required for the initiation of hapten sensitization, but they may not be necessary for disease expression. Here we investigated the antigen-presenting cell requirement of nickel-specific CD4+ lymphocytes isolated from the blood of six allergic individuals. A significant proportion (42 out of 121; 35%) of the T cell clones proliferated in vitro to nickel also in the absence of professional antigen-presenting cells, suggesting a direct T-T hapten presentation. Antigen-presenting-cell-independent T cells showed a predominant T helper 1 phenotype. Nickel recognition by these T cells was major histocompatibility complex class II restricted, not influenced by CD28 triggering, independent from their state of activation, and did not require processing. The capacity of this T cell subset to be directly stimulated by nickel was not due to unique antigen-presenting properties, as both antigen-presenting-cell-dependent and antigen-presenting-cell-independent clones displayed comparable levels of HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86, and were equally capable of presenting nickel to antigen-presenting-cell-independent clones. In contrast, neither T cell types activated antigen-presenting-cell-dependent T lymphocytes. T-T presentation induced T cell receptor downregulation, CD25, CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR upregulation, and interferon-gamma release, although to a lesser extent compared to those induced by dendritic cell-T presentation. Following T-T presentation, the clones did not undergo unresponsiveness and maintained the capacity to respond to dendritic cells pulsed with antigen. In aggregate, our data suggest that antigen-presenting-cell-independent T cell activation can effectively amplify hapten- specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nasorri
- Laboratory of Immunology and Department of Immunodermatology, Istituto Dermopatico dell' Immacolata, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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45
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Girolomoni G, Sebastiani S, Albanesi C, Cavani A. T-cell subpopulations in the development of atopic and contact allergy. Curr Opin Immunol 2001; 13:733-7. [PMID: 11677098 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(01)00287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of skin diseases mediated by T cells. T-cell subsets responsible for the expression and regulation of allergic contact dermatitis to small chemicals or 'haptens' have been defined further, and the dynamics of T cells involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis have been clarified. In addition, studies are beginning to reveal the important contribution of skin resident cells to atopic dermatitis and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Girolomoni
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta 104, 00167, Roma, Italy.
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