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O’Donovan CJ, Tan LT, Abidin MAZ, Roderick MR, Grammatikos A, Bernatoniene J. Diagnosis of Chronic Granulomatous Disease: Strengths and Challenges in the Genomic Era. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4435. [PMID: 39124702 PMCID: PMC11313294 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13154435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a group of rare primary inborn errors of immunity characterised by a defect in the phagocyte respiratory burst, which leads to severe and life-threatening infective and inflammatory complications. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the genetic and molecular pathophysiology of X-linked and autosomal recessive CGD, and growth in the availability of functional and genetic testing, there remain significant barriers to early and accurate diagnosis. In the current review, we provide an up-to-date summary of CGD pathophysiology, underpinning current methods of diagnostic testing for CGD and closely related disorders. We present an overview of the benefits of early diagnosis and when to suspect and test for CGD. We discuss current and historical methods for functional testing of NADPH oxidase activity, as well as assays for measuring protein expression of NADPH oxidase subunits. Lastly, we focus on genetic and genomic methods employed to diagnose CGD, including gene-targeted panels, comprehensive genomic testing and ancillary methods. Throughout, we highlight general limitations of testing, and caveats specific to interpretation of results in the context of CGD and related disorders, and provide an outlook for newborn screening and the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J. O’Donovan
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Lay Teng Tan
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University Malaya Medical Center, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 59100, Malaysia
| | - Mohd A. Z. Abidin
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Marion R. Roderick
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Alexandros Grammatikos
- Department of Immunology, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Jolanta Bernatoniene
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Waldeck-Weiermair M, Das AA, Covington TA, Yadav S, Kaynert J, Guo R, Balendran P, Thulabandu VR, Pandey AK, Spyropoulos F, Thomas DC, Michel T. An essential role for EROS in redox-dependent endothelial signal transduction. Redox Biol 2024; 73:103214. [PMID: 38805973 PMCID: PMC11153901 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The chaperone protein EROS ("Essential for Reactive Oxygen Species") was recently discovered in phagocytes. EROS was shown to regulate the abundance of the ROS-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2) and to control ROS-mediated cell killing. Reactive oxygen species are important not only in immune surveillance, but also modulate physiological signaling responses in multiple tissues. The roles of EROS have not been previously explored in the context of oxidant-modulated cell signaling. Here we show that EROS plays a key role in ROS-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. We used siRNA-mediated knockdown and developed CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of EROS in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), both of which cause a significant decrease in the abundance of NOX2 protein, associated with a marked decrease in RAC1, a small G protein that activates NOX2. Loss of EROS also attenuates receptor-mediated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Ca2+ signaling, disrupts cytoskeleton organization, decreases cell migration, and promotes cellular senescence. EROS knockdown blocks agonist-modulated eNOS phosphorylation and nitric oxide (NO●) generation. These effects of EROS knockdown are strikingly similar to the alterations in endothelial cell responses that we previously observed following RAC1 knockdown. Proteomic analyses following EROS or RAC1 knockdown in endothelial cells showed that reduced abundance of these two distinct proteins led to largely overlapping effects on endothelial biological processes, including oxidoreductase, protein phosphorylation, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathways. These studies demonstrate that EROS plays a central role in oxidant-modulated endothelial cell signaling by modulating NOX2 and RAC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Waldeck-Weiermair
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Apabrita A Das
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Taylor A Covington
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shambhu Yadav
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jonas Kaynert
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ruby Guo
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Priyanga Balendran
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Venkata Revanth Thulabandu
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Arvind K Pandey
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Fotios Spyropoulos
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David C Thomas
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Thomas Michel
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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3
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Staudacher O, von Bernuth H. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic granulomatous disease. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1384550. [PMID: 39005504 PMCID: PMC11239527 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1384550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is caused by an impaired respiratory burst reaction in phagocytes. CGD is an X-linked (XL) (caused by pathogenic variants in CYBB) or autosomal recessive inborn error of immunity (caused by pathogenic variants in CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or CYBC1). Female carriers of XL-CGD and unfavorable lyonization may present with the partial or full picture of CGD. Patients with CGD are at increased risk for invasive bacterial and fungal infections of potentially any organ, but especially the lymph nodes, liver, and lungs. Pathogens most frequently isolated are S. aureus and Aspergillus spp. Autoinflammation is difficult to control with immunosuppression, and patients frequently remain dependent on steroids. To diagnose CGD, reactive oxygen intermediates (O2 - or H2O2) generated by the NADPH oxidase in peripheral blood phagocytes are measured upon in vitro activation with either phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and/or TLR4 ligands (E. coli or LPS). Conservative treatment requires strict hygienic conduct and adherence to antibiotic prophylaxis against bacteria and fungi, comprising cotrimoxazole and triazoles. The prognosis of patients treated conservatively is impaired: for the majority of patients, recurrent and/or persistent infections, autoinflammation, and failure to thrive remain lifelong challenges. In contrast, cellular therapies (allogeneic stem cell transplantation or gene therapy) can cure CGD. Optimal outcomes in cellular therapies are observed in individuals without ongoing infections or inflammation. Yet cellular therapies are the only curative option for patients with persistent fungal infections or autoinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Staudacher
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Horst von Bernuth
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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4
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Isiaku AI, Zhang Z, Pazhakh V, Lieschke GJ. A nox2/cybb zebrafish mutant with defective myeloid cell reactive oxygen species production displays normal initial neutrophil recruitment to sterile tail injuries. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae079. [PMID: 38696730 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are important effectors and modifiers of the acute inflammatory response, recruiting phagocytes including neutrophils to sites of tissue injury. In turn, phagocytes such as neutrophils are both consumers and producers of reactive oxygen species. Phagocytes including neutrophils generate reactive oxygen species in an oxidative burst through the activity of a multimeric phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase complex. Mutations in the NOX2/CYBB (previously gp91phox) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunit are the commonest cause of chronic granulomatous disease, a disease characterized by infection susceptibility and an inflammatory phenotype. To model chronic granulomatous disease, we made a nox2/cybb zebrafish (Danio rerio) mutant and demonstrated it to have severely impaired myeloid cell reactive oxygen species production. Reduced early survival of nox2 mutant embryos indicated an essential requirement for nox2 during early development. In nox2/cybb zebrafish mutants, the dynamics of initial neutrophil recruitment to both mild and severe surgical tailfin wounds was normal, suggesting that excessive neutrophil recruitment at the initiation of inflammation is not the primary cause of the "sterile" inflammatory phenotype of chronic granulomatous disease patients. This nox2 zebrafish mutant adds to existing in vivo models for studying reactive oxygen species function in myeloid cells including neutrophils in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsalam I Isiaku
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Zuobing Zhang
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Vahid Pazhakh
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Graham J Lieschke
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
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5
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Liang S, Liu A, Liu Y, Wang F, Zhou Y, Long Y, Wang T, Liu Z, Ren R, Ye RD. Structural basis for EROS binding to human phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320388121. [PMID: 38805284 PMCID: PMC11161758 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320388121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential for reactive oxygen species (EROS) protein is a recently identified molecular chaperone of NOX2 (gp91phox), the catalytic subunit of phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Deficiency in EROS is a recently identified cause for chronic granulomatous disease, a genetic disorder with recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. Here, we report a cryo-EM structure of the EROS-NOX2-p22phox heterotrimeric complex at an overall resolution of 3.56Å. EROS and p22phox are situated on the opposite sides of NOX2, and there is no direct contact between them. EROS associates with NOX2 through two antiparallel transmembrane (TM) α-helices and multiple β-strands that form hydrogen bonds with the cytoplasmic domain of NOX2. EROS binding induces a 79° upward bend of TM2 and a 48° backward rotation of the lower part of TM6 in NOX2, resulting in an increase in the distance between the two hemes and a shift of the binding site for flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). These conformational changes are expected to compromise superoxide production by NOX2, suggesting that the EROS-bound NOX2 is in a protected state against activation. Phorbol myristate acetate, an activator of NOX2 in vitro, is able to induce dissociation of NOX2 from EROS with concurrent increase in FAD binding and superoxide production in a transfected COS-7 model. In differentiated neutrophil-like HL-60, the majority of NOX2 on the cell surface is dissociated with EROS. Further studies are required to delineate how EROS dissociates from NOX2 during its transport to cell surface, which may be a potential mechanism for regulation of NOX2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Liang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
| | - Aijun Liu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
- Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital, Dongguan Third People’s Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong523326, China
| | - Yezhou Liu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Guangming District, Shenzhen518132, China
| | - Fuxing Wang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
| | - Youli Zhou
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
| | - Yuanzhengyang Long
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Guangming District, Shenzhen518132, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Nanshan District, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
| | - Ruobing Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Richard D. Ye
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong518000, China
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6
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Desai JV, Zarakas MA, Wishart AL, Roschewski M, Aufiero MA, Donkó Á, Wigerblad G, Shlezinger N, Plate M, James MR, Lim JK, Uzel G, Bergerson JR, Fuss I, Cramer RA, Franco LM, Clark ES, Khan WN, Yamanaka D, Chamilos G, El-Benna J, Kaplan MJ, Staudt LM, Leto TL, Holland SM, Wilson WH, Hohl TM, Lionakis MS. BTK drives neutrophil activation for sterilizing antifungal immunity. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e176142. [PMID: 38696257 PMCID: PMC11178547 DOI: 10.1172/jci176142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe a previously-unappreciated role for Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) in fungal immune surveillance against aspergillosis, an unforeseen complication of BTK inhibitors (BTKi) used for treating B-cell lymphoid malignancies. We studied BTK-dependent fungal responses in neutrophils from diverse populations, including healthy donors, BTKi-treated patients, and X-linked agammaglobulinemia patients. Upon fungal exposure, BTK was activated in human neutrophils in a TLR2-, Dectin-1-, and FcγR-dependent manner, triggering the oxidative burst. BTK inhibition selectively impeded neutrophil-mediated damage to Aspergillus hyphae, primary granule release, and the fungus-induced oxidative burst by abrogating NADPH oxidase subunit p40phox and GTPase RAC2 activation. Moreover, neutrophil-specific Btk deletion in mice enhanced aspergillosis susceptibility by impairing neutrophil function, not recruitment or lifespan. Conversely, GM-CSF partially mitigated these deficits by enhancing p47phox activation. Our findings underline the crucial role of BTK signaling in neutrophils for antifungal immunity and provide a rationale for GM-CSF use to offset these deficits in susceptible patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigar V Desai
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Marissa A Zarakas
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Andrew L Wishart
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Mark Roschewski
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Mariano A Aufiero
- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Ágnes Donkó
- Molecular Defenses Section, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Gustaf Wigerblad
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Neta Shlezinger
- Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Markus Plate
- Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew R James
- Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, United States of America
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Immunopathogenesis Section, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Jenna Re Bergerson
- Primary Immune Deficiency Clinic, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Ivan Fuss
- Mucosal Immunity Section, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, United States of America
| | - Luis M Franco
- Functional Immunogenomics Section, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Emily S Clark
- Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, United States of America
| | - Wasif N Khan
- Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, United States of America
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Georgios Chamilos
- Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- Center for Research on Inflammation, City University of Paris, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Paris, France
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Thomas L Leto
- Molecular Defenses Section, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Steven M Holland
- Immunopathogenesis Section, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Wyndham H Wilson
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, United States of America
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Whittaker TE, Moula SE, Bahal S, Bakri FG, Hayajneh WA, Daoud AK, Naseem A, Cavazza A, Thrasher AJ, Santilli G. Multidimensional Response Surface Methodology for the Development of a Gene Editing Protocol for p67 phox-Deficient Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Hum Gene Ther 2024; 35:298-312. [PMID: 38062734 PMCID: PMC7615834 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Replacing a faulty gene with a correct copy has become a viable therapeutic option as a result of recent progress in gene editing protocols. Targeted integration of therapeutic genes in hematopoietic stem cells has been achieved for multiple genes using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system and Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) to carry a donor template. Although this is a promising strategy to correct genetic blood disorders, it is associated with toxicity and loss of function in CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, which has hampered clinical application. Balancing the maximum achievable correction against deleterious effects on the cells is critical. However, multiple factors are known to contribute, and the optimization process is laborious and not always clearly defined. We have developed a flexible multidimensional Response Surface Methodology approach for optimization of gene correction. Using this approach, we could rapidly investigate and select editing conditions for CD34+ cells with the best possible balance between correction and cell/colony-forming unit (CFU) loss in a parsimonious one-shot experiment. This method revealed that using relatively low doses of AAV2/6 and CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex, we can preserve the fitness of CD34+ cells and, at the same time, achieve high levels of targeted gene insertion. We then used these optimized editing conditions for the correction of p67phox-deficient chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an autosomal recessive disorder of blood phagocytic cells resulting in severe recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and achieved rescue of p67phox expression and functional correction of CD34+-derived neutrophils from a CGD patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Whittaker
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Teaching and Research Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Shefta E Moula
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Teaching and Research Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Sameer Bahal
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Teaching and Research Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Faris Ghalib Bakri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Center, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Wail Ahmad Hayajneh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ammar Khaled Daoud
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Asma Naseem
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Teaching and Research Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Cavazza
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Teaching and Research Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Teaching and Research Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Teaching and Research Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
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8
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Grammatikos A, Gennery AR. Inflammatory Complications in Chronic Granulomatous Disease. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1092. [PMID: 38398405 PMCID: PMC10889279 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inborn error of immunity that typically manifests with infectious complications. As the name suggest though, inflammatory complications are also common, often affecting the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary tracts and other tissues. These can be seen in all various types of CGD, from X-linked and autosomal recessive to X-linked carriers. The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying these complications are not well understood, but are likely multi-factorial and reflect the body's attempt to control infections. The different levels of neutrophil residual oxidase activity are thought to contribute to the large phenotypic variations. Immunosuppressive agents have traditionally been used to treat these complications, but their use is hindered by the fact that CGD patients are predisposed to infection. Novel therapeutic agents, like anti-TNFa monoclonal antibodies, anakinra, ustekinumab, and vedolizumab offer promise for the future, while hematopoietic stem cell transplantation should also be considered in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Grammatikos
- The Bristol Immunology and Allergy Centre, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Andrew R. Gennery
- Paediatric Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK;
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9
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Salvator H, Mahlaoui N, Suarez F, Marcais A, Longchampt E, Tcherakian C, Givel C, Chabrol A, Caradec E, Lortholary O, Lanternier F, Goyard C, Couderc LJ, Catherinot E. [Pulmonary complications of Chronic Granulomatous Disease]. Rev Mal Respir 2024; 41:156-170. [PMID: 38272769 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Chronic Granulomatosis Disease (CGD) is an inherited immune deficiency due to a mutation in the genes coding for the subunits of the NADPH oxidase enzyme that affects the oxidative capacity of phagocytic cells. It is characterized by increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections, particularly Aspergillus, as well as complications associated with hyperinflammation and granulomatous tissue infiltration. There exist two types of frequently encountered pulmonary manifestations: (1) due to their being initially pauci-symptomatic, possibly life-threatening infectious complications are often discovered at a late stage. Though their incidence has decreased through systematic anti-bacterial and anti-fungal prophylaxis, they remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality; (2) inflammatory complications consist in persistent granulomatous mass or interstitial pneumoniae, eventually requiring immunosuppressive treatment. Pulmonary complications recurring since infancy generate parenchymal and bronchial sequelae that impact functional prognosis. Hematopoietic stem cell allograft is a curative treatment; it is arguably life-sustaining and may limit the morbidity of the disease. As a result of improved pediatric management, life expectancy has increased dramatically. That said, new challenges have appeared with regard to adults: difficulties of compliance, increased inflammatory manifestations, acquired resistance to anti-infectious therapies. These different developments underscore the importance of the transition period and the need for multidisciplinary management.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Salvator
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France; UMR0892 VIM-Suresnes Inrae, université Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France; Faculté de Sciences de la Vie Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
| | - N Mahlaoui
- Centre de référence déficits immunitaires héréditaires (CEREDIH), hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, institut Imagine, université Paris Cité, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Service d'hématologie-immunologie et rhumatologie pédiatrique, hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - F Suarez
- Centre de référence déficits immunitaires héréditaires (CEREDIH), hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, institut Imagine, université Paris Cité, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Service d'hématologie adultes, hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, université Paris Cité, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - A Marcais
- Service d'hématologie adultes, hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, université Paris Cité, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - E Longchampt
- Service d'anatomopathologie, hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - C Tcherakian
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - C Givel
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - A Chabrol
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - E Caradec
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - O Lortholary
- Service de maladies infectieuses, hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Centre national de référence des mycoses invasives et antifongiques, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, unite mixté de recherche (UMR) 2000, Institut Pasteur, université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - F Lanternier
- Service de maladies infectieuses, hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Centre national de référence des mycoses invasives et antifongiques, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, unite mixté de recherche (UMR) 2000, Institut Pasteur, université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - C Goyard
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - L J Couderc
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France; UMR0892 VIM-Suresnes Inrae, université Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France
| | - E Catherinot
- Service de pneumologie, hôpital Foch, 40, rue Worth, 92150 Suresnes, France
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10
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Mortimer PM, Nichols E, Thomas J, Shanbhag R, Singh N, Coomber EL, Malik TH, Pickering MC, Randzavola L, Rae W, Bhattad S, Thomas DC. A novel mutation in EROS (CYBC1) causes chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109761. [PMID: 37673227 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is an inborn error of immunity characterised by opportunistic infection and sterile granulomatous inflammation. CGD is caused by a failure of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Mutations in the genes encoding phagocyte NADPH oxidase subunits cause CGD. We and others have described a novel form of CGD (CGD5) secondary to lack of EROS (CYBC1), a highly selective chaperone for gp91phox. EROS-deficient cells express minimal levels of gp91phox and its binding partner p22phox, but EROS also controls the expression of other proteins such as P2X7. The full nature of CGD5 is currently unknown. We describe a homozygous frameshift mutation in CYBC1 leading to CGD. Individuals who are heterozygous for this mutation are found in South Asian populations (allele frequency = 0.00006545), thus it is not a private mutation. Therefore, it is likely to be the underlying cause of other cases of CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige M Mortimer
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Esme Nichols
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Thomas
- Aster Medcity Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | | - Talat H Malik
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Pickering
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Lyra Randzavola
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - William Rae
- Clinical Development, Late Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R and D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - David C Thomas
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
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11
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Chiriaco M, De Matteis A, Cifaldi C, Di Matteo G, Rivalta B, Passarelli C, Perrone C, Novelli A, De Benedetti F, Insalaco A, Palma P, Finocchi A. Characterization of AR-CGD female patient with a novel homozygous deletion in CYBC1 gene presenting with unusual clinical phenotype. Clin Immunol 2023; 251:109316. [PMID: 37055004 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a human IEI caused by mutations in genes encoding the NADPH oxidase subunits, the enzyme responsible for the respiratory burst. CGD patients have severe life-threatening infections, hyperinflammation and immune dysregulation. Recently, an additional autosomal recessive (AR)-CGD (type 5) caused by mutations in CYBC1/EROS gene was identified. We report a AR-CGD5 patient with a novel loss of function (LOF) homozygous deletion c.8_7del in the CYBC1 gene including the initiation ATG codon that leads to failure of CYBC1/EROS protein expression and presenting with an unusual clinical manifestation of childhood-onset sarcoidosis-like disease requiring multiple immunosuppressive therapies. We described an abnormal gp91phox protein expression/function in the patient's neutrophils and monocytes (about 50%) and a severely compromised B cell subset (gp91phox < 15%; DHR+ < 4%). Our case-report emphasized the importance of considering a diagnosis of AR-CGD5 deficiency even in absence of typical clinical and laboratory findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiriaco
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Verata, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Cifaldi
- Academic Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gigliola Di Matteo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Verata, Italy; Academic Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Rivalta
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Verata, Italy; Academic Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Passarelli
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Perrone
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Palma
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Verata, Italy; Academic Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Verata, Italy; Academic Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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12
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Structure, Activation, and Regulation of NOX2: At the Crossroad between the Innate Immunity and Oxidative Stress-Mediated Pathologies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020429. [PMID: 36829988 PMCID: PMC9952346 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) is a multisubunit enzyme complex that participates in the generation of superoxide or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and plays a key role in several biological functions. Among seven known NOX isoforms, NOX2 was the first identified in phagocytes but is also expressed in several other cell types including endothelial cells, platelets, microglia, neurons, and muscle cells. NOX2 has been assigned multiple roles in regulating many aspects of innate and adaptive immunity, and human and mouse models of NOX2 genetic deletion highlighted this key role. On the other side, NOX2 hyperactivation is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases with different etiologies but all are characterized by an increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory process. From this point of view, the modulation of NOX2 represents an important therapeutic strategy aimed at reducing the damage associated with its hyperactivation. Although pharmacological strategies to selectively modulate NOX2 are implemented thanks to new biotechnologies, this field of research remains to be explored. Therefore, in this review, we analyzed the role of NOX2 at the crossroads between immunity and pathologies mediated by its hyperactivation. We described (1) the mechanisms of activation and regulation, (2) human, mouse, and cellular models studied to understand the role of NOX2 as an enzyme of innate immunity, (3) some of the pathologies associated with its hyperactivation, and (4) the inhibitory strategies, with reference to the most recent discoveries.
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13
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ROCK2 interacts with p22phox to phosphorylate p47phox and to control NADPH oxidase activation in human monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2209184120. [PMID: 36626553 PMCID: PMC9934299 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209184120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes play a key role in innate immunity by eliminating pathogens, releasing high levels of cytokines, and differentiating into several cell types, including macrophages and dendritic cells. Similar to other phagocytes, monocytes produce superoxide anions through the NADPH oxidase complex, which is composed of two membrane proteins (p22phox and gp91phox/NOX2) and four cytosolic proteins (p47phox, p67phox, p40phox and Rac1). The pathways involved in NADPH oxidase activation in monocytes are less known than those in neutrophils. Here, we show that p22phox is associated with Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase 2 (ROCK2) in human monocytes but not neutrophils. This interaction occurs between the cytosolic region of p22phox (amino acids 132 to 195) and the coiled-coil region of ROCK2 (amino acids 400 to 967). Interestingly, ROCK2 does not phosphorylate p22phox, p40phox, p67phox, or gp91phox in vitro but phosphorylates p47phox on Ser304, Ser315, Ser320 and Ser328. Furthermore, KD025, a selective inhibitor of ROCK2, inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and p47phox phosphorylation in monocytes. Specific inhibition of ROCK2 expression in THP1-monocytic cell line by siRNA inhibited ROS production. These data show that ROCK2 interacts with p22phox and phosphorylates p47phox, and suggest that p22phox could be a shuttle for ROCK2 to allow p47phox phosphorylation and NADPH oxidase activation in human monocytes.
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14
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Sassenbach L. Identification of novel proteins involved in P2X7-mediated signaling cascades. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:495-498. [PMID: 35960424 PMCID: PMC9832184 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
High concentration of extracellular ATP acts as a danger signal that is sensed by the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). This ATP-gated ion channel has been shown to induce multiple metabotropic events such as changes in plasma membrane composition and morphology, ectodomain shedding, activation of lipases, kinases, and transcription factors as well as cytokine release. The specific signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms remain largely obscure. Using an unbiased genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 screening approach in a murine T cell line, Ryoden et al. (2022, 2020) identified three proteins involved in P2X7 regulation and signaling: Essential for Reactive Oxygen Species (EROS) is essential for P2X7 folding and maturation, and Xk and Vsp13a are required for P2X7-mediated phosphatidyl serine exposure and cell lysis. They further provide evidence for an interaction of Xk and Vsp13a at the plasma membrane and confirm the role of Xk in ATP-induced cytolysis in primary CD25+CD4+ T cells from Xk-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Sassenbach
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Ryoden Y, Nagata S. The XK plasma membrane scramblase and the VPS13A cytosolic lipid transporter for ATP-induced cell death. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200106. [PMID: 35996795 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular ATP released from necrotic cells in inflamed tissues activates the P2X7 receptor, stimulates the exposure of phosphatidylserine, and causes cell lysis. Recent findings indicated that XK, a paralogue of XKR8 lipid scramblase, forms a complex with VPS13A at the plasma membrane of T cells. Upon engagement by ATP, an unidentified signal(s) from the P2X7 receptor activates the XK-VPS13A complex to scramble phospholipids, followed by necrotic cell death. P2X7 is expressed highly in CD25+ CD4+ T cells but weakly in CD8+ T cells, suggesting a role of this system in the activation of the immune system to prevent infection. On the other hand, a loss-of-function mutation in XK or VPS13A causes neuroacanthocytosis, indicating the crucial involvement of XK-VPS13A-mediated phospholipid scrambling at plasma membranes in the maintenance of homeostasis in the nervous and red blood cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ryoden
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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16
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Wang G, Nauseef WM. Neutrophil dysfunction in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis. Blood 2022; 139:2622-2631. [PMID: 35213685 PMCID: PMC9053701 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021014699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) figure prominently in host defense against infection and in noninfectious inflammation. Mobilized early in an inflammatory response, PMNs mediate immediate cellular defense against microbes and orchestrate events that culminate in cessation of inflammation and restoration of homeostasis. Failure to terminate the inflammatory response and its causes can fuel exuberant inflammation characteristic of many human diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator. CF affects multiple end organs, with persistent bacterial infection and chronic neutrophilic inflammation in airways predominating the clinical picture. To match the diverse microbial challenges that they may encounter, PMNs possess a variety of antimicrobial systems to slow or kill invading microorganisms confined in their phagosomes. Prominent among PMN defense systems is their ability to generate hypochlorous acid, a potent microbicide, by reacting oxidants generated by the NADPH oxidase with myeloperoxidase (MPO) released from azurophilic granules in the presence of chloride (Cl-). Products of the MPO-H2O2-Cl system oxidize susceptible biomolecules and support robust antimicrobial action against many, but not all, potential human pathogens. Underscoring that the MPO-H2O2-Cl system is integral to optimal host defense and proper regulation of inflammation, individuals with defects in any component of this system, as seen in chronic granulomatous disease or MPO deficiency, incur increased rates or severity of infection and signs of dysregulated inflammatory responses. We focus attention in this review on the molecular basis for and the clinical consequences of defects in the MPO-H2O2-Cl system because of the compromised Cl transport seen in CF. We will discuss first how the MPO-H2O2-Cl system in healthy PMNs participates in host defense and resolution of inflammation and then review how a defective MPO-H2O2-Cl system contributes to the increased susceptibility to infection and dysregulated inflammation associated with the clinical manifestations of CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, and
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; and
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
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17
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Randzavola LO, Mortimer PM, Garside E, Dufficy ER, Schejtman A, Roumelioti G, Yu L, Pardo M, Spirohn K, Tolley C, Brandt C, Harcourt K, Nichols E, Nahorski M, Woods G, Williamson JC, Suresh S, Sowerby JM, Matsumoto M, Santos CXC, Kiar CS, Mukhopadhyay S, Rae WM, Dougan GJ, Grainger J, Lehner PJ, Calderwood MA, Choudhary J, Clare S, Speak A, Santilli G, Bateman A, Smith KGC, Magnani F, Thomas DC. EROS is a selective chaperone regulating the phagocyte NADPH oxidase and purinergic signalling. eLife 2022; 11:76387. [PMID: 36421765 PMCID: PMC9767466 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EROS (essential for reactive oxygen species) protein is indispensable for expression of gp91phox, the catalytic core of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. EROS deficiency in humans is a novel cause of the severe immunodeficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, but its mechanism of action was unknown until now. We elucidate the role of EROS, showing it acts at the earliest stages of gp91phox maturation. It binds the immature 58 kDa gp91phox directly, preventing gp91phox degradation and allowing glycosylation via the oligosaccharyltransferase machinery and the incorporation of the heme prosthetic groups essential for catalysis. EROS also regulates the purine receptors P2X7 and P2X1 through direct interactions, and P2X7 is almost absent in EROS-deficient mouse and human primary cells. Accordingly, lack of murine EROS results in markedly abnormal P2X7 signalling, inflammasome activation, and T cell responses. The loss of both ROS and P2X7 signalling leads to resistance to influenza infection in mice. Our work identifies EROS as a highly selective chaperone for key proteins in innate and adaptive immunity and a rheostat for immunity to infection. It has profound implications for our understanding of immune physiology, ROS dysregulation, and possibly gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyra O Randzavola
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paige M Mortimer
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Emma Garside
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth R Dufficy
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrea Schejtman
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Georgia Roumelioti
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lu Yu
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mercedes Pardo
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Spirohn
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Esme Nichols
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mike Nahorski
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Geoff Woods
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - James C Williamson
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Shreehari Suresh
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John M Sowerby
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Misaki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Celio XC Santos
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, James Black Centre, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Cher Shen Kiar
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - William M Rae
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Gordon J Dougan
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John Grainger
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael A Calderwood
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Jyoti Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Giorgia Santilli
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kenneth GC Smith
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Francesca Magnani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - David C Thomas
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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18
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Mortimer PM, Mc Intyre SA, Thomas DC. Beyond the Extra Respiration of Phagocytosis: NADPH Oxidase 2 in Adaptive Immunity and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733918. [PMID: 34539670 PMCID: PMC8440999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from the phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2) are essential for host defence and immunoregulation. Their levels must be tightly controlled. ROS are required to prevent infection and are used in signalling to regulate several processes that are essential for normal immunity. A lack of ROS then leads to immunodeficiency and autoinflammation. However, excess ROS are also deleterious, damaging tissues by causing oxidative stress. In this review, we focus on two particular aspects of ROS biology: (i) the emerging understanding that NOX2-derived ROS play a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of adaptive immunity and (ii) the effects of excess ROS in systemic disease and how limiting ROS might represent a therapeutic avenue in limiting excess inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige M Mortimer
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey A Mc Intyre
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C Thomas
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Moghadam ZM, Henneke P, Kolter J. From Flies to Men: ROS and the NADPH Oxidase in Phagocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:628991. [PMID: 33842458 PMCID: PMC8033005 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.628991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) represents an evolutionary ancient antimicrobial defense system against microorganisms. The NADPH oxidases (NOX), which are predominantly localized to endosomes, and the electron transport chain in mitochondria are the major sources of ROS. Like any powerful immunological process, ROS formation has costs, in particular collateral tissue damage of the host. Moreover, microorganisms have developed defense mechanisms against ROS, an example for an arms race between species. Thus, although NOX orthologs have been identified in organisms as diverse as plants, fruit flies, rodents, and humans, ROS functions have developed and diversified to affect a multitude of cellular properties, i.e., far beyond direct antimicrobial activity. Here, we focus on the development of NOX in phagocytic cells, where the so-called respiratory burst in phagolysosomes contributes to the elimination of ingested microorganisms. Yet, NOX participates in cellular signaling in a cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic manner, e.g., via the release of ROS into the extracellular space. Accordingly, in humans, the inherited deficiency of NOX components is characterized by infections with bacteria and fungi and a seemingly independently dysregulated inflammatory response. Since ROS have both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, their tight regulation in space and time is required for an efficient and well-balanced immune response, which allows for the reestablishment of tissue homeostasis. In addition, distinct NOX homologs expressed by non-phagocytic cells and mitochondrial ROS are interlinked with phagocytic NOX functions and thus affect the overall redox state of the tissue and the cellular activity in a complex fashion. Overall, the systematic and comparative analysis of cellular ROS functions in organisms of lower complexity provides clues for understanding the contribution of ROS and ROS deficiency to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mansoori Moghadam
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kolter
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Akar HT, Esenboga S, Cagdas D, Halacli SO, Ozbek B, van Leeuwen K, de Boer M, Tan CS, Köker Y, Roos D, Tezcan I. Clinical and Immunological Characteristics of 63 Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease: Hacettepe Experience. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:992-1003. [PMID: 33629196 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), one of the phagocytic system defects, is the primary immunodeficiency caused by dysfunction of the NADPH oxidase complex which generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are essential for killing pathogenic microorganisms, especially catalase-positive bacteria and fungi. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to assess the clinical and laboratory characteristics, treatment modalities, and prognosis of patients with CGD. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 63 patients with CGD who have been diagnosed, treated, and/or followed-up between 1984 and 2018 in Hacettepe University, Ankara, in Turkey, as a developing country. RESULTS The number of female and male patients was 26/37. The median age at diagnosis was 3.8 (IQR: 1.0-9.6) years. The rate of consanguinity was 63.5%. The most common physical examination finding was lymphadenopathy (44/63), growth retardation (33/63), and hepatomegaly (27/63). One adult patient had squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. The most common infections were lung infection (53/63), skin abscess (43/63), and lymphadenitis (19/63). Of the 63 patients with CGD, 6 patients had inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Twelve of the 63 patients died during follow-up. CYBA, NCF1, CYBB, and NCF2 mutations were detected in 35%, 27.5%, 25%, and 12.5% of the patients, respectively. CONCLUSION We identified 63 patients with CGD from a single center in Turkey. Unlike other cohort studies in Turkey, due to the high consanguineous marriage rate in our study group, AR form of CGD was more frequent, and gastrointestinal involvement were found at relatively lower rates. The rate of patients who treated with HSCT was lower in our research than in the literature. A majority of the patients in this study received conventional prophylactic therapies, which highlight on the outcome of individuals who have not undergone HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Tuna Akar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Saliha Esenboga
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Cagdas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevil Oskay Halacli
- Institute of Children's Health Basic Sciences of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye/Ankara, Turkey
| | - Begum Ozbek
- Institute of Children's Health Basic Sciences of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye/Ankara, Turkey
| | - Karin van Leeuwen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin de Boer
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cagman Sun Tan
- Institute of Children's Health Basic Sciences of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Immunology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye/Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Köker
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Dirk Roos
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilhan Tezcan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
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21
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Mukhopadhyay S, Heinz E, Porreca I, Alasoo K, Yeung A, Yang HT, Schwerd T, Forbester JL, Hale C, Agu CA, Choi YH, Rodrigues J, Capitani M, Jostins-Dean L, Thomas DC, Travis S, Gaffney D, Skarnes WC, Thomson N, Uhlig HH, Dougan G, Powrie F. Loss of IL-10 signaling in macrophages limits bacterial killing driven by prostaglandin E2. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132614. [PMID: 31819956 PMCID: PMC7041704 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and lipid mediators are key regulators of inflammation; but how they are mechanistically linked is poorly understood. Here, Mukhopadhyay et al. show a novel regulation between cytokine IL-10 and lipid mediator PGE2 that functionally connects them to intestinal inflammation. Loss of IL-10 signaling in macrophages (Mφs) leads to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated from an infantile-onset IBD patient lacking a functional IL10RB gene. Mφs differentiated from IL-10RB−/− iPSCs lacked IL-10RB mRNA expression, were unable to phosphorylate STAT3, and failed to reduce LPS induced inflammatory cytokines in the presence of exogenous IL-10. IL-10RB−/− Mφs exhibited a striking defect in their ability to kill Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, which was rescuable after experimentally introducing functional copies of the IL10RB gene. Genes involved in synthesis and receptor pathways for eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were more highly induced in IL-10RB−/− Mφs, and these Mφs produced higher amounts of PGE2 after LPS stimulation compared with controls. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PGE2 synthesis and PGE2 receptor blockade enhanced bacterial killing in Mφs. These results identify a regulatory interaction between IL-10 and PGE2, dysregulation of which may drive aberrant Mφ activation and impaired host defense contributing to IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eva Heinz
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kaur Alasoo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy Yeung
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Huei-Ting Yang
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Swiss Precision Dignostics Development Company Limited, Bedford, UK
| | - Tobias Schwerd
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica L Forbester
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Yoon Ha Choi
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Melania Capitani
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Luke Jostins-Dean
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David C Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - William C Skarnes
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | - Nicholas Thomson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Baranowska M, Suliborska K, Todorovic V, Kusznierewicz B, Chrzanowski W, Sobajic S, Bartoszek A. Interactions between bioactive components determine antioxidant, cytotoxic and nutrigenomic activity of cocoa powder extract. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 154:48-61. [PMID: 32360591 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown, rather disappointingly, that isolated bioactive phytochemicals are not as biologically effective as natural plant products. Such a discrepancy may be explained by the concept of food synergy, which was verified in this research for cocoa extract versus its major components with regard to cancer chemoprevention. The evaluation embraced the relationship between redox properties evaluated in cell-free systems with the aid of free radicals scavenging method and differential pulse voltammetry, and redox associated anticarcinogenic activities (cellular antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, nutrigenomic activity) in human colon adenocarcinoma cell line exposed to either cocoa powder extract or artificial mixtures of cocoa bioactives at matching concentrations. In contrast to expectations, our results showed that the stepwise enrichment with antioxidants caused no gradual increase in the antioxidant activity of the model mixtures; also, these model mixtures did not reach the reducing potential of cocoa in the cell-free systems or cellular model employed. Further, the biological activities examined in colon adenocarcinoma cells did not alter in a stepwise manner that could reflect the gradual changes in composition of bioactive ingredients. In conclusion, the experiments presented here showed that the growing complexity of a mixture of phytochemicals seems to create a new redox bioactive substance rather than enrich the mixture with new activities, characteristic of the compound added. It follows that no simple, predictable relationship can be expected between the chemopreventive potential and the composition of real food items containing a complicated set of non-toxic redox active ingredients. Our observations suggest that the interactions between different bioactive compounds and food matrix components are cooperating factors determining the final bioactivity of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Baranowska
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Suliborska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Vanja Todorovic
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Barbara Kusznierewicz
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Chrzanowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sladjana Sobajic
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Agnieszka Bartoszek
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
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23
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Jung S, Gies V, Korganow AS, Guffroy A. Primary Immunodeficiencies With Defects in Innate Immunity: Focus on Orofacial Manifestations. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1065. [PMID: 32625202 PMCID: PMC7314950 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) is rapidly evolving. Indeed, the number of described diseases is constantly increasing thanks to the rapid identification of novel genetic defects by next-generation sequencing. PIDs are now rather referred to as “inborn errors of immunity” due to the association between a wide range of immune dysregulation-related clinical features and the “prototypic” increased infection susceptibility. The phenotypic spectrum of PIDs is therefore very large and includes several orofacial features. However, the latter are often overshadowed by severe systemic manifestations and remain underdiagnosed. Patients with impaired innate immunity are predisposed to a variety of oral manifestations including oral infections (e.g., candidiasis, herpes gingivostomatitis), aphthous ulcers, and severe periodontal diseases. Although less frequently, they can also show orofacial developmental abnormalities. Oral lesions can even represent the main clinical manifestation of some PIDs or be inaugural, being therefore one of the first features indicating the existence of an underlying immune defect. The aim of this review is to describe the orofacial features associated with the different PIDs of innate immunity based on the new 2019 classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) expert committee. This review highlights the important role played by the dentist, in close collaboration with the multidisciplinary medical team, in the management and the diagnostic of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Jung
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Strasbourg, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Orales et Dentaires (O-Rares), Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1109 "Molecular ImmunoRheumatology", Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Gies
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1109 "Molecular ImmunoRheumatology", Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service d'Immunologie Clinique et de Médecine Interne, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares (RESO), Centre de Compétences des Déficits Immunitaires Héréditaires, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Korganow
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1109 "Molecular ImmunoRheumatology", Strasbourg, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service d'Immunologie Clinique et de Médecine Interne, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares (RESO), Centre de Compétences des Déficits Immunitaires Héréditaires, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélien Guffroy
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM UMR_S 1109 "Molecular ImmunoRheumatology", Strasbourg, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service d'Immunologie Clinique et de Médecine Interne, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-immunes Systémiques Rares (RESO), Centre de Compétences des Déficits Immunitaires Héréditaires, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
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24
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Schejtman A, Aragão-Filho WC, Clare S, Zinicola M, Weisser M, Burns SO, Booth C, Gaspar HB, Thomas DC, Condino-Neto A, Thrasher AJ, Santilli G. Lentiviral gene therapy rescues p47 phox chronic granulomatous disease and the ability to fight Salmonella infection in mice. Gene Ther 2020; 27:459-469. [PMID: 32533104 PMCID: PMC7500983 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited primary immunodeficiency disorder characterised by recurrent and often life-threatening infections and hyperinflammation. It is caused by defects of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase, a multicomponent enzyme system responsible for effective pathogen killing. A phase I/II clinical trial of lentiviral gene therapy is underway for the most common form of CGD, X-linked, caused by mutations in the gp91phox subunit of the NADPH oxidase. We propose to use a similar strategy to tackle p47phox-deficient CGD, caused by mutations in NCF1, which encodes the p47phox cytosolic component of the enzymatic complex. We generated a pCCLCHIM-p47phox lentiviral vector, containing the chimeric Cathepsin G/FES myeloid promoter and a codon-optimised version of the human NCF1 cDNA. Here we show that transduction with the pCCLCHIM-p47phox vector efficiently restores p47phox expression and biochemical NADPH oxidase function in p47phox-deficient human and murine cells. We also tested the ability of our gene therapy approach to control infection by challenging p47phox-null mice with Salmonella Typhimurium, a leading cause of sepsis in CGD patients, and found that mice reconstituted with lentivirus-transduced hematopoietic stem cells had a reduced bacterial load compared with untreated mice. Overall, our results potentially support the clinical development of a gene therapy approach using the pCCLCHIM-p47phox vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schejtman
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Walmir Cutrim Aragão-Filho
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marta Zinicola
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maren Weisser
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Siobhan O Burns
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Claire Booth
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hubert B Gaspar
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Orchard Therapeutics, London, UK
| | | | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Paediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
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25
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Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency of phagocyte function due to defective NADPH oxidase (phox). Compared with the common types of CYBB/gp91phox, NCF1/p47phox, and CYBA/p22phox deficiency, NCF4/p40phox deficiency is a mild and atypical form of CGD without invasive bacterial or fungal infections. It can be diagnosed using serum-opsonized E.coli as a stimulus in dihydrorhodamine (DHR) assay. Patients with CYBC1/Eros deficiency, a new and rare form of CGD, present as loss of respiratory burst and gp91phox expression in phagocytes. Neutrophils from patients with CGD are deficient in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETosis), autophagy, and apoptosis. The hyper-activation of NF-ĸB and inflammasome in CGD phagocytes also lead to long-lasting production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory manifestations, such as granuloma formation and inflammatory bowel disease-like colitis. Patients with CGD and X-linked female carriers also have a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases. The implementation of antimicrobial, anti-fungal, and interferon-γ prophylaxis has greatly improved overall survival. Residual NADPH oxidase activity is significantly associated with disease severity and the chance of survival of the patient. New therapeutic approaches using immunomodulators for CGD-related inflammatory manifestations are under investigation, including pioglitazone, tamoxifen, and rapamycin. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the curative treatment. Outcomes of HSCT have improved substantially over the last decade with overall survival more than 84-90%, but there are debates about designing optimal conditioning protocols using myeloablative or reduced-intensity regimens. The gene therapy for X-linked CGD using hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells transduced ex vivo by lentiviral vector encoding the human gp91phox gene demonstrated persistence of adequate oxidase-positive neutrophils in a small number of patients. Gene therapy using genome-editing technology such as CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases is a promising approach for patients with CGD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hui Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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26
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A Genome-Wide Screen in Mice To Identify Cell-Extrinsic Regulators of Pulmonary Metastatic Colonisation. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:1869-1877. [PMID: 32245826 PMCID: PMC7263671 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic colonization, whereby a disseminated tumor cell is able to survive and proliferate at a secondary site, involves both tumor cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors. To identify tumor cell-extrinsic (microenvironmental) factors that regulate the ability of metastatic tumor cells to effectively colonize a tissue, we performed a genome-wide screen utilizing the experimental metastasis assay on mutant mice. Mutant and wildtype (control) mice were tail vein-dosed with murine metastatic melanoma B16-F10 cells and 10 days later the number of pulmonary metastatic colonies were counted. Of the 1,300 genes/genetic locations (1,344 alleles) assessed in the screen 34 genes were determined to significantly regulate pulmonary metastatic colonization (15 increased and 19 decreased; P < 0.005 and genotype effect <-55 or >+55). While several of these genes have known roles in immune system regulation (Bach2, Cyba, Cybb, Cybc1, Id2, Igh-6, Irf1, Irf7, Ncf1, Ncf2, Ncf4 and Pik3cg) most are involved in a disparate range of biological processes, ranging from ubiquitination (Herc1) to diphthamide synthesis (Dph6) to Rho GTPase-activation (Arhgap30 and Fgd4), with no previous reports of a role in the regulation of metastasis. Thus, we have identified numerous novel regulators of pulmonary metastatic colonization, which may represent potential therapeutic targets.
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27
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Beyond bacterial killing: NADPH oxidase 2 is an immunomodulator. Immunol Lett 2020; 221:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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AlKhater SA, Deswarte C, Casanova JL, Bustamante J. A novel variant in the neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (NCF2) gene results in severe disseminated BCG infectious disease: A clinical report and literature review. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1237. [PMID: 32281309 PMCID: PMC7284029 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder (PID) affecting NADPH oxidase activity. The rarest form of the disease is considered to be caused by NCF2 gene bi‐allelic variant. Here, we report the clinical and molecular characterization of a patient presenting with early‐onset severe disease due to bi‐allelic NCF2 variant. Methods Gene mutational analysis was performed by whole‐exome and Sanger sequencing. Results The patient presented with a history of fever and rash since the age of 1 month, followed by destructive osteomyelitis and necrotizing lymphadenopathy. The patient received the Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) vaccine at birth; she was subsequently diagnosed with disseminated BCG infection. Whole‐exome sequencing identified a private (unreported) homozygous variant in NCF2 (c.290C > A) that results in a nonconservative change, p.Ala97Asp, in the p67phox protein. The variant is located in the third helix of the TRP domain, which is crucial for the binding of GTPase RAC2 to the NADPH oxidase complex. Conclusion We identified a novel NCF2 variant located in the region interacting with RAC2 that is linked to a severe and early CGD phenotype in the setting of disseminated BCG infection. Our findings support postponing BCG vaccination until 6–12 months of age and after PID assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan A AlKhater
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad Hospital of University, Al-Khobar, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, College of Medicine, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caroline Deswarte
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
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29
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Abstract
The immune system is central to our interactions with the world in which we live and importantly dictates our response to potential allergens, toxins, and pathogens to which we are constantly exposed. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie protective host immune responses against microbial pathogens is vital for the development of improved treatment and vaccination strategies against infections. To that end, inherited immunodeficiencies that manifest with susceptibility to bacterial, viral, and/or fungal infections have provided fundamental insights into the indispensable contribution of key immune pathways in host defense against various pathogens. In this mini-review, we summarize the findings from a series of recent publications in which inherited immunodeficiencies have helped illuminate the interplay of human immunity and resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Constantine
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA
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30
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El-Mokhtar MA, Salama EH, Fahmy EM, Mohamed ME. "Clinical Aspects of Chronic Granulomatous Disease in Upper Egypt". Immunol Invest 2020; 50:139-151. [PMID: 31965875 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1713144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited primary immunodeficiency disorder that affects phagocytes and is characterized by a marked increased susceptibility to severe bacterial and fungal infections. We aimed to describe the clinical presentations of pediatric patients with CGD in Upper Egypt and to identify the defective component of NADPH oxidase. Pediatric patients diagnosed with CGD within one year from January 2018 to January 2019 were enrolled in the study. Patient history, clinical and laboratory investigations were carried out, including nitroblue tetrazolium test and flow cytometry DHR analysis. Infectious microorganisms were isolated from infected sites to identify the causative agents and their resistance profile. A total of 15 patients were diagnosed with CGD. Failure to thrive and lymphadenopathy were the most common presentations. The median age of clinical onset was 1.17 years of age. The most common gene mutations were observed in the CYBA gene. All cases showed pulmonary infections followed by abscesses. Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens, Aspergillus spp and Candida spp were isolated from fungal infections. 4/15 (26.7%) children died due to severe serious infections. We concluded that CGD is common in Upper Egypt, and we recommend raising the awareness and testing for CGD in pediatric patients with recurrent or persistent infections, especially those with a familiar history of similar manifestations to avoid delays in proper diagnosis and deterioration of cases. Abbreviations: CGD: chronic granulomatous disease; XL: X-linked; AR: autosomal recessive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University , Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eman H Salama
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University , Sohag, Egypt
| | - Eman Mohamed Fahmy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University , Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mona Embarek Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University , Assiut, Egypt
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Ryoden Y, Fujii T, Segawa K, Nagata S. Functional Expression of the P2X7 ATP Receptor Requires Eros. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:559-568. [PMID: 31862710 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In response to extracellular ATP, the purinergic receptor P2X7 mediates various biological processes, including phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposure, phospholipid scrambling, dye uptake, ion transport, and IL-1β production. A genome-wide CRISPR screen for molecules responsible for ATP-induced PtdSer exposure identified a transmembrane protein, essential for reactive oxygen species (Eros), as a necessary component for P2X7 expression. An Eros-null mouse T cell line lost the ability to expose PtdSer, to scramble phospholipids, and to internalize a dye YO-PRO-1 and Ca2+ ions. Eros-null mutation abolished the ability of an LPS-primed human THP-1 macrophage cell line and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages to secrete IL-1β in response to ATP. Eros is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and functions as a chaperone for NADPH oxidase components. Similarly, Eros at the endoplasmic reticulum transiently associated with P2X7 to promote the formation of a stable homotrimeric complex of P2X7. These results indicated that Eros acts as a chaperone not only for NADPH oxidase, but also for P2X7, and contributes to the innate immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ryoden
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Fujii
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsumori Segawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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A novel mutation in NCF2 resulting in very-early-onset colitis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2019; 15:68. [PMID: 31832070 PMCID: PMC6873422 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-019-0386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder caused by a defect in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex. The disease primarily presents with recurrent infections, and patients may also present with inflammatory conditions, including noninfectious colitis, and an increased frequency of autoimmunity. We report here a patient with CGD in whom the presentation, unlike the classical presentation of CGD, was predominantly of an inflammatory and autoimmune phenotype. Case presentation A 3-year-old Pakistani female presented with bloody diarrhea since the age of 7 days, followed by the development of perianal abscesses and fistula. There was no other history of recurrent infections. The patient subsequently developed joint pain and stiffness with persistently elevated inflammatory markers and elevated anti-cyclic citrullinate peptide (anti-CCP) antibody titer. She was diagnosed with oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis and colitis. The diagnosis of CGD was later made and was based on the absence of NADPH oxidase activity in the patient’s neutrophils upon phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation using the dihydrorhodamine-1,2,3 (DHR) flow cytometry test. Targeted next-generation sequencing revealed an unreported deletion mutation in exon 10 as a homozygous loss-of-function variant of the human neutrophil oxidase factor 2 (NCF2) (NCF2: NM_001190789, nucleotide change: c.855_856del:p.T285fs). The gene encodes a protein subunit, p67phox, in the NADPH enzyme complex. Conclusions The case emphasizes the importance of maintaining high clinical suspicion of immunodeficiency and CGD in patients with very-early-onset colitis and autoimmune disorders. This case is important due to its rarity and because it might represent a previously undiscovered mutation, which is possibly more common in the patient’s ethnic group. Other mutations in NCF2 have been linked to inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmunity, but without CGD, suggesting similarities in the pathogenesis.
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Anjani G, Vignesh P, Joshi V, Shandilya JK, Bhattarai D, Sharma J, Rawat A. Recent advances in chronic granulomatous disease. Genes Dis 2019; 7:84-92. [PMID: 32181279 PMCID: PMC7063432 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited defect of phagocyte function due to defective NADPH oxidase. Patients with CGD are not able to effectively clear the infections because of the defect in the phagocyte production of oxygen free radicals and are prone to recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. Inflammatory complications are also noted in CGD such as colitis, non-infective granulomas causing gastrointestinal or urinary tract obstruction, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and arthritis. Studies on toll-like receptor pathways and neutrophil extracellular traps in CGD have shed light on the role of NADPH oxidase in the innate immunity and pathogenesis of infections in CGD. Some reports also indicate a reduction of memory B cells and defective production of functional antibodies in CGD. Though the exact mechanisms for non-infective inflammatory complications in CGD are not yet clear, studies on efferocytosis and defective autophagy with inflammasome activation have made a substantial contribution to our understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammation in CGD. We also discuss the clinical and molecular features of p40phox defects and a newer genetic defect, EROS. Clinical phenotypes of X-linked carriers of CYBB are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pandiarajan Vignesh
- Corresponding author. Pediatric Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India. Fax: +91 172 2744401.
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Nauseef WM. The phagocyte NOX2 NADPH oxidase in microbial killing and cell signaling. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 60:130-140. [PMID: 31302569 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The phagocyte NADPH oxidase possesses a transmembrane electron transferase comprised of gp91phox (aka NOX2) and p22phox and two multicomponent cytosolic complexes, which in stimulated phagocytes translocate to assemble a functional enzyme complex at plasma or phagosomal membranes. The NOX2-centered NADPH oxidase shuttles electrons from cytoplasmic NADPH to molecular oxygen in phagosomes or the extracellular space to produce oxidants that support optimal antimicrobial activity by phagocytes. Additionally, NOX2-generated oxidants have been implicated in both autocrine and paracrine signaling in a variety of biological contexts. However, when interpreting experimental results, investigators must recognize the complexity inherent in the biochemistry of oxidant-mediated attack of microbial targets and the technical limitations of the probes currently used to detect intracellular oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 501 EMRB, 431 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242-1101, United States.
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Cabrera F, Ortega M, Velarde F, Parra E, Gallardo S, Barba D, Soto L, Peña G, Pedroza LA, Jorgensen C, Khoury M, Caicedo A. Primary allogeneic mitochondrial mix (PAMM) transfer/transplant by MitoCeption to address damage in PBMCs caused by ultraviolet radiation. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:42. [PMID: 31253149 PMCID: PMC6599354 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificial Mitochondrial Transfer or Transplant (AMT/T) can be used to reduce the stress and loss of viability of damaged cells. In MitoCeption, a type of AMT/T, the isolated mitochondria and recipient cells are centrifuged together at 4 °C and then co-incubated at 37 °C in normal culture conditions, inducing the transfer. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can affect mitochondria and other cell structures, resulting in tissue stress, aging, and immunosuppression. AMT/T could be used to repair UVR cellular and mitochondrial damage. We studied if a mitochondrial mix from different donors (Primary Allogeneic Mitochondrial Mix, PAMM) can repair UVR damage and promote cell survival. RESULTS Using a simplified adaption of the MitoCeption protocol, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as the recipient cell model of the PAMM in order to determine if this protocol could repair UVR damage. Our results showed that when PBMCs are exposed to UVR, there is a decrease in metabolic activity, mitochondrial mass, and mtDNA sequence stability as well as an increase in p53 expression and the percentage of dead cells. When PAMM MitoCeption was used on UVR-damaged cells, it successfully transferred mitochondria from different donors to distinct PBMCs populations and repaired the observed UVR damage. CONCLUSION Our results represent an advancement in the applications of MitoCeption and other AMT/T. We showed that PBMCs could be used as a PAMM source of mitochondria. We also showed that these mitochondria can be transferred in a mix from different donors (PAMM) to UVR-damaged, non-adherent primary cells. Additionally, we decreased the duration of the MitoCeption protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cabrera
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- IRMB CHU Saint Eloi, University of Montpellier, France, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, cedex 5 France
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mayra Ortega
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Escuela de Biotecnología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Francesca Velarde
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Eliseo Parra
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile
| | - Stephany Gallardo
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Escuela de Biotecnología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diego Barba
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lina Soto
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gabriela Peña
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Luis Alberto Pedroza
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- Baylor College of Medicine: Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- IRMB CHU Saint Eloi, University of Montpellier, France, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, cedex 5 France
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Consorcio Regenero, Chilean Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Santiago, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrés Caicedo
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
- Sistemas Médicos, SIME, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 17-12-841 Quito, Ecuador
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Dahlgren C, Karlsson A, Bylund J. Intracellular Neutrophil Oxidants: From Laboratory Curiosity to Clinical Reality. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3127-3134. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Dinauer MC. Inflammatory consequences of inherited disorders affecting neutrophil function. Blood 2019; 133:2130-2139. [PMID: 30898864 PMCID: PMC6524563 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-11-844563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies affecting the function of neutrophils and other phagocytic leukocytes are notable for an increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections as a result of impaired leukocyte recruitment, ingestion, and/or killing of microbes. The underlying molecular defects can also impact other innate immune responses to infectious and inflammatory stimuli, leading to inflammatory and autoimmune complications that are not always directly related to infection. This review will provide an update on congenital disorders affecting neutrophil function in which a combination of host defense and inflammatory complications are prominent, including nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate oxidase defects in chronic granulomatous disease and β2 integrin defects in leukocyte adhesion deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Dinauer
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The rapid development of genomics and other “-omics” approaches has significantly impacted how we have investigated host-pathogen interactions since the turn of the millennium. Technologies such as next-generation sequencing, stem cell biology, and high-throughput proteomics have transformed the scale and sensitivity with which we interrogate biological samples. These approaches are impacting experimental design in the laboratory and transforming clinical management in health care systems. Here, we review this area from the perspective of research on bacterial pathogens.
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A homozygous loss-of-function mutation leading to CYBC1 deficiency causes chronic granulomatous disease. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4447. [PMID: 30361506 PMCID: PMC6202333 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding subunits of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase complex are recognized to cause chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a severe primary immunodeficiency. Here we describe how deficiency of CYBC1, a previously uncharacterized protein in humans (C17orf62), leads to reduced expression of NADPH oxidase’s main subunit (gp91phox) and results in CGD. Analyzing two brothers diagnosed with CGD we identify a homozygous loss-of-function mutation, p.Tyr2Ter, in CYBC1. Imputation of p.Tyr2Ter into 155K chip-genotyped Icelanders reveals six additional homozygotes, all with signs of CGD, manifesting as colitis, rare infections, or a severely impaired PMA-induced neutrophil oxidative burst. Homozygosity for p.Tyr2Ter consequently associates with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Iceland (P = 8.3 × 10−8; OR = 67.6), as well as reduced height (P = 3.3 × 10−4; −8.5 cm). Overall, we find that CYBC1 deficiency results in CGD characterized by colitis and a distinct profile of infections indicative of macrophage dysfunction. Mutations in genes encoding NAPDH oxidase subunits are known to be causative for the primary immunodeficiency chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Here, the authors identify CYBC1 mutations in patients with CGD and show that CYBC1 is important for formation of the NADPH complex and respiratory burst.
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Thomas DC, Charbonnier LM, Schejtman A, Aldhekri H, Coomber EL, Dufficy ER, Beenken AE, Lee JC, Clare S, Speak AO, Thrasher AJ, Santilli G, Al-Mousa H, Alkuraya FS, Chatila TA, Smith KGC. EROS/CYBC1 mutations: Decreased NADPH oxidase function and chronic granulomatous disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:782-785.e1. [PMID: 30312704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David C Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Louis-Marie Charbonnier
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Andrea Schejtman
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Aldhekri
- Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eve L Coomber
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth R Dufficy
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Beenken
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James C Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Anneliese O Speak
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hamoud Al-Mousa
- Department of Paediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Saudi Human Genome Programme, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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van der Weyden L, Speak AO, Swiatkowska A, Clare S, Schejtman A, Santilli G, Arends MJ, Adams DJ. Pulmonary metastatic colonisation and granulomas in NOX2-deficient mice. J Pathol 2018; 246:300-310. [PMID: 30062795 PMCID: PMC6221033 DOI: 10.1002/path.5140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients, and successful colonisation of a secondary organ by circulating tumour cells (CTCs) is the rate‐limiting step of this process. We used tail‐vein injection of B16‐F10 melanoma cells into mice to mimic the presence of CTCs and to allow for the assessment of host (microenvironmental) factors that regulate pulmonary metastatic colonisation. We found that mice deficient for the individual subunits of the NADPH oxidase of myeloid cells, NOX2 (encoded by Cyba, Cybb, Ncf1, Ncf2, and Ncf4), all showed decreased pulmonary metastatic colonisation. To understand the role of NOX2 in controlling tumour cell survival in the pulmonary microenvironment, we focused on Cyba‐deficient (Cybatm1a) mice, which showed the most significant decrease in metastatic colonisation. Interestingly, histological assessment of pulmonary metastatic colonisation was not possible in Cybatm1a mice, owing to the presence of large granulomas composed of galectin‐3 (Mac‐2)‐positive macrophages and eosinophilic deposits; granulomas of variable penetrance and severity were also found in Cybatm1a mice that were not injected with melanoma cells, and these contributed to their decreased survival. The decreased pulmonary metastatic colonisation of Cybatm1a mice was not due to any overt defects in vascular permeability, and bone marrow chimaeras confirmed a role for the haematological system in the reduced metastatic colonisation phenotype. Examination of the lymphocyte populations, which are known key regulators of metastatic colonisation, revealed an enhanced proportion of activated T and natural killer cells in the lungs of Cybatm1a mice, relative to controls. The reduced metastatic colonisation, presence of granulomas and altered immune cell populations observed in Cybatm1a lungs were mirrored in Ncf2‐deficient (Ncf2tm1a) mice. Thus, we show that NOX2 deficiency results in both granulomas and the accumulation of antitumoural immune cells in the lungs that probably mediate the decreased pulmonary metastatic colonisation. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anneliese O Speak
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Schejtman
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology (III), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology (III), UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Mark J Arends
- University of Edinburgh, Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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Zhong J, Olsson LM, Urbonaviciute V, Yang M, Bäckdahl L, Holmdahl R. Association of NOX2 subunits genetic variants with autoimmune diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2018. [PMID: 29526808 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A single nucleotide polymorphism in Ncf1 has been found with a major effect on chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases in the rat with the surprising observation that a lower reactive oxygen response led to more severe diseases. This finding was subsequently reproduced in the mouse and the effect operates in many different murine diseases through different pathogenic pathways; like models for rheumatoid arthritis, encephalomyelitis, lupus, gout, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The human gene is located in an unstable region with many variable sequence repetitions, which means it has not been included in any genome wide associated screens so far. However, identification of copy number variations and single nucleotide polymorphisms has now clearly shown that major autoimmune diseases are strongly associated with the Ncf1 locus. In systemic lupus erythematosus the associated Ncf1 polymorphism (leading to an amino acid substitution at position 90) is the strongest locus and is associated with a lower reactive oxidative burst response. In addition, more precise mapping analysis of polymorphism of other NOX2 genes reveals that these are also associated with autoimmunity. The identified genetic association shows the importance of redox control and that ROS regulate chronic inflammation instead of promoting it. The genetic identification of Ncf1 polymorphisms now opens for relevant studies of the regulatory mechanisms involved, effects that will have severe consequences in many different pathogenic pathways and understanding of the origin of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Zhong
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Lina M Olsson
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Vilma Urbonaviciute
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Min Yang
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Liselotte Bäckdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
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Thomas DC. How the phagocyte NADPH oxidase regulates innate immunity. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 125:44-52. [PMID: 29953922 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The phagocyte NADPH oxidase is a multi subunit protein complex that generates reactive oxygen species at cell membranes and within phagosomes. It is essential for host defence as evidenced by the severe immunodeficiency syndrome caused by a loss of one of the subunits. This is known as chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). However, the phagocyte NADPH oxidase also has a key role to play in regulating immunity and it is notable that chronic granulomatous disease is also characterised by autoimmune and autoinflammatory manifestations. This is because reactive oxygen species play a role in regulating signalling through their ability to post-translationally modify amino acid residues such as cysteine and methionine. In this review, I will outline the major aspects of innate immunity that are regulated by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, including control of transcription, autophagy, the inflammasome and type 1 interferon signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 157 Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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Thomas DC. The phagocyte respiratory burst: Historical perspectives and recent advances. Immunol Lett 2017; 192:88-96. [PMID: 28864335 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
When exposed to certain stimuli, phagocytes (including neutrophils, macrophages and eosinophils) undergo marked changes in the way they handle oxygen. Firstly, their rate of oxygen uptake increases greatly. This is accompanied by (i) the production of large amounts of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide and (ii) the metabolism of large quantities of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt. We now know that the oxygen used is not for respiration but for the production of powerful microbiocidal agents downstream of the initial production of superoxide. Concomitantly, glucose is oxidised through the hexose monophosphate shunt to re-generate the NADPH that has been consumed through the reduction of molecular oxygen to generate superoxide. This phagocyte respiratory burst is generated by an NADPH oxidase multi-protein complex that has a catalytic core consisting of membrane-bound gp91phox (CYBB) and p22phox (CYBA) sub-units and cytosolic components p47phox (NCF1), p67phox (NCF2) and p40phox (NCF4). Finally, another cytosolic component, the small G-protein Rac (Rac2 in neutrophils and Rac1 in macrophages) is also required for full activation. The importance of the complex in host defence is underlined by chronic granulomatous disease, a severe life-limiting immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the genes encoding the individual subunits. In this review, I will discuss the experimental evidence that underlies our knowledge of the respiratory burst, outlining how elegant biochemical analysis, coupled with study of patients deficient in the various subunits has helped elucidate the function of this essential part of innate immunity. I will also discuss some exciting recent studies that shed new light on how the abundance of the various components is controlled. Finally, I will explore the emerging role of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the pathogenesis of major human diseases including auto-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 157, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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