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Tozetto-Mendoza TR, da- Costa AC, Moron AF, Leal É, Lima SH, Ferreira NE, Honorato L, Paião HGO, Freire WS, Mendes-Correa MC, Witkin SS. Characterization of Torquetenovirus in amniotic fluid at the time of in utero fetal surgery: correlation with early premature delivery and respiratory distress. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1161091. [PMID: 37547599 PMCID: PMC10400322 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1161091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Torquetenovirus (TTV) is a commensal virus present in many healthy individuals. Although considered to be non-pathogenic, its presence and titer have been shown to be indicative of altered immune status in individuals with chronic infections or following allogeneic transplantations. We evaluated if TTV was present in amniotic fluid (AF) at the time of in utero surgery to correct a fetal neurological defect, and whether its detection was predictive of adverse post-surgical parameters. AF was collected from 27 women by needle aspiration prior to a uterine incision. TTV titer in the AF was measured by isolation of viral DNA followed by gene amplification and analysis. The TTV genomes were further characterized and sequenced by metagenomics. Pregnancy outcome parameters were subsequently obtained by chart review. Three of the AFs (11.1%) were positive for TTV at 3.36, 4.16, and 4.19 log10 copies/mL. Analysis of their genomes revealed DNA sequences similar to previously identified TTV isolates. Mean gestational age at delivery was >2 weeks earlier (32.5 vs. 34.6 weeks) and the prevalence of respiratory distress was greater (100% vs. 20.8%) in the TTV-positive pregnancies. TTV detection in AF prior to intrauterine surgery may indicate elevated post-surgical risk for earlier delivery and newborn respiratory distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Regina Tozetto-Mendoza
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Virologia (LIM 52), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo—Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A. Charlys da- Costa
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Virologia (LIM 52), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo—Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio F. Moron
- Department of Obstetrics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital e Maternidade Santa Joana, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Élcio Leal
- Laboratório de Diversidade Viral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Silvia Helena Lima
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Virologia (LIM 52), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo—Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noely Evangelista Ferreira
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Virologia (LIM 52), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo—Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Layla Honorato
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Virologia (LIM 52), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo—Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heuder Gustavo Oliveira Paião
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Virologia (LIM 52), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo—Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilton Santos Freire
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Virologia (LIM 52), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo—Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cássia Mendes-Correa
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Virologia (LIM 52), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo—Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Steven S. Witkin
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Virologia (LIM 52), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo—Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Morselli S, Foschi C, Laghi L, Zagonari S, Patuelli G, Camboni T, Ceccarani C, Consolandi C, Djusse ME, Pedna MF, Marangoni A, Severgnini M, Sambri V. Torquetenovirus in pregnancy: Correlation with vaginal microbiome, metabolome and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:998849. [PMID: 36160242 PMCID: PMC9501707 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.998849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Torquetenovirus (TTV) is a negative sense, single-stranded DNA virus present in many body fluids of apparently healthy individuals. At present, it is considered a non-pathogenic endogenous virus. TTV can be detected in the vagina of pregnant women, its abundance being modulated with the extent of immune system activation. Until now, there is only scarce information regarding the association between TTV and the composition of the vaginal environment. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the presence of TTV in the vaginal ecosystem of a cohort of white women with a normal pregnancy (n = 60) at different gestational stages (first, second and third trimester) and in 9 subjects suffering a first trimester miscarriage. For each woman, we determined (i) the presence and titer of TTV, (ii) the vaginal bacterial composition by means of Nugent score and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, (iii) the vaginal metabolic profiles through 1H-NMR spectroscopy, and (iv) the vaginal concentration of two pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8). More than one third of women were found negative for TTV at all gestational stages. Although not statistically significant, the positivity for TTV dropped from 53.3% in the first to 36.6% in the third trimester. TTV loads varied greatly among vaginal samples, ranging between 2 × 101 and 2 × 105 copies/reaction. No difference in TTV prevalence and loads was observed between women with normal pregnancies and miscarriages. The presence of TTV was more common in women with a higher vaginal leucocyte count (p = 0.02). The levels of IL-6 (p = 0.02), IL-8 (p = 0.03), propionate (p = 0.001) and cadaverine (p = 0.006) were significantly higher in TTV-positive samples. TTV titer was positively correlated with the concentrations of 4-hydroxyphenyllactate (p < 0.0001), isoleucine (p = 0.01) and phenylalanine (p = 0.04). TTV-positive samples were characterized by a higher relative abundance of Sneathia (p = 0.04) and Shuttleworthia (p = 0.0009). In addition, a trend toward a decrease of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus jensenii, and an increase of Lactobacillus iners was observed for TTV-positive samples. In conclusion, we found that TTV is quite common in women with normal pregnancy outcomes, representing a possible predictor of local immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Morselli
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Foschi
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Laghi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Centre of Foodomics, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research (CIRI Agrifood), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | | | | | - Tania Camboni
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - Camilla Ceccarani
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - Clarissa Consolandi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - Marielle Ezekielle Djusse
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Federica Pedna
- Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Unit of Microbiology, Pievesestina di Cesena, Italy
| | - Antonella Marangoni
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonella Marangoni
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Italy
| | - Vittorio Sambri
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Great Romagna Hub Laboratory, Unit of Microbiology, Pievesestina di Cesena, Italy
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3
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Taylo LJ, Keeler EL, Bushman FD, Collman RG. The enigmatic roles of Anelloviridae and Redondoviridae in humans. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 55:101248. [PMID: 35870315 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anelloviridae and Redondoviridae are virus families with small, circular, single-stranded DNA genomes that are common components of the human virome. Despite their small genome size of less than 5000 bases, they are remarkably successful - anelloviruses colonize over 90% of adult humans, while the recently discovered redondoviruses have been found at up to 80% prevalence in some populations. Anelloviruses are present in blood and many organs, while redondoviruses are found mainly in the ororespiratory tract. Despite their high prevalence, little is known about their biology or pathogenic potential. In this review, we discuss anelloviruses and redondoviruses and explore their enigmatic roles in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Taylo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emma L Keeler
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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4
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Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Mendes-Correa MC, Moron AF, Forney LJ, Linhares IM, Ribeiro da Silva A, Honorato L, Witkin SS. The vaginal Torquetenovirus titer varies with vaginal microbiota composition in pregnant women. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262672. [PMID: 35051215 PMCID: PMC8775304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Torquetenovirus (TTV) is a nonpathogenic endogenous virus whose abundance varies with the extent of immune system activation. We determined if the TTV titer in the vagina of pregnant women was associated with vaginal microbiota composition and levels of compounds in vaginal secretions. Vaginal TTV and microbiota composition in 494 second trimester pregnant women were identified by gene amplification and analysis. Vaginal matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP) and lactic acid isomers were measured by ELISA. Dominance was defined as the relative abundance of a specific bacterium or species at >50% of the total number of bacteria identified. Clinical data were obtained by chart review. The median log10 TTV titer was lowest when Lactobacillus species other than L. iners were dominant (<1.0) as compared to when L. iners (4.1, p = 0.0001), bacteria other than lactobacilli (4.5, p = 0.0016) or no bacterium (4.7, p = 0.0009) dominated. The TTV titer was inversely proportional to L. crispatus abundance (p<0.0001) and directly proportional to levels of G. vaginalis (p = 0.0008) and L. iners (p = 0.0010). The TTV titer was proportional to TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-8 and MMP-9 abundance (p≤0.0002) and inversely proportional to the level of D-lactic acid (p = 0.0024). We conclude that the association between variations in the TTV titer and the relative abundance of specific bacterial species and vaginal compounds indicates that local changes in immune status likely influence vaginal fluid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Regina Tozetto-Mendoza
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departament of Infectious Diseases, Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Virologia (LIM52), Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria C. Mendes-Correa
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departament of Infectious Diseases, Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Virologia (LIM52), Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio F. Moron
- Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larry J. Forney
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Iara M. Linhares
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Almir Ribeiro da Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departament of Infectious Diseases, Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Virologia (LIM52), Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Layla Honorato
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departament of Infectious Diseases, Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Virologia (LIM52), Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Steven S. Witkin
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departament of Infectious Diseases, Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Virologia (LIM52), Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornel Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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5
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Kaczorowska J, van der Hoek L. Human anelloviruses: diverse, omnipresent and commensal members of the virome. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 44:305-313. [PMID: 32188999 PMCID: PMC7326371 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anelloviruses are small, single stranded circular DNA viruses. They are extremely diverse and have not been associated with any disease so far. Strikingly, these small entities infect most probably the complete human population, and there are no convincing examples demonstrating viral clearance from infected individuals. The main transmission could be via fecal-oral or airway route, as infections occur at an early age. However, due to the lack of an appropriate culture system, the virus–host interactions remain enigmatic. Anelloviruses are obviously mysterious viruses, and their impact on human life is not yet known, but, with no evidence of a disease association, a potential beneficial effect on human health should also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kaczorowska
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Constant companion: clinical and developmental aspects of torque teno virus infections. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2749-2757. [PMID: 33040309 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04841-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is a commensal human virus observed as a circular single-negative-strand DNA molecule in various tissues and biological samples, notably in blood serum and lymphocytes. TTV has no apparent clinical significance, although it might be very useful as a prospective tool for gene delivery or as an epidemiological marker. Human populations are ubiquitously infected with TTV; the prevalence may reach 100%. The majority of babies become spontaneously infected with TTV, so that by the end of the first year of life, the prevalence reaches 'adult' values. TTV positivity in healthy early infancy and the presence of TTV in umbilical cord blood samples have been reported. The mechanism of infection and the dynamics of TTV prevalence in infants with age remain understudied. Meanwhile, the potential diagnostic and prognostic value of TTV as a marker deserves special attention and study, along with the possibility, causes and consequences of placental transmission of TTV under normal or pathological conditions.
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7
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Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Bongiovanni AM, Minis E, Linhares IM, Boester A, Freire WS, Lima SH, de Oliveira NPG, Mendes-Correa MC, Forney LJ, Witkin SS. Torquetenovirus Titer in Vaginal Secretions from Pregnant and Postpartum Women: Association with Absence of Lactobacillus crispatus and Levels of Lactic Acid and Matrix Metalloproteinase-8. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:2075-2081. [PMID: 32944879 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vaginal samples from women with term deliveries were tested for torquetenovirus (TTV) by gene amplification, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and D- and L-lactic acid by ELISA, and microbiome composition by analysis of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. TTV was detected in 43.2%, 31.5%, and 41.4% of first trimester, third trimester, and postpartum samples, respectively. The viral titer was higher in postpartum than in the first (p = 0.0018) or third (p = 0.0013) trimester. The mean gestational age at delivery was lower in women positive for TTV in their first trimester (p = 0.0358). In the first and third trimester, the MMP-8 level was higher if TTV was also present (p < 0.0091). The D-lactic acid level was lower in first trimester samples if TTV was present (p = 0.0334). Lactobacillus crispatus dominance in first and third trimester samples was higher when TTV was absent (p < 0.0033). We conclude that TTV is present in the vagina in many women with normal pregnancy outcomes and that its occurrence is associated with a lack of L. crispatus dominance, an increase in vaginal MMP-8 and a decrease in D-lactic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania R Tozetto-Mendoza
- Virology laboratory (LIM 52), Tropical Medicine Institute, Medicine School, São Paulo University, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Evelyn Minis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iara M Linhares
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Allison Boester
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wilton S Freire
- Virology laboratory (LIM 52), Tropical Medicine Institute, Medicine School, São Paulo University, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia H Lima
- Virology laboratory (LIM 52), Tropical Medicine Institute, Medicine School, São Paulo University, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natan P G de Oliveira
- Virology laboratory (LIM 52), Tropical Medicine Institute, Medicine School, São Paulo University, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C Mendes-Correa
- Virology laboratory (LIM 52), Tropical Medicine Institute, Medicine School, São Paulo University, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larry J Forney
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Steven S Witkin
- Virology laboratory (LIM 52), Tropical Medicine Institute, Medicine School, São Paulo University, Rua Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Siqueira JD, Curty G, Xutao D, Hofer CB, Machado ES, Seuánez HN, Soares MA, Delwart E, Soares EA. Composite Analysis of the Virome and Bacteriome of HIV/HPV Co-Infected Women Reveals Proxies for Immunodeficiency. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050422. [PMID: 31067713 PMCID: PMC6563245 DOI: 10.3390/v11050422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cervical microbiome is complex, and its role in health and disease has just begun to be elucidated. In this study, 57 cervical swab samples from 19 HIV/HPV co-infected women were analyzed for both virome and bacteriome composition. Virome analysis focused on circular DNA viruses through rolling circle amplification followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Data were assigned to virus families and genera, and HPV types were identified. NGS data of bacterial 16S from a subset of 24 samples were assigned to operational taxonomic units and classified according to vaginal microbiome community state types (CSTs). Four viral families were found: Papillomaviridae, Anelloviridae, Genomoviridae, and Herpesviridae. Papillomavirus reads were more abundant in women with premalignant cervical lesions, which were also strongly associated with multiple (≥3) high-risk HPV infection. Anellovirus read abundance was negatively correlated with host CD4+ T-cell counts. The bacteriome revealed the presence of CST III and CST IV, and women with ≥1% frequency of genomovirus or herpesvirus reads displayed an increased risk of carrying CST IV. By characterizing the composition of the cervical circular DNA viruses and the bacteriome of HIV/HPV co-infected women, we identified putative interactions between these two microorganism communities and their associations with patients’ clinical characteristics, notably immunodeficiency status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana D Siqueira
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil.
| | - Gislaine Curty
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil.
| | - Deng Xutao
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Cristina B Hofer
- Instituto de Ginecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20211-340, Brazil.
| | - Elizabeth S Machado
- Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-912, Brazil.
| | - Héctor N Seuánez
- Programa de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil.
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-970, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo A Soares
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil.
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-970, Brazil.
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Esmeralda A Soares
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, Brazil.
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9
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Saberi A, Akhondzadeh S, Kazemi S. Infectious agents and different course of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Acta Neurol Belg 2018; 118:361-377. [PMID: 30006858 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-018-0976-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) causes demyelination of white matter of central nervous system and neuro-degeneration due to inflammation. Different types of MS, as well as disease progression, come with different pathology and pathophysiology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible association between different micro-organisms and the relapse or progression of MS. Studies indexed in Medline/PMC, Scopus and Web of Science published without time and language limitation until March 2017 were identified through the search terms "infection" or "infectious" and "multiple sclerosis". A total of 20878 abstracts were identified through the initial search terms. Selection of articles and assessment of their quality was done based on Cochrane library guidelines. Full texts were reviewed for 33 articles out of which 14 articles met the criteria for inclusion. Different micro-organisms are known to play roles in the pathogenesis of MS and its relapse; including Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Chlamydia pneumoniae and Torque teno virus (TTV). But in this review only HHV-6, C. pneumoniae and TTV have been considered to play a role in disease progression in some studies and not all of them. This review concluded that some micro-organisms such as HHV-6, C. pneumoniae and TTV have been considered as cofactors to make MS a progressive type. It should be considered that these findings do not necessarily rule out the role of other pathogens in MS progression but may represent population differences or different sensitivity of the technique used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Saberi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurology, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Shahin Akhondzadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Kazemi
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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10
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de Souza WM, Fumagalli MJ, de Araujo J, Sabino-Santos G, Maia FGM, Romeiro MF, Modha S, Nardi MS, Queiroz LH, Durigon EL, Nunes MRT, Murcia PR, Figueiredo LTM. Discovery of novel anelloviruses in small mammals expands the host range and diversity of the Anelloviridae. Virology 2017; 514:9-17. [PMID: 29128758 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Anelloviridae comprises single-stranded DNA viruses currently grouped in sixty-eight species classified in twelve genera. They have been found in many vertebrate hosts including primates. In this study, we describe the application of the high-throughput sequencing to examine the frequency and diversity of anelloviruses in rodents, bats and opossums captured in São Paulo State, Brazil. We report a total of twenty-six anelloviruses with sixteen nearly complete genomes and ten partial genomes, which include eleven potential novel species identified in rodents (Cricetidae), bats (Molossidae and Phyllostomidae), and opossums (Didelphidae). We also propose the inclusion of two potential new genera within the Anelloviridae family, provisionally named Omegatorquevirus and Sigmatorquevirus, including six and three novel species of anelloviruses, respectively. In summary, this study expands the diversity and the host range of the known anelloviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Marciel de Souza
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Marcílio Jorge Fumagalli
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jansen de Araujo
- Laboratory Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Sabino-Santos
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gonçalves Motta Maia
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilia Farignoli Romeiro
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sejal Modha
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marcello Schiavo Nardi
- Divisão Técnica de Medicina Veterinária e Manejo da Fauna Silvestre, Prefeitura de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Laboratory Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes
- Center for Technological Innovations, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pablo Ramiro Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Hrazdilová K, Slaninková E, Brožová K, Modrý D, Vodička R, Celer V. New species of Torque Teno miniviruses infecting gorillas and chimpanzees. Virology 2015; 487:207-14. [PMID: 26547037 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Anelloviridae family is comprised of small, non-enveloped viruses of various genome lengths, high sequence diversity, sharing the same genome organization. Infections and co-infections by different genotypes in humans are ubiquitous. Related viruses were described in number of mammalian hosts, but very limited data are available from the closest human relatives - great apes and non-human primates. Here we report the 100% prevalence determined by semi-nested PCR from fecal samples of 16 captive primate species. Only the Mandrillus sphinx, showed the prevalence only 8%. We describe three new species of gorillas׳ and four new species of chimpanzees׳ Betatorqueviruses and their co-infections in one individual. This study is also first report and analysis of nearly full length TTMV genomes infecting gorillas. Our attempts to sequence the complete genomes of anelloviruses from host feces invariably failed. Broader usage of blood /tissue material is necessary to understand the diversity and interspecies transmission of anelloviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Hrazdilová
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno,612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno,612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Slaninková
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno,612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno,612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Brožová
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno,612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno,612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno,612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno,612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Vodička
- The Prague Zoological Garden, Prague 171 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Celer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno,612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno,612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Li L, Deng X, Da Costa AC, Bruhn R, Deeks SG, Delwart E. Virome analysis of antiretroviral-treated HIV patients shows no correlation between T-cell activation and anelloviruses levels. J Clin Virol 2015; 72:106-13. [PMID: 26479202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormally high levels of T-cell activation can persist in HIV-infected subjects despite effective anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and has been associated with negative health outcomes. The nature of the antigenic drivers or other causes of this residual T-cell activation remain uncertain. Anelloviruses are universally acquired soon after birth, resulting in persistent viremia, and considered part of the commensal human virome. Reduced immunocompetence results in increased anellovirus levels. OBJECTIVES To test whether increased levels of anelloviruses or other viruses in plasma are associated with higher levels of persistent T-cell activation during ART. STUDY DESIGN Two amplification methods combined with next generation sequencing were used to detect all viruses and estimate relative anellovirus levels in plasma from 19 adults on effective ART who exhibited a wide range of T-cell activation levels. RESULTS Nucleic acids from HBV and HCV were detected in one patient each while pegivirus A (GBV-C) was found in three patients. Anellovirus DNA was detected in all patients with some individuals carrying up to eight different genotypes. Specific anellovirus genotypes or higher level of co-infections were not detected in subjects with higher levels of T-cell activation. No association was detected between relative plasma anellovirus DNA levels and the percentage of activated CD4 or CD8 T cells. CONCLUSIONS Human anelloviruses were detected in all HIV suppressed subjects, exhibited a wide range of viremia levels, and were genetically highly diverse. The level of persistent T-cell activation was not correlated with the level of viremia or genotypes present indicating that anellovirus antigens are unlikely to be a dominant source of antigens driving chronic T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antonio Charlys Da Costa
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Bruhn
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Positive Health Program, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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13
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Kapusinszky B, Mulvaney U, Jasinska AJ, Deng X, Freimer N, Delwart E. Local Virus Extinctions following a Host Population Bottleneck. J Virol 2015; 89:8152-61. [PMID: 26018153 PMCID: PMC4524239 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00671-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A small number of African green monkeys (AGMs) were introduced into the Caribbean from West Africa in the 1600s. To determine the impact of this population bottleneck on the AGM virome, we used metagenomics to compare the viral nucleic acids in the plasma of 43 wild AGMs from West Africa (Gambia) to those in 44 AGMs from the Caribbean (St. Kitts and Nevis). Three viruses were detected in the blood of Gambian primates: simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm; in 42% of animals), a novel simian pegivirus (SPgVagm; in 7% of animals), and numerous novel simian anelloviruses (in 100% of animals). Only anelloviruses were detected in the Caribbean AGMs with a prevalence and levels of viral genetic diversity similar to those in the Gambian animals. A host population bottleneck therefore resulted in the exclusion of adult-acquired SIV and pegivirus from the Caribbean AGMs. The successful importation of AGM anelloviruses into the Caribbean may be the result of their early transmission to infants, very high prevalence in African AGMs, and frequent coinfections with as many as 11 distinct variants. IMPORTANCE The extent to which viruses can persist in small isolated populations depends on multiple host, viral, and environmental factors. The absence of prior infections may put an immunologically naive population at risk for disease outbreaks. Isolated populations originating from a small number of founder individuals are therefore considered at increased risk following contact with populations with a greater variety of viruses. Here, we compared the plasma virome of West African green monkeys to that in their descendants after importation of a small number of animals to the Caribbean. A lentivirus and a pegivirus were found in the West African population but not in the Caribbean population. Highly diverse anelloviruses were found in both populations. A small founder population, limited to infants and young juvenile monkeys, may have eliminated the sexually transmitted viruses from the Caribbean AGMs, while anelloviruses, acquired at an earlier age, persisted through the host population bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Kapusinszky
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Usha Mulvaney
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA University of San Francisco, Department of Biology, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anna J Jasinska
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nelson Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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14
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Human anelloviruses: an update of molecular, epidemiological and clinical aspects. Arch Virol 2015; 160:893-908. [PMID: 25680568 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human torque teno viruses (TTVs) are new, emerging infectious agents, recently assigned to the family Anelloviridae. The first representative of the genus, torque teno virus (TTV), was discovered in 1997, followed by torque teno mini virus (TTMV) in 2000, and torque teno midi virus (TTMDV) in 2007. These viruses are characterized by an extremely high prevalence, with relatively uniform distribution worldwide and a high level of genomic heterogeneity, as well as an apparent pan-tropism at the host level. Although these viruses have a very high prevalence in the general population across the globe, neither their interaction with their hosts nor their direct involvement in the etiology of specific diseases are fully understood. Since their discovery, human anelloviruses, and especially TTV, have been suggested to be associated with various diseases, such as hepatitis, respiratory diseases, cancer, hematological and autoimmune disorders, with few arguments for their direct involvement. Recent studies have started to reveal interactions between TTVs and the host's immune system, leading to new hypotheses for potential pathological mechanisms of these viruses. In this review article, we discuss the most important aspects and current status of human TTVs in order to guide future studies.
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15
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Risk factors associated with the onset of relapsing-remitting and primary progressive multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:817238. [PMID: 25802867 PMCID: PMC4329850 DOI: 10.1155/2015/817238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system disease with a highly heterogeneous course. The aetiology of MS is not well understood but is likely a combination of both genetic and environmental factors. Approximately 85% of patients present with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), while 10–15% present with primary progressive MS (PPMS). PPMS is associated with an older onset age, a different sex ratio, and a considerably more rapid disease progression relative to RRMS. We systematically reviewed the literature to identify modifiable risk factors that may be associated with these different clinical courses. We performed a search of six databases and integrated twenty observational studies into a descriptive review. Exposure to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) appeared to increase the risk of RRMS, but its association with PPMS was less clear. Other infections, such as human herpesvirus-6 and chlamydia pneumoniae, were not consistently associated with a specific disease course nor was cigarette smoking. Despite the vast literature examining risk factors for the development of MS, relatively few studies reported findings by disease course. This review exposes a gap in our understanding of the risk factors associated with the onset of PPMS, our current knowledge being predominated by relapsing-onset MS.
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Popgeorgiev N, Temmam S, Raoult D, Desnues C. Describing the silent human virome with an emphasis on giant viruses. Intervirology 2013; 56:395-412. [PMID: 24157886 DOI: 10.1159/000354561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant obligate intracellular entities in our body. Until recently, they were only considered to be pathogens that caused a broad array of pathologies, ranging from mild disease to deaths in the most severe cases. However, recent advances in unbiased mass sequencing techniques as well as increasing epidemiological evidence have indicated that the human body is home to diverse viral species under non-pathological conditions. Despite these studies, the description of the presumably healthy viral flora, i.e. the normal human virome, is still in its infancy regarding viral composition and dynamics. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the human virome under non-pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Popgeorgiev
- URMITE UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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17
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Mancuso R, Saresella M, Hernis A, Agostini S, Piancone F, Caputo D, Maggi F, Clerici M. Torque teno virus (TTV) in multiple sclerosis patients with different patterns of disease. J Med Virol 2013; 85:2176-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simone Agostini
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation; ONLUS; Milan Italy
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Federica Piancone
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation; ONLUS; Milan Italy
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Virology Unit; Pisa University Hospital (AOUP); University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation; ONLUS; Milan Italy
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation; University of Milan; Milan Italy
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18
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Nearly constant shedding of diverse enteric viruses by two healthy infants. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:3427-34. [PMID: 22875894 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01589-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stool samples from two healthy infant siblings collected at about weekly intervals during their first year of life were analyzed by PCR for 15 different enteric viral genera. Adenovirus, Aichi virus, Anellovirus, Astrovirus, Bocavirus, Enterovirus, Parechovirus, Picobirnavirus, and Rotavirus were detected. Not detected were Coronavirus, Cardiovirus, Cosavirus, Salivirus, Sapovirus, and Norovirus. Long-term virus shedding, lasting from one to 12 months, was observed for adenoviruses, anelloviruses, bocaviruses, enteroviruses, parechoviruses, and picobirnaviruses. Repeated administration of oral poliovirus vaccine resulted in progressively shorter periods of poliovirus detection. Four nonpolio enterovirus genotypes were also detected. An average of 1.8 distinct human viruses were found per time point. Ninety-two percent (66/72) of the fecal samples tested contained one to five different human viruses. Two British siblings in the mid-1980s showed nearly constant fecal viral shedding. Our results demonstrate that frequent enteric infections with diverse viruses occur during early childhood in the absence of severe clinical symptoms.
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Bernardin F, Operskalski E, Busch M, Delwart E. Transfusion transmission of highly prevalent commensal human viruses. Transfusion 2010; 50:2474-83. [PMID: 20497515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavien Bernardin
- Blood Systems Research Institute and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94118, USA
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20
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Heterogeneous pathways of maternal-fetal transmission of human viruses (review). Pathol Oncol Res 2010; 15:451-65. [PMID: 19350418 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-009-9166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several viruses can pass the maternal-fetal barrier, and cause diseases of the fetus or the newborn. Recently, however, it became obvious, that viruses may invade fetal cells and organs through different routes without acute consequences. Spermatozoa, seminal fluid and lymphocytes in the sperm may transfer viruses into the human zygotes. Viruses were shown to be integrated into human chromosomes and transferred into fetal tissues. The regular maternal-fetal transport of maternal cells has also been discovered. This transport might implicate that lymphotropic viruses can be released into the fetal organs following cellular invasion. It has been shown that many viruses may replicate in human trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast cells thus passing the barrier of the maternal-fetal interface. The transport of viral immunocomplexes had also been suggested, and the possibility has been put forward that even anti-idiotypes mimicking viral epitopes might be transferred by natural mechanisms into the fetal plasma, in spite of the selective mechanisms of apical to basolateral transcytosis in syncytiotrophoblast and basolateral to apical transcytosis in fetal capillary endothelium. The mechanisms of maternal-fetal transcytosis seem to be different of those observed in differentiated cells and tissue cultures. Membrane fusion and lipid rafts of high cholesterol content are probably the main requirements of fetal transcytosis. The long term presence of viruses in fetal tissues and their interactions with the fetal immune system might result in post partum consequences as far as increased risk of the development of malignancies and chronic pathologic conditions are discussed.
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Saláková M, Nemecek V, Tachezy R. TTV and HPV co-infection in cervical smears of patients with cervical lesions. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:118. [PMID: 19638204 PMCID: PMC2736169 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The female lower genital tract is a gateway for pathogens entering the host through the mucous membrane. One of the prevalent human viruses is Torque teno virus (TTV). The major reported routes of TTV transmission are fecal-oral and parenteral. Furthermore, other modes of transmission, e.g. sexual contact, are suggested. To investigate the sexual route of TTV transmission, cervical smears of healthy women and those with cervical lesions were screened for the presence of TTV DNA. METHODS TTV DNA was studied in cervical smears of 95 patients with cervical lesions and 55 healthy women. Paired serum samples were available from 55 and 42 women, respectively. All healthy women had normal cytology while 44 patients had histologically confirmed low-grade lesion (LGL) and 51 high-grade lesion (HGL). TTV DNA was detected with primers specific for the non-coding region. In 40 paired cervical smears and serum samples, the phylogenetic group of TTV isolates was determined. The presence of HPV DNA in cervical smears was detected by means of PCR with MY09/11 primers. RESULTS The prevalence of TTV DNA in cervical smears of healthy women was 52.7% and was comparable with that in paired serum samples (50%). Symptomatic women had significantly higher prevalence of TTV DNA in cervical smears (74.7%) than healthy controls. The TTV DNA prevalence in patient serum samples was 51%. The phylogenetic groups of TTV serum isolates were concordant with those of TTV from cervical smears of the same subjects. In cervical smears, a wider variety of TTV isolates was found. The viral loads in cervical smears were 10 to 1000 times as high as in sera. The HPV-positive study subjects had significantly higher TTV DNA prevalence than HPV negatives. The prevalence of TTV was not associated with disease severity. CONCLUSION High prevalence of TTV in cervical smears suggests that sexual transmission is another mode of expansion of TTV infection among the population. The higher viral load in cervical smears than in the respective serum samples might indicate active TTV replication in the female genital tract. Nevertheless, cooperation between TTV and HPV needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Saláková
- Department of Experimental Virology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Naganuma M, Tominaga N, Miyamura T, Soda A, Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H. TT virus prevalence, viral loads and genotypic variability in saliva from healthy Japanese children. Acta Paediatr 2008; 97:1686-90. [PMID: 18671690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM TT virus (TTV) is genetically variable and widespread without apparent pathogenicity; however, its epidemiological features in children were not fully understood, partly because blood sampling is often unacceptable for healthy children. We therefore used saliva specimens to investigate epidemiology of TTV infection in early childhood. METHODS Saliva samples were collected from 83 1-month-old, 110 4-month-old and 49 42-month-old children. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and saliva samples were obtained in pairs from 19 healthy adults aged 40 +/- 7 years. TTV DNA was detected and quantified by real-time PCR and classified into five genogroups (G1-G5) by a series of PCRs using genogroup-specific primer pairs. RESULTS TTV DNA was detected in 6, 34 and 90% of children aged 1, 4 and 42 months, respectively, and in 84% of adults. Comparable levels of TTV DNA were detected in pairs of saliva and PBMC. TTV loads in saliva were much higher in children than in adults. G3 was the most common genogroup in all age groups. The second most prevalent was G4 at 1-4 months of age and G1 thereafter. CONCLUSION The prevalence of TTV infection reached a plateau at or before 42 months; however, somehow different epidemiologic features were observed among genogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Naganuma
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Komatsu H, Inui A, Sogo T, Kuroda K, Tanaka T, Fujisawa T. TTV infection in children born to mothers infected with TTV but not with HBV, HCV, or HIV. J Med Virol 2004; 74:499-506. [PMID: 15368510 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The TT virus (TTV) was isolated recently from the serum of a patient with post-transfusion hepatitis. TTV infection is widespread in the general population, and its prevalence increases continuously with age. The pathogenic role of TTV in liver disease remains controversial, and the source of transmission is still unclear. We investigated the pathogenicity and epidemiology of TTV infection in infants born to TTV DNA-positive mothers. Enrolled in this study were 22 mother-child pairs testing negative for antibodies to hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs). The children were followed for 30 months after birth. Serum TTV DNA was detected by N22-PCR, and the PCR products were cloned and sequenced. The prevalence of TTV infection in children increased with age. Of the 22 children, 13 (59%) became positive for TTV DNA during the follow-up period. Of these 13 children, 6 (46%) had elevated levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), although the elevations were transient and mild. TTV viremia was not associated significantly with the abnormal ALT levels. Children with TTV viremia developed neither severe liver disease nor fulminant hepatitis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that, in 11 (85%) of the 13 pairs, the mother and child had the same genotype at the first PCR-positive time point. Among those 11 mother-child pairs, 6 (55%) had identical TTV nucleotide sequences. However, the genotype of predominant clones changed in 5 (50%) of 10 children who were positive for TTV DNA at two or more time points during the follow-up period. In conclusion, this study did not provide evidence that TTV infection is related to liver disease in children. Although the main source of TTV infection in children is presumed to be their mothers, transmitted via non-parenteral routes in the course of daily contact, intrafamilial carriers may also be sources of TTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.
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