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Kullmann MK, Pegka F, Ploner C, Hengst L. Stimulation of c-Jun/AP-1-Activity by the Cell Cycle Inhibitor p57 Kip2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:664609. [PMID: 33928088 PMCID: PMC8076676 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.664609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
p57 is a member of the Cip/Kip family of cell cycle inhibitors which restrict the eukaryotic cell cycle by binding to and inhibiting cyclin/CDK complexes. They are considered as tumor suppressors and inactivating genomic mutations of p57 are associated with human overgrowth disorders. Increasing evidence suggests that p57 controls additional cellular processes beyond cell cycle control such as apoptosis, cell migration or transcription. Here we report that p57 can stimulate AP-1 promotor activity. While transactivation by c-Jun is strongly activated by p57, it did not enhance c-Fos induced transcription. This indicates that c-Jun is the target of p57 in the canonical AP-1 heterodimeric transcription factor. We could detect endogenous p57/c-Jun containing complexes in cells by co-immunoprecipitation. The strong stimulation of c-Jun activity is not the consequence of activating phosphorylation in the transactivation domain (TAD) of c-Jun, but rather due to negative interference with c-Jun repressors and positive interference with c-Jun activators. In contrast to full-length p57, the amino- and carboxy-terminal domains of p57 are insufficient for a significant activation of c-Jun induced transcription. When expressed in presence of full length p57, the p57 C-terminus abrogated and the N-terminus enhanced c-Jun activation. This indicates that the C-terminus may bind and sequester a putative activator of c-Jun, whereas the N-terminus may sequester a c-Jun repressor. Interestingly, the p57 aminoterminus is sufficient for binding to the two c-Jun repressors HDAC1 and HDAC3. These data are consistent with a model of c-Jun activation where p57 is a part of large nuclear remodeling/transcription complexes. p57 might stimulate transcription by inhibiting transcription repressor proteins like HDACs via its N-terminus and/or attracting transcription activators through its C-terminus. These data suggest that in addition to its role as a CDK inhibitor and tumor suppressor, p57 may also exert tumor promoting functions by activation of the proto-oncoprotein c-Jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Keith Kullmann
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fragka Pegka
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Ploner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludger Hengst
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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2
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Kullmann MK, Podmirseg SR, Roilo M, Hengst L. The CDK inhibitor p57 Kip2 enhances the activity of the transcriptional coactivator FHL2. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7140. [PMID: 32346031 PMCID: PMC7188849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell cycle is negatively regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs). p57Kip2 is a member of the Cip/Kip family of CKIs and frequently inactivated by genomic mutations associated with human overgrowth disorders. There is increasing evidence for p57 to control cellular processes in addition to cell cycle and CDK regulation including transcription, apoptosis, migration or development. In order to obtain molecular insights to unknown functions of p57, we performed a protein interaction screen. We identified the transcription regulator four-and-a-half LIM-only protein 2 (FHL2) as a novel p57-binding protein. Co-immunoprecipitation and reporter gene assays were used to elucidate the physiological and functional relevance of p57/FHL2 interaction. We found in cancer cells that endogenous p57 and FHL2 are in a complex. We observed a substantial induction of established FHL2-regulated gene promoters by p57 in reporter gene experiments and detected strong induction of the intrinsic transactivation activity of FHL2. Treatment of cells with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and binding of exogenous FHL2 to HDACs indicated repression of FHL2 transcription activity by HDACs. In the presence of the HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate activation of FHL2 by p57 is abrogated suggesting that p57 shares a common pathway with HDAC inhibitors. p57 competes with HDACs for FHL2 binding which might partly explain the mechanism of FHL2 activation by p57. These results suggest a novel function of p57 in transcription regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Keith Kullmann
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Silvio Roland Podmirseg
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martina Roilo
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludger Hengst
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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3
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Mossanen M, Krasnow RE, Nguyen PL, Trinh QD, Preston M, Kibel AS. Approach to the Patient with High-Risk Prostate Cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2017; 44:635-645. [PMID: 29107279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Men classified as having high-risk prostate cancer warrant treatment because durable outcomes can be achieved. Judicious use of imaging and considerations of risk factors are essential when caring for men with high-risk disease. Radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and androgen deprivation therapy all play pivotal roles in the management of men with high-risk disease, and potentially in men with metastatic disease. The optimal combinations of therapeutic regimens are an evolving area of study and future work looking into therapies for men with high-risk disease will remain critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Mossanen
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ross E Krasnow
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul L Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Quoc D Trinh
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Preston
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam S Kibel
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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McNamara GI, Davis BA, Dwyer DM, John RM, Isles AR. Behavioural abnormalities in a novel mouse model for Silver Russell Syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 25:5407-5417. [PMID: 27798108 PMCID: PMC5418837 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver Russell Syndrome (SRS) syndrome is an imprinting disorder involving low birth weight with complex genetics and diagnostics. Some rare SRS patients carry maternally inherited microduplications spanning the imprinted genes CDKN1C, PHLDA2, SLC22A18 and KCNQ1, suggesting that overexpression of one of more of these genes contributes to the SRS phenotype. While this molecular alteration is very rare, feeding difficulties are a very common feature of this condition. Given that SRS children also have very low body mass index, understanding the underpinning biology of the eating disorder is important, as well as potential co-occurring behavioural alterations. Here, we report that a mouse model of this microduplication exhibits a number of behavioural deficits. The mice had a blunted perception of the palatability of a given foodstuff. This perception may underpin the fussiness with food. We additionally report hypoactivity, unrelated to anxiety or motoric function, and a deficit in the appropriate integration of incoming sensory information. Importantly, using a second genetic model, we were able to attribute all altered behaviours to elevated expression of a single gene, Cdkn1c. This is the first report linking elevated Cdkn1c to altered behaviour in mice. Importantly, the findings from our study may have relevance for SRS and highlight a potentially underreported aspect of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grainne Iseult McNamara
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Brittany Ann Davis
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Anthony Roger Isles
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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5
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Tenorio J, Romanelli V, Martin-Trujillo A, Fernández GM, Segovia M, Perandones C, Pérez Jurado LA, Esteller M, Fraga M, Arias P, Gordo G, Dapía I, Mena R, Palomares M, Pérez de Nanclares G, Nevado J, García-Miñaur S, Santos-Simarro F, Martinez-Glez V, Vallespín E, Monk D, Lapunzina P. Clinical and molecular analyses of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: Comparison between spontaneous conception and assisted reproduction techniques. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2740-9. [PMID: 27480579 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth syndrome characterized by an excessive prenatal and postnatal growth, macrosomia, macroglossia, and hemihyperplasia. The molecular basis of this syndrome is complex and heterogeneous, involving genes located at 11p15.5. BWS is correlated with assisted reproductive techniques. BWS in individuals born following assisted reproductive techniques has been found to occur four to nine times higher compared to children with to BWS born after spontaneous conception. Here, we report a series of 187 patients with to BWS born either after assisted reproductive techniques or conceived naturally. Eighty-eight percent of BWS patients born via assisted reproductive techniques had hypomethylation of KCNQ1OT1:TSS-DMR in comparison with 49% for patients with BWS conceived naturally. None of the patients with BWS born via assisted reproductive techniques had hypermethylation of H19/IGF2:IG-DMR, neither CDKN1 C mutations nor patUPD11. We did not find differences in the frequency of multi-locus imprinting disturbances between groups. Patients with BWS born via assisted reproductive techniques had an increased frequency of advanced bone age, congenital heart disease, and decreased frequency of earlobe anomalies but these differences may be explained by the different molecular background compared to those with BWS and spontaneous fertilization. We conclude there is a correlation of the molecular etiology of BWS with the type of conception. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jair Tenorio
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valeria Romanelli
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex Martin-Trujillo
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program (PEBC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - García-Moya Fernández
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mabel Segovia
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Perandones
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, ANLIS Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis A Pérez Jurado
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Unitat de Genética, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Fraga
- Unidad de Epigenética del Cáncer, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pedro Arias
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Gordo
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Dapía
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Mena
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Palomares
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Julián Nevado
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sixto García-Miñaur
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos-Simarro
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Martinez-Glez
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Vallespín
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - David Monk
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program (PEBC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz-UAM, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Brioude F, Netchine I, Praz F, Le Jule M, Calmel C, Lacombe D, Edery P, Catala M, Odent S, Isidor B, Lyonnet S, Sigaudy S, Leheup B, Audebert-Bellanger S, Burglen L, Giuliano F, Alessandri JL, Cormier-Daire V, Laffargue F, Blesson S, Coupier I, Lespinasse J, Blanchet P, Boute O, Baumann C, Polak M, Doray B, Verloes A, Viot G, Le Bouc Y, Rossignol S. Mutations of the Imprinted CDKN1C Gene as a Cause of the Overgrowth Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome: Clinical Spectrum and Functional Characterization. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:894-902. [PMID: 26077438 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an imprinting disorder associating macroglossia, abdominal wall defects, visceromegaly, and a high risk of childhood tumor. Molecular anomalies are mostly epigenetic; however, mutations of CDKN1C are implicated in 8% of cases, including both sporadic and familial forms. We aimed to describe the phenotype of BWS patients with CDKN1C mutations and develop a functional test for CDKN1C mutations. For each propositus, we sequenced the three exons and intron-exon boundaries of CDKN1C in patients presenting a BWS phenotype, including abdominal wall defects, without 11p15 methylation defects. We developed a functional test based on flow cytometry. We identified 37 mutations in 38 pedigrees (50 patients and seven fetuses). Analysis of parental samples when available showed that all mutations tested but one was inherited from the mother. The four missense mutations led to a less severe phenotype (lower frequency of exomphalos) than the other 33 mutations. The following four tumors occurred: one neuroblastoma, one ganglioneuroblastoma, one melanoma, and one acute lymphoid leukemia. Cases of BWS caused by CDKN1C mutations are not rare. CDKN1C sequencing should be performed for BWS patients presenting with abdominal wall defects or cleft palate without 11p15 methylation defects or body asymmetry, or in familial cases of BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Brioude
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, F-75012, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Irène Netchine
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, F-75012, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Francoise Praz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Marilyne Le Jule
- AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Claire Calmel
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France.,Laboratoire Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), Université de Bordeaux, EA4576, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Edery
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Service de Génétique, Bron, France.,Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Inserm 1028, CNRS 5292 UMR UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Martin Catala
- Fédération de Neurologie Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75651, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement UMR 7622, CNRS and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75252, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- CHU de Rennes, Hôpital Sud, Service de Génétique clinique, F-35203, Rennes, France.,Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- CHU de Nantes, Service de Génétique, Nantes, France.,INSERM, UMR-S 957, Nantes, France
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR-1163, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- CHU de Marseille, Hôpital Timone Enfant, Service de Génétique Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Leheup
- CHU de Nancy, Pôle Enfants, Service de Médecine Infantile et Génétique Clinique, Centre de référence Syndrome Malformatif et Anomalies du Développement, Vandoeuvre, France.,Université de Lorraine Faculté de Médecine, Unité INSERM U954, Vandoeuvre, France
| | | | - Lydie Burglen
- AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet, service de génétique, F-75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U1141, F-75019, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Giuliano
- CHU de Nice, Hôpital Archet2, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Luc Alessandri
- CHU de La Réunion, CH Felix Guyon, Pole Femme Mere Enfant Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- IMAGINE Institute, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malade, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Laffargue
- CHU Estaing, Service de Génétique Médicale, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Isabelle Coupier
- CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Service de Génétique Médicale, Unité d'oncogénétique, Montpellier, France
| | - James Lespinasse
- Centre Hospitalier de Chambéry-Hôtel-Dieu, UF de Génétique Chromosomique, Chambéry, France
| | - Patricia Blanchet
- CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Service de Génétique Médicale, Unité de Génétique Clinique, Montpellier, France
| | - Odile Boute
- CHRU de Lille, Service de Génétique, Lille, France
| | - Clarisse Baumann
- AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM UMR 1141, Paris, France
| | - Michel Polak
- AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, Endocrinologie gynécologie diabétologie pédiatriques, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U1016, IMAGINE Institute, Paris, France
| | - Berenice Doray
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence pour les Anomalies du Développement (FECLAD), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Department of Medical Genetics and INSERM UMR 1141, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Viot
- AP-HP, Hôpital Port-Royal, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Yves Le Bouc
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, F-75012, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Rossignol
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012, Paris, France.,Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence pour les Anomalies du Développement (FECLAD), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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7
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Wang X, Li G, Koul S, Ohki R, Maurer M, Borczuk A, Halmos B. PHLDA2 is a key oncogene-induced negative feedback inhibitor of EGFR/ErbB2 signaling via interference with AKT signaling. Oncotarget 2015; 9:24914-24926. [PMID: 29861842 PMCID: PMC5982771 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleckstrin homology-like domain family A member 2 (PHLDA2) is located within the tumor suppressor region of 11p15, and its expression is suppressed in several malignant tumor types. We recently identified PHLDA2 as a robustly induced, novel downstream target of oncogenic EGFR/ErbB2 signaling. In an immunohistochemical study, we find that PHLDA2 protein expression correlates positively with AKT activation in human lung cancers corroborating our data that PHLDA2 is induced upon oncogenic activation and might serve as a biomarker for AKT pathway activation. We show that PHLDA2 overexpression inhibits AKT phosphorylation while decreased PHLDA2 expression increases AKT activity. We further find that PHLDA2 competes with the PH domain of AKT for binding of membrane lipids, thereby directly inhibiting AKT translocation to the cellular membrane and subsequent activation. Indeed, PHLDA2 overexpression suppresses anchorage-independent cell growth and decreased PHLDA2 expression results in increased cell proliferation and reduced sensitivity to targeted agents of EGFR/ErbB2-driven cancers demonstrating functional relevance for this interaction. In summary, our studies demonstrate that PHLDA2 is strongly regulated by EGFR/ErbB2 signaling and inhibits cell proliferation via repressing AKT activation in lung cancers in a negative feedback loop. We highlight a novel action for PHLDA2 as a potential biomarker for AKT pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guangyuan Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sanjay Koul
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rieko Ohki
- Radiobiology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matthew Maurer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alain Borczuk
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Balazs Halmos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Girardot M, Feil R, Llères D. Epigenetic deregulation of genomic imprinting in humans: causal mechanisms and clinical implications. Epigenomics 2013; 5:715-28. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.13.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian genes controlled by genomic imprinting play important roles in development and diverse postnatal processes. A growing number of congenital disorders have been linked to genomic imprinting. Each of these is caused by perturbed gene expression at one principal imprinted domain. Some imprinting disorders, including the Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes, are caused almost exclusively by genetic mutations. In several others, including the Beckwith–Wiedemann and Silver–Russell growth syndromes, and transient neonatal diabetes mellitus, imprinted expression is perturbed mostly by epigenetic alterations at ‘imprinting control regions’ and at other specific regulatory sequences. In a minority of these patients, DNA methylation is altered at multiple imprinted loci, suggesting that common trans-acting factors are affected. Here, we review the epimutations involved in congenital imprinting disorders and the associated clinical features. Trans-acting factors known to be causally involved are discussed and other trans-acting factors that are potentially implicated are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Girardot
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR-5535, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Universities of Montpellier I & II, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Feil
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR-5535, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - David Llères
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), CNRS UMR-5535, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
- Universities of Montpellier I & II, Montpellier, France
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Brioude F, Oliver-Petit I, Blaise A, Praz F, Rossignol S, Le Jule M, Thibaud N, Faussat AM, Tauber M, Le Bouc Y, Netchine I. CDKN1C mutation affecting the PCNA-binding domain as a cause of familial Russell Silver syndrome. J Med Genet 2013; 50:823-30. [PMID: 24065356 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Russell Silver syndrome (RSS) leads to prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. About 55% of RSS patients present a loss-of-methylation of the paternal ICR1 domain on chromosome 11p15. CDKN1C is a cell proliferation inhibitor encoded by an imprinted gene in the 11p15 ICR2 domain. CDKN1C mutations lead to Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome (BWS, overgrowth syndrome) and in IMAGe syndrome which associates growth retardation and adrenal insufficiency. We searched for CDKN1C mutations in a cohort of clinically diagnosed RSS patients with no molecular anomaly. METHOD The coding sequence and intron-exon boundaries of CDKN1C were analysed in 97 RSS patients. The impact of CDKN1C variants on the cell cycle in vitro were determined by flow cytometry. Stability of CDKN1C was studied by western immunoblotting after inhibition of translation with cycloheximide. RESULTS We identified the novel c.836G>[G;T] (p.Arg279Leu) mutation in a familial case of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) with RSS phenotype and no evidence of IMAGe. All the RSS patients inherited this mutation from their mothers (consistent with monoallelic expression from the maternal allele of the gene). A mutation of this amino acid (p.Arg279Pro) has been reported in cases of IMAGe. Functional analysis showed that Arg279Leu (RSS) did not affect the cell cycle, whereas the Arg279Pro mutation (IMAGe) led to a gain of function. Arg279Leu (RSS) led to an increased stability which could explain an increased activity of CDKN1C. CONCLUSIONS CDKN1C mutations cause dominant maternally transmitted RSS, completing the molecular mirror with BWS. CDKN1C should be investigated in cases with family history of RSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Brioude
- AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France
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10
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Li T, Chen H, Li W, Cui J, Wang G, Hu X, Hoffman AR, Hu J. Promoter histone H3K27 methylation in the control of IGF2 imprinting in human tumor cell lines. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:117-28. [PMID: 23962719 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant imprinting of the insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) gene is a molecular hallmark of many tumors. Reactivation of the normally suppressed maternal allele leads to upregulation of the growth factor that promotes tumor growth. However, the mechanisms underlying the loss of imprinting (LOI) remain poorly defined. We examined the epigenotypes at the gene promoters that control IGF2 allelic expression. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we found that in cells characterized by maintenance of IGF2 imprinting, three IGF2 promoters were differentially modified, with the suppressed allele heavily methylated at histone H3K27 while the active allele was unmethylated. In the LOI tumors, however, both alleles were unmethylated, and correspondingly there was no binding of SUZ12, the docking factor of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), and of the zinc finger-containing transcription factor (CTCF) that recruits the PRC2. Using chromatin conformation capture, we found that the CTCF-orchestrated intrachromosomal loop between the IGF2 promoters and the imprinting control region was abrogated in cells with LOI. SUZ12, which docks the PRC2 to IGF2 promoters for H3K27 methylation, was downregulated in LOI cells. These data reveal a new epigenetic control pathway related to the loss of IGF2 imprinting in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Shenzhen Beike Cell Engineering Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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11
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Tury A, Mairet-Coello G, DiCicco-Bloom E. The multiple roles of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory protein p57(KIP2) in cerebral cortical neurogenesis. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:821-42. [PMID: 22076965 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The members of the CIP/KIP family of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitory proteins (CKIs), including p57(KIP2), p27(KIP1), and p21(CIP1), block the progression of the cell cycle by binding and inhibiting cyclin/CDK complexes of the G1 phase. In addition to this well-characterized function, p57(KIP2) and p27(KIP1) have been shown to participate in an increasing number of other important cellular processes including cell fate and differentiation, cell motility and migration, and cell death/survival, both in peripheral and central nervous systems. Increasing evidence over the past few years has characterized the functions of the newest CIP/KIP member p57(KIP2) in orchestrating cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration during neurogenesis. Here, we focus our discussion on the multiple roles played by p57(KIP2) during cortical development, making comparisons to p27(KIP1) as well as the INK4 family of CKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tury
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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12
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Tunster SJ, Van de Pette M, John RM. Fetal overgrowth in the Cdkn1c mouse model of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2011; 4:814-21. [PMID: 21729874 PMCID: PMC3209650 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.007328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the imprinted CDKN1C gene are associated with the childhood developmental disorder Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). Multiple mouse models with deficiency of Cdkn1c recapitulate some aspects of BWS but do not exhibit overgrowth of the newborn, a cardinal feature of patients with BWS. In this study, we found that Cdkn1c mutants attained a 20% increase in weight during gestation but experienced a rapid reversal of this positive growth trajectory very late in gestation. We observed a marked effect on placental development concurrently with this loss of growth potential, with the appearance of large thrombotic lesions in the labyrinth zone. The trilaminar trophoblast layer that separates the maternal blood sinusoids from fetal capillaries was disordered with a loss of sinusoidal giant cells, suggesting a role for Cdkn1c in maintaining the integrity of the maternal-fetal interface. Furthermore, the overgrowth of mutant pups decreased in the face of increasing intrauterine competition, identifying a role for Cdkn1c in the allocation of the maternal resources via the placenta. This work explains one difficulty in precisely replicating BWS in this animal model: the differences in reproductive strategies between the multiparous mouse, in which intrauterine competition is high, and humans, in which singleton pregnancies are more common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Tunster
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
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13
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Romanelli V, Meneses HNM, Fernández L, Martínez-Glez V, Gracia-Bouthelier R, F Fraga M, Guillén E, Nevado J, Gean E, Martorell L, Marfil VE, García-Miñaur S, Lapunzina P. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and uniparental disomy 11p: fine mapping of the recombination breakpoints and evaluation of several techniques. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19:416-21. [PMID: 21248736 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a phenotypically and genotypically heterogeneous overgrowth syndrome characterized by somatic overgrowth, macroglossia and abdominal wall defects. Other usual findings are hemihyperplasia, embryonal tumours, adrenocortical cytomegaly, ear anomalies, visceromegaly, renal abnormalities, neonatal hypoglycaemia, cleft palate, polydactyly and a positive family history. BWS is a complex, multigenic disorder associated, in up to 90% of patients, with alteration in the expression or function of one or more genes in the 11p15.5 imprinted gene cluster. There are several molecular anomalies associated with BWS and the large proportion of cases, about 85%, is sporadic and karyotypically normal. One of the major categories of BWS molecular alteration (10-20% of cases) is represented by mosaic paternal uniparental disomy (pUPD), namely patients with two paternally derived copies of chromosome 11p15 and no maternal contribution for that. In these patients, in addition to the effects of IGF2 overexpression, a decreased level of the maternally expressed gene CDKN1C may contribute to the BWS phenotype. In this paper, we reviewed a series of nine patients with BWS because of pUPD using several methods with the aim to evaluate the percentage of mosaicism, the methylation status at both loci, the extension of the pUPD at the short arm and the breakpoints of recombination. Fine mapping of mitotic recombination breakpoints by single-nucleotide polymorphism-array in individuals with UPD and fine estimation of epigenetic defects will provide a basis for understanding the aetiology of BWS, allowing more accurate prognostic predictions and facilitating management and surveillance of individuals with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Romanelli
- INGEMM, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, IDIPaz, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Romanelli V, Belinchón A, Benito-Sanz S, Martínez-Glez V, Gracia-Bouthelier R, Heath KE, Campos-Barros A, García-Miñaur S, Fernandez L, Meneses H, López-Siguero JP, Guillén-Navarro E, Gómez-Puertas P, Wesselink JJ, Mercado G, Esteban-Marfil V, Palomo R, Mena R, Sánchez A, Del Campo M, Lapunzina P. CDKN1C (p57(Kip2)) analysis in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) patients: Genotype-phenotype correlations, novel mutations, and polymorphisms. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1390-7. [PMID: 20503313 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth syndrome characterized by macroglossia, macrosomia, and abdominal wall defects. It is a multigenic disorder caused in most patients by alterations in growth regulatory genes. A small number of individuals with BWS (5-10%) have mutations in CDKN1C, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor of G1 cyclin complexes that functions as a negative regulator of cellular growth and proliferation. Here, we report on eight patients with BWS and CDKN1C mutations and review previous reported cases. We analyzed 72 patients (50 BWS, 17 with isolated hemihyperplasia (IH), three with omphalocele, and two with macroglossia) for CDKN1C defects with the aim to search for new mutations and to define genotype-phenotype correlations. Our findings suggest that BWS patients with CDKN1C mutations have a different pattern of clinical malformations than those with other molecular defects. Polydactyly, genital abnormalities, extra nipple, and cleft palate are more frequently observed in BWS with mutations in CDKN1C. The clinical observation of these malformations may help to decide which genetic characterization should be undertaken (i.e., CDKN1C screening), thus optimizing the laboratory evaluation for BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Romanelli
- INGEMM, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, IdiPAZ-Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Abnormal Expression of the Imprinted Gene Phlda2 in Cloned Bovine Placenta. Placenta 2010; 31:482-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Pateras IS, Apostolopoulou K, Niforou K, Kotsinas A, Gorgoulis VG. p57KIP2: "Kip"ing the cell under control. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1902-19. [PMID: 19934273 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p57(KIP2) is an imprinted gene located at the chromosomal locus 11p15.5. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor belonging to the CIP/KIP family, which includes additionally p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p27(KIP1). It is the least studied CIP/KIP member and has a unique role in embryogenesis. p57(KIP2) regulates the cell cycle, although novel functions have been attributed to this protein including cytoskeletal organization. Molecular analysis of animal models and patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome have shown its nodal implication in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. p57(KIP2) is frequently down-regulated in many common human malignancies through several mechanisms, denoting its anti-oncogenic function. This review is a thorough analysis of data available on p57(KIP2), in relation to p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p27(KIP1), on gene and protein structure, its transcriptional and translational regulation, and its role in human physiology and pathology, focusing on cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis S Pateras
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
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17
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Tzekov RT, Sohocki MM, Daiger SP, Birch DG. Visual phenotype in patients with Arg41Gln and Ala196+1bp mutations in the CRX gene. Ophthalmic Genet 2009. [DOI: 10.1076/1381-6810(200006)2121-8ft089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Rosati R, Cerrato F, Doghman M, Pianovski MAD, Parise GA, Custódio G, Zambetti GP, Ribeiro RC, Riccio A, Figueiredo BC, Lalli E. High frequency of loss of heterozygosity at 11p15 and IGF2 overexpression are not related to clinical outcome in childhood adrenocortical tumors positive for the R337H TP53 mutation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 186:19-24. [PMID: 18786438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A germline TP53 R337H mutation is present in childhood adrenocortical tumors (ACT) from southern Brazil. Other genetic alterations are also frequently found in these tumors. This study was designed to assess whether alterations of the 11p15 region exist in childhood ACT, accounting for IGF2 overexpression in these tumors, and how they are related to clinical outcome. Tumor DNA of 12 children with ACT (4 adenomas and 8 carcinomas) and from the blood of their parents was analyzed. All patients showed 11p15 loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the tumor. In contrast to the single case of paternal LOH, IGF2 was overexpressed in tumors with maternal allele loss. Our data show that 11p15 LOH is a widespread finding in childhood ACT not related with malignancy, contrary to adult ACT. Alterations in the expression of other genes in the same region (e.g., CDKN1C) may contribute to ACT tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rosati
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Principe, Curitiba, Av. Silva Jardim, Paraná, Brazil
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Li M, Squire JA, Weksberg R. Developmental Biology: Frontiers for Clinical Genetics: Overgrowth syndromes and genomie imprinting: from mouse to man. Clin Genet 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1998.tb02668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jin RJ, Lho Y, Wang Y, Ao M, Revelo MP, Hayward SW, Wills ML, Logan SK, Zhang P, Matusik RJ. Down-regulation of p57Kip2 induces prostate cancer in the mouse. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3601-8. [PMID: 18483241 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p57(Kip2) has been considered a candidate tumor suppressor gene because of its location in the genome, biochemical activities, and imprinting status. However, little is known about the role of p57(Kip2) in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Here, we show that the expression of p57(Kip2) is significantly decreased in human prostate cancer, and the overexpression of p57(Kip2) in prostate cancer cells significantly suppressed cell proliferation and reduced invasive ability. In addition, overexpression of p57(Kip2) in LNCaP cells inhibited tumor formation in nude mice, resulting in well-differentiated squamous tumors rather than adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, the prostates of p57(Kip2) knockout mice developed prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma. Remarkably, this mouse prostate cancer is pathologically identical to human prostate adenocarcinoma. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that p57(Kip2) is an important gene in prostate cancer tumorigenesis, and the p57(Kip2) pathway may be a potential target for prostate cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Jie Jin
- Vanderbilt Prostate Cancer Center and Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenessee, USA
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Abstract
First identified as cell cycle inhibitors mediating the growth inhibitory cues of upstream signaling pathways, the cyclin-CDK inhibitors of the Cip/Kip family p21Cip1, p27Kip1, and p57Kip2 have emerged as multifaceted proteins with functions beyond cell cycle regulation. In addition to regulating the cell cycle, Cip/Kip proteins play important roles in apoptosis, transcriptional regulation, cell fate determination, cell migration and cytoskeletal dynamics. A complex phosphorylation network modulates Cip/Kip protein functions by altering their subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions, and stability. These functions are essential for the maintenance of normal cell and tissue homeostasis, in processes ranging from embryonic development to tumor suppression.
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Cdkn1c (p57Kip2) is the major regulator of embryonic growth within its imprinted domain on mouse distal chromosome 7. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:53. [PMID: 17517131 PMCID: PMC1891291 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Cdkn1c encodes an embryonic cyclin-dependant kinase inhibitor that acts to negatively regulate cell proliferation and, in some tissues, to actively direct differentiation. This gene, which is an imprinted gene expressed only from the maternal allele, lies within a complex region on mouse distal chromosome 7, called the IC2 domain, which contains several other imprinted genes. Studies on mouse embryos suggest a key role for genomic imprinting in regulating embryonic growth and this has led to the proposal that imprinting evolved as a consequence of the mismatched contribution of parental resources in mammals. Results In this study, we characterised the phenotype of mice carrying different copy number integrations of a bacterial artificial chromosome spanning Cdkn1c. Excess Cdkn1c resulted in embryonic growth retardation that was dosage-dependent and also responsive to the genetic background. Two-fold expression of Cdkn1c in a subset of tissues caused a 10–30% reduction in embryonic weight, embryonic lethality and was associated with a reduction in the expression of the potent, non-imprinted embryonic growth factor, Igf1. Conversely, loss of expression of Cdkn1c resulted in embryos that were 11% heavier with a two-fold increase in Igf1. Conclusion We have shown that embryonic growth in mice is exquisitely sensitive to the precise dosage of Cdkn1c. Cdkn1c is a maternally expressed gene and our findings support the prediction of the parental conflict hypothesis that that the paternal genome silences genes that have an inhibitory role in embryonic growth. Within the IC2 imprinted domain, Cdkn1c encodes the major regulator of embryonic growth and we propose that Cdkn1c was the focal point of the selective pressure for imprinting of this domain.
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Sparago A, Russo S, Cerrato F, Ferraiuolo S, Castorina P, Selicorni A, Schwienbacher C, Negrini M, Ferrero GB, Silengo MC, Anichini C, Larizza L, Riccio A. Mechanisms causing imprinting defects in familial Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome with Wilms' tumour. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 16:254-64. [PMID: 17158821 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The imprinted expression of the IGF2 and H19 genes is controlled by the Imprinting Centre 1 (IC1) at chromosome 11p15.5. This is a methylation-sensitive chromatin insulator that works by binding the zinc-finger protein CTCF in a parent-specific manner. Microdeletions abolishing some of the CTCF target sites (CTSs) of IC1 have been associated with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). However, the link between these mutations and the molecular and clinical phenotypes was debated. We have identified two novel families with IC1 deletions, in which individuals with the clinical features of the BWS are present in multiple generations. By analysing the methylation pattern at the IGF2-H19 locus together with the clinical phenotypes in the individuals with maternal and those with paternal transmission of five different deletions, we demonstrate that maternal transmission of 1.4-1.8 kb deletions in the IC1 region co-segregates with the hypermethylation of the residual CTSs and BWS phenotype with complete penetrance, whereas normal phenotype is observed upon paternal transmission. Although gene expression could not be assayed in all cases, the methylation detected at the IGF2 DMR2 and H19 promoter suggests that IC1 hypermethylation is consistently associated with biallelic activation of IGF2 and biallelic silencing of H19. Comparison of these deletions with a 2.2 kb one previously reported by another group indicates that the spacing of the CTSs on the deleted allele is critical for the gain of the abnormal methylation and penetrance of the clinical phenotype. Furthermore, we observe that the hypermethylation resulting from the deletions is always mosaic, suggesting that the epigenetic defect at the IGF2-H19 locus is established post-zygotically and may cause body asymmetry and heterogeneity of the clinical phenotype. Finally, the IC1 microdeletions are associated with a high incidence of Wilms' tumour, making their molecular diagnosis particularly important for genetic counselling and tumour surveillance at follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sparago
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Seconda Università di Napoli, via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Satoh Y, Nakadate H, Nakagawachi T, Higashimoto K, Joh K, Masaki Z, Uozumi J, Kaneko Y, Mukai T, Soejima H. Genetic and epigenetic alterations on the short arm of chromosome 11 are involved in a majority of sporadic Wilms' tumours. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:541-7. [PMID: 16909133 PMCID: PMC2360663 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilms' tumour is one of the most common solid tumours of childhood. 11p13 (WT1 locus) and 11p15.5 (WT2 locus) are known to have genetic or epigenetic aberrations in these tumours. In Wilms' tumours, mutation of the Wilms tumour 1 (WT1) gene at the WT1 locus has been reported, and the WT2 locus, comprising the two independent imprinted domains IGF2/H19 and KIP2/LIT1, can undergo maternal deletion or alterations associated with imprinting. Although these alterations have been identified in many studies, it is still not clear how frequently combined genetic and epigenetic alterations of these loci are involved in Wilms' tumours or how these alterations occur. To answer both questions, we performed genetic and epigenetic analyses of these loci, together with an additional gene, CTNNB1, in 35 sporadic Wilms' tumours. Loss of heterozygosity of 11p15.5 and loss of imprinting of IGF2 were the most frequent genetic (29%) and epigenetic (40%) alterations in Wilms' tumours, respectively. In total, 83% of the tumours had at least one alteration at 11p15.5 and/or 11p13. One-third of the tumours had alterations at multiple loci. Our results suggest that chromosome 11p is not only genetically but also epigenetically critical for the majority of Wilms' tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Satoh
- Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - H Nakadate
- Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University Hospital, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan
| | - T Nakagawachi
- Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - K Higashimoto
- Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - K Joh
- Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Z Masaki
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - J Uozumi
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Y Kaneko
- Saitama Cancer Center, Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - T Mukai
- Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - H Soejima
- Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
- E-mail:
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Diaz-Meyer N, Yang Y, Sait SN, Maher ER, Higgins MJ. Alternative mechanisms associated with silencing of CDKN1C in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. J Med Genet 2006; 42:648-55. [PMID: 16061564 PMCID: PMC1736119 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the imprinted gene CDKN1C account for approximately 10% of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) cases. Fibroblasts from BWS patients with loss of methylation (LOM) at the imprinting control region (ICR) KvDMR1 have reduced CDKN1C expression. Another group of BWS patients with downregulated CDKN1C expression but with normal methylation at KvDMR1 has been identified. OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of CDKN1C silencing in BWS in these two classes of patients. METHODS The CDKN1C promoter region was analysed for changes in DNA methylation using bisulphite sequencing, and for alterations in chromatin structure using the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. RESULTS There was only spurious CpG methylation of the CDKN1C promoter in fibroblast DNA from both normal individuals and patients with BWS, irrespective of the methylation status of KvDMR1. There was no detectable change in chromatin structure at the CDKN1C promoter in patients with LOM at KvDMR1. BWS patients with downregulated CDKN1C and normal methylation at KvDMR1 had depletion of dimethylated H3-K4 and enrichment of dimethylated H3-K9 and HP1gamma at the CDKN1C promoter, suggesting that in these cases gene silencing is associated with repressive chromatin changes. CONCLUSIONS CDKN1C may be downregulated by multiple mechanisms including some that do not involve promoter methylation. In BWS patients with normal methylation at KvDMR1 and reduced expression of CDKN1C, repressive chromatin may play a role, but the absence of methylation and repressive chromatin structure at the CDKN1C promoter in BWS patients with LOM at KvDMR1 argues for a direct role of this epimutation in silencing CDKN1C.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Diaz-Meyer
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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26
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Yamasaki L. Modeling cell cycle control and cancer with pRB tumor suppressor. Results Probl Cell Differ 2006; 42:227-56. [PMID: 16903213 DOI: 10.1007/b136682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex syndrome of diseases characterized by the increased abundance of cells that disrupts the normal tissue architecture within an organism. Defining one universal mechanism underlying cancer with the hope of designing a magic bullet against cancer is impossible, largely because there is so much variation between various types of cancer and different individuals. However, we have learned much in past decades about different journeys that a normal cell takes to become cancerous, and that the delicate balance between oncogenes and tumor suppressor is upset, favoring growth and survival of the tumor cell. One of the most important cellular barriers to cancer development is the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (pRB) pathway, which is inactivated in a wide range of human tumors and controls cell cycle progression via repression of the E2F/DP transcription factor family. Much of the clarity with which we view tumor suppression via pRB is due to our belief in the universality of the cell cycle and our attempts to model tumor pathways in vivo, nowhere so evident as in the multitude of data emerging from mutant mouse models that have been engineered to understand how cell cycle regulators limit growth in vivo and how deregulation of these regulators facilitates cancer development. In spite of this clarity, we have witnessed with incredulity several stunning results in the last 2 years that have challenged the very foundations of the cell cycle paradigm and made us question seriously how important these cell cycle regulators actually are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yamasaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Mancini-Dinardo D, Steele SJS, Levorse JM, Ingram RS, Tilghman SM. Elongation of the Kcnq1ot1 transcript is required for genomic imprinting of neighboring genes. Genes Dev 2006; 20:1268-82. [PMID: 16702402 PMCID: PMC1472902 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1416906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The imprinted gene cluster at the telomeric end of mouse chromosome 7 contains a differentially methylated CpG island, KvDMR, that is required for the imprinting of multiple genes, including the genes encoding the maternally expressed placental-specific transcription factor ASCL2, the cyclin-dependent kinase CDKN1C, and the potassium channel KCNQ1. The KvDMR, which maps within intron 10 of Kcnq1, contains the promoter for a paternally expressed, noncoding, antisense transcript, Kcnq1ot1. A 244-base-pair deletion of the promoter on the paternal allele leads to the derepression of all silent genes tested. To distinguish between the loss of silencing as the consequence of the absence of transcription or the transcript itself, we prematurely truncated the Kcnq1ot1 transcript by inserting a transcriptional stop signal downstream of the promoter. We show that the lack of a full-length Kcnq1ot1 transcript on the paternal chromosome leads to the expression of genes that are normally paternally repressed. Finally, we demonstrate that five highly conserved repeats residing at the 5' end of the Kcnq1ot1 transcript are not required for imprinting at this locus.
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28
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Sato N, Matsubayashi H, Abe T, Fukushima N, Goggins M. Epigenetic down-regulation of CDKN1C/p57KIP2 in pancreatic ductal neoplasms identified by gene expression profiling. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:4681-8. [PMID: 16000561 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is an increasingly identified precursor to infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma. Although our knowledge of the clinical and pathologic features of IPMNs is increasing, the molecular mechanisms underlying these neoplasms remain poorly understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS To provide further insight into the molecular pathobiology of IPMNs, global expression profiling was done to determine genes that are inactivated/down-regulated in IPMNs using oligonucleotide microarrays (Affymetrix). RESULTS In total, 300 unique transcripts (217 known genes) were identified as highly underexpressed in 12 IPMNs (<10-fold lower and P < 0.05) compared with five normal pancreatic ductal epithelium samples obtained by laser capture microdissection. The differential expression of a selection of genes was confirmed using reverse-transcription PCR. One of the genes underexpressed at both the transcriptional and protein level in a significant proportion of IPMNs was the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, CDKN1C/p57KIP2. CDKN1C expression was also decreased in many pancreatic cancer cell lines and was restored following treatment with a DNA methylation inhibitor (5-aza-2'-deoxycitidine) or, more potently, with a histone deacetylase inhibitor (trichostatin A). Partial methylation of the CDKN1C promoter CpG island was found in most, but not all, pancreatic cancer cell lines with reduced CDKN1C expression, and was also detectable in IPMNs. Furthermore, a subset of pancreatic cancers showed complete hypomethylation of LIT1, an imprinting control region important for the regulation of CDKN1C expression. Complete hypomethylation in these cancers was the result of deletion of the methylated LIT1 allele at 11p15.5 rather than loss of imprinting. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CDKN1C is commonly down-regulated in pancreatic ductal neoplasms through a combination of promoter hypermethylation, histone deacetylation, and loss of the maternal allele expressing CDKN1C.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cluster Analysis
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57/metabolism
- Decitabine
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Sato
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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29
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Weksberg R, Shuman C, Smith AC. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2005; 137C:12-23. [PMID: 16010676 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a clinically heterogeneous overgrowth syndrome associated with an increased risk for embryonal tumor development. BWS provides an ideal model system to study epigenetic mechanisms. This condition is caused by a variety of genetic or epigenetic alterations within two domains of imprinted growth regulatory genes on human chromosome 11p15. Molecular studies of BWS have provided important data with respect to epigenotype/genotype-phenotype correlations; for example, alterations of Domain 1 are associated with the highest risk for tumor development, specifically Wilms' tumor. Further, the elucidation of the molecular basis for monozygotic twinning in BWS defined a critical period for imprint maintenance during pre-implantation embryonic development. In the future, such molecular studies in BWS will permit enhanced medical management and targeted genetic counseling.
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30
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Lapunzina P. Risk of tumorigenesis in overgrowth syndromes: a comprehensive review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2005; 137C:53-71. [PMID: 16010678 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Overgrowth syndromes (OGS) comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders in which the main characteristic is that either weight, height, or head circumference is 2-3 standard deviations (SD) above the mean for sex and age. A striking feature of OGS is the risk of neoplasms. Here, the relative frequency of specific tumors in each OGS, topographic location, and age of appearance is determined by reviewing published cases. In some OGS (Perlman, Beckwith-Wiedemann, and Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndromes and hemihyperplasia) more than 94% of tumors appeared in the abdomen usually before 10 years of age, mainly embryonal in type. In Perlman syndrome, only Wilms tumor has been recorded, whereas in Sotos syndrome, lympho-hematologic tumors are most frequent. Based on literature review, a specific schedule protocol for tumor screening is suggested for each OGS. A schedule with different intervals and specific tests is proposed for a more rational cost/benefit program for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lapunzina
- Department of Genetics, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Autónoma University of Madrid, Spain
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31
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Arima T, Kamikihara T, Hayashida T, Kato K, Inoue T, Shirayoshi Y, Oshimura M, Soejima H, Mukai T, Wake N. ZAC, LIT1 (KCNQ1OT1) and p57KIP2 (CDKN1C) are in an imprinted gene network that may play a role in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:2650-60. [PMID: 15888726 PMCID: PMC1097765 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of genomic imprinting is involved in a number of developmental abnormalities and cancers. ZAC is an imprinted gene expressed from the paternal allele of chromosome 6q24 within a region known to harbor a tumor suppressor gene for several types of neoplasia. p57KIP2 (CDKN1C) is a maternally expressed gene located on chromosome 11p15.5 which encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that may also act as a tumor suppressor gene. Mutations in ZAC and p57KIP2 have been implicated in transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDB) and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, respectively. Patients with these diseases share many characteristics. Here we show that mouse Zac1 and p57Kip2 have a strikingly similar expression pattern. ZAC, a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein, binds within the CpG island of LIT1 (KCNQ1OT1), a paternally expressed, anti-sense RNA thought to negatively regulate p57KIP2 in cis. ZAC induces LIT1 transcription in a methylation-dependent manner. Our data suggest that ZAC may regulate p57KIP2 through LIT1, forming part of a novel signaling pathway regulating cell growth. Mutations in ZAC may, therefore, contribute to Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome. Furthermore, we find changes in DNA methylation at the LIT1 putative imprinting control region in two patients with TNDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Arima
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +81 977 271660; Fax: +81 977 271661;
| | | | - Toshirou Hayashida
- Department of Molecular and Cell Genetics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori UniversityNishi-cho 86, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | | | - Toshiaki Inoue
- Department of Human Genome Science (Kirin Brewery), Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori UniversityNishi-cho 86, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Shirayoshi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Genetics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori UniversityNishi-cho 86, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori UniversityNishi-cho 86, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Soejima
- Department of Biochemistry, Saga Medical School5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Tunehiro Mukai
- Department of Human Genome Science (Kirin Brewery), Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori UniversityNishi-cho 86, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
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Nielsen EMD, Hansen L, Stissing T, Yanagisawa K, Borch-Johnsen K, Poulsen P, Vaag A, Hansen T, Pedersen O. Studies of variations of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C and the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 genes in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus and related quantitative traits. J Mol Med (Berl) 2005; 83:353-61. [PMID: 15821902 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-005-0647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
CDK4 is involved in the regulation of body weight, pancreatic beta-cell proliferation, insulin responsiveness, and diabetes pathogenesis. CDK4 activity is inhibited by CDKN1C, which is regulated by insulin. In addition, CDKN1C plays an important role in beta-cell proliferation and is involved in the pathogenesis of the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, a disorder characterized by neonatal hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia and pre- and post-natal overgrowth. The aim of this study was to investigate if variations in the proximal promoter and the coding region of the CDKN1C and CDK4 genes are associated with type 2 diabetes or changes in related quantitative phenotypes among glucose-tolerant subjects. Mutation analyses of the two genes in 62 type 2 diabetic patients resulted in the discovery of seven variants of CDKN1C and two variants of CDK4. In a case-control study comprising 717 type 2 diabetic patients and 518 glucose-tolerant subjects the most frequent variants did not show any difference in allele frequencies between the type 2 diabetic patients and the control subjects. However, in two genotype-quantitative trait correlation studies involving 206 glucose-tolerant offspring of type 2 diabetic patients and 359 young, healthy subjects the CDKN1C del171APVA variant associated with increased birth weight (P=0.05 and P=0.05). Furthermore, the same variant tended to be associated with decreased basal glucose oxidation among 16 genotypically discordant dizygotic twins (P=0.03). In a genotype-quantitative trait study involving 500 middle-aged glucose-tolerant subjects the CDK4 IVS2-31G-->A variant was associated with an increased waist circumference (P=0.03) and waist-to-hip ratio (P=0.02) and altered fasting plasma glucose (P=0.03). However, these later findings could not be replicated in additional studies. In conclusion, variants in CDKN1C may contribute to the inter-individual variation in birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria D Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center and Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
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33
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Potikha T, Kassem S, Haber EP, Ariel I, Glaser B. p57Kip2 (cdkn1c): sequence, splice variants and unique temporal and spatial expression pattern in the rat pancreas. J Transl Med 2005; 85:364-75. [PMID: 15696192 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p57Kip2 (CDKN1C) is a negative regulator of cell proliferation, binding to a variety of cyclin-CDK complexes and inhibiting their kinase activities in vitro. The p57Kip2 gene is imprinted and the maternal allele is expressed in terminally differentiated cells, including human beta-cells. Somatic loss of p57Kip2 expression is associated with increased beta-cell proliferation in the focal form of Hyperinsulinism of Infancy. We cloned and sequenced the rat ortholog of p57Kip2, and demonstrate that it is highly homologous to the mouse gene. However, the human and rodent genes are quite divergent. Despite having highly homologous C- and N-terminal domains, the mid-portion of the human gene is entirely different from that of its rodent counterparts. Expression of p57Kip2 was evaluated during fetal and postnatal development, and a highly cell-specific, temporal and spatial expression profile was found. In contrast to other tissues, the expression pattern in rat pancreas was entirely opposite from that previously reported in man, with high levels of expression in rodent exocrine cells, but no expression in beta-cells during any stage of development. These findings demonstrate that p57Kip2 expression is highly regulated. In the pancreas, the functional significance of this gene appears to be quite different in humans when compared with rodents, suggesting that a better understanding of the function of this protein may provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in the control of human beta-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Potikha
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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34
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Lew JM, Fei YL, Aleck K, Blencowe BJ, Weksberg R, Sadowski PD. CDKN1C mutation in Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome patients reduces RNA splicing efficiency and identifies a splicing enhancer. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 127A:268-76. [PMID: 15150778 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS) is a human overgrowth disorder that is accompanied by an increased risk of embryonal tumors and is associated with dsyregulation of the imprinting of genes in chromosome 11p15.5. Maternally inherited mutations in the imprinted CDKN1C gene are known to be associated with WBS. We have identified a novel mutation in several members of a large family affected by WBS. The mutation is a G --> T change in a run of seven G's near the 5' splice site of intron 3. All obligate carriers and affected individuals carry the mutation, and in each affected case, the allele was inherited maternally, strongly suggesting a role in causing WBS. The mutation is located in a poly-G tract in the intron; intronic G-rich sequences in other genes have been shown to have a role in promoting splicing. In transfected 293HEK cells, we found that the G --> T mutation reduced splicing efficiency. Mutation of all seven G's in the poly-G tract further reduced splicing efficiency, supporting a role for the G-tract as a splicing enhancer. The fibroblasts of one affected patient showed a similar reduction in splicing efficiency. Maternal monoallelic expression of CDKN1C was verified in this patient cell line. However, the total amount of spliced message was not reduced by the mutation in spite of the reduced efficiency of splicing. We discuss the possible role of the splicing defect in the pathogenesis of WBS in this pedigree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne M Lew
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Devriendt K. Hydatidiform mole and triploidy: the role of genomic imprinting in placental development. Hum Reprod Update 2005; 11:137-42. [PMID: 15677707 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmh060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting, the differential expression of paternal and maternal alleles, is involved in the regulation of embryonic and fetal growth and development. In this review, we focus on the genetics of a disorder caused by a global defect in genomic imprinting, the hydatidiform mole. The ratio between the maternal and paternal genomes is critical in determining the development of both the embryonic and extraembryonic tissues, with an excess of paternally derived chromosomes leading to a complete (no maternal genome) or partial (lower amount of maternal chromosomes) mole. The recent identification and molecular studies in biparental complete moles may yield more insight into the regulation of imprinting during gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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36
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Rump P, Zeegers MPA, van Essen AJ. Tumor risk in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: A review and meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 136:95-104. [PMID: 15887271 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth syndrome associated with macroglossia, abdominal wall defects, ear anomalies, and an increased risk for embryonic tumors. Reported tumor risk estimates vary between 4% and 21%. It has been hypothesized that tumor predisposition in BWS is related to the imprinting status of the H19 and LIT1 genes on chromosome 11p15. A loss of imprinting (LOI) of H19 implies a higher tumor risk. However, a systematic analysis of available data is lacking. Therefore, we performed a review and meta-analysis of reported associations between the imprinting status of the LIT1 and H19 genes and the risk for tumor development in BWS. Five publications suitable for meta-analysis were identified by electronic database searches. Sufficient data were available for 402 out of 520 patients. Patients were divided into four groups based on the imprinting status of H19 and LIT1: group I with LOI of LIT1 (45%); group II with LOI of H19 (9%); group III with LOI of LIT1 and LOI of H19 (21%); and group IV with normal imprinting patterns (26%). Differences in tumor risk between groups were studied with random effects meta-analysis. Tumors occurred in 55 patients. The odds of tumor development was significantly lower in group I when compared to group II (OR=0.06; 95% CI: 0.02-0.21) and group III (OR=0.12; 95% CI: 0.04-0.37). Tumor risk did not differ significantly between groups II and III (OR=1.40; 95% CI: 0.56-3.50). Compared to group IV, tumor risk was significantly lower in group I (OR=0.33; 95% CI: 0.12-0.87) and higher in groups II (OR=4.0; 95% CI: 1.5-10.4) and III (OR=2.6; 95% CI: 1.2-5.7). Tumor incidence rate for group IV was 10.6% (95% CI: 3.6-17.7). Calculated absolute risks were 3% for group I, 43% for group II, and 28% for group III, respectively. No Wilms tumor was seen in group I. In total, other tumors were seen with comparable frequencies in groups I-III. The results show a strong association between a LOI of H19 and especially Wilms tumor development in BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rump
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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37
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Niemitz EL, DeBaun MR, Fallon J, Murakami K, Kugoh H, Oshimura M, Feinberg AP. Microdeletion of LIT1 in familial Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 75:844-9. [PMID: 15372379 PMCID: PMC1182113 DOI: 10.1086/425343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), which causes prenatal overgrowth, midline abdominal wall defects, macroglossia, and embryonal tumors, is a model for understanding the relationship between genomic imprinting, human development, and cancer. The causes are heterogeneous, involving multiple genes on 11p15 and including infrequent mutation of p57(KIP2) or loss of imprinting of either of two imprinted gene domains on 11p15: LIT1, which is near p57(KIP2), or H19/IGF2. Unlike Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, no chromosomal deletions have yet been identified. Here we report a microdeletion including the entire LIT1 gene, providing genetic confirmation of the importance of this gene region in BWS. When inherited maternally, the deletion causes BWS with silencing of p57(KIP2), indicating deletion of an element important for the regulation of p57(KIP2) expression. When inherited paternally, there is no phenotype, suggesting that the LIT1 RNA itself is not necessary for normal development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Niemitz
- Predoctoral Program in Human Genetics and Departments of Medicine, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; and Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Michael R. DeBaun
- Predoctoral Program in Human Genetics and Departments of Medicine, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; and Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Jonathan Fallon
- Predoctoral Program in Human Genetics and Departments of Medicine, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; and Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Murakami
- Predoctoral Program in Human Genetics and Departments of Medicine, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; and Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kugoh
- Predoctoral Program in Human Genetics and Departments of Medicine, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; and Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Predoctoral Program in Human Genetics and Departments of Medicine, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; and Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Andrew P. Feinberg
- Predoctoral Program in Human Genetics and Departments of Medicine, Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; and Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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38
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Li G, Domenico J, Lucas JJ, Gelfand EW. Identification of multiple cell cycle regulatory functions of p57Kip2 in human T lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2383-91. [PMID: 15294951 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The specific functions of p57(Kip2) in lymphocytes have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, it is shown that p57(Kip2), which is a member of the Cip/Kip family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, is present in the nuclei of normal resting (G(0)) T cells from peripheral blood and in the nuclei of the T cell-derived Jurkat cell line. Activation through the TCR results in rapid transport of cytoplasmic cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (cdk6) to nuclei, where it associates with cyclin D and p57(Kip2) in active enzyme complexes. Using purified recombinant proteins, it was shown in vitro that addition of p57(Kip2) protein to a mixture of cyclin D2 and cdk6 enhanced the association of the latter two proteins and resulted in phosphorylation of p57(Kip2). To probe further the function of p57(Kip2), Jurkat cells stably transfected with a plasmid encoding p57(Kip2) under control of an inducible (tetracycline) promoter were made. Induction of p57(Kip2) resulted in increased association of cdk6 with cyclin D3, without receptor-mediated T cell stimulation. The overall amounts of cdk6 and cyclin D3, and also of cdk4 and cyclin E, remained unchanged. Most notably, increased p57(Kip2) levels resulted in marked inhibition of both cyclin E- and cyclin A-associated cdk2 kinase activities and a decrease in cyclin A amounts. Therefore, although facilitating activation of cdk6, the ultimate outcome of p57(Kip2) induction was a decrease in DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. The results indicate that p57(Kip2) is involved in the regulation of several aspects of the T cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiming Li
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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39
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Soejima H, Nakagawachi T, Zhao W, Higashimoto K, Urano T, Matsukura S, Kitajima Y, Takeuchi M, Nakayama M, Oshimura M, Miyazaki K, Joh K, Mukai T. Silencing of imprinted CDKN1C gene expression is associated with loss of CpG and histone H3 lysine 9 methylation at DMR-LIT1 in esophageal cancer. Oncogene 2004; 23:4380-8. [PMID: 15007390 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The putative tumor suppressor CDKN1C is an imprinted gene at 11p15.5, a well-known imprinted region often deleted in tumors. The absence of somatic mutations and the frequent diminished expression in tumors would suggest that CDKN1C expression is regulated epigenetically. It has been, however, controversial whether the diminution is caused by imprinting disruption of the CDKN1C/LIT1 domain or by promoter hypermethylation of CDKN1C itself. To clarify this, we investigated the CpG methylation index of the CDKN1C promoter and the differentially methylated region of the LIT1 CpG island (differentially methylated region (DMR)-LIT1), an imprinting control region of the domain, and CDKN1C expression in esophageal cancer cell lines. CDKN1C expression was diminished in 10 of 17 lines and statistically correlated with the loss of methylation at DMR-LIT1 in all but three. However, there was no statistical correlation between CDKN1C promoter MI and CDKN1C expression. Furthermore, loss of CpG methylation was associated with loss of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation at DMR-LIT1. Histone modifications at CDKN1C promoter were not correlated with CDKN1C expression. The data suggested that the diminished CDKN1C expression is associated with the loss of methylation of CpG and H3K9 at DMR-LIT1, not by its own promoter CpG methylation, and is involved in esophageal cancer, implying that DMR-LIT1 epigenetically regulates CDKN1C expression not through histone modifications at CDKN1C promoter, but through that of DMR-LIT1.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- CpG Islands
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57
- DNA Methylation
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Esophageal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genomic Imprinting
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Methylation
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- RNA, Long Noncoding
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Soejima
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Saga Medical School, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501 Japan.
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40
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Albrecht S, Hartmann W, Houshdaran F, Koch A, Gärtner B, Prawitt D, Zabel BU, Russo P, Von Schweinitz D, Pietsch T. Allelic loss but absence of mutations in the polyspecific transporter geneBWR1Aon 11p15.5 in hepatoblastoma. Int J Cancer 2004; 111:627-32. [PMID: 15239143 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal region 11p15.5 shows frequent maternal allelic loss in embryonal tumors, including rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), Wilms' tumor (WT) and hepatoblastoma (HB), consistent with the presence of at least one tumor suppressor gene in this region, which should be paternally imprinted, i.e., expressed from the maternal allele only. The BWR1A gene encodes a polyspecific transmembrane transporter and is located on 11p15.5. It is highly expressed in liver, paternally imprinted and was found to be mutated in an RMS cell line, making it a plausible tumor suppressor gene for HB. We therefore screened 62 HBs, 3 HB cell lines and 1 pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma for BWR1A mutations using single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Allelic loss on 11p15.5 was assessed by PCR-based microsatellite analysis in 56 of the cases for which constitutional DNA was available. BWR1A mRNA expression was determined in 14 HBs by differential RT-PCR of matched cDNA samples from tumor and normal liver. Western blot analysis was performed on 4 tumors and matching normal liver tissue. Except for sequence polymorphisms (in exons 2, 3 and 10 as well as in introns 6 and 7), no mutations were found. Thirteen HBs (23%) had allelic loss on 11p15.5; this included BWR1A in 12 but it was telomeric to BWR1A in 1. Expression of BWR1A mRNA was reduced in 11 out of 14 cases by 19-92%, independent from allelic loss of 11p15.5. By Western blot analysis, all 4 tumors and matching liver samples displayed a 48-51 kd band corresponding to BWR1A. These results make it unlikely that BWR1A is the target of the allelic deletions in HB. However, similar to the putative 11p15.5 tumor suppressor H19, BWR1A appears to be reduced in expression. Reduced expression in the absence of mutations may contribute to HB development; however, to understand the significance of this finding will require further studies on the function of BWR1A, specifically its role in liver development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Albrecht
- Department of Pathology, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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41
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Diaz-Meyer N, Day CD, Khatod K, Maher ER, Cooper W, Reik W, Junien C, Graham G, Algar E, Der Kaloustian VM, Higgins MJ. Silencing of CDKN1C (p57KIP2) is associated with hypomethylation at KvDMR1 in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. J Med Genet 2004; 40:797-801. [PMID: 14627666 PMCID: PMC1735305 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.40.11.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) arises by several genetic and epigenetic mechanisms affecting the balance of imprinted gene expression in chromosome 11p15.5. The most frequent alteration associated with BWS is the absence of methylation at the maternal allele of KvDMR1, an intronic CpG island within the KCNQ1 gene. Targeted deletion of KvDMR1 suggests that this locus is an imprinting control region (ICR) that regulates multiple genes in 11p15.5. Cell culture based enhancer blocking assays indicate that KvDMR1 may function as a methylation modulated chromatin insulator and/or silencer. OBJECTIVE To determine the potential consequence of loss of methylation (LOM) at KvDMR1 in the development of BWS. METHODS The steady state levels of CDKN1C gene expression in fibroblast cells from normal individuals, and from persons with BWS who have LOM at KvDMR1, was determined by both real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and ribonuclease protection assay (RPA). Methylation of the CDKN1C promoter region was assessed by Southern hybridisation using a methylation sensitive restriction endonuclease. RESULTS Both qPCR and RPA clearly demonstrated a marked decrease (86-93%) in the expression level of the CDKN1C gene in cells derived from patients with BWS, who had LOM at KvDMR1. Southern analysis indicated that downregulation of CDKN1C in these patients was not associated with hypermethylation at the presumptive CDKN1C promoter. CONCLUSIONS An epimutation at KvDMR1, the absence of maternal methylation, causes the aberrant silencing of CDKN1C, some 180 kb away on the maternal chromosome. Similar to mutations at this locus, this silencing may give rise to BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Diaz-Meyer
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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42
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Du M, Beatty LG, Zhou W, Lew J, Schoenherr C, Weksberg R, Sadowski PD. Insulator and silencer sequences in the imprinted region of human chromosome 11p15.5. Hum Mol Genet 2003; 12:1927-39. [PMID: 12874112 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddg194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The imprinting of the genes on human chromosome 11p15.5 is thought to be controlled by two imprinting control regions located in two differentially methylated CpG islands upstream of the H19 gene (H19 DMR) and in intron 10 of the KCNQ1 gene (KvDMR). We have examined sequences in the human 11p15.5 genomic imprinted region for the presence of insulators and silencers using a position- and enhancer-dependent stable transfection assay. We have confirmed the existence of insulators in H19 DMR and discovered two novel insulators in the IGF2 gene. We have also found two novel silencer sequences; one is located in KvDMR, a region that is thought to contain the promoter for the KCNQ1OT1 transcript, and another is in the CDKN1C gene. We have demonstrated binding of CTCF protein in vitro to all the insulator and silencer sequences that we have detected. We discuss the differences in the regulation of imprinting controlled by the two imprinting control regions in chromosome 11p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Du
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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43
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Yatsuki H, Joh K, Higashimoto K, Soejima H, Arai Y, Wang Y, Hatada I, Obata Y, Morisaki H, Zhang Z, Nakagawachi T, Satoh Y, Mukai T. Domain regulation of imprinting cluster in Kip2/Lit1 subdomain on mouse chromosome 7F4/F5: large-scale DNA methylation analysis reveals that DMR-Lit1 is a putative imprinting control region. Genome Res 2002; 12:1860-70. [PMID: 12466290 PMCID: PMC187562 DOI: 10.1101/gr.110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mouse chromosome 7F4/F5, where the imprinting domain is located, is syntenic to human 11p15.5, the locus for Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. The domain is thought to consist of the two subdomains Kip2 (p57(kip2))/Lit1 and Igf2/H19. Because DNA methylation is believed to be a key factor in genomic imprinting, we performed large-scale DNA methylation analysis to identify the cis-element crucial for the regulation of the Kip2/Lit1 subdomain. Ten CpG islands (CGIs) were found, and these were located at the promoter sites, upstream of genes, and within intergenic regions. Bisulphite sequencing revealed that CGIs 4, 5, 8, and 10 were differentially methylated regions (DMRs). CGIs 4, 5, and 10 were methylated paternally in somatic tissues but not in germ cells. CGI8 was methylated in oocyte and maternally in somatic tissues during development. Parental-specific DNase I hypersensitive sites (HSSs) were found near CGI8. These data indicate that CGI8, called DMR-Lit1, is not only the region for gametic methylation but might also be the imprinting control region (ICR) of the subdomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Yatsuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Saga Medical School, Saga, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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44
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Feinberg AP, Cui H, Ohlsson R. DNA methylation and genomic imprinting: insights from cancer into epigenetic mechanisms. Semin Cancer Biol 2002; 12:389-98. [PMID: 12191638 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-579x(02)00059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of epigenetic alterations in cancer 20 years ago by Feinberg and Vogelstein, a variety of such alterations have been found, including global hypomethylation, gene hypomethylation and hypermethylation, and loss of imprinting (LOI). LOI may precede the development of cancer and may thus serve as a common marker for risk, but also as a model for understanding the developmental mechanism for normal imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Feinberg
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1064 Ross, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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45
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Li Y, Nagai H, Ohno T, Yuge M, Hatano S, Ito E, Mori N, Saito H, Kinoshita T. Aberrant DNA methylation of p57(KIP2) gene in the promoter region in lymphoid malignancies of B-cell phenotype. Blood 2002; 100:2572-7. [PMID: 12239171 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2001-11-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57(KIP2) is thought to be a potential tumor suppressor gene (TSG). The present study examines this possibility. We found that the expression of p57(KIP2) gene is absent in various hematological cell lines. Exposing cell lines to the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored p57(KIP2) gene expression. Bisulfite sequencing analysis of its promoter region showed that p57(KIP2) DNA was completely methylated in cell lines that did not express the p57(KIP2) gene. Thus, DNA methylation of its promoter might lead to inactivation of the p57(KIP2) gene. DNA methylation of this region is thought to be an aberrant alteration, since DNA was not methylated in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells or in reactive lymphadenitis. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction analysis found frequent DNA methylation of the p57(KIP2) gene in primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (54.9%) and in follicular lymphoma (44.0%), but methylation was infrequent in myelodysplastic syndrome and adult T-cell leukemia (3.0% and 2.0%, respectively). These findings directly indicate that the profile of the p57(KIP2) gene corresponds to that of a TSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Li
- First Department of Internal Medicine, and the First Department of Pathology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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46
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Abstract
Genomic imprinting in gametogenesis marks a subset of mammalian genes for parent-of-origin-dependent monoallelic expression in the offspring. Embryological and classical genetic experiments in mice that uncovered the existence of genomic imprinting nearly two decades ago produced abnormalities of growth or behavior, without severe developmental malformations. Since then, the identification and manipulation of individual imprinted genes has continued to suggest that the diverse products of these genes are largely devoted to controlling pre- and post-natal growth, as well as brain function and behavior. Here, we review this evidence, and link our discussion to a website (http://www.otago.ac.nz/IGC) containing a comprehensive database of imprinted genes. Ultimately, these data will answer the long-debated question of whether there is a coherent biological rationale for imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tycko
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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47
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DeBaun MR, Niemitz EL, McNeil DE, Brandenburg SA, Lee MP, Feinberg AP. Epigenetic alterations of H19 and LIT1 distinguish patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome with cancer and birth defects. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70:604-11. [PMID: 11813134 PMCID: PMC384940 DOI: 10.1086/338934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2001] [Accepted: 11/29/2001] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a congenital cancer-predisposition syndrome associated with embryonal cancers, macroglossia, macrosomia, ear pits or ear creases, and midline abdominal-wall defects. The most common constitutional abnormalities in BWS are epigenetic, involving abnormal methylation of either H19 or LIT1, which encode untranslated RNAs on 11p15. We hypothesized that different epigenetic alterations would be associated with specific phenotypes in BWS. To test this hypothesis, we performed a case-cohort study, using the BWS Registry. The cohort consisted of 92 patients with BWS and molecular analysis of both H19 and LIT1, and these patients showed the same frequency of clinical phenotypes as those patients in the Registry from whom biological samples were not available. The frequency of altered DNA methylation of H19 in patients with cancer was significantly higher, 56% (9/16), than the frequency in patients without cancer, 17% (13/76; P=.002), and cancer was not associated with LIT1 alterations. Furthermore, the frequency of altered DNA methylation of LIT1 in patients with midline abdominal-wall defects and macrosomia was significantly higher, 65% (41/63) and 60% (46/77), respectively, than in patients without such defects, 34% (10/29) and 18% (2/11), respectively (P=.012 and P=.02, respectively). Additionally, paternal uniparental disomy (UPD) of 11p15 was associated with hemihypertrophy (P=.003), cancer (P=.03), and hypoglycemia (P=.05). These results define an epigenotype-phenotype relationship in BWS, in which aberrant methylation of H19 and LIT1 and UPD are strongly associated with cancer risk and specific birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. DeBaun
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; Genetic Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Predoctoral Program in Human Genetics, and Departments of Medicine, Oncology, and Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Emily L. Niemitz
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; Genetic Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Predoctoral Program in Human Genetics, and Departments of Medicine, Oncology, and Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - D. Elizabeth McNeil
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; Genetic Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Predoctoral Program in Human Genetics, and Departments of Medicine, Oncology, and Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Sheri A. Brandenburg
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; Genetic Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Predoctoral Program in Human Genetics, and Departments of Medicine, Oncology, and Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Maxwell P. Lee
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; Genetic Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Predoctoral Program in Human Genetics, and Departments of Medicine, Oncology, and Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Andrew P. Feinberg
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; Genetic Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Predoctoral Program in Human Genetics, and Departments of Medicine, Oncology, and Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore
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48
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Adkins JN, Lumb KJ. Intrinsic structural disorder and sequence features of the cell cycle inhibitor p57Kip2. Proteins 2002; 46:1-7. [PMID: 11746698 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle inhibitor p57Kip2 induces cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases. p57, although active as a cyclin A-CDK2 inhibitor, is largely unfolded or intrinsically disordered as shown by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra characteristic of an unfolded protein and a hydrodynamic radius consistent with an unfolded structure. In addition, the N-terminal domain of p57 is both functionally independent as a cyclin A-CDK2 inhibitor and unstructured, as demonstrated by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra indicative of unfolded proteins, a lack of 1H chemical shift dispersion and a hydrodynamic radius consistent with a highly unfolded structure. The amino acid compositions of full-length p57 and the excised QT domain of p57 exhibit significant deviations from the average composition of globular proteins that are consistent with the observed intrinsic disorder. However, the amino acid composition of the CDK inhibition domain of p57 does not exhibit such a striking deviation from the average values observed for proteins, implying that a general low level of hydrophobicity, rather than depletion or enrichment in specific amino acids, contributes to the intrinsic disorder of the excised p57 CDK inhibition domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Adkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1870, USA
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49
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Barr CL, Best L, Weksberg R. Linkage study in families with posterior helical ear pits and Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 104:120-6. [PMID: 11746041 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS) is defined by a group of anomalies, including macrosomia, macroglossia, omphalocele, and ear creases. Several minor anomalies have also been reported in the syndrome, including posterior helical ear pits (PHEP). Two independent linkage studies of pedigrees with autosomal dominant inheritance have shown linkage of WBS to 11p15.5 markers. Further confirming the location of WBS to this location is the finding of 11p15.5 duplications and translocations, as well as uniparental disomy for a small area of 11p15.5. In this study, members of previously described families exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance of the PHEP phenotype were genotyped for three markers in the 11p15.5 region. These three markers were in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF2), insulin (INS), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) region. The data were examined by linkage analysis using the same genetic model used previously to demonstrate linkage of WBS to markers on chromosome 11p15.5: an autosomal dominant model with a penetrance of 0.90 and a gene frequency of 0.001. In one large pedigree, linkage analysis of the 11p15.5 markers excluded the PHEP phenotype from the IGF2, INS, and TH region. In the four other pedigrees examined, the marker loci were not sufficiently informative or the pedigrees did not provide sufficient power to exclude linkage from this region. The strongest evidence against linkage of the PHEP phenotype to 11p15.5 was evident by inspection of the segregation of the haplotypes of the markers in the pedigrees. In two informative pedigrees, relatives with the PHEP phenotype did not share the same haplotype of markers identical by descent. Our results show that the PHEP phenotype is not linked to chromosome 11p15.5 in the informative families tested. In the families examined, there are not enough individuals with WBS to determine if WBS was linked to 11p15.5 in these families. Although locus heterogeneity has not been demonstrated in WBS, it is possible that a second WBS locus exists and that the PHEP phenotype in these families is linked to a second WBS locus. Alternatively, the PHEP phenotype may occur independently of WBS so that the association of WBS and PHEP in our pedigrees may, in fact, represent causal heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Barr
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Cleary MA, van Raamsdonk CD, Levorse J, Zheng B, Bradley A, Tilghman SM. Disruption of an imprinted gene cluster by a targeted chromosomal translocation in mice. Nat Genet 2001; 29:78-82. [PMID: 11528397 DOI: 10.1038/ng715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic process in which the activity of a gene is determined by its parent of origin. Mechanisms governing genomic imprinting are just beginning to be understood. However, the tendency of imprinted genes to exist in chromosomal clusters suggests a sharing of regulatory elements. To better understand imprinted gene clustering, we disrupted a cluster of imprinted genes on mouse distal chromosome 7 using the Cre/loxP recombination system. In mice carrying a site-specific translocation separating Cdkn1c and Kcnq1, imprinting of the genes retained on chromosome 7, including Kcnq1, Kcnq1ot1, Ascl2, H19 and Igf2, is unaffected, demonstrating that these genes are not regulated by elements near or telomeric to Cdkn1c. In contrast, expression and imprinting of the translocated Cdkn1c, Slc22a1l and Tssc3 on chromosome 11 are affected, consistent with the hypothesis that elements regulating both expression and imprinting of these genes lie within or proximal to Kcnq1. These data support the proposal that chromosomal abnormalities, including translocations, within KCNQ1 that are associated with the human disease Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) may disrupt CDKN1C expression. These results underscore the importance of gene clustering for the proper regulation of imprinted genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Cleary
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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