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Thompson KA, Brandvain Y, Coughlan JM, Delmore KE, Justen H, Linnen CR, Ortiz-Barrientos D, Rushworth CA, Schneemann H, Schumer M, Stelkens R. The Ecology of Hybrid Incompatibilities. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041440. [PMID: 38151331 PMCID: PMC11368197 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Ecologically mediated selection against hybrids, caused by hybrid phenotypes fitting poorly into available niches, is typically viewed as distinct from selection caused by epistatic Dobzhansky-Muller hybrid incompatibilities. Here, we show how selection against transgressive phenotypes in hybrids manifests as incompatibility. After outlining our logic, we summarize current approaches for studying ecology-based selection on hybrids. We then quantitatively review QTL-mapping studies and find traits differing between parent taxa are typically polygenic. Next, we describe how verbal models of selection on hybrids translate to phenotypic and genetic fitness landscapes, highlighting emerging approaches for detecting polygenic incompatibilities. Finally, in a synthesis of published data, we report that trait transgression-and thus possibly extrinsic hybrid incompatibility in hybrids-escalates with the phenotypic divergence between parents. We discuss conceptual implications and conclude that studying the ecological basis of hybrid incompatibility will facilitate new discoveries about mechanisms of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken A Thompson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yaniv Brandvain
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Jenn M Coughlan
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Kira E Delmore
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Hannah Justen
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Catherine R Linnen
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Daniel Ortiz-Barrientos
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Catherine A Rushworth
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
| | - Hilde Schneemann
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - Molly Schumer
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca," A.C., Calnali 43240, Mexico
- Hanna H. Gray Fellow, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
| | - Rike Stelkens
- Division of Population Genetics, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Hawkins OH, Crawford CH, Hoover RC, Kane EA. Intraspecific variation in feeding and locomotor kinematics during prey capture in redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:706-722. [PMID: 37306263 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomechanics research often revolves around understanding traits impacting suction feeding performance in fishes, using freshwater ray-finned sunfishes (Family Centrarchidae) as models. However, simultaneous feeding and locomotion kinematics during prey capture are not recorded for many species and there is less information on how these kinematics vary within a species and within individuals. To (1) add to existing data on the prey capture kinematics of centrarchids, (2) assess variation in a species both within and across individuals, and (3) compare morphology and prey capture kinematics of well-sampled centrarchids, we filmed five redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus) at 500 fps-1 approaching and striking non-evasive prey. Redbreast approach prey at ~30 cm s-1 and use approximately 70% of their maximum gape size. Traits related to feeding are more repeatable than traits related to locomotion. However, the Accuracy Index (AI) was consistent across individuals (AI = 0.76 ± 0.07). Functionally, redbreast sunfish are more similar to bluegill sunfish but morphologically they fall in the intermediate morphospace alongside green sunfish when compared with other centrarchids. These data show that whole organism outcomes (AI) are similar despite variation present both within and across individuals and demonstrate the importance of considering both interspecific and intraspecific differences in the functional diversity of ecologically and evolutionarily important behaviors such as prey capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia H Hawkins
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Callie H Crawford
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Biology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina, USA
| | - Richard C Hoover
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - Emily A Kane
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
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Gu H, Wang H, Zhu S, Yuan D, Dai X, Wang Z. Interspecific differences and ecological correlations between scale number and skin structure in freshwater fishes. Curr Zool 2023; 69:491-500. [PMID: 37614923 PMCID: PMC10443616 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish skin is mainly composed of the epidermis, dermis, and its derivative scales. There is a wide diversity in scale number in fishes, but the diversity of skin structure lacks systematic histological comparison. This research aimed to improve our understanding of the functional relationship between the scale number and the skin structure in freshwater fishes and to determine which ecological factors affect the scale number and skin structure. First, we presented a method to quantify skin structure in fish and histologically quantified the skin structure of 54 freshwater fishes. Second, we collected the scale number and habitat information of 509 Cyprinidae fishes in China and explored which ecological factors were related to their scale number. Third, common carp and scaleless carp were used as models to study the effects of scale loss on swimming. We found a strong negative correlation between scale thickness and scale number. The main factor affecting the skin structure of fishes was the species' water column position, and the skin of benthic fishes was the most well-developed (thicker skin layers (dermis, epidermis) or more/larger goblet cells and club cells). The scale number was related to two factors, namely, temperature and water column position, and cold, benthic and pelagic adaptation may have contributed to increased scale numbers. Only in benthic fishes, the more well-developed their skin, the more scales. In common carp, scale loss did not affect its swimming performance. In summary, we suggest that there is a rich diversity of skin structure in freshwater fishes, and the scales of fish with well-developed skin tend to degenerate (greater number/smaller size/thinner, or even disappear), but the skin of fish with degenerated scales is not necessarily well developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Gu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shudang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- QuJing NO.1 Middle School Qing Yuan Campus, QuJing 655099, China
| | - Dengyue Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiangyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Mandeville EG, Hall RO, Buerkle CA. Ecological outcomes of hybridization vary extensively in Catostomus fishes. Evolution 2022; 76:2697-2711. [PMID: 36097356 PMCID: PMC9801484 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization outcomes vary geographically and can depend on the environment. Hybridization can also reshape biotic interactions, leading to ecological shifts. If hybrids function differently ecologically in ways that enhance or reduce fitness, and those ecological roles vary geographically, ecological factors might explain variation in hybridization outcomes. However, relatively few studies have focused on ecological traits of hybrids. We compared the feeding ecology of Catostomus fish species and hybrids by using stable isotopes (δ13 C and δ15 N) as a proxy for diet and habitat use, and compared two native species, an introduced species, and three interspecific hybrid crosses. We included hybrids and parental species from seven rivers where hybridization outcomes vary. Relative isotopic niches of native species varied geographically, but native species did not fully overlap in isotopic space in any river sampled, suggesting little overlap of resource use between historically sympatric species. The introduced species overlapped with one or both native species in every river, suggesting similar resource use and potential competition. Hybrids occupied intermediate, matching, or more transgressive isotopic niches, and varied within and among rivers. Ecological outcomes of hybridization varied across locations, implying that hybridization might have unpredictable, idiosyncratic ecological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G. Mandeville
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming USA
- Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming USA
| | - Robert O. Hall
- Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming USA
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, Montana USA (present address)
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming USA
| | - C. Alex Buerkle
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming USA
- Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming USA
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Thompson KA, Schluter D. Heterosis counteracts hybrid breakdown to forestall speciation by parallel natural selection. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220422. [PMID: 35506223 PMCID: PMC9065978 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to ecological speciation, where reproductive isolation evolves as a consequence of divergent natural selection, speciation by parallel natural selection has been less thoroughly studied. To test whether parallel evolution drives speciation, we leveraged the repeated evolution of benthic and limnetic ecotypes of threespine stickleback fish and estimated fitness for pure crosses and within-ecotype hybrids in semi-natural ponds and in laboratory aquaria. In ponds, we detected hybrid breakdown in both ecotypes but this was counterbalanced by heterosis and the strength of post-zygotic isolation was nil. In aquaria, we detected heterosis in limnetic crosses and breakdown in benthic crosses, which is suggestive of process- and ecotype-specific environment-dependence. In ponds, heterosis and breakdown were three times greater in limnetic crosses than in benthic crosses, contrasting the prediction that the fitness consequences of hybridization should be greater in crosses among more derived ecotypes. Consistent with a primary role for stochastic processes, patterns differed among crosses between populations from different lakes. Yet, the observation of qualitatively similar patterns of heterosis and hybrid breakdown for both ecotypes when averaging the lake pairs indicates that the outcome of hybridization is repeatable in a general sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken A. Thompson
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dolph Schluter
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Gu H, Wang Y, Wang H, He Y, Deng S, He X, Wu Y, Xing K, Gao X, He X, Wang Z. Contrasting ecological niches lead to great postzygotic ecological isolation: a case of hybridization between carnivorous and herbivorous cyprinid fishes. Front Zool 2021; 18:18. [PMID: 33882942 PMCID: PMC8059018 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postzygote isolation is an important part of species isolation, especially for fish, and it can be divided into two aspects: genetic isolation and ecological isolation. With the increase in parental genetic distance, the intensity of genetic isolation between them also increases. Will the increase in parental ecological niche differences also lead to the increase in ecological isolation intensity between them? This question is difficult to answer based on the current literature due to the lack of hybridization cases of contrasting ecological niche parents. Results Cyprinid fish parents (Schizothorax wangchiachii and Percocypris pingi) with contrasting ecological niches (herbivorous and carnivorous) and their F1 hybrids were used as research objects. Fish and periphytic algae were selected as food corresponding to different parental resources. The foraging-related traits of these hybrids are generally the same between parents; however, the intermediate foraging traits of hybrids did not result in intermediate foraging performance for parental resources, and these hybrids could hardly forage for parental resources. The poor foraging performance of these hybrids for parental resources was caused not only by the decline in the foraging ability of these hybrids but, more importantly, by the decrease in foraging activity. Interestingly, these hybrids initially showed a high interest in foraging small fishes; however, after the first successful capture, these hybrids had difficulty ingesting fish and spit them out, which led to the subsequent decrease in foraging activity. We designed a series of experiments to explore the mechanism of the fish spitting of these hybrids, excluding the taste and the size of prey, and found that the decrease in their pharyngeal tooth puncture ability may be the reason. Conclusions This study was the first to demonstrate that these parents with contrasting ecological niches will produce great postzygotic ecological isolation for parental resources. The poor foraging performance of these hybrids for parental resources is mainly due to the decrease in foraging activity. Interestingly, these hybrids have obvious fish-spitting behaviour, which is a typical example of the incompatibility between intermediate traits and genetic behaviors. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12983-021-00401-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Gu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuanfu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - You He
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Sihong Deng
- Liangshan Kehua Water Ecology Company Limited, Xichang, 615000, China
| | - Xingheng He
- Sichuan Lubei Biotechnology Company Limited, Chengdu, 610011, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Sichuan Lubei Biotechnology Company Limited, Chengdu, 610011, China
| | - Kaiyan Xing
- Xichang Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau, Xichang, 615000, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Xichang Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau, Xichang, 615000, China
| | - Xuefu He
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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7
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Santos-Santos JH, Audenaert L, Verheyen E, Adriaens D. Ontogenetic divergence generates novel phenotypes in hybrid cichlids. J Anat 2021; 238:1116-1127. [PMID: 33417249 PMCID: PMC8053579 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybridization is suggested to contribute to ecomorphological and taxonomic diversity in lacustrine East African cichlids. This is supported by studies demonstrating that genetic diversity within lake radiations has been influenced by hybridization events, leading to extensive phenotypic differentiation of genetically closely related species. Hybrid persistence and speciation in sympatry with gene flow can be explained by pleiotropy in traits involved in reproductive isolation; however, little attention has been given to how trait differentiation is established during hybrid ontogeny, and how this may relate to trophic and locomotor specialization. This study compares body shape changes in a Lake Victoria cichlid hybrid throughout its post-hatch ontogeny to those of its parental species. Across the considered age/size categories, hybrids occupy a distinct and intermediate morphological space, yet where several transgressive traits emerge. A between-group principal component analysis on body shapes across size categories reveals axes of shape variation exclusive to the hybrids in the youngest/smallest size categories. Shape differences in the hybrids involved morphological traits known to be implicated in trophic and locomotor specializations in the parental species. Combined, our findings suggest that phenotypic divergence in the hybrid can lead to functional differences that may potentially release them to some degree from competition with the parental species. These findings agree with recent literature that addresses the potential importance of hybridization for the unusually recent origin of the Lake Victoria cichlid super-species flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier H Santos-Santos
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.,Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leen Audenaert
- OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Vertebrates, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erik Verheyen
- OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Vertebrates, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.,Evolutionary Ecology Group, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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8
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Hockaday CM, Geheber AD. Quantifying Morphology of Cyprinella lutrensis x C. venusta Hybrids in Missouri. SOUTHEAST NAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1656/058.019.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron D. Geheber
- University of Central Missouri, School of Natural Sciences, Warrensburg, MO 64093
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9
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Thompson KA. Experimental Hybridization Studies Suggest That Pleiotropic Alleles Commonly Underlie Adaptive Divergence between Natural Populations. Am Nat 2020; 196:E16-E22. [PMID: 32552104 DOI: 10.1086/708722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The alleles used for adaptation can pleiotropically affect traits under stabilizing selection. The fixation of alleles with deleterious pleiotropic side effects causes compensatory alleles to be favored by selection. Such compensatory alleles might segregate in interpopulation hybrids, resulting in segregation variance for traits where parents have indistinguishable phenotypes. If adaptation typically involves pleiotropy and compensation, then the segregation variance for traits under stabilizing selection is expected to increase with the magnitude of adaptive phenotypic divergence between parents. This prediction has not been tested empirically, and I gathered data from experimental hybridization studies to evaluate it. I found that pairs of parents that are more phenotypically divergent beget hybrids with more segregation variance in traits for which the parents are statistically indistinguishable. This result suggests that adaptive divergence between pairs of natural populations proceeds via pleiotropy and compensation and that deleterious transgressive segregation variance accumulates systematically as populations diverge.
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10
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Kane EA, Higham TE. Kinematic integration during prey capture varies among individuals but not ecological contexts in bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus (Perciformes: Centrarchidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The general ability of components of an organism to work together to achieve a common goal has been termed integration and is often studied empirically by deconstructing organisms into component parts and quantifying covariation between them. Kinematic traits describing movement are useful for allowing organisms to respond to ecological contexts that vary over short time spans (milliseconds, minutes, etc.). Integration of these traits can contribute to the maintenance of the function of the whole organism, but it is unclear how modulation of component kinematic traits affects their integration. We examined the integration of swimming and feeding during capture of alternative prey types in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Despite the expected modulation of kinematics, integration within individuals was inflexible across prey types, suggesting functional redundancy for solving a broad constraint. However, integration was variable among individuals, suggesting that individuals vary in their solutions for achieving whole-organism function and that this solution acts as a ‘top-down’ regulator of component traits, which provides insight into why kinematic variation is observed. Additionally, variation in kinematic integration among individuals could serve as an understudied target of environmental selection on prey capture, which is a necessary first step towards the observed divergence in integration among populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Kane
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Timothy E Higham
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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11
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St John ME, Holzman R, Martin CH. Rapid adaptive evolution of scale-eating kinematics to a novel ecological niche. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb217570. [PMID: 32029459 PMCID: PMC7097200 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.217570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The origins of novel trophic specialization, in which organisms begin to exploit resources for the first time, may be explained by shifts in behavior such as foraging preferences or feeding kinematics. One way to investigate behavioral mechanisms underlying ecological novelty is by comparing prey capture kinematics among species. We investigated the contribution of kinematics to the origins of a novel ecological niche for scale-eating within a microendemic adaptive radiation of pupfishes on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We compared prey capture kinematics across three species of pupfish while they consumed shrimp and scales in the lab, and found that scale-eating pupfish exhibited peak gape sizes twice as large as in other species, but also attacked prey with a more obtuse angle between their lower jaw and suspensorium. We then investigated how this variation in feeding kinematics could explain scale-biting performance by measuring bite size (surface area removed) from standardized gelatin cubes. We found that a combination of larger peak gape and more obtuse lower jaw and suspensorium angles resulted in approximately 40% more surface area removed per strike, indicating that scale-eaters may reside on a performance optimum for scale biting. To test whether feeding performance could contribute to reproductive isolation between species, we also measured F1 hybrids and found that their kinematics and performance more closely resembled generalists, suggesting that F1 hybrids may have low fitness in the scale-eating niche. Ultimately, our results suggest that the evolution of strike kinematics in this radiation is an adaptation to the novel niche of scale eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E St John
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Roi Holzman
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Eilat 6997801, Israel
- Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, Eilat 8810302, Israel
| | - Christopher H Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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12
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Hulsey CD, Holzman R, Meyer A. Dissecting a potential spandrel of adaptive radiation: Body depth and pectoral fin ecomorphology coevolve in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:11945-11953. [PMID: 30598789 PMCID: PMC6303698 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of body shape reflects both the ecological factors structuring organismal diversity as well as an organism's underlying anatomy. For instance, body depth in fishes is thought to determine their susceptibility to predators, attractiveness to mates, as well as swimming performance. However, the internal anatomy influencing diversification of body depth has not been extensively examined, and changes in body depth could arise as a by-product of functional changes in other anatomical structures. Using an improved phylogenetic hypothesis for a diverse set of Lake Malawi cichlid fishes, we tested the evolutionary association between body depth and the height of the pectoral girdle. To refine the functional importance of the observed substantial correlation, we also tested the coevolution of pectoral girdle height and pectoral fin area. The extensive coevolution of these traits suggests body depth in fishes like the Lake Malawi cichlids could diverge simply as a by-product of being tightly linked to ecomorphological divergence in other functional morphological structures like the pectoral fins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roi Holzman
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life scienceTel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel and The Inter‐University Institute for Marine SciencesEilatIsrael
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
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13
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Bradbeer SJ, Harrington J, Watson H, Warraich A, Shechonge A, Smith A, Tamatamah R, Ngatunga BP, Turner GF, Genner MJ. Limited hybridization between introduced and Critically Endangered indigenous tilapia fishes in northern Tanzania. HYDROBIOLOGIA 2018; 832:257-268. [PMID: 30880834 PMCID: PMC6394572 DOI: 10.1007/s10750-018-3572-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization between introduced and indigenous species can lead to loss of unique genetic resources and precipitate extinction. In Tanzania, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and blue-spotted tilapia (Oreochromis leucostictus) have been widely introduced to non-native habitats for aquaculture and development of capture fisheries. Here, we aimed to quantify interspecific hybridization between these introduced species and the indigenous species Oreochromis esculentus, Oreochromis jipe and Oreochromis korogwe. In the Pangani basin, several hybrids were observed (O. niloticus × O. jipe, O. leucostictus × O. jipe, O. niloticus × O. korogwe), although hybrids were relatively uncommon within samples relative to purebreds. Hybrids between the native O. jipe × O. korogwe were also observed. In the Lake Victoria basin, no evidence of hybrids was found. Analysis of body shape using geometric morphometrics suggested that although purebreds could be discriminated from one another, hybrids could not be readily identified on body and head shape alone. These results provide the first evidence of hybridization between the introduced species and the Critically Endangered O. jipe in Tanzania. Given uncertainty regarding benefits of introduced species over large-bodied indigenous species in aquaculture and capture fisheries, we suggest that future introductions of hybridization-prone species should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Bradbeer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Miall Building, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Jack Harrington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Henry Watson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Abrahim Warraich
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Asilatu Shechonge
- Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), P.O. Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Alan Smith
- Evolutionary and Environmental Genomics Group, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU5 7RX UK
| | - Rashid Tamatamah
- Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), P.O. Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Benjamin P. Ngatunga
- Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), P.O. Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - George F. Turner
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW UK
| | - Martin J. Genner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
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14
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Higham TE, Rogers SM, Langerhans RB, Jamniczky HA, Lauder GV, Stewart WJ, Martin CH, Reznick DN. Speciation through the lens of biomechanics: locomotion, prey capture and reproductive isolation. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1294. [PMID: 27629033 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Speciation is a multifaceted process that involves numerous aspects of the biological sciences and occurs for multiple reasons. Ecology plays a major role, including both abiotic and biotic factors. Whether populations experience similar or divergent ecological environments, they often adapt to local conditions through divergence in biomechanical traits. We investigate the role of biomechanics in speciation using fish predator-prey interactions, a primary driver of fitness for both predators and prey. We highlight specific groups of fishes, or specific species, that have been particularly valuable for understanding these dynamic interactions and offer the best opportunities for future studies that link genetic architecture to biomechanics and reproductive isolation (RI). In addition to emphasizing the key biomechanical techniques that will be instrumental, we also propose that the movement towards linking biomechanics and speciation will include (i) establishing the genetic basis of biomechanical traits, (ii) testing whether similar and divergent selection lead to biomechanical divergence, and (iii) testing whether/how biomechanical traits affect RI. Future investigations that examine speciation through the lens of biomechanics will propel our understanding of this key process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Higham
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Sean M Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - George V Lauder
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - David N Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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15
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Holzman R, Hulsey CD. Mechanical Transgressive Segregation and the Rapid Origin of Trophic Novelty. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40306. [PMID: 28079133 PMCID: PMC5228120 DOI: 10.1038/srep40306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid phenotypes are often intermediate between those of parental species. However, hybridization can generate novel phenotypes when traits are complex. For instance, even when the morphologies of individual musculo-skeletal components do not segregate outside the parental range in hybrid offspring, complex functional systems can exhibit emergent phenotypes whose mechanics exceed the parental values. To determine if transgression in mechanics could facilitate divergence during an adaptive radiation, we examined three functional systems in the trophic apparatus of Lake Malawi cichlid fishes. We conducted a simulation study of hybridization between species pairs whose morphology for three functional systems was empirically measured, to determine how the evolutionary divergence of parental species influences the frequency that hybridization could produce mechanics that transgress the parental range. Our simulations suggest that the complex mechanical systems of the cichlid trophic apparatus commonly exhibit greater transgression between more recently diverged cichlid species. Because (1) all three mechanical systems produce hybrids with transgressive mechanics in Lake Malawi cichlids, (2) hybridization is common, and (3) single hybrid crosses often recapitulate a substantial diversity of mechanics, we conclude that mechanical transgressive segregation could play an important role in the rapid accumulation of phenotypic variation in adaptive radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Holzman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - C. Darrin Hulsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78457, Germany
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16
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Cooper WJ, Carter CB, Conith AJ, Rice AN, Westneat MW. The evolution of jaw protrusion mechanics is tightly coupled to bentho-pelagic divergence in damselfishes (Pomacentridae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 220:652-666. [PMID: 27913600 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.143115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Most species-rich lineages of aquatic organisms have undergone divergence between forms that feed from the substrate (benthic feeding) and forms that feed from the water column (pelagic feeding). Changes in trophic niche are frequently accompanied by changes in skull mechanics, and multiple fish lineages have evolved highly specialized biomechanical configurations that allow them to protrude their upper jaws toward the prey during feeding. Damselfishes (family Pomacentridae) are an example of a species-rich lineage with multiple trophic morphologies and feeding ecologies. We sought to determine whether bentho-pelagic divergence in the damselfishes is tightly coupled to changes in jaw protrusion ability. Using high-speed video recordings and kinematic analysis, we examined feeding performance in 10 species that include three examples of convergence on herbivory, three examples of convergence on omnivory and two examples of convergence on planktivory. We also utilized morphometrics to characterize the feeding morphology of an additional 40 species that represent all 29 damselfish genera. Comparative phylogenetic analyses were then used to examine the evolution of trophic morphology and biomechanical performance. We find that pelagic-feeding damselfishes (planktivores) are strongly differentiated from extensively benthic-feeding species (omnivores and herbivores) by their jaw protrusion ability, upper jaw morphology and the functional integration of upper jaw protrusion with lower jaw abduction. Most aspects of cranial form and function that separate these two ecological groups have evolved in correlation with each other and the evolution of the functional morphology of feeding in damselfishes has involved repeated convergence in form, function and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W James Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Casey B Carter
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Andrew J Conith
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, 204C French Hall, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 230 Stockbridge Road, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Aaron N Rice
- Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Mark W Westneat
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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17
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Binning SA. Hybrid fish sucks at feeding. J Exp Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.129890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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