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Nakajima Y, Nakamura M, Watanabe HK, Ishibashi J, Yamamoto H, Mitarai S. Ocean circulation contributes to genetic connectivity of limpet populations at deep-sea hydrothermal vents in a back-arc basin. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13727. [PMID: 38894981 PMCID: PMC11183178 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
For endemic benthos inhabiting hydrothermal vent fields, larval recruitment is critical for population maintenance and colonization via migration among separated sites. The vent-endemic limpet, Lepetodrilus nux, is abundant at deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough, a back-arc basin in the northwestern Pacific; nonetheless, it is endangered due to deep-sea mining. This species is associated with many other vent species and is an important successor in these vent ecosystems. However, limpet genetic diversity and connectivity among local populations have not yet been examined. We conducted a population genetics study of L. nux at five hydrothermal vent fields (maximum geographic distance, ~545 km; depths ~700 m to ~1650 m) using 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci previously developed. Genetic diversity has been maintained among these populations. Meanwhile, fine population genetic structure was detected between distant populations, even within this back-arc basin, reflecting geographic distances between vent fields. There was a significant, positive correlation between genetic differentiation and geographic distance, but no correlation with depth. Contrary to dispersal patterns predicted by an ocean circulation model, genetic migration is not necessarily unidirectional, based on relative migration rates. While ocean circulation contributes to dispersal of L. nux among vent fields in the Okinawa Trough, genetic connectivity may be maintained by complex, bidirectional dispersal processes over multiple generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Nakajima
- Marine Biophysics UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityOkinawaJapan
- Center for Climate Change AdaptationNational Institute for Environmental StudiesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Masako Nakamura
- School of Marine Science and TechnologyTokai UniversityShizuokaJapan
| | - Hiromi Kayama Watanabe
- Institute for Extra‐Cutting‐Edge Science and Technology Avant‐Garde Research (X‐Star)Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)YokosukaKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Marine Biodiversity and Environmental Assessment Research Center (BioEnv), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC)Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)YokosukaKanagawaJapan
| | - Satoshi Mitarai
- Marine Biophysics UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityOkinawaJapan
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2
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DeLeo DM, Morrison CL, Sei M, Salamone V, Demopoulos AWJ, Quattrini AM. Genetic diversity and connectivity of chemosynthetic cold seep mussels from the U.S. Atlantic margin. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:76. [PMID: 35715723 PMCID: PMC9204967 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Deep-sea mussels in the subfamily Bathymodiolinae have unique adaptations to colonize hydrothermal-vent and cold-seep environments throughout the world ocean. These invertebrates function as important ecosystem engineers, creating heterogeneous habitat and promoting biodiversity in the deep sea. Despite their ecological significance, efforts to assess the diversity and connectivity of this group are extremely limited. Here, we present the first genomic-scale diversity assessments of the recently discovered bathymodioline cold-seep communities along the U.S. Atlantic margin, dominated by Gigantidas childressi and Bathymodiolus heckerae.
Results
A Restriction-site Associated DNA Sequencing (RADSeq) approach was used on 177 bathymodiolines to examine genetic diversity and population structure within and between seep sites. Assessments of genetic differentiation using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data revealed high gene flow among sites, with the shallower and more northern sites serving as source populations for deeper occurring G. childressi. No evidence was found for genetic diversification across depth in G. childressi, likely due to their high dispersal capabilities. Kinship analyses indicated a high degree of relatedness among individuals, and at least 10–20% of local recruits within a particular site. We also discovered candidate adaptive loci in G. childressi and B. heckerae that suggest differences in developmental processes and depth-related and metabolic adaptations to chemosynthetic environments.
Conclusions
These results highlight putative source communities for an important ecosystem engineer in the deep sea that may be considered in future conservation efforts. Our results also provide clues into species-specific adaptations that enable survival and potential speciation within chemosynthetic ecosystems.
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3
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Franke M, Geier B, Hammel JU, Dubilier N, Leisch N. Coming together-symbiont acquisition and early development in deep-sea bathymodioline mussels. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211044. [PMID: 34403628 PMCID: PMC8370805 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How and when symbionts are acquired by their animal hosts has a profound impact on the ecology and evolution of the symbiosis. Understanding symbiont acquisition is particularly challenging in deep-sea organisms because early life stages are so rarely found. Here, we collected early developmental stages of three deep-sea bathymodioline species from different habitats to identify when these acquire their symbionts and how their body plan adapts to a symbiotic lifestyle. These mussels gain their nutrition from chemosynthetic bacteria, allowing them to thrive at deep-sea vents and seeps worldwide. Correlative imaging analyses using synchrotron-radiation based microtomography together with light, fluorescence and electron microscopy revealed that the pediveliger larvae were aposymbiotic. Symbiont colonization began during metamorphosis from a planktonic to a benthic lifestyle, with the symbionts rapidly colonizing first the gills, the symbiotic organ of adults, followed by all other epithelia of their hosts. Once symbiont densities in plantigrades reached those of adults, the host's intestine changed from the looped anatomy typical for bivalves to a straightened form. Within the Mytilidae, this morphological change appears to be specific to Bathymodiolus and Gigantidas, and is probably linked to the decrease in the importance of filter feeding when these mussels switch to gaining their nutrition largely from their symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Franke
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- MARUM—Zentrum für Marine Umweltwissenschaften, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Geier
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jörg U. Hammel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Materials Physics, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Nicole Dubilier
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- MARUM—Zentrum für Marine Umweltwissenschaften, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Leisch
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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4
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Rakka M, Godinho A, Orejas C, Carreiro-Silva M. Embryo and larval biology of the deep-sea octocoral Dentomuricea aff. meteor under different temperature regimes. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11604. [PMID: 34414021 PMCID: PMC8340903 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea octocorals are common habitat-formers in deep-sea ecosystems, however, our knowledge on their early life history stages is extremely limited. The present study focuses on the early life history of the species Dentomuricea aff. meteor, a common deep-sea octocoral in the Azores. The objective was to describe the embryo and larval biology of the target species under two temperature regimes, corresponding to the minimum and maximum temperatures in its natural environment during the spawning season. At temperature of 13 ±0.5 °C, embryos of the species reached the planula stage after 96h and displayed a median survival of 11 days. Planulae displayed swimming only after stimulation, swimming speed was 0.24 ±0.16 mm s−1 and increased slightly but significantly with time. Under a higher temperature (15 °C ±0.5 °C) embryos reached the planula stage 24 h earlier (after 72 h), displayed a median survival of 16 days and had significantly higher swimming speed (0.3 ±0.27 mm s−1). Although the differences in survival were not statistically significant, our results highlight how small changes in temperature can affect embryo and larval characteristics with potential cascading effects in larval dispersal and success. In both temperatures, settlement rates were low and metamorphosis occurred even without settlement. Such information is rarely available for deep-sea corals, although essential to achieve a better understanding of dispersal, connectivity and biogeographical patterns of benthic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rakka
- IMAR-Instituto do Mar, Universidade dos Açores, Horta, Portugal.,Okeanos-Instituto de Investigação em Ciências do Mar da Universidade dos Açores, Horta, Portugal
| | - António Godinho
- IMAR-Instituto do Mar, Universidade dos Açores, Horta, Portugal.,Okeanos-Instituto de Investigação em Ciências do Mar da Universidade dos Açores, Horta, Portugal
| | - Covadonga Orejas
- Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Instituto Español de Oceanografia, IEO, CSIC, Gijón, Spain
| | - Marina Carreiro-Silva
- IMAR-Instituto do Mar, Universidade dos Açores, Horta, Portugal.,Okeanos-Instituto de Investigação em Ciências do Mar da Universidade dos Açores, Horta, Portugal
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5
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Sun J, Zhou Y, Chen C, Kwan YH, Sun Y, Wang X, Yang L, Zhang R, Wei T, Yang Y, Qu L, Sun C, Qian PY. Nearest vent, dearest friend: biodiversity of Tiancheng vent field reveals cross-ridge similarities in the Indian Ocean. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200110. [PMID: 32269824 PMCID: PMC7137978 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity of hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean, particularly those on the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR), are still relatively poorly understood. The Tiancheng field on the SWIR was initially reported with only a low-temperature diffuse flow venting area, but here we report two new active areas, including a chimney emitting high-temperature vent fluids. Biological sampling in these new sites doubled the known megafauna and macrofauna richness reported from Tiancheng. Significantly, we found several iconic species, such as the scaly-foot snail and the first Alviniconcha population on the SWIR. Tiancheng shares a high proportion of taxa with vents on the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) and lacks a number of key taxa that characterize other vents investigated so far on the SWIR. Population genetics of the scaly-foot snail confirmed this, as the Tiancheng population was clustered with populations from the CIR, showing low connectivity with the Longqi field. Unlike the previously examined populations, scales of the Tiancheng scaly-foot snail were coated in zinc sulfide, although this results only from precipitation. The close connection between Tiancheng and CIR vents indicates that the dispersal barrier for vent endemic species is not the Rodriguez Triple Junction as previously suggested but the transformation faults between Tiancheng and Longqi, warranting further studies on deep currents in this area to resolve the key barrier, which has important implications for biological conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Chen
- X-STAR, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yick Hang Kwan
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Marine Survey Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Wei
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyun Qu
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Department of Ocean Science, Division of Life Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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6
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Plouviez S, LaBella AL, Weisrock DW, von Meijenfeldt FAB, Ball B, Neigel JE, Van Dover CL. Amplicon sequencing of 42 nuclear loci supports directional gene flow between South Pacific populations of a hydrothermal vent limpet. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:6568-6580. [PMID: 31312428 PMCID: PMC6609911 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, population genetics and phylogeographic studies have improved our knowledge of connectivity and population demography in marine environments. Studies of deep-sea hydrothermal vent populations have identified barriers to gene flow, hybrid zones, and demographic events, such as historical population expansions and contractions. These deep-sea studies, however, used few loci, which limit the amount of information they provided for coalescent analysis and thus our ability to confidently test complex population dynamics scenarios. In this study, we investigated population structure, demographic history, and gene flow directionality among four Western Pacific hydrothermal vent populations of the vent limpet Lepetodrilus aff. schrolli. These vent sites are located in the Manus and Lau back-arc basins, currently of great interest for deep-sea mineral extraction. A total of 42 loci were sequenced from each individual using high-throughput amplicon sequencing. Amplicon sequences were analyzed using both genetic variant clustering methods and evolutionary coalescent approaches. Like most previously investigated vent species in the South Pacific, L. aff. schrolli showed no genetic structure within basins but significant differentiation between basins. We inferred significant directional gene flow from Manus Basin to Lau Basin, with low to no gene flow in the opposite direction. This study is one of the very few marine population studies using >10 loci for coalescent analysis and serves as a guide for future marine population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Plouviez
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Louisiana at LafayetteLafayetteLouisiana
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke UniversityBeaufortNorth Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Bernard Ball
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Joseph E. Neigel
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Louisiana at LafayetteLafayetteLouisiana
| | - Cindy L. Van Dover
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke UniversityBeaufortNorth Carolina
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7
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Yusa Y, Yasuda N, Yamamoto T, Watanabe HK, Higashiji T, Kaneko A, Nishida K, Høeg JT. Direct Growth Measurements of Two Deep-sea Scalpellid Barnacles, Scalpellum stearnsii and Graviscalpellum pedunculatum. Zool Stud 2018; 57:e29. [PMID: 31966269 PMCID: PMC6517828 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2018.57-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Yoichi Yusa, Natsumi Yasuda, Tomoko Yamamoto, Hiromi Kayama Watanabe, Takuo Higashiji, Atsushi Kaneko, Kazuki Nishida, and Jens T. Høeg (2018) Little is known about the growth rates of invertebrates living in ordinary deep-sea habitats such as continental slopes. Thus, the growth rates of two species of the deep-sea scalpellid barnacles, Scalpellum stearnsii and Graviscalpellum pedunculatum, were studied in two aquaria (at Nara and Okinawa Churaumi, Japan). In addition, growth of an S. stearnsii individual after 1 year of deployment was measured in the field. Overall, adult individuals of both species showed slow growths over 8 months (at Nara) and 2 years (at Okinawa) of rearing (e.g., at Nara: 2.0 ± 3.6 μm d-1 for S. stearnsii and 5.9 ± 2.7 μm d-1 for G. pedunculatum; mean ± SD). In contrast, growth rates of juvenile S. stearnsii at Nara were greater (15 ± 7.7 μm d-1). The in situ growth rate of the adult S. stearnsii (3.4 μm d-1) was greater than the average, but within the range of the rates of similar-sized individuals recorded in aquaria. Compared with other pedunculate barnacles, both species show small growth rates typical for deep-sea animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Yusa
- Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-nishi, Nara 630-8506,
Japan
| | - Natsumi Yasuda
- Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-nishi, Nara 630-8506,
Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamamoto
- Kagoshima University, Kohrimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima
890-8580, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kayama Watanabe
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology,
Natsushima 2-15, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Takuo Higashiji
- Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Motobu-cho, Okinawa 905-0206,
Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneko
- Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Motobu-cho, Okinawa 905-0206,
Japan
| | | | - Jens T. Høeg
- University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4,
Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmar
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8
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Sun Y, Wang M, Li L, Zhou L, Wang X, Zheng P, Yu H, Li C, Sun S. Molecular identification of methane monooxygenase and quantitative analysis of methanotrophic endosymbionts under laboratory maintenance in Bathymodiolus platifrons from the South China Sea. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3565. [PMID: 28828234 PMCID: PMC5553348 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus are numerically dominant macrofauna in many cold seep and hydrothermal vent ecosystems worldwide, and they depend on organic carbon produced by symbionts present in the epithelial cells of the gills. Although Bathymodiolus platifrons represents typical methanotrophic endosymbiosis, our understanding of molecular mechanisms of methane oxidization and carbon fixation is still in its infancy. Moreover, the laboratory maintenance of B. platifrons and the symbiont abundance dynamics during maintenance has not been reported. In the present study, we report the first systematic identification and phylogenetic analysis of three subunits of methane monooxygenase (pmoA, pmoB, and pmoC) obtained from the endosymbiotic bacteria found in B. platifrons. The coding sequences (CDS) of the three genes in the B. platifrons endosymbiont were 750, 1,245, and 753 bp, encoding 249, 414, and 250 amino acids, respectively. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the symbiont of B. platifrons belongs to the type I methanotrophs. In order to clarify the impact of environmental methane on symbiont abundance, a 34-day laboratory maintenance experiment was conducted in which B. platifrons individuals were acclimatized to methane-present and methane-absent environments. Symbiont abundance was evaluated by calculating the relative DNA content of the methane monooxygenase gene using quantitative real-time PCR. We found that symbiont quantity immediately decreased from its initial level, then continued to gradually decline during maintenance. At 24 and 34 days of maintenance, symbiont abundance in the methane-absent environment had significantly decreased compared to that in the methane-present environment, indicating that the maintenance of symbionts relies on a continuous supply of methane. Our electron microscopy results validated the qPCR analysis. This study enriches our knowledge of the molecular basis and the dynamic changes of the methanotrophic endosymbiosis in B. platifrons, and provides a feasible model biosystem for further investigation of methane oxidization, the carbon fixation process, and environmental adaptations of deep-sea mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Minxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Leilei Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaocheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chaolun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Song Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Jiaozhou Bay Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Qingdao, China
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9
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Ho PT, Park E, Hong SG, Kim EH, Kim K, Jang SJ, Vrijenhoek RC, Won YJ. Geographical structure of endosymbiotic bacteria hosted by Bathymodiolus mussels at eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:121. [PMID: 28558648 PMCID: PMC5450337 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemolithoautotrophic primary production sustains dense invertebrate communities at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps. Symbiotic bacteria that oxidize dissolved sulfur, methane, and hydrogen gases nourish bathymodiolin mussels that thrive in these environments worldwide. The mussel symbionts are newly acquired in each generation via infection by free-living forms. This study examined geographical subdivision of the thiotrophic endosymbionts hosted by Bathymodiolus mussels living along the eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents. High-throughput sequencing data of 16S ribosomal RNA encoding gene and fragments of six protein-coding genes of symbionts were examined in the samples collected from nine vent localities at the East Pacific Rise, Galápagos Rift, and Pacific-Antarctic Ridge. RESULTS Both of the parapatric sister-species, B. thermophilus and B. antarcticus, hosted the same numerically dominant phylotype of thiotrophic Gammaproteobacteria. However, sequences from six protein-coding genes revealed highly divergent symbiont lineages living north and south of the Easter Microplate and hosted by these two Bathymodiolus mussel species. High heterogeneity of symbiont haplotypes among host individuals sampled from the same location suggested that stochasticity associated with initial infections was amplified as symbionts proliferated within the host individuals. The mussel species presently contact one another and hybridize along the Easter Microplate, but the northern and southern symbionts appear to be completely isolated. Vicariance associated with orogeny of the Easter Microplate region, 2.5-5.3 million years ago, may have initiated isolation of the symbiont and host populations. Estimates of synonymous substitution rates for the protein-coding bacterial genes examined in this study were 0.77-1.62%/nucleotide/million years. CONCLUSIONS Our present study reports the most comprehensive population genetic analyses of the chemosynthetic endosymbiotic bacteria based on high-throughput genetic data and extensive geographical sampling to date, and demonstrates the role of the geographical features, the Easter Microplate and geographical distance, in the intraspecific divergence of this bacterial species along the mid-ocean ridge axes in the eastern Pacific. Altogether, our results provide insights into extrinsic and intrinsic factors affecting the dispersal and evolution of chemosynthetic symbiotic partners in the hydrothermal vents along the eastern Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong-Thao Ho
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, The Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Eunji Park
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Soon Gyu Hong
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangchon Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, The Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Sook-Jin Jang
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, The Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | | | - Yong-Jin Won
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, The Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea. .,Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea.
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10
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Meyer KS. Islands in a Sea of Mud: Insights From Terrestrial Island Theory for Community Assembly on Insular Marine Substrata. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2016; 76:1-40. [PMID: 28065293 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Most marine hard-bottom habitats are isolated, separated from other similar habitats by sand or mud flats, and can be considered analogous to terrestrial islands. The extensive scientific literature on terrestrial islands provides a theoretical framework for the analysis of isolated marine habitats. More individuals and higher species richness occur on larger marine substrata, a pattern that resembles terrestrial islands. However, while larger terrestrial islands have greater habitat diversity and productivity, the higher species richness on larger marine hard substrata can be explained by simple surface area and hydrodynamic phenomena: larger substrata extend further into the benthic boundary, exposing fauna to faster current and higher food supply. Marine island-like communities are also influenced by their distance to similar habitats, but investigations into the reproductive biology and dispersal ability of individual species are required for a more complete understanding of population connectivity. On terrestrial islands, nonrandom co-occurrence patterns have been attributed to interspecific competition, but while nonrandom co-occurrence patterns have been found for marine fauna, different mechanisms are responsible, including epibiontism. Major knowledge gaps for community assembly in isolated marine habitats include the degree of connectivity between isolated habitats, mechanisms of succession, and the extent of competition on hard substrata, particularly in the deep sea. Anthropogenic hard substrata of known age can be used opportunistically as "natural" laboratories to begin answering these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Meyer
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR, United States.
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11
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Breusing C, Biastoch A, Drews A, Metaxas A, Jollivet D, Vrijenhoek RC, Bayer T, Melzner F, Sayavedra L, Petersen JM, Dubilier N, Schilhabel MB, Rosenstiel P, Reusch TBH. Biophysical and Population Genetic Models Predict the Presence of "Phantom" Stepping Stones Connecting Mid-Atlantic Ridge Vent Ecosystems. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2257-67. [PMID: 27476600 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are patchily distributed ecosystems inhabited by specialized animal populations that are textbook meta-populations. Many vent-associated species have free-swimming, dispersive larvae that can establish connections between remote populations. However, connectivity patterns among hydrothermal vents are still poorly understood because the deep sea is undersampled, the molecular tools used to date are of limited resolution, and larval dispersal is difficult to measure directly. A better knowledge of connectivity is urgently needed to develop sound environmental management plans for deep-sea mining. Here, we investigated larval dispersal and contemporary connectivity of ecologically important vent mussels (Bathymodiolus spp.) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge by using high-resolution ocean modeling and population genetic methods. Even when assuming a long pelagic larval duration, our physical model of larval drift suggested that arrival at localities more than 150 km from the source site is unlikely and that dispersal between populations requires intermediate habitats ("phantom" stepping stones). Dispersal patterns showed strong spatiotemporal variability, making predictions of population connectivity challenging. The assumption that mussel populations are only connected via additional stepping stones was supported by contemporary migration rates based on neutral genetic markers. Analyses of population structure confirmed the presence of two southern and two hybridizing northern mussel lineages that exhibited a substantial, though incomplete, genetic differentiation. Our study provides insights into how vent animals can disperse between widely separated vent habitats and shows that recolonization of perturbed vent sites will be subject to chance events, unless connectivity is explicitly considered in the selection of conservation areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Breusing
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Arne Biastoch
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Annika Drews
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Metaxas
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Didier Jollivet
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UMR 7144 CNRS-UPMC, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Équipe ABICE, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29688 Roscoff Cedex, France
| | | | - Till Bayer
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank Melzner
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lizbeth Sayavedra
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jillian M Petersen
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany; Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Dubilier
- Symbiosis Department, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Markus B Schilhabel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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12
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Effects of sample storage and shell orientation on LA-ICPMS trace element measurements on deep-sea mussels. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17793. [PMID: 26643064 PMCID: PMC4672299 DOI: 10.1038/srep17793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Geochemical markers are being increasingly applied to fundamental questions in population and community ecology in marine habitats because they allow inferences on individuals dispersal, but vital effects, small sample size and instrumental limitation are still challenging particularly in deep-sea studies. Here we use shells of the deep-sea bivalve Idas modiolaeformis to assess potential effects of sample storage, mineralogy, and valve orientation on LA-ICPMS measurements. Trace element concentrations of 24Mg, 43Ca, 88Sr, 137Ba, 208Pb, and 238U are not affected by the two most commonly used storage methods of biologic deep-sea samples (frozen at –20°C and fixed in 95% ethanol); thus combined analysis of differently preserved specimens is possible when the number of individuals is insufficient and distinct sample fixation is needed for multiple purposes. Valve orientation had a strong impact on quantification of trace elements in the calcitic but not in the aragonitic layer of adult shells. Hence, to enable comparisons between adult shells and entirely aragonitic embryonic shells, a reference map of site-specific signatures can potentially be generated using the aragonitic layer of the adult shells. Understanding ontogenetic changes and environmental effects in trace element incorporation is critical before geochemical fingerprinting can be used as a tool for larval dispersal studies in the deep-sea.
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13
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Laming SR, Duperron S, Gaudron SM, Hilário A, Cunha MR. Adapted to change: The rapid development of symbiosis in newly settled, fast-maturing chemosymbiotic mussels in the deep sea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 112:100-112. [PMID: 26275834 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Symbioses between microbiota and marine metazoa occur globally at chemosynthetic habitats facing imminent threat from anthropogenic disturbance, yet little is known concerning the role of symbiosis during early development in chemosymbiotic metazoans: a critical period in any benthic species' lifecycle. The emerging symbiosis of Idas (sensu lato) simpsoni mussels undergoing development is assessed over a post-larval-to-adult size spectrum using histology and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Post-larval development shows similarities to that of both heterotrophic and chemosymbiotic mussels. Data from newly settled specimens confirm aposymbiotic, planktotrophic larval development. Sulphur-oxidising (SOX) symbionts subsequently colonise multiple exposed, non-ciliated epithelia shortly after metamorphosis, but only become abundant on gills as these expand with greater host size. This wide-spread bathymodiolin recorded from sulphidic wood, bone and cold-seep habitats, displays a suite of adaptive traits that could buffer against anthropogenic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven R Laming
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris 06, UMR7208 Laboratoire biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (UPMC CNRS MNHM IRD CAEN), 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France; Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Sébastien Duperron
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris 06, UMR7208 Laboratoire biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (UPMC CNRS MNHM IRD CAEN), 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie M Gaudron
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris 06, UMR7208 Laboratoire biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (UPMC CNRS MNHM IRD CAEN), 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ana Hilário
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marina R Cunha
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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14
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Breusing C, Johnson SB, Tunnicliffe V, Vrijenhoek RC. Population structure and connectivity in Indo-Pacific deep-sea mussels of the Bathymodiolus septemdierum complex. CONSERV GENET 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-015-0750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Species distribution and population connectivity of deep-sea mussels at hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118460. [PMID: 25859657 PMCID: PMC4393317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrocarbon seepage is widespread and patchy in the Gulf of Mexico, and six species of symbiont containing bathymodiolin mussels are found on active seeps over wide and overlapping depth and geographic ranges. We use mitochondrial genes to discriminate among the previously known and a newly discovered species and to assess the connectivity among populations of the same species in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Our results generally validate the morphologically based distribution of the three previously known GoM species of Bathymodiolus, although we found that approximately 10% of the morphologically based identifications were incorrect and this resulted in some inaccuracies with respect to their previously assigned depth and geographical distribution patterns. These data allowed us to confirm that sympatry of two species of Bathymodiolus within a single patch of mussels is common. A new species of bathymodiolin, Bathymodiolus sp. nov., closely related to B. heckerae was also discovered. The two species live at the same depths but have not been found in sympatry and both have small effective population sizes. We found evidence for genetic structure within populations of the three species of Bathymodiolinae for which we had samples from multiple sites and suggest limited connectivity for populations at some sites. Despite relatively small sample sizes, genetic diversity indices suggest the largest population sizes for B. childressi and Tamu fisheri and the smallest for B. heckerae and B. sp. nov. among the GoM bathymodiolins. Moreover, we detected an excess of rare variants indicating recent demographic changes and population expansions for the four species of bathymodiolins from the Gulf of Mexico.
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16
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Arellano SM, Van Gaest AL, Johnson SB, Vrijenhoek RC, Young CM. Larvae from deep-sea methane seeps disperse in surface waters. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2013.3276. [PMID: 24827437 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species endemic to deep-sea methane seeps have broad geographical distributions, suggesting that they produce larvae with at least episodic long-distance dispersal. Cold-seep communities on both sides of the Atlantic share species or species complexes, yet larval dispersal across the Atlantic is expected to take prohibitively long at adult depths. Here, we provide direct evidence that the long-lived larvae of two cold-seep molluscs migrate hundreds of metres above the ocean floor, allowing them to take advantage of faster surface currents that may facilitate long-distance dispersal. We collected larvae of the ubiquitous seep mussel "Bathymodiolus" childressi and an associated gastropod, Bathynerita naticoidea, using remote-control plankton nets towed in the euphotic zone of the Gulf of Mexico. The timing of collections suggested that the larvae might disperse in the water column for more than a year, where they feed and grow to more than triple their original sizes. Ontogenetic vertical migration during a long larval life suggests teleplanic dispersal, a plausible explanation for the amphi-Atlantic distribution of "B." mauritanicus and the broad western Atlantic distribution of B. naticoidea. These are the first empirical data to demonstrate a biological mechanism that might explain the genetic similarities between eastern and western Atlantic seep fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Arellano
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, PO Box 5389, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Ahna L Van Gaest
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, PO Box 5389, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Shannon B Johnson
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Robert C Vrijenhoek
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Craig M Young
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, PO Box 5389, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
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17
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Plouviez S, Faure B, Le Guen D, Lallier FH, Bierne N, Jollivet D. A new barrier to dispersal trapped old genetic clines that escaped the Easter Microplate tension zone of the Pacific vent mussels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81555. [PMID: 24312557 PMCID: PMC3846894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative phylogeography of deep-sea hydrothermal vent species has uncovered several genetic breaks between populations inhabiting northern and southern latitudes of the East Pacific Rise. However, the geographic width and position of genetic clines are variable among species. In this report, we further characterize the position and strength of barriers to gene flow between populations of the deep-sea vent mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus. Eight allozyme loci and DNA sequences of four nuclear genes were added to previously published sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Our data confirm the presence of two barriers to gene flow, one located at the Easter Microplate (between 21°33′S and 31°S) recently described as a hybrid zone, and the second positioned between 7°25′S and 14°S with each affecting different loci. Coalescence analysis indicates a single vicariant event at the origin of divergence between clades for all nuclear loci, although the clines are now spatially discordant. We thus hypothesize that the Easter Microplate barrier has recently been relaxed after a long period of isolation and that some genetic clines have escaped the barrier and moved northward where they have subsequently been trapped by a reinforcing barrier to gene flow between 7°25′S and 14°S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Plouviez
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- CNRS UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Baptiste Faure
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- CNRS UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- CNRS UMR 5554, Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Station Méditerranéenne de l’Environnement Littoral, Sète, France
| | - Dominique Le Guen
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- CNRS UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - François H. Lallier
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- CNRS UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Nicolas Bierne
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- CNRS UMR 5554, Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Station Méditerranéenne de l’Environnement Littoral, Sète, France
| | - Didier Jollivet
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- CNRS UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
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18
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Thubaut J, Corbari L, Gros O, Duperron S, Couloux A, Samadi S. Integrative biology of Idas iwaotakii (Habe, 1958), a 'model species' associated with sunken organic substrates. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69680. [PMID: 23894520 PMCID: PMC3722101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The giant bathymodioline mussels from vents have been studied as models to understand the adaptation of organisms to deep-sea chemosynthetic environments. These mussels are closely related to minute mussels associated to organic remains decaying on the deep-sea floor. Whereas biological data accumulate for the giant mussels, the small mussels remain poorly studied. Despite this lack of data for species living on organic remains it has been hypothesized that during evolution, contrary to their relatives from vents or seeps, they did not acquire highly specialized biological features. We aim at testing this hypothesis by providing new biological data for species associated with organic falls. Within Bathymodiolinae a close phylogenetic relationship was revealed between the Bathymodiolus sensu stricto lineage (i.e. “thermophilus” lineage) which includes exclusively vent and seep species, and a diversified lineage of small mussels, attributed to the genus Idas, that includes mostly species from organic falls. We selected Idas iwaotakii (Habe, 1958) from this latter lineage to analyse population structure and to document biological features. Mitochondrial and nuclear markers reveal a north-south genetic structure at an oceanic scale in the Western Pacific but no structure was revealed at a regional scale or as correlated with the kind of substrate or depth. The morphology of larval shells suggests substantial dispersal abilities. Nutritional features were assessed by examining bacterial diversity coupled by a microscopic analysis of the digestive tract. Molecular data demonstrated the presence of sulphur-oxidizing bacteria resembling those identified in other Bathymodiolinae. In contrast with most Bathymodiolus s.s. species the digestive tract of I. iwaotakii is not reduced. Combining data from literature with the present data shows that most of the important biological features are shared between Bathymodiolus s.s. species and its sister-lineage. However Bathymodiolus s.s. species are ecologically more restricted and also display a lower species richness than Idas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Thubaut
- Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7138 UPMC-IRD-MNHN-CNRS, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France.
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19
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van der Heijden K, Petersen JM, Dubilier N, Borowski C. Genetic connectivity between north and south Mid-Atlantic Ridge chemosynthetic bivalves and their symbionts. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39994. [PMID: 22792208 PMCID: PMC3391212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transform faults are geological structures that interrupt the continuity of mid-ocean ridges and can act as dispersal barriers for hydrothermal vent organisms. In the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, it has been hypothesized that long transform faults impede gene flow between the northern and the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and disconnect a northern from a southern biogeographic province. To test if there is a barrier effect in the equatorial Atlantic, we examined phylogenetic relationships of chemosynthetic bivalves and their bacterial symbionts from the recently discovered southern MAR hydrothermal vents at 5°S and 9°S. We examined Bathymodiolus spp. mussels and Abyssogena southwardae clams using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene as a phylogenetic marker for the hosts and the bacterial 16S rRNA gene as a marker for the symbionts. Bathymodiolus spp. from the two southern sites were genetically divergent from the northern MAR species B. azoricus and B. puteoserpentis but all four host lineages form a monophyletic group indicating that they radiated after divergence from their northern Atlantic sister group, the B. boomerang species complex. This suggests dispersal of Bathymodiolus species from north to south across the equatorial belt. 16S rRNA genealogies of chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbionts of Bathymodiolus spp. were inconsistent and did not match the host COI genealogy indicating disconnected biogeography patterns. The vesicomyid clam Abyssogena southwardae from 5°S shared an identical COI haplotype with A. southwardae from the Logatchev vent field on the northern MAR and their symbionts shared identical 16S phylotypes, suggesting gene flow across the Equator. Our results indicate genetic connectivity between the northern and southern MAR and suggest that a strict dispersal barrier does not exist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jillian M. Petersen
- Symbiosis Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Nicole Dubilier
- Symbiosis Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christian Borowski
- Symbiosis Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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20
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Young CM, He R, Emlet RB, Li Y, Qian H, Arellano SM, Van Gaest A, Bennett KC, Wolf M, Smart TI, Rice ME. Dispersal of deep-sea larvae from the intra-American seas: simulations of trajectories using ocean models. Integr Comp Biol 2012; 52:483-96. [PMID: 22669174 DOI: 10.1093/icb/ics090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using data on ocean circulation with a Lagrangian larval transport model, we modeled the potential dispersal distances for seven species of bathyal invertebrates whose durations of larval life have been estimated from laboratory rearing, MOCNESS plankton sampling, spawning times, and recruitment. Species associated with methane seeps in the Gulf of Mexico and/or Barbados included the bivalve "Bathymodiolus" childressi, the gastropod Bathynerita naticoidea, the siboglinid polychaete tube worm Lamellibrachia luymesi, and the asteroid Sclerasterias tanneri. Non-seep species included the echinoids Cidaris blakei and Stylocidaris lineata from sedimented slopes in the Bahamas and the wood-dwelling sipunculan Phascolosoma turnerae, found in Barbados, the Bahamas, and the Gulf of Mexico. Durations of the planktonic larval stages ranged from 3 weeks in lecithotrophic tubeworms to more than 2 years in planktotrophic starfish. Planktotrophic sipunculan larvae from the northern Gulf of Mexico were capable of reaching the mid-Atlantic off Newfoundland, a distance of more than 3000 km, during a 7- to 14-month drifting period, but the proportion retained in the Gulf of Mexico varied significantly among years. Larvae drifting in the upper water column often had longer median dispersal distances than larvae drifting for the same amount of time below the permanent thermocline, although the shapes of the distance-frequency curves varied with depth only in the species with the longest larval trajectories. Even species drifting for >2 years did not cross the ocean in the North Atlantic Drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Young
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR 97420, USA.
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21
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Bennett KC, Young CM, Emlet RB. Larval development and metamorphosis of the deep-sea cidaroid urchin Cidaris blakei. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2012; 222:105-117. [PMID: 22589401 DOI: 10.1086/bblv222n2p105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cidaroids, one of the two major sister clades of sea urchins, first appeared during the lower Permian (ca. 270 mya) and are considered to represent the primitive form of all living echinoids. This study of Cidaris blakei, a deep-sea cidaroid urchin with planktotrophic larvae, provides a description of development from fertilization through early juvenile stages and is the first report of a deep-sea urchin reared through metamorphosis. C. blakei resembles other cidaroids in its lack of a cohesive hyaline layer, the absence of an amniotic invagination for juvenile rudiment formation, and the presence of spines with a single morphotype at metamorphosis. C. blakei differed from other cidaroids in the presence of an apical tuft, the extent of fenestration of postoral skeletal rods, the shape of juvenile spines, and an extended (14-day) lecithotrophic stage prior to development of a complete gut. The development of C. blakei, 120 days from fertilization to metamorphosis, was protracted relative to that of shallow-water cidaroids. Preliminary work on temperature tolerances suggests that C. blakei larvae would be unable to survive the warmer temperatures higher in the water column and are therefore unable to vertically migrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Bennett
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology and the Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR 97420, USA.
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22
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Marylène Gaudron S, Demoyencourt E, Duperron S. Reproductive traits of the cold-seep symbiotic mussel Idas modiolaeformis: gametogenesis and larval biology. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2012; 222:6-16. [PMID: 22426627 DOI: 10.1086/bblv222n1p6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe the first reproductive features of a chemosynthetic mussel collected at cold seeps from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Idas modiolaeformis (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) is a hermaphroditic species in which production of male and female gametes likely alternates, a feature regarded as an adaptation to patchy and ephemeral habitats. By using fluorescent in situ hybridization, we demonstrate that bacterial symbionts, while present within the gills, are absent within acini that enclose female gametes and male gametes. This supports the hypothesis of environmental acquisition of symbionts in chemosynthetic mytilids. Prodissoconch I (PI) is relatively small compared to prodissoconch II (PII), suggesting a planktotrophic larval stage. Diameters of the two larval shells are in the range of sizes reported for mytilids, with a PII size between that of the shallow Mytilus edulis and that of the cold-seep mussel "Bathymodiolus" childressi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Marylène Gaudron
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris VI, CNRS, UMR, Systématique, Adaptations, Evolution, AMEX, France.
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23
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McClain CR, Stegen JC, Hurlbert AH. Dispersal, environmental niches and oceanic-scale turnover in deep-sea bivalves. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:1993-2002. [PMID: 22189399 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of beta-diversity or distance decay at oceanic scales are completely unknown for deep-sea communities. Even when appropriate data exist, methodological problems have made it difficult to discern the relative roles of environmental filtering and dispersal limitation for generating faunal turnover patterns. Here, we combine a spatially extensive dataset on deep-sea bivalves with a model incorporating ecological dynamics and shared evolutionary history to quantify the effects of environmental filtering and dispersal limitation. Both the model and empirical data are used to relate functional, taxonomic and phylogenetic similarity between communities to environmental and spatial distances separating them for 270 sites across the Atlantic Ocean. This study represents the first ocean-wide analysis examining distance decay as a function of a broad suite of explanatory variables. We find that both strong environmental filtering and dispersal limitation drive turnover in taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic composition in deep-sea bivalves, explaining 26 per cent, 34 per cent and 9 per cent of the variation, respectively. This contrasts with previous suggestions that dispersal is not limiting in broad-scale biogeographic and biodiversity patterning in marine systems. However, rates of decay in similarity with environmental distance were eightfold to 44-fold steeper than with spatial distance. Energy availability is the most influential environmental variable evaluated, accounting for 3.9 per cent, 9.4 per cent and 22.3 per cent of the variation in functional, phylogenetic and taxonomic similarity, respectively. Comparing empirical patterns with process-based theoretical predictions provided quantitative estimates of dispersal limitation and niche breadth, indicating that 95 per cent of deep-sea bivalve propagules will be able to persist in environments that deviate from their optimum by up to 2.1 g m(-2) yr(-1) and typically disperse 749 km from their natal site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R McClain
- National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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Yearsley JM, Sigwart JD. Larval transport modeling of deep-sea invertebrates can aid the search for undiscovered populations. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23063. [PMID: 21857992 PMCID: PMC3152551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many deep-sea benthic animals occur in patchy distributions separated by thousands of kilometres, yet because deep-sea habitats are remote, little is known about their larval dispersal. Our novel method simulates dispersal by combining data from the Argo array of autonomous oceanographic probes, deep-sea ecological surveys, and comparative invertebrate physiology. The predicted particle tracks allow quantitative, testable predictions about the dispersal of benthic invertebrate larvae in the south-west Pacific. Principal Findings In a test case presented here, using non-feeding, non-swimming (lecithotrophic trochophore) larvae of polyplacophoran molluscs (chitons), we show that the likely dispersal pathways in a single generation are significantly shorter than the distances between the three known population centres in our study region. The large-scale density of chiton populations throughout our study region is potentially much greater than present survey data suggest, with intermediate ‘stepping stone’ populations yet to be discovered. Conclusions/Significance We present a new method that is broadly applicable to studies of the dispersal of deep-sea organisms. This test case demonstrates the power and potential applications of our new method, in generating quantitative, testable hypotheses at multiple levels to solve the mismatch between observed and expected distributions: probabilistic predictions of locations of intermediate populations, potential alternative dispersal mechanisms, and expected population genetic structure. The global Argo data have never previously been used to address benthic biology, and our method can be applied to any non-swimming larvae of the deep-sea, giving information upon dispersal corridors and population densities in habitats that remain intrinsically difficult to assess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Yearsley
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland, United Kingdom.
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McClain CR, Hardy SM. The dynamics of biogeographic ranges in the deep sea. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:3533-46. [PMID: 20667884 PMCID: PMC2982252 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic disturbances such as fishing, mining, oil drilling, bioprospecting, warming, and acidification in the deep sea are increasing, yet generalities about deep-sea biogeography remain elusive. Owing to the lack of perceived environmental variability and geographical barriers, ranges of deep-sea species were traditionally assumed to be exceedingly large. In contrast, seamount and chemosynthetic habitats with reported high endemicity challenge the broad applicability of a single biogeographic paradigm for the deep sea. New research benefiting from higher resolution sampling, molecular methods and public databases can now more rigorously examine dispersal distances and species ranges on the vast ocean floor. Here, we explore the major outstanding questions in deep-sea biogeography. Based on current evidence, many taxa appear broadly distributed across the deep sea, a pattern replicated in both the abyssal plains and specialized environments such as hydrothermal vents. Cold waters may slow larval metabolism and development augmenting the great intrinsic ability for dispersal among many deep-sea species. Currents, environmental shifts, and topography can prove to be dispersal barriers but are often semipermeable. Evidence of historical events such as points of faunal origin and climatic fluctuations are also evident in contemporary biogeographic ranges. Continued synthetic analysis, database construction, theoretical advancement and field sampling will be required to further refine hypotheses regarding deep-sea biogeography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R McClain
- National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, 2024 West Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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Olu K, Cordes EE, Fisher CR, Brooks JM, Sibuet M, Desbruyères D. Biogeography and potential exchanges among the atlantic Equatorial belt cold-seep faunas. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11967. [PMID: 20700528 PMCID: PMC2916822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Like hydrothermal vents along oceanic ridges, cold seeps are patchy and isolated ecosystems along continental margins, extending from bathyal to abyssal depths. The Atlantic Equatorial Belt (AEB), from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of Guinea, was one focus of the Census of Marine Life ChEss (Chemosynthetic Ecosystems) program to study biogeography of seep and vent fauna. We present a review and analysis of collections from five seep regions along the AEB: the Gulf of Mexico where extensive faunal sampling has been conducted from 400 to 3300 m, the Barbados accretionary prism, the Blake ridge diapir, and in the Eastern Atlantic from the Congo and Gabon margins and the recently explored Nigeria margin. Of the 72 taxa identified at the species level, a total of 9 species or species complexes are identified as amphi-Atlantic. Similarity analyses based on both Bray Curtis and Hellinger distances among 9 faunal collections, and principal component analysis based on presence/absence of megafauna species at these sites, suggest that within the AEB seep megafauna community structure is influenced primarily by depth rather than by geographic distance. Depth segregation is observed between 1000 and 2000 m, with the middle slope sites either grouped with those deeper than 2000 m or with the shallower sites. The highest level of community similarity was found between the seeps of the Florida escarpment and Congo margin. In the western Atlantic, the highest degree of similarity is observed between the shallowest sites of the Barbados prism and of the Louisiana slope. The high number of amphi-atlantic cold-seep species that do not cluster according to biogeographic regions, and the importance of depth in structuring AEB cold-seep communities are the major conclusions of this study. The hydrothermal vent sites along the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) did not appear as "stepping stones" for dispersal of the AEB seep fauna, however, the south MAR and off axis regions should be further explored to more fully test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Olu
- Département Etude des Ecosystèmes Profonds (DEEP), IFREMER, BP70, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Metaxas A, Kelly NE. Do larval supply and recruitment vary among chemosynthetic environments of the deep sea? PLoS One 2010; 5:e11646. [PMID: 20657831 PMCID: PMC2906503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The biological communities that inhabit chemosynthetic environments exist in an ephemeral and patchily distributed habitat with unique physicochemical properties that lead to high endemicity. Consequently, the maintenance and recovery from perturbation of the populations in these habitats is, arguably, mainly regulated by larval supply and recruitment. Methodology/Principal Findings We use data from the published scientific literature to: (1) compare the magnitudes of and variability in larval supply and settlement and recruitment at hydrothermal vents, seeps, and whale, wood and kelp falls; (2) explore factors that affect these life history processes, when information is available; and (3) explore taxonomic affinities in the recruit assemblages of the different chemosynthetic habitats, using multivariate statistical techniques. Larval supply at vents can vary across segments by several orders of magnitude for gastropods; for bivalves, supply is similar at vents on different segments, and at cold seeps. The limited information on larval development suggests that dispersal potential may be highest for molluscs from cold seeps, intermediate for siboglinids at vents and lowest for the whale-bone siboglinid Osedax. Settlement is poorly studied and only at vents and seeps, but tends to be highest near an active source of emanating fluid in both habitats. Rate of recruitment at vents is more variable among studies within a segment than among segments. Across different chemosynthetic habitats, recruitment rate of bivalves is much more variable than that of gastropods and polychaetes. Total recruitment rate ranges only between 0.1 and 1 ind dm−2 d−1 across all chemosynthetic habitats, falling above rates in the non-reducing deep sea. The recruit assemblages at vents, seeps and kelp falls have lower taxonomic breadth, and include more families and genera that have many species more closely related to each other than those at whale and wood falls. Vents also have the most uneven taxonomic structure, with fewer recruits represented by higher taxonomic levels (phyla, orders, classes) compared to seeps and wood and kelp falls, whereas the opposite is true at whale falls. Conclusions/Significance Based on our evaluation of the literature, the patterns and regulatory factors of the early history processes in chemosynthetic environments in the deep sea remain poorly understood. More research focused on these early life history stages will allow us to make inferences about the ecological and biogeographic linkages among the reducing habitats in the deep sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Metaxas
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Cordes EE, Hourdez S, Roberts HH. Unusual Habitats and Organisms Associated with the Cold Seeps of the Gulf of Mexico. TOPICS IN GEOBIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9572-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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PLOUVIEZ S, SHANK TM, FAURE B, DAGUIN-THIEBAUT C, VIARD F, LALLIER FH, JOLLIVET D. Comparative phylogeography among hydrothermal vent species along the East Pacific Rise reveals vicariant processes and population expansion in the South. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:3903-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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