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Boldyrev K, Klimin S, Denisov V, Tarelkin S, Kuznetsov M, Terentiev S, Blank V. UV Light Irradiation Effects in P-Doped Diamonds: Total Content Determination of Phosphorus Donors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:9048. [PMID: 36556854 PMCID: PMC9781816 DOI: 10.3390/ma15249048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Upon the UV light irradiation of single-crystal diamonds doped with phosphorus, several effects have been observed. The integral intensity of phosphorus lines in FTIR absorption spectra under UV radiation was increased. A saturation effect depending on the power of the laser radiation was demonstrated. Narrowing of the phosphorus lines, as well as the redistribution of the intensities in their doublets caused by the Jahn-Teller distortion of the donor ground state, was observed. It was found that these effects are associated with the decompensation of the phosphorus donors. An easy, fast, sensitive, and nondestructive, fully optical method for the determination of the total phosphorus donor's concentration in semiconducting diamonds, as well as its compensation ratio, was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Boldyrev
- Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Sciences, 108840 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Klimin
- Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Sciences, 108840 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor Denisov
- Institute of Spectroscopy, Russian Academy of Sciences, 108840 Moscow, Russia
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 108840 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Tarelkin
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 108840 Moscow, Russia
- The All-Russian Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements, 119361 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Kuznetsov
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 108840 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Terentiev
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 108840 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Blank
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 108840 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Kunuku S, Ficek M, Wieloszynska A, Tamulewicz-Szwajkowska M, Gajewski K, Sawczak M, Lewkowicz A, Ryl J, Gotszalk T, Bogdanowicz R. Influence of B/N co-doping on electrical and photoluminescence properties of CVD grown homoepitaxial diamond films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 33:125603. [PMID: 34879361 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac4130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Boron doped diamond (BDD) has great potential in electrical, and electrochemical sensing applications. The growth parameters, substrates, and synthesis method play a vital role in the preparation of semiconducting BDD to metallic BDD. Doping of other elements along with boron (B) into diamond demonstrated improved efficacy of B doping and exceptional properties. In the present study, B and nitrogen (N) co-doped diamond has been synthesized on single crystalline diamond (SCD) IIa and SCD Ib substrates in a microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition process. The B/N co-doping into CVD diamond has been conducted at constant N flow of N/C ∼ 0.02 with three different B/C doping concentrations of B/C ∼ 2500 ppm, 5000 ppm, 7500 ppm. Atomic force microscopy topography depicted the flat and smooth surface with low surface roughness for low B doping, whereas surface features like hillock structures and un-epitaxial diamond crystals with high surface roughness were observed for high B doping concentrations. KPFM measurements revealed that the work function (4.74-4.94 eV) has not varied significantly for CVD diamond synthesized with different B/C concentrations. Raman spectroscopy measurements described the growth of high-quality diamond and photoluminescence studies revealed the formation of high-density nitrogen-vacancy centers in CVD diamond layers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results confirmed the successful B doping and the increase in N doping with B doping concentration. The room temperature electrical resistance measurements of CVD diamond layers (B/C ∼ 7500 ppm) have shown the low resistance value ∼9.29 Ω for CVD diamond/SCD IIa, and the resistance value ∼16.55 Ω for CVD diamond/SCD Ib samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasu Kunuku
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ficek
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wieloszynska
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Gajewski
- Department of Nanometrology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Janiszewskiego 11/17 St., 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Sawczak
- The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-231, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aneta Lewkowicz
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 57, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tedor Gotszalk
- Department of Nanometrology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Janiszewskiego 11/17 St., 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Robert Bogdanowicz
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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3
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Palyanov YN, Borzdov YM, Kupriyanov IN, Khohkhryakov AF, Nechaev DV. Rare-earth metal catalysts for high-pressure synthesis of rare diamonds. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8421. [PMID: 33875767 PMCID: PMC8055970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of the unique properties of diamond and the prospects for its high-technology applications urges the search for new solvents–catalysts for the synthesis of diamonds with rare and unusual properties. Here we report the synthesis of diamond from melts of 15 rare-earth metals (REM) at 7.8 GPa and 1800–2100 °C. The boundary conditions for diamond crystallization and the optimal parameters for single crystal diamond synthesis are determined. Depending on the REM catalyst, diamond crystallizes in the form of cube–octahedrons, octahedrons and specific crystals bound by tetragon–trioctahedron and trigon–trioctahedron faces. The synthesized diamonds are nitrogen-free and belong to the rare type II, indicating that the rare-earth metals act as both solvent–catalysts and nitrogen getters. It is found that the REM catalysts enable synthesis of diamond doped with group IV elements with formation of impurity–vacancy color centers, promising for the emerging quantum technologies. Our study demonstrates a new field of application of rare-earth metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri N Palyanov
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academican Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation. .,Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str., 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuri M Borzdov
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academican Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Igor N Kupriyanov
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academican Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander F Khohkhryakov
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academican Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation.,Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str., 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Denis V Nechaev
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academican Koptyug Ave., 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
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4
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Pakpour-Tabrizi AC, Schenk AK, Holt AJU, Mahatha SK, Arnold F, Bianchi M, Jackman RB, Butler JE, Vikharev A, Miwa JA, Hofmann P, Cooil SP, Wells JW, Mazzola F. The occupied electronic structure of ultrathin boron doped diamond. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:1358-1364. [PMID: 36133056 PMCID: PMC9417656 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00593e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, we compare the electronic band structure of an ultrathin (1.8 nm) δ-layer of boron-doped diamond with a bulk-like boron doped diamond film (3 μm). Surprisingly, the measurements indicate that except for a small change in the effective mass, there is no significant difference between the electronic structure of these samples, irrespective of their physical dimensionality, except for a small modification of the effective mass. While this suggests that, at the current time, it is not possible to fabricate boron-doped diamond structures with quantum properties, it also means that nanoscale boron doped diamond structures can be fabricated which retain the classical electronic properties of bulk-doped diamond, without a need to consider the influence of quantum confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Pakpour-Tabrizi
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London 17-19 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AH UK
| | - A K Schenk
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NO-7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - A J U Holt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - S K Mahatha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - F Arnold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - M Bianchi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - R B Jackman
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London 17-19 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AH UK
| | - J E Butler
- Cubic Carbon Ceramics 855 Carson Road Huntingtown MD 20639 USA
| | - A Vikharev
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences 46 Ul'yanov Street Nizhny Novgorod 603950 Russia
| | - J A Miwa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - P Hofmann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - S P Cooil
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NO-7491 Trondheim Norway
- Department of Physics, Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ UK
| | - J W Wells
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NO-7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - F Mazzola
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NO-7491 Trondheim Norway
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Ding M, Liu Y, Lu X, Tang W. Effect of Laser Ablation on Microwave Attenuation Properties of Diamond Films. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12223700. [PMID: 31717582 PMCID: PMC6888003 DOI: 10.3390/ma12223700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermal conductivity is required for developing high-power microwave technology. Diamond has the highest thermal conductivity in nature. In this study, a diamond film was synthesized by microwave plasma chemical deposition, and then long and short conductive graphite fibers were introduced to the diamond films by laser ablation. The permittivity of the samples in the K-band was measured using the transmission/reflection method. The permittivity of diamond films with short graphite fibers increased. The increase in real part of permittivity can be attributed to electron polarization, and the increase in the imaginary part can be ascribed to both polarization and electrical conductivity. The diamond films with long graphite fibers exhibited a highly pronounced anisotropy for microwave. The calculation of microwave absorption shows that reflection loss values exceeding −10 dB can be obtained in the frequency range of 21.3–23.5 GHz when the graphite fiber length is 0.7 mm and the sample thickness is 2.5 mm. Therefore, diamond films can be developed into a microwave attenuation material with extremely high thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Ding
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (W.T.)
| | - Yanqing Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinru Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Weizhong Tang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (W.T.)
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6
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Baker PA, Goodloe DR, Vohra YK. Morphological Transition in Diamond Thin-Films Induced by Boron in a Microwave Plasma Deposition Process. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10111305. [PMID: 29135942 PMCID: PMC5706252 DOI: 10.3390/ma10111305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to understand the basic mechanisms responsible for the synthesis of nanostructured diamond films in a microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) process and to identify plasma chemistry suitable for controlling the morphology and electrical properties of deposited films. The nanostructured diamond films were synthesized by MPCVD on Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrates using H2/CH4/N2 precursor gases and the plasma chemistry was monitored by the optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The synthesized thin-films were characterized by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The addition of B2H6 to the feedgas during MPCVD of diamond thin-films changes the crystal grain size from nanometer to micron scale. Nanostructured diamond films grown with H2/CH4/N2 gases demonstrate a broad (111) Bragg x-ray diffraction peak (Full-Width at Half-Maximum (FWHM) = 0.93° 2θ), indicating a small grain size, whereas scans show a definite sharpening of the diamond (111) peak (FWHM = 0.30° 2θ) with the addition of boron. OES showed a decrease in CN (carbon–nitrogen) radical in the plasma with B2H6 addition to the gas mixture. Our study indicates that CN radical plays a critical role in the synthesis of nanostructured diamond films and suppression of CN radical by boron-addition in the plasma causes a morphological transition to microcrystalline diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Baker
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - David R Goodloe
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Birmingham Southern College, Birmingham, AL 35254, USA.
| | - Yogesh K Vohra
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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7
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Incorporation of Large Impurity Atoms into the Diamond Crystal Lattice: EPR of Split-Vacancy Defects in Diamond. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7080237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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HPHT Diamond Crystallization in the Mg-Si-C System: Effect of Mg/Si Composition. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7050119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Prins JF. Recombination luminescence from defects in boron-ion implantation-doped diamond using low fluences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s100190050049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan F. Prins
- Schonland Research Centre for Nuclear Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2050, South AfricaFax:
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10
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Energetic stability, atomic and electronic structures of extended γ-graphyne: A density functional study. J Mol Model 2015; 21:154. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Palyanov YN, Kupriyanov IN, Borzdov YM, Bataleva YV. High-pressure synthesis and characterization of diamond from an Mg–Si–C system. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce01265a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-pressure synthesis of silicon-doped diamond from the Mg–Si–C system is demonstrated. The effects of Si on the crystallization and spectroscopic characteristics of diamond are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. N. Palyanov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy
- Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I. N. Kupriyanov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy
- Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Y. M. Borzdov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy
- Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Y. V. Bataleva
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy
- Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Novosibirsk, Russia
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12
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Fox BA, Dreifus DL. Homoepitaxial Diamond Devices. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.199800010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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YANAOKA T, YOSHIHARA S. Studies on the Electrochemical Reaction of Boron Doped Diamond under Magnetic Field. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.81.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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Ma J, Richley JC, Davies DRW, Cheesman A, Ashfold MNR, Mankelevich YA. Spectroscopic and Modeling Investigations of the Gas-Phase Chemistry and Composition in Microwave Plasma Activated B2H6/Ar/H2 Mixtures. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2447-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9094694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS and
| | - James C. Richley
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS and
| | - David R. W. Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS and
| | - Andrew Cheesman
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS and
| | | | - Yuri A. Mankelevich
- Skobel’tsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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15
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Fisher D, Sibley SJ, Kelly CJ. Brown colour in natural diamond and interaction between the brown related and other colour-inducing defects. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:364213. [PMID: 21832319 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/36/364213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Absorption spectroscopy results on a range of type II diamonds are presented which enable the electronic states associated with them to be mapped out. High pressure, high temperature treatment of brown type IIa diamonds has enabled an activation energy for the removal of the brown colour of 8.0 ± 0.3 eV to be determined and this is consistent with expectations associated with the currently accepted vacancy cluster model for the defect. Theoretical calculations suggest that this defect will generate partially filled gap states about 1 eV above the valence band. Data on the photochromic behaviour of bands producing pink colour and their relation to brown colour are presented; these suggest that the pink bands are produced from two independent transitions with ground states close to each other just below the middle of the band gap. Compensation of neutral boron by charge transfer from states associated with brown colour is demonstrated via the correlated increase in neutral boron and decrease in brown colour on high pressure, high temperature treatment to remove the defects causing the brown colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fisher
- Diamond Trading Company, DTC Research Centre, Maidenhead, Berkshire SL6 6JW, UK
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16
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Collins AT, Kiflawi I. The annealing of radiation damage in type Ia diamond. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:364209. [PMID: 21832315 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/36/364209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of the recovery of radiation damage in type Ia diamond has been investigated using isothermal annealing at 600 °C. In diamonds having a reasonably homogeneous distribution of nitrogen the decay of the vacancy concentration with time can be approximately described by a single exponential. Previous investigations have identified 'fast' and 'slow' components in the annealing, and we show that the existence of more than one time constant is associated with inhomogeneous nitrogen concentrations. The measurements show further that, in order to obtain the oscillator strengths of nitrogen-vacancy centres, studies must be restricted to diamonds with moderately high nitrogen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T Collins
- Physics Department, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
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17
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Yokoya T, Nakamura T, Matsushita T, Muro T, Takano Y, Nagao M, Takenouchi T, Kawarada H, Oguchi T. Origin of the metallic properties of heavily boron-doped superconducting diamond. Nature 2005; 438:647-50. [PMID: 16319887 DOI: 10.1038/nature04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The physical properties of lightly doped semiconductors are well described by electronic band-structure calculations and impurity energy levels. Such properties form the basis of present-day semiconductor technology. If the doping concentration n exceeds a critical value n(c), the system passes through an insulator-to-metal transition and exhibits metallic behaviour; this is widely accepted to occur as a consequence of the impurity levels merging to form energy bands. However, the electronic structure of semiconductors doped beyond n(c) have not been explored in detail. Therefore, the recent observation of superconductivity emerging near the insulator-to-metal transition in heavily boron-doped diamond has stimulated a discussion on the fundamental origin of the metallic states responsible for the superconductivity. Two approaches have been adopted for describing this metallic state: the introduction of charge carriers into either the impurity bands or the intrinsic diamond bands. Here we show experimentally that the doping-dependent occupied electronic structures are consistent with the diamond bands, indicating that holes in the diamond bands play an essential part in determining the metallic nature of the heavily boron-doped diamond superconductor. This supports the diamond band approach and related predictions, including the possibility of achieving dopant-induced superconductivity in silicon and germanium. It should also provide a foundation for the possible development of diamond-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yokoya
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI)/SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan.
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18
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Segev D, Wei SH. Design of shallow donor levels in diamond by isovalent-donor coupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:126406. [PMID: 14525383 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.126406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Using the first-principles pseudopotential method, we have studied simultaneous isovalent and n-type doping in diamond. We show that Si induces fully occupied isovalent levels near the valence band maximum. The Si levels interact with N donor levels, making them much shallower. The donor transition energy level of the N + 4Si defect complexes is found to be 0.09 eV below the conduction band minimum, which is the shallowest level found thus far for this system. The binding energy of the N + 4Si complex is also large enough to insure its stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Segev
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
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19
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Sauerer C, Ertl F, Nebel C, Stutzmann M, Bergonzo P, Williams O, Jackman R. Low Temperature Surface Conductivity of Hydrogenated Diamond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-396x(200108)186:2<241::aid-pssa241>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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21
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Vouk MA. Conditions necessary for the formation of the electron-hole liquid in diamond and calculation of its parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/12/12/016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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23
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Yamanaka S, Takeuchi D, Watanabe H, Okushi H, Kajimura K. Low-Compensated Boron-Doped Homoepitaxial Diamond Films Using Trimethylboron. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-396x(199907)174:1<59::aid-pssa59>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Abstract
In this paper I review the evidence that shows that the optical and electronic properties of semiconducting diamond can be understood in terms of boron acceptors partially compensated by deep donors. In natural semiconducting diamond, in which the total impurity concentration is less than 1 ppm, there is a lot of fine structure in the acceptor absorption spectrum that is not fully understood, and the electrical conductivity is primarily associated with the thermally activated excitation of holes from the acceptor ground state to the valence band. Some of the problems regarding the analysis of Hall effect data in this material are discussed, including the temperature dependences of the scattering mechanisms, of the contribution from the split-off valence band and of the population of excited states. There are no adequate theoretical descriptions of any of these processes, and this leads to some uncertainties in the values of the parameters derived from the temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient. For boron-doped synthetic diamond, and thin film diamond grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD), the defect concentrations are generally much higher, and much more inhomogeneous, than in natural semiconducting diamond. This results in a substantial broadening of the acceptor absorption spectrum and the electronic properties are greatly modified by increasing contributions from impurity band conduction as the acceptor concentrations are increased, leading to very low mobility values. For both poly crystalline and single crystal homoepitaxial CVD diamond, measurements of the electrical properties can be completely invalidated by the presence of a surface layer of non-diamond carbon.
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Twitchen DJ, Newton ME, Baker JM, Tucker OD, Anthony TR, Banholzer WF. Electron-paramagnetic-resonance measurements on the di-<001>-split interstitial center (R1) in diamond. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:6988-6998. [PMID: 9984317 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.6988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Wynands HA, Malta DM, Fox BA, Fleurial JP, Irvine D, Vandersande J. Impurity-characterization agreement in type-IIb single-crystal diamond by high-temperature Hall-effect, capacitance-voltage, and secondary-ion mass-spectroscopy measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:5745-5748. [PMID: 10011543 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.5745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Zeidler JR, Hewett CA, Wilson RG. Carrier activation and mobility of boron-dopant atoms in ion-implanted diamond as a function of implantation conditions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:2065-2071. [PMID: 10006245 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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