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Abstract
This review focuses on optical refrigeration with the anti-Stokes fluorescence of rare-earth (RE)-doped low-phonon micro- and nanocrystals. Contrary to bulk samples, where the thermal energy is contained in internal vibrational modes (phonons), the thermal energy of nanoparticles is contained in both the translational motion and internal vibrational (phonons) modes of the sample. Much theoretical and experimental research is currently devoted to the laser cooling of nanoparticles. In the majority of the related work, only the translational energy of the particles has been suppressed. In this review, the latest achievements in hybrid optical refrigeration of RE-doped low-phonon micro- and nanoparticles are presented. Hybrid cooling permits the suppression of not only the translational energy of the RE-doped particles, but also their internal vibrational phonon thermal energy. Laser cooling of nanoparticles is not a simple task. Mie resonances can be used to enhance laser cooling with the anti-Stokes fluorescence of nanoparticles made of low-phonon RE-doped solids. Laser-cooled nanoparticles is a promising tool for fundamental quantum-mechanical studies, nonequilibrium thermodynamics, and precision measurements of forces.
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Walls FL, Dunn GH. Measurement of total cross sections for electron recombination with NO+and O2+using ion storage techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja079i013p01911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rakov VS, Whitehouse CM. Excitation of ions by high-harmonic frequency components in Paul and Penning traps and ion guides. I. Selective simultaneous dipolar excitation of high charge states with clipped sinusoidal and non-harmonic waveforms in a linear quadrupole ion guide. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2004; 10:173-186. [PMID: 15103094 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a method for simultaneous excitation of multiple high charge states of a molecular ion in Paul or Penning trap. Using a linear quadrupolar ion guide we validate the method by using a variety of time- domain excitation waveforms with high harmonics of the first charge state's resonant frequency. The proposed way of inducing harmonics is the deliberate distortion of the excitation waveform from its sinusoidal form. In order to facilitate interference of the harmonics, a superposition of two sinusoids different by a frequency factor of two is used. The simplest form of distortion - amplitude restriction - of such waveform produces interference of the harmonics and results in selective excitation of charge states. Multiple protonation states of melittin were used as a model in this study.
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Vartanian VH, Laude DA. High performance fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry via a single trap electrode. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1995; 6:812-821. [PMID: 24214424 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(95)00327-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/1994] [Revised: 04/19/1995] [Accepted: 04/24/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An open-ended cylindrical cell with a single annular trap electrode located at the center of the excitation and detection region is demonstrated for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. A trapping well is created by applying a static potential to the trap electrode of polarity opposite the charge of the ion to be trapped, after which conventional dipolar excitation and detection are performed. The annular trap electrode is axially narrow to allow the creation of a potential well without excessively shielding excitation and detection. Trapping is limited to the region of homogeneous excitation at the cell centerline without the use of capacitive coupling. Perfluorotributylamine excitation profiles demonstrate negligible axial ejection throughout the entire excitation voltage range even at an effective centerline potential of only -0.009 V. High mass resolving power in the single-trap electrode cell is demonstrated by achievement of mass resolving power of 1.45 × 10(6) for benzene during an experiment in which ions created in a high pressure source cubic cell are transferred to the low pressure analyzer single-trap electrode cell for detection. Such high performance is attributed to the negligible radius dependent radial electric field for ions cooled to the center of the potential well and accelerated to less than 60% of the cell radius. An important distinction of the single-trap electrode geometry from all previous open and closed cell arrangements is exhibition of combined gated and accumulated trapping. Because there is no potential barrier, all ions penetrate into the trapping region regardless of their translational energy as in gated trapping, but additional ions may accumulate over time, as in accumulated trapping. Ions of low translational kinetic energy are demonstrated to be preferentially trapped in the single-trap electrode cell. In a further demonstration of the minimal radial electric field of the single-trap electrode cell, positive voltages can be applied to the annular trap electrode as well as the source cell trap electrode to achieve highly efficient transfer of ions between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Vartanian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, TX
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Xiang X, Guan S, Marshal AG. Simulated ion trajectory and induced signal in ion cyclotron resonance ion traps. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1994; 5:238-249. [PMID: 24222561 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(94)85014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/1993] [Revised: 12/07/1993] [Accepted: 12/07/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a numerical method for computation of electrostatic (trapping) and time-varying (excitation) electric fields and the resulting ion trajectory and detected time-domain-induced voltage signal in a rectangular (or cubic) ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) ion trap. The electric potential is calculated by use of the superposition principle and relaxation method with a large number of grid points (e.g., 100 × 100 × 100 for a cubic trap). Complex ICR experiments and spectra may now be simulated with high accuracy. Ion trajectories may be obtained for any combination of trapping and excitation modes, including quadrupolar or cubic trapping in static or dynamic mode; and dipolar, quadrupolar, or parametric excitation with single-frequency, frequency-sweep (chirp), or stored waveform inverse Fourier transform waveforms. The resulting ion trajectory may be represented either as its three dimensional spatial path or as two-dimensional plots of x-, y-, or z-position, velocity, or kinetic energy versus time in the absence or presence of excitation. Induced current is calculated by use of the reciprocity principle, and simulated ICR mass spectra are generated by Fourier transform of the corresponding time-domain voltage signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Chen R, Marshall AG. An off-center cubic ion trap for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(94)03946-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen R, Guan S, Marshall AG. Generation and detection of coherent magnetron motion in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. J Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1063/1.466524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Gorshkov MV, Marshall AG, Nikolaev EN. Analysis and elimination of systematic errors originating from coulomb mutual interaction and image charge in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance precise mass difference measurements. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1993; 4:855-868. [PMID: 24227529 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(93)87003-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/1993] [Revised: 06/15/1993] [Accepted: 06/15/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of mutual Coulomb-mediated interactions between ions of two different mass-to-charge ratios (but equal ion cyclotron orbital radii) on their Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT/ICR) mass spectral frequency difference is derived analytically and measured experimentally. For a cylindrical ion trap, ion packets are modeled theoretically as infinitely extended lines of charge, and contributions to cyclotron frequency difference due to direct Coulomb repulsion between the lime charges as well as the forces arising from image charge induced on the trap electrodes by each line charge are calculated. A striking theoretical prediction is that the effect on ICR frequency difference of mutual Coulomb repulsion between ions in a mass doublet may be compensated by the image-charge effect. As a result, there is an optimal (calculable) ion cyclotron orbital radius at which the measured cyclotron orbital frequency difference between ions of two different mass-to-charge ratios is independent of mutual Coulomb-mediated interactions between the two components of the mass doublet! Moreover, if the two mass-doublet component ions are present in equal numbers, then the measured ion cyclotron orbital frequency difference is also independent of all Coulomb-mediated interactions between the two types of ions! Thus, the single largest systematic error in measurement of mass difference in a mass doublet by FT/ICR mass spectrometry may be virtually eliminated by appropriate control of ICR orbital radius and/or by performing measurements at various relative abundance ratios and extrapolating to equal relative abundance of the two mass-doublet components. We report experimental tests and verification of these predictions for two different mass doublets: (3)He(+)/(3)H(+) (cylindrical trap at 4.7 Tesla) and (12)C(1)H 2 (+) /(14) N(+) (cubic trap at 7.0 Tesla). From the latter measurement, we determine the mass of atomic nitrogen as m((14)N)=14.003 074 014(19) u.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Gorshkov
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 120 West 18th Avenue, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA
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Gorshkov MV, Guan S, Marshall AG. Masses of stable neon isotopes determined at parts per billion precision by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(93)87015-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Winger BE, Hofstadler SA, Bruce JE, Udseth HR, Smith RD. High-resolution accurate mass measurements of biomolecules using a new electrospray ionization ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1993; 4:566-577. [PMID: 24227643 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(93)85018-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/1993] [Revised: 03/05/1993] [Accepted: 03/05/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrospray ionization/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer based on a 7-T superconducting magnet was developed for high-resolution accurate mass measurements of large biomolecules. Ions formed at atmospheric pressure using electrospray ionization (ESI) were transmitted (through six differential pumping stages) to the trapped ion cell maintained below 10(-9) torr. The increased pumping speed attainable with cryopumping (> 10(5) L/s) allowed brief pressure excursions to above 10(-4) torr, with greatly enhanced trapping efficiencies and subsequent short pumpdown times, facilitating high-resolution mass measurements. A set of electromechanical shutters were also used to minimize the effect of the directed molecular beam produced by the ES1 source and were open only during ion injection. Coupled with the use of the pulsed-valve gas inlet, the trapped ion cell was generally filled to the space charge limit within 100 ms. The use of 10-25 ms ion injection times allowed mass spectra to be obtained from 4 fmol of bovine insulin (Mr 5734) and ubiquitin (Mr 8565, with resolution sufficient to easily resolve the isotopic envelopes and determine the charge states. The microheterogeneity of the glycoprotein ribonuclease B was examined, giving a measured mass of 14,898.74 Da for the most abundant peak in the isotopic envelope of the normally glycosylated protein (i.e., with five mannose and two N-acetylglucosamine residues (an error of approximately 2 ppm) and an average error of approximately 1 ppm for the higher glycosylated and various H3PO4 adducted forms of the protein. Time-domain signals lasting in excess of 80 s were obtained for smaller proteins, producing, for example, a mass resolution of more than 700,000 for the 4(+) charge state (m/z 1434) of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Winger
- Chemical Methods and Separations Group, Chemical Sciences Department, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MS P8-19, 99352, Richland, WA, USA
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Fast neutral beam Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for analysis of insulating and conductive materials. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)85086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Xiang X, Grosshans PB, Marshall AG. Image charge-induced ion cyclotron orbital frequency shift for orthorhombic and cylindrical FT-ICR ion traps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(93)80014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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May MA, Grosshans PB, Marshall AG. Theoretical mass and energy upper limits for thermal ions in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(92)85048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Beu SC, Laude DA. Open trapped ion cell geometries for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(92)80006-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schweikhard L. Theory of quadrupole detection fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(91)80064-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Can Fourier transform mass spectral resolution be improved by detection at harmonic multiples of the fundamental ion cyclotron orbital frequency? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(91)85073-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Grosshans PB, Shields PJ, Marshall AG. Comprehensive theory of the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance signal for all ion trap geometries. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.460519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Schauer MM, Jefferts SR, Dunn GH. Nonresonant charge transfer in the threshold region for 3He++4He. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 42:5332-5337. [PMID: 9904664 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.42.5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Grosshans PB, Marshall AG. Theory of ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: resonant excitation and radial ejection in orthorhombic and cylindrical ion traps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(90)85083-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Wang M, Marshall AG. Mass shifts induced by negative frequency peaks in linearly polarized Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance signals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(88)80053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Beverini N, Lagomarsino V, Manuzio G, Scuri F, Testera G, Torelli G. Stochastic cooling in Penning traps. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1988; 38:107-114. [PMID: 9900143 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.38.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Abstract
Fourier transform mass spectrometry will play an important role in the future because of its unique combination of high mass resolution, high upper mass limit, and multichannel advantage. These features have already found application in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, multiphoton ionization, laser desorption, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. However, its most notable feature is the ability to store ions. This characteristic, when combined with the others, will allow expeditious study of the interaction of gas-phase ions with both photons (photodissociation) and neutral molecules, and the convenient application of this fundamental information for chemical analysis.
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Drullinger RE, Wineland DJ, Bergquist JC. High-resolution optical spectra of laser cooled ions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00901058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The Polarization of Electron Beams and the Measurement of the g-Factor Anomaly of Free Electrons. ADVANCES IN ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRON PHYSICS 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2539(08)61007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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