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Ren H, Ma X, Zhou L, Wang P, Chen T, Zou X, Zou H, Yu S, Cao Y, Lai Z, Lou X, Cao Y. Toward an efficient determination of tissue-free water tritium in food. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1185938. [PMID: 37492142 PMCID: PMC10363726 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1185938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tritium in the environment constitutes a radiological concern because it can become part of the hydrogen pool in environmental and biological reservoirs and thereby expose people to radiation. Methods Tissue-free water tritium (TFWT) analysis in food is an important subject of environmental radiation monitoring which plays an important role in the estimation of health risks from environmental tritium exposure. At present, tritium content in food is generally determined by liquid scintillation counter (LSC). To improve the analytical efficiency in tritium determination, we developed a novel method to treat TFWT in food using microporous membranes. Results The microporous membrane treatment method developed in this study has the following characteristics: It has a wide range of application and can process TFWT samples with conductivity below 5 μS/cm. Sample loss for the microporous membrane treatment is approximately 5%. The average treatment time is only 5 min, significantly shortened compared with the currently used atmospheric distillation treatment method (1.5 h). The results of the comparison and spike experiment show that the samples prepared by microporous membrane treatment provides equally satisfactory tritium measurement results as classic distillation method. Discussion The developed microporous membrane method is simple to operate, efficient, and environmentally friendly, and effectively improves the analysis efficiency of TFWT in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zou
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Zou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shunfei Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhongjun Lai
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoming Lou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiyao Cao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Mentana A, Lamartinière Y, Orsière T, Malard V, Payet M, Slomberg D, Guardamagna I, Lonati L, Grisolia C, Jha A, Lebaron-Jacobs L, Rose J, Ottolenghi A, Baiocco G. Tritiated Steel Micro-Particles: Computational Dosimetry and Prediction of Radiation-Induced DNA Damage for In Vitro Cell Culture Exposures. Radiat Res 2023; 199:25-38. [PMID: 36442022 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00043.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biological effects of radioactive particles can be experimentally investigated in vitro as a function of particle concentration, specific activity and exposure time. However, a careful dosimetric analysis is needed to elucidate the role of radiation emitted by radioactive products in inducing cyto- and geno-toxicity: the quantification of radiation dose is essential to eventually inform dose-risk correlations. This is even more fundamental when radioactive particles are short-range emitters and when they have a chemical speciation that might further concur to the heterogeneity of energy deposition at the cellular and sub-cellular level. To this aim, we need to use computational models. In this work, we made use of a Monte Carlo radiation transport code to perform a computational dosimetric reconstruction for in vitro exposure of cells to tritiated steel particles of micrometric size. Particles of this kind have been identified as worth of attention in nuclear power industry and research: tritium easily permeates in steel elements of nuclear reactor machinery, and mechanical operations on these elements (e.g., sawing) during decommissioning of old facilities can result in particle dispersion, leading to human exposure via inhalation. Considering the software replica of a representative in vitro setup to study the effect of such particles, we therefore modelled the radiation field due to the presence of particles in proximity of cells. We developed a computational approach to reconstruct the dose range to individual cell nuclei in contact with a particle, as well as the fraction of "hit" cells and the average dose for the whole cell population, as a function of particle concentration in the culture medium. The dosimetric analysis also provided the basis to make predictions on tritium-induced DNA damage: we estimated the dose-dependent expected yield of DNA double strand breaks due to tritiated steel particle radiation, as an indicator of their expected biological effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mentana
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Thierry Orsière
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Véronique Malard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | | | - Danielle Slomberg
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Isabella Guardamagna
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lonati
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Awadhesh Jha
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jerome Rose
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Andrea Ottolenghi
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Baiocco
- Laboratory of Radiation Biophysics and Radiobiology, Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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3
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Boice JD, Quinn B, Al-Nabulsi I, Ansari A, Blake PK, Blattnig SR, Caffrey EA, Cohen SS, Golden AP, Held KD, Jokisch DW, Leggett RW, Mumma MT, Samuels C, Till JE, Tolmachev SY, Yoder RC, Zhou JY, Dauer LT. A million persons, a million dreams: a vision for a national center of radiation epidemiology and biology. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:795-821. [PMID: 34669549 PMCID: PMC10594603 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1988183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies of radiation-exposed populations form the basis for human safety standards. They also help shape public health policy and evidence-based health practices by identifying and quantifying health risks of exposure in defined populations. For more than a century, epidemiologists have studied the consequences of radiation exposures, yet the health effects of low levels delivered at a low-dose rate remain equivocal. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Million Person Study (MPS) of U.S. Radiation Workers and Veterans was designed to examine health effects following chronic exposures in contrast with brief exposures as experienced by the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Radiation associations for rare cancers, intakes of radionuclides, and differences between men and women are being evaluated, as well as noncancers such as cardiovascular disease and conditions such as dementia and cognitive function. The first international symposium, held November 6, 2020, provided a broad overview of the MPS. Representatives from four U.S. government agencies addressed the importance of this research for their respective missions: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The major components of the MPS were discussed and recent findings summarized. The importance of radiation dosimetry, an essential feature of each MPS investigation, was emphasized. RESULTS The seven components of the MPS are DOE workers, nuclear weapons test participants, nuclear power plant workers, industrial radiographers, medical radiation workers, nuclear submariners, other U.S. Navy personnel, and radium dial painters. The MPS cohorts include tens of thousands of workers with elevated intakes of alpha particle emitters for which organ-specific doses are determined. Findings to date for chronic radiation exposure suggest that leukemia risk is lower than after acute exposure; lung cancer risk is much lower and there is little difference in risks between men and women; an increase in ischemic heart disease is yet to be seen; esophageal cancer is frequently elevated but not myelodysplastic syndrome; and Parkinson's disease may be associated with radiation exposure. CONCLUSIONS The MPS has provided provocative insights into the possible range of health effects following low-level chronic radiation exposure. When the 34 MPS cohorts are completed and combined, a powerful evaluation of radiation-effects will be possible. This final article in the MPS special issue summarizes the findings to date and the possibilities for the future. A National Center for Radiation Epidemiology and Biology is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Boice
- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brian Quinn
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Armin Ansari
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Steve R. Blattnig
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Emily A. Caffrey
- Radian Scientific, LLC, Huntsville, AL, and Risk Assessment Corporation, Neeses, SC, USA
| | - Sarah S. Cohen
- EpidStrategies, a division of ToxStrategies, Inc, Cary, NC, USA
| | | | - Kathryn D. Held
- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Derek W. Jokisch
- Francis Marion University, Florence, SC, USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Michael T. Mumma
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Joey Y. Zhou
- United States Department of Energy, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Khan AUH, Blimkie M, Yang DS, Serran M, Pack T, Wu J, Kang JY, Laakso H, Lee SH, Le Y. Effects of Chronic Low-Dose Internal Radiation on Immune-Stimulatory Responses in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7303. [PMID: 34298925 PMCID: PMC8306076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Linear-No-Threshold (LNT) model predicts a dose-dependent linear increase in cancer risk. This has been supported by biological and epidemiological studies at high-dose exposures. However, at low-doses (LDR ≤ 0.1 Gy), the effects are more elusive and demonstrate a deviation from linearity. In this study, the effects of LDR on the development and progression of mammary cancer in FVB/N-Tg(MMTVneu)202Mul/J mice were investigated. Animals were chronically exposed to total doses of 10, 100, and 2000 mGy via tritiated drinking water, and were assessed at 3.5, 6, and 8 months of age. Results indicated an increased proportion of NK cells in various organs of LDR exposed mice. LDR significantly influenced NK and T cell function and activation, despite diminishing cell proliferation. Notably, the expression of NKG2D receptor on NK cells was dramatically reduced at 3.5 months but was upregulated at later time-points, while the expression of NKG2D ligand followed the opposite trend, with an increase at 3.5 months and a decrease thereafter. No noticeable impact was observed on mammary cancer development, as measured by tumor load. Our results demonstrated that LDR significantly influenced the proportion, proliferation, activation, and function of immune cells. Importantly, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that LDR modulates the cross-talk between the NKG2D receptor and its ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Ul Haq Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.U.H.K.); (D.S.Y.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Melinda Blimkie
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (M.B.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (J.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Doo Seok Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.U.H.K.); (D.S.Y.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Mandy Serran
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (M.B.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (J.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Tyler Pack
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (M.B.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (J.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Jin Wu
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (M.B.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (J.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Ji-Young Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.U.H.K.); (D.S.Y.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Holly Laakso
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd., Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada; (M.B.); (M.S.); (T.P.); (J.W.); (H.L.)
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.U.H.K.); (D.S.Y.); (J.-Y.K.)
- Centre for Infection, The University of Ottawa, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Yevgeniya Le
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (A.U.H.K.); (D.S.Y.); (J.-Y.K.)
- CANDU Owners Group Inc., Toronto, ON M5G 2K4, Canada
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5
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Li H, Yin Y, Liu J, Lu B, Wan H, Yang L, Wang W, Li R. Hydrogen-rich water attenuates the radiotoxicity induced by tritium exposure in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:34-45. [PMID: 33231266 PMCID: PMC7779358 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Radionuclide tritium is widely used in the nuclear energy production industry and creates a threat to human health through radiation exposure. Herein, the radioactive elimination and radioprotective effect of hydrogen-rich water (HRW), a potential antioxidant with various medical applications, on tritiated water (HTO) exposure, was studied in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that intragastric administration of HRW effectively promoted the elimination of urinary tritium, decreased the level of serum tritium and tissue-bound tritium (OBT), and attenuated the genetic damage of blood cells in mice exposed to HTO (18.5 MBq/kg). Pretreatment with HRW effectively reduces tritium accumulation in HTO-treated human blood B lymphocyte AHH-1 cells. In addition, the anti-oxidative properties of HRW could attenuate the increased intracellular ROS (such as O2•-, •OH and ONOO-), resulting in reversing the exhaustion of cellular endogenous antioxidants (reduced GSH and SOD), decreasing lipid peroxidation (MDA), relieving DNA oxidative damage, and depressing cell apoptosis and cytotoxicity induced by HTO exposure. In conclusion, HRW is expected to be an effective radioactive elimination agent through the competition effect of isotope exchange or a radioprotective agent by scavenging free radicals induced by HTO exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control of Eastern Theater, Nanjing 210002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yaru Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Binghui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Huimin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Luxun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Yan HB, Liu YT, Li ZY, Wu ZJ, Zhang M, Xue PJ, Liu YL, Wang KZ, He YM, Tu Y, Cui FM, Chen Q. Tritiated Water Induces Toxicity in Human Umbilical Vein Vascular Endothelial Cells via IL8. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820938541. [PMID: 32684872 PMCID: PMC7343372 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820938541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the toxic effects of tritiated water (HTO) on 12 generations (T1-T12) of human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. We evaluated cellular senescence, interleukin (IL) 8 concentrations, and angiogenesis using β-galactosidase staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and in vitro assays, respectively. The adhesion properties of contaminated cells and differentially expressed genes were assessed using the xCELLigence RTCA SP system and gene chip analysis, respectively. We found that long-term exposure to low levels of HTO can reduce the adhesion of HUVECs to the cellular matrix as well as their angiogenic capacity, while increasing their permeability, senescence, and adhesion to monocytes. Interleukin 8 activated the p38 and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) pathways in HTO-treated cells and hence was identified as a key candidate of biomarker. The present study clarified the toxicity of HTO in vascular endothelial cells and identified IL8 as a novel protective target with important theoretical and practical values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Jun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Long Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Yong-Ming He
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Mei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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7
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Zuo X, Chen Q, Li H, Zhang K, Wang K, Tu Y, Hu M, Cui F, Liu Y. Effects of Chahuangjing on Decorporation and Radiation Protection Against Tritiated Water. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818810650. [PMID: 30505249 PMCID: PMC6256306 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818810650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Chahuangjing, a novel traditional Chinese medicinal compound, on decorporation and radiation protection against tritiated water (HTO). Sixty male specific-pathogen-free-grade C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 12 groups: mice in 4 control groups were intraperitoneally injected with sterile water; mice in 4 HTO groups were intraperitoneally injected with 11.1 × 105 Bq/g of HTO; and mice in the other 4 groups were administered with HTO and a Chahuangjing compound (0.2 mL, once daily). After 1, 7, 14, and 21 days, the mice were killed and samples were collected. A liquid scintillation counting method was used for tritium measurement. A fully automated hematology analyzer was used to assess blood samples. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was analyzed using commercial kits. Chahuangjing significantly increased decorporation and shortened the effective half-life of tritium. To a certain extent, Chahuangjing alleviated the HTO-induced reduction in white blood cells and elevated red blood cells after HTO exposure. Moreover, Chahuangjing alleviated the HTO-induced reduction in SOD activity and reduced MDA. Our study demonstrated that Chahuangjing can enhance the elimination of tritium and reduce free radicals to alleviate HTO-induced radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Digestive Disease, the Third affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
| | - Houwen Li
- Health Physics Department, CNNP Nuclear Power Operations Management Co., Ltd., Haiyan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
| | - Kongzhao Wang
- Health Physics Department, CNNP Nuclear Power Operations Management Co., Ltd., Haiyan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingjiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
| | - Fengmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou 215004, China
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8
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Guéguen Y, Priest ND, Dublineau I, Bannister L, Benderitter M, Durand C, Ebrahimian TG, Grégoire E, Grison S, Ibanez C, Legendre A, Lestaevel P, Roch-Lefèvre S, Roy L, Tack K, Wyatt H, Leblanc J, Jourdain JR, Klokov D. In vivo animal studies help achieve international consensus on standards and guidelines for health risk estimates for chronic exposure to low levels of tritium in drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:586-594. [PMID: 30151952 DOI: 10.1002/em.22200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Existing and future nuclear fusion technologies involve the production and use of large quantities of tritium, a highly volatile, but low toxicity beta-emitting isotope of hydrogen. Tritium has received international attention because of public and scientific concerns over its release to the environment and the potential health impact of its internalization. This article provides a brief summary of the current state of knowledge of both the biological and regulatory aspects of tritium exposure; it also explores the gaps in this knowledge and provides recommendations on the best ways forward for improving our understanding of the health effects of low-level exposure to it. Linking health effects specifically to tritium exposure is challenging in epidemiological studies due to high uncertainty in tritium dosimetry and often suboptimal cohort sizes. We therefore argued that limits for tritium in drinking water should be based on evidence derived from controlled in vivo animal tritium toxicity studies that use realistically low levels of tritium. This article presents one such mouse study, undertaken within an international collaboration, and discusses the implications of its main findings, such as the similarity of the biokinetics of tritiated water (HTO) and organically bound tritium (OBT) and the higher biological effectiveness of OBT. This discussion is consistent with the position expressed in this article that in vivo animal tritium toxicity studies carried out within large, multi-partner collaborations allow evaluation of a great variety of health-related endpoints and essential to the development of international consensus on the regulation of tritium levels in the environment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:586-594, 2018. © 2018 The Authors Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Guéguen
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SAN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicholas D Priest
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk-River, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Dublineau
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SAN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laura Bannister
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk-River, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Benderitter
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SAN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christelle Durand
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SAN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Teni G Ebrahimian
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SAN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Eric Grégoire
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SAN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stéphane Grison
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SAN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Chrystelle Ibanez
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SAN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Audrey Legendre
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SAN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Lestaevel
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SAN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sandrine Roch-Lefèvre
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SAN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laurence Roy
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SAN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Karine Tack
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SAN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Heather Wyatt
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk-River, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Leblanc
- Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-René Jourdain
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SAN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Dmitry Klokov
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk-River, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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9
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Tawn EJ, Curwen GB, Riddell AE. Chromosome aberrations in workers occupationally exposed to tritium. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2018; 38:N9-N16. [PMID: 29589589 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/aab0d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the findings of an historical chromosome analysis for unstable aberrations, undertaken on 34 nuclear workers with monitored exposure to tritium. The mean recorded β-particle dose from tritium was 9.33 mGy (range 0.25-79.71 mGy) and the mean occupational dose from external, mainly γ-ray, irradiation was 1.94 mGy (range 0.00-7.71 mGy). The dicentric frequency of 1.91 ± 0.53 × 10-3 per cell was significantly raised, in comparison with that of 0.61 ± 0.30 × 10-3 per cell for a group of 66 comparable worker controls unexposed to occupational radiation. The frequency of total aberrations was also significantly higher in the tritium workers. Comparisons with in vitro studies indicate that at these dose levels an increase in aberration frequency is not expected. However, the available historical tritium dose records were produced for the purposes of radiological protection and based on a methodology that has since been updated, so tritium doses are subject to considerable uncertainty. It is therefore recommended that, if possible, tritium doses are reassessed using information on historical recording practices in combination with current dosimetry methodology, and that further chromosome studies are undertaken using modern FISH techniques to establish stable aberration frequencies, as these will provide information on a cumulative biological effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Janet Tawn
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research (CIGMR), Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom. Formerly of Westlakes Research Institute5, Westlakes Science and Technology Park, Moor Row, Cumbria, CA24 3LN, United Kingdom
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10
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Siragusa M, Fredericia PM, Jensen M, Groesser T. Radiobiological effects of tritiated water short-term exposure on V79 clonogenic cell survival. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:157-165. [PMID: 29297716 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1419301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We set out to improve the accuracy of absorbed dose calculations for in vitro measurements of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of tritiated water (HTO) for the clonogenic cell survival assay, also considering the influence of the end-of-track linear energy transfer (LET) of low-energy electrons. MATERIALS AND METHODS The COmputation Of Local Electron Release (COOLER) program was adopted to investigate the cell geometry and the tritium full beta-decay spectrum impact on the S-values and subsequently on the RBE of HTO for clonogenic cell survival at similar high dose rates (HDR). RESULTS S-values for cells growing in suspension are usually comparable to those for adherent cells. RBEs calculated at the 10% survival fraction through the use of the average energy are almost similar to those obtained with the beta-spectrum. For adherent cells, an RBE of 1.6 was found when HTO cell survival curves were compared to acute γ-ray exposures. Irrespective of the geometrical configuration, the RBE was 2.0 when the comparison was made with similar dose rates. CONCLUSIONS These results underline the importance of irradiating at equal dose rates and cell culture conditions when measuring in vitro RBE-values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Siragusa
- a The Hevesy Laboratory at DTU Nutech , Technical University of Denmark (DTU) , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Pil M Fredericia
- a The Hevesy Laboratory at DTU Nutech , Technical University of Denmark (DTU) , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mikael Jensen
- a The Hevesy Laboratory at DTU Nutech , Technical University of Denmark (DTU) , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Torsten Groesser
- a The Hevesy Laboratory at DTU Nutech , Technical University of Denmark (DTU) , Copenhagen , Denmark
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11
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Bannister L, Serran M, Bertrand L, Klokov D, Wyatt H, Blimkie M, Gueguen Y, Priest N, Jourdain JR, Sykes P. Environmentally Relevant Chronic Low-Dose Tritium and Gamma Exposures do not Increase Somatic Intrachromosomal Recombination in pKZ1 Mouse Spleen. Radiat Res 2016; 186:539-548. [PMID: 27922333 DOI: 10.1667/rr14564.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of tritium is a public health concern given its presence and mobility in the environment. For risk predictions using radiological protection models, it is essential to allocate an appropriate radiation weighting factor (WR). This in turn should be consistent with the observed relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of tritium beta radiation. Although the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) currently recommends a WR of 1 for the calculation of committed effective dose for X rays, gamma rays and electrons of all energies, including tritium energies, there are concerns that tritium health risks are underestimated and that current regulatory tritium drinking water standards need revision. In this study, we investigated potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in mouse spleen after one month and eight months of chronic exposure to low-dose tritiated water (HTO). The dose regimes studied were designed to mimic human chronic consumption of HTO at levels of 10 kBq/l, 1 MBq/l and 20 MBq/l. The total doses from these radiation exposures ranged from 0.01 to 180 mGy. We also compared the biological effects of exposure to HTO with equivalent exposure to external whole-body 60Co gamma rays. Changes in spleen weight and somatic intrachromosomal recombination (DNA inversions) in spleen tissue of pKZ1Tg/+ mice were monitored. Our results showed no overall changes in either spleen organ weights and no increase mouse splenic intrachromosomal recombination frequencies, indicating that current drinking water standards for tritium exposure in the form of HTO are likely to be adequately protective against cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in spleen. These results demonstrate no evidence for cytotoxicity or genotoxicity in mouse spleen following chronic exposures to HTO activities (or equivalent gamma doses) up to 20 MBq/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bannister
- a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mandy Serran
- a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Dmitry Klokov
- a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather Wyatt
- a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melinda Blimkie
- a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yann Gueguen
- b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicholas Priest
- a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-René Jourdain
- b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Pamela Sykes
- c Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University of South Australia, SA, Australia
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12
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Stuart M, Festarini A, Schleicher K, Tan E, Kim SB, Wen K, Gawlik J, Ulsh B. Biological effects of tritium on fish cells in the concentration range of international drinking water standards. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:563-71. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1222090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Festarini
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, Canada
| | | | | | - Sang Bog Kim
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, Canada
| | - Kendall Wen
- Deep River Science Academy, Chalk River, Canada
| | | | - Brant Ulsh
- M. H. Chew & Associates, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA
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13
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Boice JD, Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Ellis ED, Cragle DL, Eckerman KF, Wallace PW, Chadda B, Sonderman JS, Wiggs LD, Richter BS, Leggett RW. Mortality Among Mound Workers Exposed to Polonium-210 and Other Sources of Radiation, 1944–1979. Radiat Res 2014; 181:208-28. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13395.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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A reanalysis of cancer mortality in Canadian nuclear workers (1956-1994) based on revised exposure and cohort data. Br J Cancer 2013; 110:214-23. [PMID: 24231946 PMCID: PMC3887280 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A 15-country study of nuclear workers reported significantly increased radiation-related risks of all cancers excluding leukaemia, with Canadian data a major factor behind the pooled results. We analysed mortality (1956–1994) in the updated Canadian cohort and provided revised risk estimates. Methods: Employment records were searched to verify and revise exposure data and to restore missing socioeconomic status. Excess relative risks per sievert (ERR/Sv) of recorded radiation dose and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Poisson regression. Results: A significant heterogeneity of the dose–response for solid cancer was identified (P=0.02), with 3088 early (1956–1964) Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) workers having a significant increase (ERR/Sv=7.87, 95% CI: 1.88, 19.5), and no evidence of radiation risk for 42 228 workers employed by three nuclear power plant companies and post-1964 AECL (ERR/Sv=−1.20, 95% CI: <−1.47, 2.39). Radiation risks of leukaemia were negative in early AECL workers and non-significantly increased in other workers. In analyses with separate terms for tritium and gamma doses, there was no evidence of increased risk from tritium exposure. All workers had mortality lower than the general population. Conclusion: Significantly increased risks for early AECL workers are most likely due to incomplete transfer of AECL dose records to the National Dose Registry. Analyses of the remainder of the Canadian nuclear workers (93.2%) provided no evidence of increased risk, but the risk estimate was compatible with estimates that form the basis of radiation protection standards. Study findings suggest that the revised Canadian cohort, with the exclusion of early AECL workers, would likely have an important effect on the 15-country pooled risk estimate of radiation-related risks of all cancer excluding leukaemia by substantially reducing the size of the point estimate and its significance.
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15
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Hamra G, Richardson D, Maclehose R, Wing S. Integrating informative priors from experimental research with Bayesian methods: an example from radiation epidemiology. Epidemiology 2013; 24:90-5. [PMID: 23222512 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e31827623ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Informative priors can be a useful tool for epidemiologists to handle problems of sparse data in regression modeling. It is sometimes the case that an investigator is studying a population exposed to two agents, X and Y, where Y is the agent of primary interest. Previous research may suggest that the exposures have different effects on the health outcome of interest, one being more harmful than the other. Such information may be derived from epidemiologic analyses; however, in the case where such evidence is unavailable, knowledge can be drawn from toxicologic studies or other experimental research. Unfortunately, using toxicologic findings to develop informative priors in epidemiologic analyses requires strong assumptions, with no established method for its utilization. We present a method to help bridge the gap between animal and cellular studies and epidemiologic research by specification of an order-constrained prior. We illustrate this approach using an example from radiation epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Hamra
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA.
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16
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Leenhouts HP, Chadwick KH. Dose-effect relationships, epidemiological analysis and the derivation of low dose risk. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2011; 31:95-105. [PMID: 21346287 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/31/1/006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper expands on our recent comments in a letter to this journal about the analysis of epidemiological studies and the determination of low dose RBE of low LET radiation (Chadwick and Leenhouts 2009 J. Radiol. Prot. 29 445-7). Using the assumption that radiation induced cancer arises from a somatic mutation (Chadwick and Leenhouts 2011 J. Radiol. Prot. 31 41-8) a model equation is derived to describe cancer induction as a function of dose. The model is described briefly, evidence is provided in support of it, and it is applied to a set of experimental animal data. The results are compared with a linear fit to the data as has often been done in epidemiological studies. The article presents arguments to support several related messages which are relevant to epidemiological analysis, the derivation of low dose risk and the weighting factor of sparsely ionising radiations. The messages are: (a) cancer incidence following acute exposure should, in principle, be fitted to a linear-quadratic curve with cell killing using all the data available; (b) the acute data are dominated by the quadratic component of dose; (c) the linear fit of any acute data will essentially be dependent on the quadratic component and will be unrelated to the effectiveness of the radiation at low doses; consequently, (d) the method used by ICRP to derive low dose risk from the atomic bomb survivor data means that it is unrelated to the effectiveness of the hard gamma radiation at low radiation doses; (e) the low dose risk value should, therefore, not be used as if it were representative for hard gamma rays to argue for an increased weighting factor for tritium and soft x-rays even though there are mechanistic reasons to expect this; (f) epidemiological studies of chronically exposed populations supported by appropriate cellular radiobiological studies have the best chance of revealing different RBE values for different sparsely ionising radiations.
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17
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Jaeschke BC, Millward GE, Moody AJ, Jha AN. Tissue-specific incorporation and genotoxicity of different forms of tritium in the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:274-280. [PMID: 20880622 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Marine mussels (Mytilus edulis) were exposed to seawater spiked with tritiated water (HTO) at a dose rate of 122 and 79 μGy h(-1) for 7 and 14 days, respectively, and tritiated glycine (T-Gly) at a dose rate of 4.9 μGy h(-1) over 7 days. This was followed by depuration in clean seawater for 21 days. Tissues (foot, gills, digestive gland, mantle, adductor muscle and byssus) and DNA extracts from tissues were analysed for their tritium activity concentrations. All tissues demonstrated bio-accumulation of tritium from HTO and T-Gly. Tritium from T-Gly showed increased incorporation into DNA compared to HTO. About 90% of the initial activity from HTO was depurated within one day, whereas T-Gly was depurated relatively slowly, indicating that tritium may be bound with different affinities in tissues. Both forms of tritium caused a significant induction of micronuclei in the haemocytes of mussels. Our findings identify significant differential impacts on Mytilus edulis of the two chemical forms of tritium and emphasise the need for a separate classification and control of releases of tritiated compounds, to adequately protect the marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict C Jaeschke
- Ecotoxicology Research and Innovation Centre, School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Geoffrey E Millward
- Consolidated Radio-isotope Facility, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - A John Moody
- Ecotoxicology Research and Innovation Centre, School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- Ecotoxicology Research and Innovation Centre, School of Biomedical and Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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18
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Paquet F, Métivier H. Are the risks from tritium exposures being underestimated? JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2009; 29:175-181. [PMID: 19454789 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/29/2/005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tritium is a radionuclide that will be used and produced in fusion reactors. Tritium toxicity is well known, but its health consequences are more difficult to assess, due to difficulties in assessing doses and to the very few cases of contamination that have occurred since it started being used. The assessment of risks resulting from tritium exposure is based on ICRP models that enable the calculation of doses in tissues, by means of a weighting factor WR, based on the relative biological effectiveness of the various radioactive emissions. Some authors are currently asking for a revision of the weighting factor used for tritium beta-ray emissions, arguing that tritium could be incorporated into DNA. A review of the extensive research conducted on this subject shows that the relative biological effectiveness of tritium is not so different from that of gamma emissions, which are taken as reference radiations. This supports the drive to keep the current weighting factor of 1 for tritium beta emissions, initially proposed and then reaffirmed by the ICRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Paquet
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Scientific Division, BP3 13115 Saint Paul lez Durance Cedex, France
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19
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Hunter N, Muirhead CR. Review of relative biological effectiveness dependence on linear energy transfer for low-LET radiations. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2009; 29:5-21. [PMID: 19225189 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/29/1/r01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Information on Japanese A-bomb survivors exposed to gamma radiation has been used to estimate cancer risks for the whole range of photon (x-rays) and electron energies which are commonly encountered by radiation workers in the work place or by patients and workers in diagnostic radiology. However, there is some uncertainty regarding the radiation effectiveness of various low-linear energy transfer (low-LET) radiations (x-rays, gamma radiation and electrons). In this paper we review information on the effectiveness of low-LET radiations on the basis of epidemiological and in vitro radiobiological studies. Data from various experimental studies for chromosome aberrations and cell transformation in human lymphocytes and from epidemiological studies of the Japanese A-bomb survivors, patients medically exposed to radiation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and occupational exposures of nuclear workers are considered. On the basis of in vitro cellular radiobiology, there is considerable evidence that the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of high-energy low-LET radiation (gamma radiation, electrons) is less than that of low-energy low-LET radiation (x-rays, betas). This is a factor of about 3 to 4 for 29 kVp x-rays (e.g. as in diagnostic radiation exposures of the female breast) and for tritium beta-rays (encountered in parts of the nuclear industry) relative to Co-60 gamma radiation and 2-5 MeV gamma-rays (as received by the Japanese A-bomb survivors). In epidemiological studies, although for thyroid and breast cancer there appears to be a small tendency for the excess relative risks to decrease as the radiation energy increases for low-LET radiations, it is not statistically feasible to draw any conclusion regarding an underlying dependence of cancer risk on LET for the nominally low-LET radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezahat Hunter
- Health Protection Agency, Radiation Protection Division, Oxford, UK.
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20
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Metz-Flamant C, Rogel A, Caër S, Samson E, Laurier D, Acker A, Tirmarche M. Mortality among workers monitored for radiation exposure at the French nuclear fuel company. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2009; 64:242-250. [PMID: 20007120 DOI: 10.1080/19338240903348246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A cohort of 9,285 nuclear workers employed at the French company AREVA NC specializing in the nuclear fuel cycle was established. Vital status, causes of death, employment characteristics and annual exposure to ionizing radiation were reconstructed for each individual over the time period 1977-2004. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were computed using national mortality rates as an external reference. Tests for trends in mortality with duration of employment and cumulative external dose were performed. The all-cause and all-cancer mortality was significantly lower than expected from the French population. No significant excess among cancer sites studied was observed. Significant positive trends with cumulative dose were observed for colon and liver cancer and for respiratory diseases. Isolated significant trends should be carefully interpreted and considered in line with the large number of trend tests performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Metz-Flamant
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), DRPH/SRBE/LEPID, Fontenay-aux-roses, France.
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Abstract
Tritium (3H) is the radioactive isotope of hydrogen, with a half-life of 12.3 years. It is created naturally in the atmosphere, and in higher annual rates in nuclear reactors and in nuclear weapon tests. This article surveys the properties of tritium, its biokinetics and its biological effectiveness. The safety levels of tritium have been a subject of dispute for many years, as many scientists consider that its doses and risks, as promulgated by the International Commission on Radiological Protection are, too low and should be at least doubled. Recent reports and evidence of increased cancer risks near nuclear installations that release tritium are discussed; these are of interest in view of new proposals to expand civil nuclear power.
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Little MP, Lambert BE. Systematic review of experimental studies on the relative biological effectiveness of tritium. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2008; 47:71-93. [PMID: 18071729 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-007-0143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tritium ((3)H) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. A number of factors combine to create a good deal of interest in tritium doses, both to workers and to members of the public. Tritium is ubiquitous in environmental and biological systems and is very mobile due to its occurrence as water. In this study we systematically review experimental data relating to tritium exposure with a view to assessing its low dose limiting relative biological effectiveness (RBE(max)). Interpretation of published experimental studies is complicated by the fact that the reference radiations varied, and doses and dose rates were frequently much higher than those normally received by humans. The four available animal carcinogenicity studies gave RBE values of about 2.5 with chronically-delivered gamma-ray reference, and about 1.2 with chronically-delivered X-ray reference. However, because of problems associated with the design and interpretation of the experiments, we do not consider that these RBE values should be taken to apply to the induction of cancer at low doses (i.e. they should not be interpreted as RBE(max)). Combining the six studies with chronic gamma-ray reference, with adequate quantitative data that examined endpoints apart from cell survival and related endpoints, yields an aggregate RBE estimate of 2.19 (95% CI 2.04, 2.33); the analogous combined RBE estimate using the three studies with chronic X-ray reference groups is 1.17 (95% CI 0.96, 1.39). Again, problems with the design, in particular the range of doses used in some of these studies, mean that these RBE values should also probably not be interpreted as RBE(max).
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Little
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK.
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