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Samaha AC, Doumani J, Kritzell TE, Xu H, Baydin A, Ajayan PM, Tahchi ME, Kono J. Graphene Terahertz Devices for Sensing and Communication. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401151. [PMID: 39087386 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Graphene-based terahertz (THz) devices have emerged as promising platforms for a variety of applications, leveraging graphene's unique optoelectronic properties. This review explores recent advancements in utilizing graphene in THz technology, focusing on two main aspects: THz molecular sensing and THz wave modulation. In molecular sensing, the environment-sensitive THz transmission and emission properties of graphene are utilized for enabling molecular adsorption detection and biomolecular sensing. This capability holds significant potential, from the detection of pesticides to DNA at high sensitivity and selectivity. In THz wave modulation, crucial for next-generation wireless communication systems, graphene demonstrates remarkable potential in absorption modulation when gated. Novel device structures, spectroscopic systems, and metasurface architectures have enabled enhanced absorption and wave modulation. Furthermore, techniques such as spatial phase modulation and polarization manipulation have been explored. From sensing to communication, graphene-based THz devices present a wide array of opportunities for future research and development. Finally, advancements in sensing techniques not only enhance biomolecular analysis but also contribute to optimizing graphene's properties for communication by enabling efficient modulation of electromagnetic waves. Conversely, developments in communication strategies inform and enhance sensing capabilities, establishing a mutually beneficial relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Christina Samaha
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Intelligent Materials, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences 2, Lebanese University, Jdeidet, 90656, Lebanon
| | - Jacques Doumani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - T Elijah Kritzell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Hongjing Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Andrey Baydin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Mario El Tahchi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Intelligent Materials, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences 2, Lebanese University, Jdeidet, 90656, Lebanon
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Carbon Hub, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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2
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Feng H, Meng H, Wang G, Liu J, Zhang X, Li M, Yang S, Jia Y, Du H, Gao Y, Gao Y. A tunable ultra-broadband and ultra-high sensitivity far-infrared metamaterial absorber based on VO 2 and graphene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14919-14929. [PMID: 38738775 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00331d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
We proposed a far-infrared tunable metamaterial absorber using vanadium dioxide (VO2) and graphene as controlling materials. The properties of the absorber are investigated theoretically using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. It was found that when the Fermi energy level of graphene is fixed at zero, VO2 is in the insulated state, and the metasurface exhibits far-infrared broadband absorption performance, with absorptance exceeding 90% in the wavelength range of 12.6 μm to 23.2 μm. In addition, by elevating the Fermi energy level of graphene, the absorption bandwidth of the device is expanded continuously. When the VO2 is in the metallic state, the device can flexibly transform into a far-infrared narrowband absorber. The device also has the advantage of being insensitive to changes in polarization and incident angle. The origin of the absorption and the tuning principle of the device were analyzed and verified successfully by using an equivalent circuit model (ECM). Besides, we also studied the refraction index sensing characteristics of the absorber. Surprisingly, the absorber exhibits excellent sensing characteristics, and its sensitivity (S) reaches 14.108 μm per RIU and the figure of merit (FOM) is 6.13 per RIU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengli Feng
- Electronic Engineering College, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Hongyan Meng
- Electronic Engineering College, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
- College of Communication and Electronic Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Electronic Engineering College, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Electronic Engineering College, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Electronic Engineering College, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Meichen Li
- Electronic Engineering College, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Shuang Yang
- Electronic Engineering College, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Yang Jia
- Electronic Engineering College, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
- College of Communication and Electronic Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Hanmo Du
- Electronic Engineering College, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Yang Gao
- Electronic Engineering College, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Yachen Gao
- Electronic Engineering College, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China.
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3
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Sun C, Hu K, Mu D, Wang Z, Yu X. The Widespread Use of Nanomaterials: The Effects on the Function and Diversity of Environmental Microbial Communities. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102080. [PMID: 36296356 PMCID: PMC9609405 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, as an emerging material, nanomaterials have rapidly expanded from laboratories to large-scale industrial productions. Along with people's productive activities, these nanomaterials can enter the natural environment of soil, water and atmosphere through various ways. At present, a large number of reports have proved that nanomaterials have certain toxic effects on bacteria, algae, plants, invertebrates, mammalian cell lines and mammals in these environments, but people still know little about the ecotoxicology of nanomaterials. Most relevant studies focus on the responses of model strains to nanomaterials in pure culture conditions, but these results do not fully represent the response of microbial communities to nanomaterials in natural environments. Over the years, the effect of nanomaterials infiltrated into the natural environment on the microbial communities has become a popular topic in the field of nano-ecological environment research. It was found that under different environmental conditions, nanomaterials have various effects on the microbial communities. The medium; the coexisting pollutants in the environment and the structure, particle size and surface modification of nanomaterials may cause changes in the structure and function of microbial communities. This paper systematically summarizes the impacts of different nanomaterials on microbial communities in various environments, which can provide a reference for us to evaluate the impacts of nanomaterials released into the environment on the microecology and has certain guiding significance for strengthening the emission control of nanomaterials pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunshui Sun
- College of Marine Science, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Ke Hu
- College of Marine Science, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Dashuai Mu
- College of Marine Science, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xiuxia Yu
- College of Marine Science, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
- Correspondence:
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4
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Dynamic Modulation of THz Absorption Frequency, Bandwidth, and Amplitude via Strontium Titanate and Graphene. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081353. [PMID: 35458063 PMCID: PMC9025815 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A multi-functional broadband absorber based on graphene and strontium titanate (STO) film was designed. Additionally, the frequency, bandwidth, and amplitude of the absorber could be tuned by adjusting temperature and Fermi level of the graphene. By using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, the numerical calculation result shows that, when keeping the device temperature at 230 K and setting graphene Fermi level to be 1 eV, three absorption peaks at 1.72 THz, 2.08 THz, and 2.59 THz were realized and combined into a broadband absorption from 1.68 to 2.74 THz. As the STO temperature was increased from 230 K to 310 K, the center frequency moved from 2.2 THz to 2.45 THz; correspondingly, the broadband absorption range was widened from 1.06 THz to 1.24 THz. When the temperature was fixed at 230 K and the graphene Fermi level was tuned from 1 eV to 0.7 eV, the absorption bandwidth decreased from 1.06 THz to 0.64 THz. While the Fermi level was tuned continually to be 0.01 eV, only a single absorption peak with an absorption rate of 0.29 existed. The broadband absorption and tuning mechanism of the absorber were analyzed using impedance matching theory. Furthermore, we also studied the effect of incident angle and polarization direction on the properties of the absorber. The multi-functional tunable absorber provides potential applications for the design of more efficient terahertz functional devices in the future.
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Matyushkin Y, Danilov S, Moskotin M, Fedorov G, Bochin A, Gorbenko I, Kachorovskii V, Ganichev S. Carbon nanotubes for polarization sensitive terahertz plasmonic interferometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:37189-37199. [PMID: 34808796 DOI: 10.1364/oe.435416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report on helicity sensitive photovoltaic terahertz radiation response of a carbon nanotube made in a configuration of a field-effect transistor. We find that the magnitude of the rectified voltage is different for clockwise and anticlockwise circularly polarized radiation. We demonstrate that this effect is a fingerprint of the plasma waves interference in the transistor channel. We also find that the presence of the helicity- and phase-sensitive interference part of the photovoltaic response is a universal phenomenon which is obtained in the systems of different dimensionality with different single-particle spectrum. Its magnitude is a characteristic of the plasma wave decay length. This opens up a wide avenue for applications in the area of plasmonic interferometry.
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Hassani M, Jahangiri F. Tuning single-walled aligned carbon nanotubes for optimal terahertz pulse generation through optical rectification of ultrashort laser pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:38359-38375. [PMID: 34808890 DOI: 10.1364/oe.442168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz radiation by optical rectification in single-walled highly aligned chiral carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) irradiated by ultrashort laser pulses is comprehensively studied. We take into account the structural properties of SWCNTs, including the filling factor, alignment, and chirality, as well as the laser pulse parameters including the pulse duration and the wavelength. The second-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor and, consequently, polarization responsible for optical rectification in SWCNTs are derived based on symmetrical features.The effective dielectric constants of SWCNTs are also extracted using the effective medium approximation. Then, the propagation effects in terms of the group velocity dispersion and absorption at both pump and terahertz pulse frequency regions are investigated. By adjusting the laser and the structure effective parameters among those practically feasible, minimum velocity mismatch required for optimum optical rectification and coherent amplification at terahertz frequencies in SWCNTs are introduced. Comparing the electric field waveform and the spectrum of the generated terahertz pulses under various conditions reveals that SWCNTs with higher alignment and lower filling factor at chirality (6,4) irradiated by an ultrashort laser pulse with the wavelength of 1550 nm could provide the conditions for maximum terahertz radiation generation.
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7
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Bagsican FG, Wais M, Komatsu N, Gao W, Weber LW, Serita K, Murakami H, Held K, Hegmann FA, Tonouchi M, Kono J, Kawayama I, Battiato M. Terahertz Excitonics in Carbon Nanotubes: Exciton Autoionization and Multiplication. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3098-3105. [PMID: 32227963 PMCID: PMC7227006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Excitons play major roles in optical processes in modern semiconductors, such as single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs), transition metal dichalcogenides, and 2D perovskite quantum wells. They possess extremely large binding energies (>100 meV), dominating absorption and emission spectra even at high temperatures. The large binding energies imply that they are stable, that is, hard to ionize, rendering them seemingly unsuited for optoelectronic devices that require mobile charge carriers, especially terahertz emitters and solar cells. Here, we have conducted terahertz emission and photocurrent studies on films of aligned single-chirality semiconducting CNTs and find that excitons autoionize, i.e., spontaneously dissociate into electrons and holes. This process naturally occurs ultrafast (<1 ps) while conserving energy and momentum. The created carriers can then be accelerated to emit a burst of terahertz radiation when a dc bias is applied, with promising efficiency in comparison to standard GaAs-based emitters. Furthermore, at high bias, the accelerated carriers acquire high enough kinetic energy to create secondary excitons through impact exciton generation, again in a fully energy and momentum conserving fashion. This exciton multiplication process leads to a nonlinear photocurrent increase as a function of bias. Our theoretical simulations based on nonequilibrium Boltzmann transport equations, taking into account all possible scattering pathways and a realistic band structure, reproduce all of our experimental data semiquantitatively. These results not only elucidate the momentum-dependent ultrafast dynamics of excitons and carriers in CNTs but also suggest promising routes toward terahertz excitonics despite the orders-of-magnitude mismatch between the exciton binding energies and the terahertz photon energies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Wais
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Division
of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Natsumi Komatsu
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Lincoln W. Weber
- Department
of Physics, Southern Illinois University
Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Kazunori Serita
- Institute
of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hironaru Murakami
- Institute
of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Karsten Held
- Institute
for Solid State Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank A. Hegmann
- Department
of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Masayoshi Tonouchi
- Institute
of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Institute
of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division
of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Material Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Iwao Kawayama
- Institute
of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate
School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Marco Battiato
- Division
of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Gorokhov GV, Bychanok DS, Kuzhir PP, Gorodetskiy DV, Kurenya AG, Sedelnikova OV, Bulusheva LG, Okotrub AV. Creation of metasurface from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes as versatile platform for ultra-light THz components. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:255703. [PMID: 32160609 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab7efa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here a simple and reproducible method for obtaining terahertz metasurfaces formed from multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is presented. The metasurfaces were obtained from a vertically aligned array of MWCNTs using a laser engraving technique followed by polymer covering. The structures under study demonstrate frequency-selective reflection in terahertz range following the Huygens-Fresnel formalism. For a normal incidence of the electromagnetic wave, the model for numerical calculation of backscattering from the metasurfaces was proposed. Lightweight and compact MWCNT-based metasurfaces are capable to replace conventional pyramidal absorbers and could serve as a versatile platform for scalable cost-efficient production of ultra-light electromagnetic components for THz applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Gorokhov
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, 11 Bobruiskaya str., 220030, Minsk, Belarus. Physics Faculty, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 9, Vilnius LT-10222, Lithuania
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9
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Villegas KHA, Kusmartsev FV, Luo Y, Savenko IG. Optical Transistor for Amplification of Radiation in a Broadband Terahertz Domain. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:087701. [PMID: 32167339 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.087701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new type of optical transistor for a broadband amplification of terahertz radiation. It is made of a graphene-superconductor hybrid, where electrons and Cooper pairs couple by Coulomb forces. The transistor operates via the propagation of surface plasmons in both layers, and the origin of amplification is the quantum capacitance of graphene. It leads to terahertz waves amplification, the negative power absorption, and as a result, the system yields positive gain, and the hybrid acts like an optical transistor, operating with the terahertz light. It can, in principle, amplify even a whole spectrum of chaotic signals (or noise), which is required for numerous biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H A Villegas
- Center for Theoretical Physics of Complex Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - F V Kusmartsev
- Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory (MNFL), Microsystem and Terahertz Research Center, Chengdu, China
- Physics Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Y Luo
- Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory (MNFL), Microsystem and Terahertz Research Center, Chengdu, China
| | - I G Savenko
- Center for Theoretical Physics of Complex Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea
- A. V. Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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10
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Tunable THz Graphene Filter Based on Cross-In-Square-Shaped Resonators Metasurface. PHOTONICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics6040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The tunable terahertz (THz) Fano-resonant filter based on hybrid metal-graphene metamaterial was proposed. The optical parameters of metasurface with unit cell in the form of a cross-shaped graphene sheet in the center of a square gold ring were simulated by the finite element method using a surface conductivity model of a graphene monolayer. The narrowband modulation of the transmission by varying the Fermi level of the graphene and the position of graphene cross inside the metal ring was demonstrated. Simulation results were well explained theoretically using a three-coupled oscillator model. The proposed device can be used as a narrowband filter in wireless THz communication systems and sensing applications.
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11
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Venkataraman A, Amadi EV, Chen Y, Papadopoulos C. Carbon Nanotube Assembly and Integration for Applications. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:220. [PMID: 31263975 PMCID: PMC6603253 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted significant interest due to their unique combination of properties including high mechanical strength, large aspect ratios, high surface area, distinct optical characteristics, high thermal and electrical conductivity, which make them suitable for a wide range of applications in areas from electronics (transistors, energy production and storage) to biotechnology (imaging, sensors, actuators and drug delivery) and other applications (displays, photonics, composites and multi-functional coatings/films). Controlled growth, assembly and integration of CNTs is essential for the practical realization of current and future nanotube applications. This review focuses on progress to date in the field of CNT assembly and integration for various applications. CNT synthesis based on arc-discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) including details of tip-growth and base-growth models are first introduced. Advances in CNT structural control (chirality, diameter and junctions) using methods such as catalyst conditioning, cloning, seed-, and template-based growth are then explored in detail, followed by post-growth CNT purification techniques using selective surface chemistry, gel chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. Various assembly and integration techniques for multiple CNTs based on catalyst patterning, forest growth and composites are considered along with their alignment/placement onto different substrates using photolithography, transfer printing and different solution-based techniques such as inkjet printing, dielectrophoresis (DEP) and spin coating. Finally, some of the challenges in current and emerging applications of CNTs in fields such as energy storage, transistors, tissue engineering, drug delivery, electronic cryptographic keys and sensors are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Venkataraman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Eberechukwu Victoria Amadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Yingduo Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Chris Papadopoulos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
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12
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Unusual terahertz waveforms from a resonant medium controlled by diffractive optical elements. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7444. [PMID: 31092890 PMCID: PMC6520407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43852-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to now, full tunability of waveforms was possible only in electronics, up to radio-frequencies. Here we propose a new concept of producing few-cycle terahertz (THz) pulses with widely tunable waveforms. It is based on control of the phase delay between different parts of the THz wavefront using linear diffractive optical elements. Suitable subcycle THz wavefronts can be generated via coherent excitation of nonlinear low-frequency oscillators by few-cycle optical pulses. Using this approach it is possible to shape the electric field rather than the slow pulse envelope, obtaining, for instance, rectangular or triangular waveforms in the THz range. The method is upscalable to the optical range if the attosecond pump pulses are used.
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13
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Electrical Permittivity and Conductivity of a Graphene Nanoplatelet Contact in the Microwave Range. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11122519. [PMID: 30545012 PMCID: PMC6317038 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the electrical properties in the microwave range of a contact made by graphene nanoplatelets. The final goal is that of estimating the range of values for the equivalent electrical complex permittivity of a contact obtained by integrating low-cost graphene in the form of nanoplatelets (GNPs) into a high-frequency electrical circuit. To this end, a microstrip-like circuit is designed and realized, where the graphene nanoplatelets are self-assembled into a gap between two copper electrodes. An experimental characterization is carried out, both to study the structural properties of the nanomaterials and of the realized devices, and to measure the electromagnetic scattering parameters in the microwave range by means of a microstrip technique. A full-wave electromagnetic model is also derived and used to investigate the relationship between the measured quantities and the physical and geometrical parameters. The combined use of the experimental and simulation results allows for retrieving the values of the equivalent complex permittivity. The equivalent electrical conductivity values are found to be well below the values expected for isolated graphene nanoplatelets. The real part of the electrical relative permittivity attains values comparable to those obtained with GNP nanocomposites.
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14
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Shuba MV, Yuko DI, Kuzhir PP, Maksimenko SA, Crescenzi MD, Scarselli M. Carbon nanotube sponges as tunable materials for electromagnetic applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:375202. [PMID: 29944469 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aacf3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The microwave conductivity and permittivity of both single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT and MWCNT) sponges were measured while compressing the samples. Compression leads to a huge variation of the absorptance, reflectance, and transmittance of the samples. The dependence of the microwave conductivity on the sponge density follows a power-law relation with exponents 1.7 ± 0.1 and 2.0 ± 0.2 for MWCNT and SWCNT sponges, respectively. These exponents can be decreased slightly by the addition of a non-conducting component which partly electrically separates adjacent tubes within the samples. The conductivity of MWCNT sponge was measured in the terahertz range while heating in air from 300 to 513 K and it increased due to an increase of a number of conducting channels in MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Shuba
- Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya 11, 220050 Minsk, Belarus. Tomsk State University, Lenin Avenue 36, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
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16
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Autere A, Jussila H, Dai Y, Wang Y, Lipsanen H, Sun Z. Nonlinear Optics with 2D Layered Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705963. [PMID: 29575171 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
2D layered materials (2DLMs) are a subject of intense research for a wide variety of applications (e.g., electronics, photonics, and optoelectronics) due to their unique physical properties. Most recently, increasing research efforts on 2DLMs are projected toward the nonlinear optical properties of 2DLMs, which are not only fascinating from the fundamental science point of view but also intriguing for various potential applications. Here, the current state of the art in the field of nonlinear optics based on 2DLMs and their hybrid structures (e.g., mixed-dimensional heterostructures, plasmonic structures, and silicon/fiber integrated structures) is reviewed. Several potential perspectives and possible future research directions of these promising nanomaterials for nonlinear optics are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Autere
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Henri Jussila
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Yunyun Dai
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Harri Lipsanen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Finland
- QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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17
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Liu C, Wang L, Chen X, Zhou J, Tang W, Guo W, Wang J, Lu W. Top-gated black phosphorus phototransistor for sensitive broadband detection. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:5852-5858. [PMID: 29547222 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09545g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports on a graphene-like material that is promising for photodetection applications due to its high optical absorption and layer-dependent properties. To date, only narrowband photodetectors have been realized; therefore, extending the working wavelength is becoming more imperative for applications such as high-contrast imaging and remote sensing. In this work, we developed a novel detection technique that provides enhanced performance across the infrared and terahertz bands by using an antenna-assisted top-gated black phosphorus phototransistor. By using the proposed sophisticated design, the adverse effect due to the back-gate that is generally employed for a long-wavelength photon coupling can be eliminated. Moreover, the antenna-assisted near-field and dark current can be further tailored electromagnetically and electrostatically by employing a gate finger, thus resulting in improved detection efficiency. Various detection mechanisms such as thermoelectric, bolometric, and electron-hole generation are differentiated on the basis of the device geometry and incident wavelength. The proposed photodetector demonstrated superior performance-excellent sensitivity of more than 10 V W-1, a noise equivalent power value of less than 0.1 nW Hz-0.5, and a fast response time across disparate wavebands. Thus, the photodetector can satisfy diverse application requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai 200083, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai 200083, China. and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai 200083, China. and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai 200083, China.
| | - Weiwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai 200083, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanlong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai 200083, China.
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai 200083, China.
| | - Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai 200083, China. and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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18
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19
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Hartmann RR, Portnoi ME. Two-dimensional Dirac particles in a Pöschl-Teller waveguide. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11599. [PMID: 28912569 PMCID: PMC5599532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We obtain exact solutions to the two-dimensional (2D) Dirac equation for the one-dimensional Pöschl-Teller potential which contains an asymmetry term. The eigenfunctions are expressed in terms of Heun confluent functions, while the eigenvalues are determined via the solutions of a simple transcendental equation. For the symmetric case, the eigenfunctions of the supercritical states are expressed as spheroidal wave functions, and approximate analytical expressions are obtained for the corresponding eigenvalues. A universal condition for any square integrable symmetric potential is obtained for the minimum strength of the potential required to hold a bound state of zero energy. Applications for smooth electron waveguides in 2D Dirac-Weyl systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Hartmann
- Physics Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila, 0922, Philippines.
| | - M E Portnoi
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, United Kingdom.
- International Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal - RN, Brazil.
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20
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Li Y, Li Z, Chi C, Shan H, Zheng L, Fang Z. Plasmonics of 2D Nanomaterials: Properties and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600430. [PMID: 28852608 PMCID: PMC5566264 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonics has developed for decades in the field of condensed matter physics and optics. Based on the classical Maxwell theory, collective excitations exhibit profound light-matter interaction properties beyond classical physics in lots of material systems. With the development of nanofabrication and characterization technology, ultra-thin two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials attract tremendous interest and show exceptional plasmonic properties. Here, we elaborate the advanced optical properties of 2D materials especially graphene and monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), review the plasmonic properties of graphene, and discuss the coupling effect in hybrid 2D nanomaterials. Then, the plasmonic tuning methods of 2D nanomaterials are presented from theoretical models to experimental investigations. Furthermore, we reveal the potential applications in photocatalysis, photovoltaics and photodetections, based on the development of 2D nanomaterials, we make a prospect for the future theoretical physics and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- School of PhysicsState Key Lab for Mesoscopic PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Ziwei Li
- School of PhysicsState Key Lab for Mesoscopic PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Cheng Chi
- School of PhysicsState Key Lab for Mesoscopic PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Hangyong Shan
- School of PhysicsState Key Lab for Mesoscopic PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Liheng Zheng
- School of PhysicsState Key Lab for Mesoscopic PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Zheyu Fang
- School of PhysicsState Key Lab for Mesoscopic PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum MatterPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
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21
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Zhong D, Zhang Z, Peng LM. Carbon nanotube radio-frequency electronics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:212001. [PMID: 28362635 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa6a9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) is considered a promising material for radio-frequency (RF) applications, owing to its high carrier mobility and saturated drift velocity, as well as ultra-small intrinsic gate capacitance. Here, we review progress on CNT-based devices and integrated circuits for RF applications, including theoretical projection of RF performance of CNT-based devices, preparation of CNT materials, fabrication, optimization of RF field-effect transistors (FETs) structures, and ambipolar FET-based RF applications, and we outline challenges and prospects of CNT-based RF applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglai Zhong
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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22
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Savostianova NA, Mikhailov SA. Third harmonic generation from graphene lying on different substrates: optical-phonon resonances and interference effects. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:3268-3285. [PMID: 28241543 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.003268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is a nonlinear material which can be used as a saturable absorber, frequency mixer and frequency multiplier. We theoretically study the third harmonic generation from graphene lying on different dielectric (dispersionless or polar) substrates, metalized or non-metalized on the back side. We show that the third harmonic intensity emitted from graphene lying on a substrate, can be increased by orders of magnitude as compared to the isolated graphene, due the LO-phonon resonances in a polar dielectric or due to the interference effects in the substrates metalized on the back side. In some frequency intervals, the presence of the polar dielectric substrate compensates the strongly decreasing with ω frequency dependence of the third-order conductivity of graphene making the response almost frequency independent. Our results can be used for the development of graphene based frequency multipliers operating in microwave through infrared frequencies.
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23
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Zhang M, Yeow JT. Nanotechnology-Based Terahertz Biological Sensing: A review of its current state and things to come. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2016.2572244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Kaplunov J, Manevitch LI, Smirnov VV. Vibrations of an elastic cylindrical shell near the lowest cut-off frequency. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2015.0753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new asymptotic approximation of the dynamic equations in the two-dimensional classical theory of thin-elastic shells is established for a circular cylindrical shell. It governs long wave vibrations in the vicinity of the lowest cut-off frequency. At a fixed circumferential wavenumber, the latter corresponds to the eigenfrequency of in-plane vibrations of a thin almost inextensible ring. It is stressed that the well-known semi-membrane theory of cylindrical shells is not suitable for tackling a near-cut-off behaviour. The dispersion relation within the framework of the developed formulation coincides with the asymptotic expansion of the dispersion relation originating from full two-dimensional shell equations. Asymptotic analysis also enables refining the geometric hypotheses underlying various ad hoc set-ups, including the assumption on vanishing of shear and circumferential mid-surface deformations used in the semi-membrane theory. The obtained results may be of interest for dynamic modelling of elongated cylindrical thin-walled structures, such as carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kaplunov
- School of Computing and Mathematics, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - L. I. Manevitch
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics RAS, 4 Kosygin Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. V. Smirnov
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics RAS, 4 Kosygin Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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25
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Razanoelina M, Bagsican FR, Kawayama I, Zhang X, Ma L, Murakami H, Vajtai R, Ajayan PM, Kono J, Tonouchi M. Probing low-density carriers in a single atomic layer using terahertz parallel-plate waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:3885-3893. [PMID: 26907041 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.003885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As novel classes of two-dimensional (2D) materials and heterostructures continue to emerge at an increasing pace, methods are being sought for elucidating their electronic properties rapidly, non-destructively, and sensitively. Terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy is a well-established method for characterizing charge carriers in a contactless fashion, but its sensitivity is limited, making it a challenge to study atomically thin materials, which often have low conductivities. Here, we employ THz parallel-plate waveguides to study monolayer graphene with low carrier densities. We demonstrate that a carrier density of ~2 × 10(11) cm(-2), which induces less than 1% absorption in conventional THz transmission spectroscopy, exhibits ~30% absorption in our waveguide geometry. The amount of absorption exponentially increases with both the sheet conductivity and the waveguide length. Therefore, the minimum detectable conductivity of this method sensitively increases by simply increasing the length of the waveguide along which the THz wave propagates. In turn, enabling the detection of low-conductivity carriers in a straightforward, macroscopic configuration that is compatible with any standard time-domain THz spectroscopy setup. These results are promising for further studies of charge carriers in a diverse range of emerging 2D materials.
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26
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27
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Mittendorff M, Kamann J, Eroms J, Weiss D, Drexler C, Ganichev SD, Kerbusch J, Erbe A, Suess RJ, Murphy TE, Chatterjee S, Kolata K, Ohser J, König-Otto JC, Schneider H, Helm M, Winnerl S. Universal ultrafast detector for short optical pulses based on graphene. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:28728-28735. [PMID: 26561141 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.028728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has unique optical and electronic properties that make it attractive as an active material for broadband ultrafast detection. We present here a graphene-based detector that shows 40-picosecond electrical rise time over a spectral range that spans nearly three orders of magnitude, from the visible to the far-infrared. The detector employs a large area graphene active region with interdigitated electrodes that are connected to a log-periodic antenna to improve the long-wavelength collection efficiency, and a silicon carbide substrate that is transparent throughout the visible regime. The detector exhibits a noise-equivalent power of approximately 100 µW·Hz(-½) and is characterized at wavelengths from 780 nm to 500 µm.
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28
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Jadidi MM, Sushkov AB, Myers-Ward RL, Boyd AK, Daniels KM, Gaskill DK, Fuhrer MS, Drew HD, Murphy TE. Tunable Terahertz Hybrid Metal-Graphene Plasmons. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:7099-7104. [PMID: 26397718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report here a new type of plasmon resonance that occurs when graphene is connected to a metal. These new plasmon modes offer the potential to incorporate a tunable plasmonic channel into a device with electrical contacts, a critical step toward practical graphene terahertz optoelectronics. Through theory and experiments, we demonstrate, for example, anomalously high resonant absorption or transmission when subwavelength graphene-filled apertures are introduced into an otherwise conductive layer. These tunable plasmon resonances are essential yet missing ingredients needed for terahertz filters, oscillators, detectors, and modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Jadidi
- Institute for Research in Electronics & Applied Physics, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Andrei B Sushkov
- Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | | | - Anthony K Boyd
- U. S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Kevin M Daniels
- U. S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - D Kurt Gaskill
- U. S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Michael S Fuhrer
- Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- School of Physics, Monash University , Franskton 3800, Victoria Australia
| | - H Dennis Drew
- Center for Nanophysics and Advanced Materials, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Thomas E Murphy
- Institute for Research in Electronics & Applied Physics, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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29
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Seo M, Kang JH, Kim HS, Hyong Cho J, Choi J, Min Jhon Y, Lee S, Hun Kim J, Lee T, Park QH, Kim C. Observation of terahertz-radiation-induced ionization in a single nano island. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10280. [PMID: 25998840 PMCID: PMC4441136 DOI: 10.1038/srep10280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) electromagnetic wave has been widely used as a spectroscopic probe to detect the collective vibrational mode in vast molecular systems and investigate dielectric properties of various materials. Recent technological advances in generating intense THz radiation and the emergence of THz plasmonics operating with nanoscale structures have opened up new pathways toward THz applications. Here, we present a new opportunity in engineering the state of matter at the atomic scale using THz wave and a metallic nanostructure. We show that a medium strength THz radiation of 22 kV/cm can induce ionization of ambient carbon atoms through interaction with a metallic nanostructure. The prepared structure, made of a nano slot antenna and a nano island located at the center, acts as a nanogap capacitor and enhances the local electric field by two orders of magnitudes thereby causing the ionization of ambient carbon atoms. Ionization and accumulation of carbon atoms are also observed through the change of the resonant condition of the nano slot antenna and the shift of the characteristic mode in the spectrum of the transmitted THz waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minah Seo
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hun Kang
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Suk Kim
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hyong Cho
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebin Choi
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Jhon
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Lee
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hun Kim
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Taikjin Lee
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Q-Han Park
- Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulki Kim
- Sensor System Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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30
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Wang Y, Deng X, Zhang G, Wei J, Zhu JL, Chen Z, Zhao Z, Sun JL. Terahertz photodetector based on double-walled carbon nanotube macrobundle-metal contacts. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:13348-13357. [PMID: 26074584 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.013348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the characterization of a terahertz (THz) photodetector with an extremely simple structure consisting of only a macroscopic bundle of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) suspended between two metal electrodes. Polarization-sensitive, broadband, and significant photoresponse occurring at the DWCNT-metal contacts under THz illumination are observed with room-temperature photocurrent and photovoltage responsivities up to ∼16 mA/W and ∼0.2 V/W at 2.52 THz, respectively. Scanning photocurrent measurements provide evidence that the photothermoelectric mechanism dominates the detector response. The simple geometry and compact nature of our device make it suitable for integration and show promising applications for THz detection.
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31
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Titova LV, Pint CL, Zhang Q, Hauge RH, Kono J, Hegmann FA. Generation of terahertz radiation by optical excitation of aligned carbon nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:3267-3272. [PMID: 25879274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have generated coherent pulses of terahertz radiation from macroscopic arrays of aligned single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) excited by femtosecond optical pulses without externally applied bias. The generated terahertz radiation is polarized along the SWCNT alignment direction. We propose that top-bottom asymmetry in the SWCNT arrays produces a built-in electric field in semiconducting SWCNTs, which enables generation of polarized terahertz radiation by a transient photocurrent surge directed along the nanotube axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov V Titova
- †Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- ‡Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Cary L Pint
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | | | | | | | - Frank A Hegmann
- †Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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32
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Luo S, Wang Y, Tong X, Wang Z. Graphene-based optical modulators. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:199. [PMID: 26034412 PMCID: PMC4444650 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-0866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Optical modulators (OMs) are a key device in modern optical systems. Due to its unique optical properties, graphene has been recently utilized in the fabrication of optical modulators, which promise high performance such as broadband response, high modulation speed, and high modulation depth. In this paper, the latest experimental and theoretical demonstrations of graphene optical modulators (GOMs) with different structures and functions are reviewed. Particularly, the principles of electro-optical and all-optical modulators are illustrated. Additionally, the limitation of GOMs and possible methods to improve performance and practicability are discussed. At last, graphene terahertz modulators (GTMs) are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Luo
- />Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
- />State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- />Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Tong
- />Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- />Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
- />State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Microelectronics and Solid-State Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 People’s Republic of China
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33
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Saroka VA, Batrakov KG, Demin VA, Chernozatonskii LA. Band gaps in jagged and straight graphene nanoribbons tunable by an external electric field. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:145305. [PMID: 25791088 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/14/145305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Band gap control by an external field is useful in various optical, infrared and THz applications. However, widely tunable band gaps are still not practical due to a variety of reasons. Using the orthogonal tight-binding method for π-electrons, we have investigated the effect of the external electric field on a subclass of monolayer chevron-type graphene nanoribbons that can be referred to as jagged graphene nanoribbons. A classification of these ribbons was proposed and band gaps for applied fields up to the SiO2 breakdown strength (1 V nm(-1)) were calculated. According to the tight-binding model, band gap opening (or closing) takes place for some types of jagged graphene nanoribbons in the external electric field that lies on the plane of the structure and perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. Tunability of the band gap up to 0.6 eV is attainable for narrow ribbons. In the case of jagged ribbons with armchair edges larger jags forming a chevron pattern of the ribbon enhance the controllability of the band gap. For jagged ribbons with zigzag and armchair edges regions of linear and quadratic dependence of the band gap on the external electric field can be found that are useful in devices with controllable modulation of the band gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Saroka
- School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK. Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarusian State University, Bobruiskaya 11, 220030 Minsk, Belarus
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34
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Araby S, Meng Q, Zhang L, Zaman I, Majewski P, Ma J. Elastomeric composites based on carbon nanomaterials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:112001. [PMID: 25705981 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/11/112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials including carbon black (CB), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene have attracted increasingly more interest in academia due to their fascinating properties. These nanomaterials can significantly improve the mechanical, electrical, thermal, barrier, and flame retardant properties of elastomers. The improvements are dependent on the molecular nature of the matrix, the intrinsic property, geometry and dispersion of the fillers, and the interface between the matrix and the fillers. In this article, we briefly described the fabrication processes of elastomer composites, illuminated the importance of keeping fillers at nanoscale in matrices, and critically reviewed the recent development of the elastomeric composites by incorporating CB, CNTs, and graphene and its derivatives. Attention has been paid to the mechanical properties and electrical and thermal conductivity. Challenges and further research are discussed at the end of the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Araby
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, SA5095, Australia. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Egypt
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