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Sourvanos D, Sun H, Zhu TC, Dimofte A, Byrd B, Busch TM, Cengel KA, Neiva R, Fiorellini JP. Three-dimensional printing of the human lung pleural cavity model for PDT malignant mesothelioma. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 46:104014. [PMID: 38346466 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary aim was to investigate emerging 3D printing and optical acquisition technologies to refine and enhance photodynamic therapy (PDT) dosimetry in the management of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). MATERIALS AND METHODS A rigorous digital reconstruction of the pleural lung cavity was conducted utilizing 3D printing and optical scanning methodologies. These reconstructions were systematically assessed against CT-derived data to ascertain their accuracy in representing critical anatomic features and post-resection topographical variations. RESULTS The resulting reconstructions excelled in their anatomical precision, proving instrumental translation for precise dosimetry calculations for PDT. Validation against CT data confirmed the utility of these models not only for enhancing therapeutic planning but also as critical tools for educational and calibration purposes. CONCLUSION The research outlined a successful protocol for the precise calculation of light distribution within the complex environment of the pleural cavity, marking a substantive advance in the application of PDT for MPM. This work holds significant promise for individualizing patient care, minimizing collateral radiation exposure, and improving the overall efficiency of MPM treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Sourvanos
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA; Center for Innovation and Precision Dentistry (CiPD), School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
| | - Hongjing Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Timothy C Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Andreea Dimofte
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Brook Byrd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Keith A Cengel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Neiva
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Joseph P Fiorellini
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
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Mei K, Pasyar P, Geagan M, Liu LP, Shapira N, Gang GJ, Stayman JW, Noël PB. Design and fabrication of 3D-printed patient-specific soft tissue and bone phantoms for CT imaging. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17495. [PMID: 37840044 PMCID: PMC10577126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to create patient-specific phantoms for computed tomography (CT) that possess accurate densities and exhibit visually realistic image textures. These qualities are crucial for evaluating CT performance in clinical settings. The study builds upon a previously presented 3D printing method (PixelPrint) by incorporating soft tissue and bone structures. We converted patient DICOM images directly into 3D printer instructions using PixelPrint and utilized calcium-doped filament to increase the Hounsfield unit (HU) range. Density was modeled by controlling printing speed according to volumetric filament ratio to emulate attenuation profiles. We designed micro-CT phantoms to demonstrate the reproducibility, and to determine mapping between filament ratios and HU values on clinical CT systems. Patient phantoms based on clinical cervical spine and knee examinations were manufactured and scanned with a clinical spectral CT scanner. The CT images of the patient-based phantom closely resembled original CT images in visual texture and contrast. Micro-CT analysis revealed minimal variations between prints, with an overall deviation of ± 0.8% in filament line spacing and ± 0.022 mm in line width. Measured differences between patient and phantom were less than 12 HU for soft tissue and 15 HU for bone marrow, and 514 HU for cortical bone. The calcium-doped filament accurately represented bony tissue structures across different X-ray energies in spectral CT (RMSE ranging from ± 3 to ± 28 HU, compared to 400 mg/ml hydroxyapatite). In conclusion, this study demonstrated the possibility of extending 3D-printed patient-based phantoms to soft tissue and bone structures while maintaining accurate organ geometry, image texture, and attenuation profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Mei
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Pouyan Pasyar
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Geagan
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leening P Liu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nadav Shapira
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Grace J Gang
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Webster Stayman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter B Noël
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
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Paul RL, Mille MM, Turkoglu DJ, Chen-Mayer HH. Prompt gamma ray activation analysis for determining chemical composition of 3D printing and casting materials used in biomedical applications. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2023; 332:3285-3291. [PMID: 37545764 PMCID: PMC10399705 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-023-08967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing and casting materials were analyzed by prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA) to determine their suitability as human tissue surrogates for the fabrication of phantoms for medical imaging and radiation dosimetry applications. Measured elemental compositions and densities of five surrogate materials simulating soft tissue and bone were used to determine radiological properties (x-ray mass attenuation coefficient and electron stopping power). When compared with radiological properties of International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) materials, it was determined that urethane rubber and PLA plastic yielded the best match for soft tissue, while silicone rubber and urethane resin best simulated the properties of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick L Paul
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, USA
| | - Matthew M Mille
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD, USA
| | - Danyal J Turkoglu
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, USA
- Current address: USNC-Tech, Seattle, WA 98199 USA
| | - H Heather Chen-Mayer
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, USA
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Valchanov P, Dukov N, Pavlov S, Kontny A, Dikova T. 3D Printing, Histological, and Radiological Analysis of Nanosilicate-Polysaccharide Composite Hydrogel as a Tissue-Equivalent Material for Complex Biological Bone Phantom. Gels 2023; 9:547. [PMID: 37504427 PMCID: PMC10379613 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanosilicate-polysaccharide composite hydrogels are a well-studied class of materials in regenerative medicine that combine good 3D printability, staining, and biological properties, making them an excellent candidate material for complex bone scaffolds. The aim of this study was to develop a hydrogel suitable for 3D printing that has biological and radiological properties similar to those of the natural bone and to develop protocols for their histological and radiological analysis. We synthesized a hydrogel based on alginate, methylcellulose, and laponite, then 3D printed it into a series of complex bioscaffolds. The scaffolds were scanned with CT and CBCT scanners and exported as DICOM datasets, then cut into histological slides and stained using standard histological protocols. From the DICOM datasets, the average value of the voxels in Hounsfield Units (HU) was calculated and compared with natural trabecular bone. In the histological sections, we tested the effect of standard histological stains on the hydrogel matrix in the context of future cytological and histological analysis. The results confirmed that an alginate/methylcellulose/laponite-based composite hydrogel can be used for 3D printing of complex high fidelity three-dimensional scaffolds. This opens an avenue for the development of dynamic biological physical phantoms for bone tissue engineering and the development of new CT-based imaging algorithms for the needs of radiology and radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Valchanov
- Depatment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Dukov
- Department of Medical Equipment, Electronic and Information Technologies in Healthcare, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Stoyan Pavlov
- Depatment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Andreas Kontny
- Depatment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Tsanka Dikova
- Department of Dental Material Science and Prosthetic Dental Medicine, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
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Mohammed Ali A, Al-Murshedi S. Low-cost chest paediatric phantom for dose optimisation: construction and validation. RADIOLOGIA 2023; 65:327-337. [PMID: 37516486 DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES In order to perform chest dose optimisation studies, the imaging phantom should be adequate for image quality evaluation. Since high-end phantoms are cost prohibitive, there is a need for a low-cost construction method with fairly available tissue substitutes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Theoretical calculations of radiological characteristics were performed for each of lung, cortical bone and soft tissues in order to choose appropriate substitute, then, cork, P.V.C. (Polyvinyl chloride) and water were chosen, respectively. Validation included, firstly, measuring CT Hounsfield Units (HU) of a real patient's tissues then compared against their corresponding anatomies in the constructed phantom. Secondly, Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values were acquired in this study to evaluate the quality of images generated from the constructed phantom, then, compare their trends with a valid phantom under different exposure parameters (kVp and mAs). RESULTS From theoretical calculations, the percentage differences showed high accuracy of tissue substitutes when simulating real patient tissues; P.V.C. was ≥5.78%, cork was ≥4.46% and water ≥5%. The percentage difference (CT HU) between lung and cortical bone and their equivalent tissue substitutes were 10.44% and 0.53%-3.17%, respectively. Strong positive correlations were found for SNR when changing both kVp (0.79) and mAs (0.65). While the correlation strength of CNR values were found to be moderate when changing both kVp (0.58) and mAs (0.53). CONCLUSIONS Our low-cost phantom approved through CT HU that their materials replicate the radiological characteristics of real one-year-old child while SNR and SNR correlations confirmed its applicability in imaging and optimisation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mohammed Ali
- Department of Radiological Techniques, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq; Department of medical physics, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Kerbala, 56001 Karbala, Iraq.
| | - S Al-Murshedi
- Department of Radiological Techniques, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
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Mei K, Pasyar P, Geagan M, Liu LP, Shapira N, Gang GJ, Stayman JW, Noël PB. Design and fabrication of 3D-printed patient-specific soft tissue and bone phantoms for CT imaging. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2828218. [PMID: 37162901 PMCID: PMC10168445 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2828218/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to create patient-specific phantoms for computed tomography (CT) that have realistic image texture and densities, which are critical in evaluating CT performance in clinical settings. The study builds upon a previously presented 3D printing method (PixelPrint) by incorporating soft tissue and bone structures. We converted patient DICOM images directly into 3D printer instructions using PixelPrint and utilized stone-based filament to increase Hounsfield unit (HU) range. Density was modeled by controlling printing speed according to volumetric filament ratio to emulate attenuation profiles. We designed micro-CT phantoms to demonstrate the reproducibility and to determine mapping between filament ratios and HU values on clinical CT systems. Patient phantoms based on clinical cervical spine and knee examinations were manufactured and scanned with a clinical spectral CT scanner. The CT images of the patient-based phantom closely resembled original CT images in texture and contrast. Measured differences between patient and phantom were less than 15 HU for soft tissue and bone marrow. The stone-based filament accurately represented bony tissue structures across different X-ray energies, as measured by spectral CT. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the possibility of extending 3D-printed patient-based phantoms to soft tissue and bone structures while maintaining accurate organ geometry, image texture, and attenuation profiles.
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Mei K, Pasyar P, Geagan M, Liu LP, Shapira N, Gang GJ, Stayman JW, Noël PB. Design and fabrication of 3D-printed patient-specific soft tissue and bone phantoms for CT imaging. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.17.23288689. [PMID: 37162973 PMCID: PMC10168421 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.17.23288689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to create patient-specific phantoms for computed tomography (CT) that have realistic image texture and densities, which are critical in evaluating CT performance in clinical settings. The study builds upon a previously presented 3D printing method (PixelPrint) by incorporating soft tissue and bone structures. We converted patient DICOM images directly into 3D printer instructions using PixelPrint and utilized stone-based filament to increase Hounsfield unit (HU) range. Density was modeled by controlling printing speed according to volumetric filament ratio to emulate attenuation profiles. We designed micro-CT phantoms to demonstrate the reproducibility and to determine mapping between filament ratios and HU values on clinical CT systems. Patient phantoms based on clinical cervical spine and knee examinations were manufactured and scanned with a clinical spectral CT scanner. The CT images of the patient-based phantom closely resembled original CT images in texture and contrast. Measured differences between patient and phantom were less than 15 HU for soft tissue and bone marrow. The stone-based filament accurately represented bony tissue structures across different X-ray energies, as measured by spectral CT. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the possibility of extending 3D-printed patient-based phantoms to soft tissue and bone structures while maintaining accurate organ geometry, image texture, and attenuation profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Mei
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pouyan Pasyar
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Geagan
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leening P. Liu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nadav Shapira
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Grace J. Gang
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J. Webster Stayman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter B. Noël
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine & Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 München, Germany
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Construcción y validación de un fantoma torácico pediátrico asequible para optimizar la dosis. RADIOLOGIA 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Jusufbegović M, Pandžić A, Busuladžić M, Čiva LM, Gazibegović-Busuladžić A, Šehić A, Vegar-Zubović S, Jašić R, Beganović A. Utilisation of 3D Printing in the Manufacturing of an Anthropomorphic Paediatric Head Phantom for the Optimisation of Scanning Parameters in CT. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:328. [PMID: 36673137 PMCID: PMC9858362 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is a diagnostic imaging process that uses ionising radiation to obtain information about the interior anatomic structure of the human body. Considering that the medical use of ionising radiation implies exposing patients to radiation that may lead to unwanted stochastic effects and that those effects are less probable at lower doses, optimising imaging protocols is of great importance. In this paper, we used an assembled 3D-printed infant head phantom and matched its image quality parameters with those obtained for a commercially available adult head phantom using the imaging protocol dedicated for adult patients. In accordance with the results, an optimised scanning protocol was designed which resulted in dose reductions for paediatric patients while keeping image quality at an adequate level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merim Jusufbegović
- Radiology Clinic, Sarajevo University Clinical Center, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Radiological Technologies, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Adi Pandžić
- Department of Mechanical Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mustafa Busuladžić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lejla M. Čiva
- Sarajevo Medical School, University Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, 71210 Ilidža, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Adnan Šehić
- Department of Radiological Technologies, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sandra Vegar-Zubović
- Radiology Clinic, Sarajevo University Clinical Center, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Rahima Jašić
- Department of Radiation Protection and Medical Physics, Sarajevo University Clinical Center, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Adnan Beganović
- Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Department of Radiation Protection and Medical Physics, Sarajevo University Clinical Center, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Hatamikia S, Gulyas I, Birkfellner W, Kronreif G, Unger A, Oberoi G, Lorenz A, Unger E, Kettenbach J, Figl M, Patsch J, Strassl A, Georg D, Renner A. Realistic 3D printed CT imaging tumor phantoms for validation of image processing algorithms. Phys Med 2023; 105:102512. [PMID: 36584415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical imaging phantoms are widely used for validation and verification of imaging systems and algorithms in surgical guidance and radiation oncology procedures. Especially, for the performance evaluation of new algorithms in the field of medical imaging, manufactured phantoms need to replicate specific properties of the human body, e.g., tissue morphology and radiological properties. Additive manufacturing (AM) technology provides an inexpensive opportunity for accurate anatomical replication with customization capabilities. In this study, we proposed a simple and cheap protocol using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology to manufacture realistic tumor phantoms based on the filament 3D printing technology. Tumor phantoms with both homogenous and heterogeneous radiodensity were fabricated. The radiodensity similarity between the printed tumor models and real tumor data from CT images of lung cancer patients was evaluated. Additionally, it was investigated whether a heterogeneity in the 3D printed tumor phantoms as observed in the tumor patient data had an influence on the validation of image registration algorithms. A radiodensity range between -217 to 226 HUs was achieved for 3D printed phantoms using different filament materials; this range of radiation attenuation is also observed in the human lung tumor tissue. The resulted HU range could serve as a lookup-table for researchers and phantom manufactures to create realistic CT tumor phantoms with the desired range of radiodensities. The 3D printed tumor phantoms also precisely replicated real lung tumor patient data regarding morphology and could also include life-like heterogeneity of the radiodensity inside the tumor models. An influence of the heterogeneity on accuracy and robustness of the image registration algorithms was not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Hatamikia
- Austrian Center for Medical Innovation and Technology, Wiener Neustadt, Austria; Research Center for Medical Image Analysis and Artificial Intelligence (MIAAI), Department of Medicine, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria; Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ingo Gulyas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Birkfellner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Kronreif
- Austrian Center for Medical Innovation and Technology, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Alexander Unger
- Austrian Center for Medical Innovation and Technology, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Gunpreet Oberoi
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Lorenz
- Austrian Center for Medical Innovation and Technology, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Ewald Unger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Kettenbach
- Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Michael Figl
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janina Patsch
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Strassl
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Georg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Renner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Okkalidis N, Bliznakova K, Kolev N. A filament 3D printing approach for CT-compatible bone tissues replication. Phys Med 2022; 102:96-102. [PMID: 36162230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is the development of a methodology for manufacturing 3D printed anthropomorphic structures, which mimic the X-ray properties of the human bone tissue. METHODS A mixing approach of two different materials is proposed for the fabrication of a radiologically equivalent hip bone for an anthropomorphic abdominal phantom. The materials employed for the phantom were polylactic acid (PLA) and Stonefil, while a custom-made dual motor filament extrusion setup and a custom-made software associating medical images directly with the 3D printing process were employed. RESULTS Three phantoms representing the hip bone were 3D printed utilizing two filaments under three different printing scenarios. The phantoms are based on a patient's abdominal CT scan images. Histograms of CT scans of the printed hip bone phantoms were calculated and compared to the original patient's hip bone histogram, demonstrating that a constant mixing composition of 30% Stonefil and 70% PLA with 0.0375 extrusion rate per voxel (93.75% flow for fulfilling a single voxel) for the cancellous bone, and using 100% Stonefil with 0.04 extrusion rate per voxel (100% flow) for the cortical bone results in a realistic anatomy replication of the hip bone. Reproduced HU varied between 700 and 800, which are close to those of the hip bone. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that it is possible to mix two different filaments in real-time during the printing process to obtain phantoms with realistic and radiographically bone tissue equivalent attenuation. The results will be explored for manufacturing a CT-compatible abdominal phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikiforos Okkalidis
- Medical University of Varna, Bulgaria; Morphé, Praxitelous 1, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Nikola Kolev
- Medical University of Varna, Bulgaria; First Clinic of Surgery in UMHAT "Saint Marina", Varna, Bulgaria
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