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Wang C, Jiang Y, Peng Y, Huo J, Zhang B. Facile Preparation of TiO 2NTs/Au@MOF Nanocomposites for High-Sensitivity SERS Sensing of Gaseous VOC. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4447. [PMID: 39065845 PMCID: PMC11280918 DOI: 10.3390/s24144447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a promising and highly sensitive molecular fingerprint detection technology. However, the development of SERS nanocomposites that are label-free, highly sensitive, selective, stable, and reusable for gaseous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detection remains a challenge. Here, we report a novel TiO2NTs/AuNPs@ZIF-8 nanocomposite for the ultrasensitive SERS detection of VOCs. The three-dimensional TiO2 nanotube structure with a large specific surface area provides abundant sites for the loading of Au NPs, which possess excellent local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects, further leading to the formation of a large number of SERS active hotspots. The externally wrapped porous MOF structure adsorbs more gaseous VOC molecules onto the noble metal surface. Under the synergistic mechanism of physical and chemical enhancement, a better SERS enhancement effect can be achieved. By optimizing experimental conditions, the SERS detection limit for acetophenone, a common exhaled VOC, is as low as 10-11 M. And the relative standard deviation of SERS signal intensity from different points on the same nanocomposite surface is 4.7%. The acetophenone gas achieves a 1 min response and the signal reaches stability in 4 min. Under UV irradiation, the surface-adsorbed acetophenone can be completely degraded within 40 min. The experimental results demonstrate that this nanocomposite has good detection sensitivity, repeatability, selectivity, response speed, and reusability, making it a promising sensor for gaseous VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400044, China
- College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yina Jiang
- College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yuyu Peng
- College of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Jia Huo
- Chongqing DeWen ZhiShang Education Technology Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Ban Zhang
- College of Economics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 17024, Mongolia
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2
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Siora A, Vontetsianos A, Chynkiamis N, Anagnostopoulou C, Bartziokas K, Anagnostopoulos N, Rovina N, Bakakos P, Papaioannou AI. Small airways in asthma: From inflammation and pathophysiology to treatment response. Respir Med 2024; 222:107532. [PMID: 38228215 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2024.107532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Small airways are characterized as those with an inner diameter less than 2 mm and constitute a major site of pathology and inflammation in asthma disease. It is estimated that small airways dysfunction may occur before the emergence of noticeable symptoms, spirometric abnormalities and imaging findings, thus characterizing them as "the quiet or silent zone" of the lungs. Despite their importance, measuring and quantifying small airways dysfunction presents a considerable challenge due to their inaccessibility in usual functional measurements, primarily due to their size and peripheral localization. Several pulmonary function tests have been proposed for the assessment of the small airways, including impulse oscillometry, nitrogen washout, body plethysmography, as well as imaging methods. Nevertheless, none of these methods has been established as the definitive "gold standard," thus, a combination of them should be used for an effective assessment of the small airways. Widely used asthma treatments seem to also affect several parameters of the small airways. Emerging biologic treatments show promising results in reducing small airways inflammation and remodelling, providing evidence for potential alterations in the disease's progression and outcomes. These novel therapies have implications not only in the clinical aspects of asthma but also in its inflammatory and functional aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Siora
- 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Sotiria Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Angelos Vontetsianos
- 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Sotiria Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Chynkiamis
- 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Sotiria Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Anagnostopoulou
- 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Sotiria Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Nektarios Anagnostopoulos
- 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Sotiria Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Rovina
- 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Sotiria Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Bakakos
- 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Sotiria Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Andriana I Papaioannou
- 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Sotiria Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
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3
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Sharma A, Kumar R, Varadwaj P. Smelling the Disease: Diagnostic Potential of Breath Analysis. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:321-347. [PMID: 36729362 PMCID: PMC9893210 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Breath analysis is a relatively recent field of research with much promise in scientific and clinical studies. Breath contains endogenously produced volatile organic components (VOCs) resulting from metabolites of ingested precursors, gut and air-passage bacteria, environmental contacts, etc. Numerous recent studies have suggested changes in breath composition during the course of many diseases, and breath analysis may lead to the diagnosis of such diseases. Therefore, it is important to identify the disease-specific variations in the concentration of breath to diagnose the diseases. In this review, we explore methods that are used to detect VOCs in laboratory settings, VOC constituents in exhaled air and other body fluids (e.g., sweat, saliva, skin, urine, blood, fecal matter, vaginal secretions, etc.), VOC identification in various diseases, and recently developed electronic (E)-nose-based sensors to detect VOCs. Identifying such VOCs and applying them as disease-specific biomarkers to obtain accurate, reproducible, and fast disease diagnosis could serve as an alternative to traditional invasive diagnosis methods. However, the success of VOC-based identification of diseases is limited to laboratory settings. Large-scale clinical data are warranted for establishing the robustness of disease diagnosis. Also, to identify specific VOCs associated with illness states, extensive clinical trials must be performed using both analytical instruments and electronic noses equipped with stable and precise sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Sharma
- Systems Biology Lab, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Pritish Varadwaj
- Systems Biology Lab, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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4
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Milam-Guerrero J, Yang B, To DT, Myung NV. Nitrous Oxide Is No Laughing Matter: A Historical Review of Nitrous Oxide Gas-Sensing Capabilities Highlighting the Need for Further Exploration. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3598-3610. [PMID: 36453566 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O), also known as laughing gas, is arguably one of the most detrimental greenhouse gases while concurrently being overlooked by the public. Specifically, N2O is ∼300 times more damaging than its better-known counterpart carbon dioxide (CO2) and has a longer-lived lifetime in the atmosphere than CO2. There exist both natural and anthropogenic sources of N2O, and thus, for a better understanding of sources, capture, and decomposition, it is pivotal to identify N2O within the nitrogen biosphere. This review covers the past and current low-cost N2O gas-sensing technologies, focusing specifically on low-cost metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs), chemiresistive and electrochemical sensors that can provide spatial and temporal monitoring of N2O emissions from various sources. Additionally, compositional modifications to MOsS using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are discussed, potentially facilitating new awareness and efforts for increased sensing performance and functionality in N2O detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnna Milam-Guerrero
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46530, United States
| | - Bingxin Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46530, United States
| | - Dung T To
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46530, United States
| | - Nosang V Myung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46530, United States
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Zhao Y, Dong B, Benkstein KD, Chen L, Steffens KL, Semancik S. Deep Learning Image Analysis of Nanoplasmonic Sensors: Toward Medical Breath Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:54411-54422. [PMID: 36418023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sensing biomarkers in exhaled breath offers a potentially portable, cost-effective, and noninvasive strategy for disease diagnosis screening and monitoring, while high sensitivity, wide sensing range, and target specificity are critical challenges. We demonstrate a deep learning-assisted plasmonic sensing platform that can detect and quantify gas-phase biomarkers in breath-related backgrounds of varying complexity. The sensing interface consisted of Au/SiO2 nanopillars covered with a 15 nm metal-organic framework. A small camera was utilized to capture the plasmonic sensing responses as images, which were subjected to deep learning signal processing. The approach has been demonstrated at a classification accuracy of 95 to 98% for the diabetic ketosis marker acetone within a concentration range of 0.5-80 μmol/mol. The reported work provides a thorough exploration of single-sensor capabilities and sets the basis for more advanced utilization of artificial intelligence in sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhao
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
- Sensing Labs, Inc., Rockville, Maryland20850, United States
| | - Boqun Dong
- Sensing Labs, Inc., Rockville, Maryland20850, United States
| | - Kurt D Benkstein
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
| | - Lei Chen
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
| | - Kristen L Steffens
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
| | - Steve Semancik
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
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6
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Classification of gases around Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii by infrared spectroscopy. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 196:106474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Measurement of Exhaled Nitric Oxide in 456 Lung Cancer Patients Using a Ringdown FENO Analyzer. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060352. [PMID: 34072964 PMCID: PMC8230208 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical value of exhaled nitric oxide (NO) for diagnosing lung cancer patients by using a relatively large sample. An online and near-real-time ringdown exhaled NO analyzer calibrated by an electrochemical sensor at clinical was used for breath analysis. A total of 740 breath samples from 284 healthy control subjects (H) and 456 lung cancer patients (LC) were collected. The recorded data included exhaled NO, medications taken within the last half month, demographics, fasting status and smoking status. The LC had a significantly higher level of exhaled NO than the H (H: 21.0 ± 12.1 ppb vs. LC: 34.1 ± 17.2 ppb). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for exhaled NO predicting LC and H was 0.728 (sensitivity was 0.798; specificity was 0.55). There was no significant difference in exhaled NO level between groups divided by different types of LC, tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage, sex, smoking status, age, body mass index (BMI) or fasting status. Exhaled NO level alone is not a useful clinical tool for identifying lung cancer, but it should be considered when developing a diagnosis model of lung cancer by using breath analysis.
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Chollier T, Richard L, Romanini D, Brouta A, Martin JL, Moro C, Briot R, Ventrillard I. Monitoring of endogenous nitric oxide exhaled by pig lungs during ex-vivo lung perfusion. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33477122 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abde95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the context of organ shortage for transplantation, new criteria for better organ evaluation should be investigated. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) allows extra-corporal lung re-conditioning and evaluation, under controlled parameters of the organ reperfusion and mechanical ventilation. This work reports on the interest of exhaled gas analysis during the EVLP procedure. After a one-hour cold ischemia, the endogenous gas production by an isolated lung of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide is simultaneously monitored in real time. The exhaled gas is analysed with two very sensitive and selective laser spectrometers developed upon the technique of optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy. Exhaled gas concentration measured for an ex-vivo lung is compared to the corresponding production by the whole living pig, measured before euthanasia. On-line measurements of the fraction of nitric oxide in exhaled gas (FENO) in isolated lungs are reported here for the first time, allowing to resolve the respiratory cycles. In this study, performed on 9 animals, FENO by isolated lungs range from 3.3 to 10.6 ppb with a median value of 4.4 ppb. Pairing ex-vivo lung and pig measurements allows to demonstrate a systematic increase of FENO in the ex-vivo lung as compared to the living animal, by a factor of 3 ± 1.2. Measurements of the fraction of carbon monoxide in exhaled gas (FECO) confirm levels recorded during previous studies driven to evaluate FECO as a potential marker of ischemia reperfusion injuries. FECO production by ex-vivo lungs ranges from 0.31 to 2.3 ppm with a median value of 0.8 ppm. As expected, these FECO values are lower than the production by the corresponding whole pig body, by a factor of 6.9 ± 2.7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Chollier
- CNRS, TIMC-IMAG, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, Rhône-Alpes , FRANCE
| | - Lucile Richard
- CNRS, LIPhy, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, Rhône-Alpes , FRANCE
| | - Daniele Romanini
- CNRS, LIPhy, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, Rhône-Alpes , FRANCE
| | - Angélique Brouta
- TIMC-IMAG, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, Rhône-Alpes , FRANCE
| | - Jean-Luc Martin
- CNRS, LIPhy, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, Rhône-Alpes , FRANCE
| | - Cécile Moro
- CEA, LETI, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, Rhône-Alpes , FRANCE
| | - Raphael Briot
- CNRS, TIMC-IMAG, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, Rhône-Alpes , FRANCE
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9
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Ai Y, Li J, Li Q, Sun M, Li Y, Wang C. Cavity ringdown spectroscopy of nitric oxide in the ultraviolet region for human breath test. J Breath Res 2020; 14:037101. [PMID: 32191922 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab8184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the spectrum of nitric oxide (NO) in the ultraviolet (UV) (225.4-227.0 nm) region based on cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS). A cavity ringdown system, which consisted of a tunable UV laser source and a vacuum-pumped ringdown cavity, was constructed to measure NO at room temperature and atmospheric or reduced pressure. The measured spectra were validated using LIFBase simulations. The absorption cross-section of NO at the strongest absorption peak at 226.255 nm was measured to be 7.64 × 10-18 cm2 molecule-1. Using the measured mirror reflectivity of 99.55% at 226.255 nm, the detection limit of NO was determined to be 7.4 ppb (parts per billion) based on the standard 3-σ criteria. The stability and reproducibility of this CRDS system were also tested. Furthermore, exhaled gas samples from 203 human subjects (105 healthy people and 98 lung cancer patients) were measured using the system. Results demonstrated that the cavity ringdown spectroscopy in the deep-UV region has potential for breath NO test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukai Ai
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
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Heffler E, Carpagnano GE, Favero E, Guida G, Maniscalco M, Motta A, Paoletti G, Rolla G, Baraldi E, Pezzella V, Piacentini G, Nardini S. Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FENO) in the management of asthma: a position paper of the Italian Respiratory Society (SIP/IRS) and Italian Society of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology (SIAAIC). Multidiscip Respir Med 2020; 15:36. [PMID: 32269772 PMCID: PMC7137762 DOI: 10.4081/mrm.2020.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma prevalence in Italy is on the rise and is estimated to be over 6% of the general population. The diagnosis of asthma can be challenging and elusive, especially in children and the last two decades has brought evidences that asthma is not a single disease but consists of various phenotypes. Symptoms can be underestimated by the patient or underreported to the clinician and physical signs can be scanty. Usual objective measures, like spirometry, are necessary but sometimes not significant. Despite proper treatment, asthma can be a very severe condition (even leading to death), however new drugs have recently become available which can be very effective in its control. Since asthma is currently thought to be caused by inflammation, a direct measure of the latter can be of paramount importance. For this purpose, the measurement of Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FENO) has been used since the early years of the current century as a non-invasive, easy-to-assess tool useful for diagnosing and managing asthma. This SIP-IRS/SIAAIC Position Paper is a narrative review which summarizes the evidence behind the usefulness of FENO in the diagnosis, management and phenotypization of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Heffler
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano (MI).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (MI)
| | - Giovanna Elisiana Carpagnano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia; Section of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital d'Avanzo, Foggia
| | - Elisabetta Favero
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Immunological and Respiratory Rare Disease, Allergologic Clinic Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso
| | - Giuseppe Guida
- Allergy and Pneumology Unit, A.O. S. Croce e Carle, Cuneo
| | - Mauro Maniscalco
- Respiratory Rehabilitation Unit, ICS Maugeri, Institute of Telese Terme IRCCS
| | - Andrea Motta
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (NA)
| | - Giovanni Paoletti
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano (MI).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele (MI)
| | - Giovanni Rolla
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Turin and A.O. Mauriziano, Turin
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua
| | - Vincenza Pezzella
- Department of Woman, Child and of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples
| | - Giorgio Piacentini
- Paediatric Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona
| | - Stefano Nardini
- Italian Respiratory Society-Società Italiana di Pneumologia, Milan, Italy
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11
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Karvonen T, Lehtimäki L. Flow-independent nitric oxide parameters in asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Breath Res 2019; 13:044001. [PMID: 31239409 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab2c99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) has been proposed as a non-invasive marker of inflammation in the lungs. Measuring FENO at several flow rates enables the calculation of flow independent NO-parameters that describe the NO-exchange dynamics of the lungs more precisely. The purpose of this study was to compare the NO-parameters between asthmatics and healthy subjects in a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS A systematic search was performed in Ovid Medline, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases. All studies with asthmatic and healthy control groups with at least one NO-parameter calculated were included. RESULTS From 1137 identified studies, 33 were included in the meta-analysis. All NO-parameters (alveolar NO concentration (CANO), bronchial flux of NO (JawNO), bronchial mucosal NO concentration (CawNO) and bronchial wall NO diffusion capacity (DawNO)) were found increased in glucocorticoid-treated and glucocorticoid-naïve asthma. JawNO and CANO were most notably increased in both study groups. Elevation of DawNO and CawNO seemed less prominent in both asthma groups. DISCUSSION We found that all the NO-parameters are elevated in asthma as compared to healthy subjects. However, results were highly heterogenous and the evidence on CawNO and DawNO is still quite feeble due to only few studies reporting them. To gain more knowledge on the NO-parameters in asthma, nonlinear methods and standardized study protocols should be used in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Karvonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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12
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Sánchez C, Santos JP, Lozano J. Use of Electronic Noses for Diagnosis of Digestive and Respiratory Diseases through the Breath. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E35. [PMID: 30823459 PMCID: PMC6468564 DOI: 10.3390/bios9010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increased occurrence of chronic diseases related to lifestyle or environmental conditions may have a detrimental effect on long-term health if not diagnosed and controlled in time. For this reason, it is important to develop new noninvasive early diagnosis equipment that allows improvement of the current diagnostic methods. This, in turn, has led to an exponential development of technology applied to the medical sector, such as the electronic nose. In addition, the appearance of this type of technology has allowed the possibility of studying diseases from another point of view, such as through breath analysis. This paper presents a bibliographic review of past and recent studies, selecting those investigations in which a patient population was studied with electronic nose technology, in order to identify potential applications of this technology in the detection of respiratory and digestive diseases through the analysis of volatile organic compounds present in the breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez
- Institute of Physics Technology and Information (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain.
- Up Devices and Technologies, 28021 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Pedro Santos
- Institute of Physics Technology and Information (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Lozano
- Industrial Engineering School, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
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13
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Henderson B, Khodabakhsh A, Metsälä M, Ventrillard I, Schmidt FM, Romanini D, Ritchie GAD, te Lintel Hekkert S, Briot R, Risby T, Marczin N, Harren FJM, Cristescu SM. Laser spectroscopy for breath analysis: towards clinical implementation. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2018; 124:161. [PMID: 30956412 PMCID: PMC6428385 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-018-7030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Detection and analysis of volatile compounds in exhaled breath represents an attractive tool for monitoring the metabolic status of a patient and disease diagnosis, since it is non-invasive and fast. Numerous studies have already demonstrated the benefit of breath analysis in clinical settings/applications and encouraged multidisciplinary research to reveal new insights regarding the origins, pathways, and pathophysiological roles of breath components. Many breath analysis methods are currently available to help explore these directions, ranging from mass spectrometry to laser-based spectroscopy and sensor arrays. This review presents an update of the current status of optical methods, using near and mid-infrared sources, for clinical breath gas analysis over the last decade and describes recent technological developments and their applications. The review includes: tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, cavity ring-down spectroscopy, integrated cavity output spectroscopy, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy, and optical frequency comb spectroscopy. A SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) is presented that describes the laser-based techniques within the clinical framework of breath research and their appealing features for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Henderson
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Khodabakhsh
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Metsälä
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Florian M. Schmidt
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniele Romanini
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Grant A. D. Ritchie
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | | | - Raphaël Briot
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, TIMC-IMAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Emergency Department and Mobile Intensive Care Unit, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Terence Risby
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nandor Marczin
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Frans J. M. Harren
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simona M. Cristescu
- Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, IMM, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Yucel M, Akin O, Cayoren M, Akduman I, Palaniappan A, Liedberg B, Hizal G, Inci F, Yildiz UH. Hand-Held Volatilome Analyzer Based on Elastically Deformable Nanofibers. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5122-5129. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muge Yucel
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Osman Akin
- Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir 35640, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cayoren
- Department of Electronic and Communication, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34398, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Akduman
- Department of Electronic and Communication, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34398, Turkey
| | - Alagappan Palaniappan
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637553 Singapore
| | - Bo Liedberg
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637553 Singapore
| | - Gurkan Hizal
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34398, Turkey
| | - Fatih Inci
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Umit Hakan Yildiz
- Department of Chemistry, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir 35430, Turkey
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Skevaki C, Van den Berg J, Jones N, Garssen J, Vuillermin P, Levin M, Landay A, Renz H, Calder PC, Thornton CA. Immune biomarkers in the spectrum of childhood noncommunicable diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 137:1302-16. [PMID: 27155027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A biomarker is an accurately and reproducibly quantifiable biological characteristic that provides an objective measure of health status or disease. Benefits of biomarkers include identification of therapeutic targets, monitoring of clinical interventions, and development of personalized (or precision) medicine. Challenges to the use of biomarkers include optimizing sample collection, processing and storage, validation, and often the need for sophisticated laboratory and bioinformatics approaches. Biomarkers offer better understanding of disease processes and should benefit the early detection, treatment, and management of multiple noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This review will consider the utility of biomarkers in patients with allergic and other immune-mediated diseases in childhood. Typically, biomarkers are used currently to provide mechanistic insight or an objective measure of disease severity, with their future role in risk stratification/disease prediction speculative at best. There are many lessons to be learned from the biomarker strategies used for cancer in which biomarkers are in routine clinical use and industry-wide standardized approaches have been developed. Biomarker discovery and validation in children with disease lag behind those in adults; given the early onset and therefore potential lifelong effect of many NCDs, there should be more studies incorporating cohorts of children. Many pediatric biomarkers are at the discovery stage, with a long path to evaluation and clinical implementation. The ultimate challenge will be optimization of prevention strategies that can be implemented in children identified as being at risk of an NCD through the use of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Skevaki
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network; Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University Marburg, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH Baldingerstr, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jolice Van den Berg
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network; Department of Immunology/Microbiology Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Nicholas Jones
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network; Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales
| | - Johan Garssen
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, Beta Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Vuillermin
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network; Child Health Research Unit, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Levin
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network; Division of Asthma and Allergy, University of Cape Town, and the Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alan Landay
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network; Department of Immunology/Microbiology Rush University Medical Center Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Harald Renz
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network; Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University Marburg, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH Baldingerstr, Marburg, Germany
| | - Philip C Calder
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network; Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A Thornton
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network; Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales.
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Ghorbani R, Schmidt FM. ICL-based TDLAS sensor for real-time breath gas analysis of carbon monoxide isotopes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:12743-12752. [PMID: 28786628 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.012743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a compact sensor for carbon monoxide (CO) in air and exhaled breath based on a room temperature interband cascade laser (ICL) operating at 4.69 µm, a low-volume circular multipass cell and wavelength modulation absorption spectroscopy. A fringe-limited (1σ) sensitivity of 6.5 × 10-8 cm-1Hz-1/2 and a detection limit of 9 ± 5 ppbv at 0.07 s acquisition time are achieved, which constitutes a 25-fold improvement compared to direct absorption spectroscopy. Integration over 10 s increases the precision to 0.6 ppbv. The setup also allows measuring the stable isotope 13CO in breath. We demonstrate quantification of indoor air CO and real-time detection of CO expirograms from healthy non-smokers and a healthy smoker before and after smoking. Isotope ratio analysis indicates depletion of 13CO in breath compared to natural abundance.
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Horváth I, Barnes PJ, Loukides S, Sterk PJ, Högman M, Olin AC, Amann A, Antus B, Baraldi E, Bikov A, Boots AW, Bos LD, Brinkman P, Bucca C, Carpagnano GE, Corradi M, Cristescu S, de Jongste JC, Dinh-Xuan AT, Dompeling E, Fens N, Fowler S, Hohlfeld JM, Holz O, Jöbsis Q, Van De Kant K, Knobel HH, Kostikas K, Lehtimäki L, Lundberg J, Montuschi P, Van Muylem A, Pennazza G, Reinhold P, Ricciardolo FLM, Rosias P, Santonico M, van der Schee MP, van Schooten FJ, Spanevello A, Tonia T, Vink TJ. A European Respiratory Society technical standard: exhaled biomarkers in lung disease. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/4/1600965. [PMID: 28446552 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00965-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breath tests cover the fraction of nitric oxide in expired gas (FeNO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), variables in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and other measurements. For EBC and for FeNO, official recommendations for standardised procedures are more than 10 years old and there is none for exhaled VOCs and particles. The aim of this document is to provide technical standards and recommendations for sample collection and analytic approaches and to highlight future research priorities in the field. For EBC and FeNO, new developments and advances in technology have been evaluated in the current document. This report is not intended to provide clinical guidance on disease diagnosis and management.Clinicians and researchers with expertise in exhaled biomarkers were invited to participate. Published studies regarding methodology of breath tests were selected, discussed and evaluated in a consensus-based manner by the Task Force members.Recommendations for standardisation of sampling, analysing and reporting of data and suggestions for research to cover gaps in the evidence have been created and summarised.Application of breath biomarker measurement in a standardised manner will provide comparable results, thereby facilitating the potential use of these biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Horváth
- Dept of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Peter J Sterk
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieann Högman
- Centre for Research & Development, Uppsala University/Gävleborg County Council, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Olin
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Anton Amann
- Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Balazs Antus
- Dept of Pathophysiology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Andras Bikov
- Dept of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agnes W Boots
- Dept of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe D Bos
- Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina Bucca
- Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Universita' di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Cristescu
- Dept of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan C de Jongste
- Dept of Pediatrics/Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC-Sophia Childrens' Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Edward Dompeling
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Niki Fens
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Respiratory Research Group, University of Manchester Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany.,Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olaf Holz
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Quirijn Jöbsis
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Van De Kant
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo H Knobel
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jon Lundberg
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Montuschi
- Pharmacology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Alain Van Muylem
- Hopital Erasme Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giorgio Pennazza
- Faculty of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Fabio L M Ricciardolo
- Clinic of Respiratory Disease, Dept of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Philippe Rosias
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Dept of Pediatrics, Maasland Hospital, Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Santonico
- Faculty of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marc P van der Schee
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thomy Tonia
- European Respiratory Society, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teunis J Vink
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Giraud X, Le-Dong NN, Hogben K, Martinot JB. The measurement of DLNO and DLCO: A manufacturer's perspective. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 241:36-44. [PMID: 28214604 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous measurement of the lung transfer factor for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and nitric oxide (DLNO) is now available as a powerful method for studying the alveolar-capillary gas exchange. However, application of the DLNO-CO technique in daily settings is still limited by some technical drawbacks. This paper provides a manufacturer's overview of the measuring principles, technical challenges and current available solutions for implementing the DLNO-CO measurement in to a marketed device. This includes the recent developments in technology for NO sensors, latest findings on NO uptake and new statistical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Giraud
- Medisoft-MGCD, Sorinnes, Belgium
| | - N N Le-Dong
- RespiSom Private Research Medical Center, Namur, Belgium.
| | - K Hogben
- Medisoft-MGCD, Sorinnes, Belgium
| | - J B Martinot
- CHU-UCL Namur, Place Louise Godin 15, 5000, Namur, Belgium
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Cossel KC, Waxman EM, Finneran IA, Blake GA, Ye J, Newbury NR. Gas-phase broadband spectroscopy using active sources: progress, status, and applications. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. B, OPTICAL PHYSICS 2017; 34:104-129. [PMID: 28630530 PMCID: PMC5473295 DOI: 10.1364/josab.34.000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Broadband spectroscopy is an invaluable tool for measuring multiple gas-phase species simultaneously. In this work we review basic techniques, implementations, and current applications for broadband spectroscopy. We discuss components of broad-band spectroscopy including light sources, absorption cells, and detection methods and then discuss specific combinations of these components in commonly-used techniques. We finish this review by discussing potential future advances in techniques and applications of broad-band spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Cossel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Eleanor M. Waxman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Ian A. Finneran
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Geoffrey A. Blake
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nathan R. Newbury
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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20
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Schwaighofer A, Brandstetter M, Lendl B. Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) in biomedical spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5903-5924. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00403f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent applications of QCLs in mid-IR spectroscopy of clinically relevant samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schwaighofer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics
- Vienna University of Technology
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | | | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics
- Vienna University of Technology
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
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Maniscalco M, Vitale C, Vatrella A, Molino A, Bianco A, Mazzarella G. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide-measuring devices: technology update. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2016; 9:151-60. [PMID: 27382340 PMCID: PMC4922771 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s91201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (NO) has been employed in the diagnosis of specific types of airway inflammation, guiding treatment monitoring by predicting and assessing response to anti-inflammatory therapy and monitoring for compliance and detecting relapse. Various techniques are currently used to analyze exhaled NO concentrations under a range of conditions for both health and disease. These include chemiluminescence and electrochemical sensor devices. The cost effectiveness and ability to achieve adequate flexibility in sensitivity and selectivity of NO measurement for these methods are evaluated alongside the potential for use of laser-based technology. This review explores the technologies involved in the measurement of exhaled NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maniscalco
- Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Hospital "S Maria della Pietà" of Casoria, Naples
| | - Carolina Vitale
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno
| | - Alessandro Vatrella
- Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno
| | - Antonio Molino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Federico II
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Mazzarella
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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22
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Moscato U, Poscia A, Gargaruti R, Capelli G, Cavaliere F. Normal values of exhaled carbon monoxide in healthy subjects: comparison between two methods of assessment. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14:204. [PMID: 25515007 PMCID: PMC4275957 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a previous study, exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) has been assessed in healthy non-smokers with a photo acoustic spectrometer Brüel&Kjær 1312. Unexpectedly, values were higher than those reported in literature, which were mostly obtained with electrochemical analysers. This study was aimed to compare eCO values obtained with Brüel&Kjær 1312 and PiCO + Smokerlyzer, a largely utilized electrochemical analyser. Methods Thirty-four healthy subjects, 15 non-smokers and 19 smokers, underwent eCO assessment with Brüel&Kjær 1312 and PiCO + Smokerlyzer during a prolonged expiration (15 seconds). Brüel&Kjær 1312 assessed CO concentration 7 and 12 seconds after the beginning of expiration and displayed the mean value. PiCO + Smokerlyzer was utilized according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. In vitro, the two devices were tested with standard concentrations of CO in nitrogen (5, 9.9, 20, and 50 ppm), and the time needed by PiCO + Smokerlyzer readings to stabilize was assessed at different gas flows. Results Both Brüel&Kjær 1312 and PiCO + Smokerlyzer presented very good internal consistency. The values provided were strictly correlated, but at low test concentrations, the Brüel&Kjær 1312 readings were greater than the PiCO + Smokerlyzer, and vice versa. PiCO + Smokerlyzer overestimated the CO standard concentrations at 5 and 9.9 ppm by 20%, while Brüel&Kjær 1312 measures were correct. PiCO + Smokerlyzer readings stabilized in 12 seconds during in vitro tests and in 15 seconds during in vivo measurements, suggesting that the values displayed corresponded to the initial phase of expiration. Conclusions Differences between Brüel&Kjær 1312 and PiCO + Smokerlyzer may be explained because Brüel&Kjær 1312 measured CO levels in the middle and at the end of expiration while PiCO + Smokerlyzer assessed them in the initial part of expiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Moscato
- Institute of Public Health, Hygiene Division, Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Rapson TD, Church JS, Trueman HE, Dacres H, Sutherland TD, Trowell SC. Micromolar biosensing of nitric oxide using myoglobin immobilized in a synthetic silk film. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 62:214-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Langeroudi AG, Hirsch CM, Estabragh AS, Meinardi S, Blake DR, Barbour AG. Elevated carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide ratio in the exhaled breath of mice treated with a single dose of lipopolysaccharide. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014; 1:ofu085. [PMID: 25734151 PMCID: PMC4281777 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of volatile organic chemicals in breath holds promise for noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring of patients, but investigation of this in experimental mouse models has been limited. Of particular interest is endogenous production of carbon monoxide as a biomarker of inflammation and, more particularly, during sepsis. METHODS Using a nose-only collection procedure for unanesthetized individual adult mice and sensitive gas chromatography of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) of sampled breath, we investigated the responses of mice to one-time injections with different doses of purified Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Two strains of mice were examined: BALB/c and C3H, including an endotoxin-resistant mutant (HeJ) as well as the wild type (HOuJ). RESULTS The CO to CO2 ratio increased in a dose-responsive manner within hours in treated BALC/c mice but not control mice. The CO/CO2 values declined to the range of control mice within 48-72 h after the injection of lipopolysaccharide. Breath CO/CO2 values correlated with systemic inflammation biomarkers in serum and heme oxygenase-1 gene expression in blood. C3H/HOuJ mice, but not the HeJ mice, had similar increases of the CO/CO2 ratio in response to the endotoxin. CONCLUSIONS Carbon monoxide concentrations in exhaled breath of at least 2 strains of mice increase in response to single injections of endotoxin. The magnitude of increase was similar to what was observed with a bacteremia model. These findings with an experimental model provide a rationale for further studies of normalized CO concentrations in human breath as an informative biomarker for staging and monitoring of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alan G Barbour
- Departments of Medicine ; Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
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Jesenak M, Banovcin P, Havlicekova Z, Dobrota D, Babusikova E. Factors influencing the levels of exhaled carbon monoxide in asthmatic children. J Asthma 2014; 51:900-6. [PMID: 24945941 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2014.936448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bronchial asthma is characterised by chronic airway inflammation commonly associated with increased oxidative stress. Exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) levels could act as markers of both oxidative stress and allergic inflammation. We aimed to study eCO levels in asthmatics and detect the possible factors influencing them. METHODS We studied 241 asthmatic children and 75 healthy children. The differences in eCO levels among various asthmatic phenotypes and the correlations between eCO and other measured parameters (spirometric indices, Asthma Control Test score, exhaled nitric oxide, total IgE, blood eosinophils and marker of oxidative damage of proteins) were analysed. RESULTS Levels of eCO widely differed according to the selected characteristics of asthma. Asthmatics showed higher eCO concentrations than controls (1.44 ± 0.12 ppm vs. 0.91 ± 0.11 ppm, p < 0.001). Acute exacerbation of asthma was accompanied by a significant increase in eCO compared to the clinically controlled stage (2.17 ± 0.36 ppm vs. 1.33 ± 0.13 ppm, p < 0.001). Atopic, non-atopic asthma and asthma associated with allergic rhinitis (AR) showed elevated levels of eCO. The levels of eCO negatively correlated with the marker of protein oxidation in asthmatics, especially in atopic form and during acute exacerbation. CONCLUSIONS In a population of asthmatic children, eCO levels could be considered as a marker of both allergic inflammation and oxidative stress in the airways. Concomitant AR and asthma control were the most important factors affecting the levels of eCO in asthmatic children. However, our results do not support the use of routine eCO in the clinical practice.
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Feasibility and Potential Utility of Multicomponent Exhaled Breath Analysis for Predicting Development of Radiation Pneumonitis After Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy. J Thorac Oncol 2014; 9:957-964. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kurowski M, Jurczyk J, Jarzębska M, Moskwa S, Makowska JS, Krysztofiak H, Kowalski ML. Association of serum Clara cell protein CC16 with respiratory infections and immune response to respiratory pathogens in elite athletes. Respir Res 2014; 15:45. [PMID: 24735334 PMCID: PMC3997232 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory epithelium integrity impairment caused by intensive exercise may lead to exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Clara cell protein (CC16) has anti-inflammatory properties and its serum level reflects changes in epithelium integrity and airway inflammation. This study aimed to investigate serum CC16 in elite athletes and to seek associations of CC16 with asthma or allergy, respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and immune response to respiratory pathogens. METHODS The study was performed in 203 Olympic athletes. Control groups comprised 53 healthy subjects and 49 mild allergic asthmatics. Serum levels of CC16 and IgG against respiratory viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae were assessed. Allergy questionnaire for athletes was used to determine symptoms and exercise pattern. Current versions of ARIA and GINA guidelines were used when diagnosing allergic rhinitis and asthma, respectively. RESULTS Asthma was diagnosed in 13.3% athletes, of whom 55.6% had concomitant allergic rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis without asthma was diagnosed in 14.8% of athletes. Mean CC16 concentration was significantly lower in athletes versus healthy controls and mild asthmatics. Athletes reporting frequent RTIs had significantly lower serum CC16 and the risk of frequent RTIs was more than 2-fold higher in athletes with low serum CC16 (defined as equal to or less than 4.99 ng/ml). Athletes had significantly higher anti-adenovirus IgG than healthy controls while only non-atopic athletes had anti-parainfluenza virus IgG significantly lower than controls. In all athletes weak correlation of serum CC16 and anti-parainfluenza virus IgG was present (R = 0.20, p < 0.01). In atopic athletes a weak positive correlations of CC16 with IgG specific for respiratory syncytial virus (R = 0.29, p = 0.009), parainfluenza virus (R = 0.31, p = 0.01) and adenovirus (R = 0.27, p = 0.02) were seen as well. CONCLUSIONS Regular high-load exercise is associated with decrease in serum CC16 levels. Athletes with decreased CC16 are more susceptible to respiratory infections. Atopy may be an additional factor modifying susceptibility to infections in subjects performing regular high-load exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marek L Kowalski
- Department of Immunology, Rheumatology and Allergy, Medical University of Łódź, ul, Pomorska 251, bud, C-5, Łódź 92-213, Poland.
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Maignan M, Briot R, Romanini D, Gennai S, Hazane-Puch F, Brouta A, Debaty G, Ventrillard I. Real-time measurements of endogenous carbon monoxide production in isolated pig lungs. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:047001. [PMID: 24699633 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.4.047001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injuries are a critical determinant of lung transplantation success. The endogenous production of carbon monoxide (CO) is triggered by ischemia-reperfusion injuries. Our aim was, therefore, to assess the feasibility of exhaled CO measurements during the ex vivo evaluation of lungs submitted to ischemia-reperfusion injuries. Five pigs were euthanized and their lungs removed after pneumoplegia. After cold storage (30 min, 4°C), the lungs were connected to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit, slowly warmed-up, and ventilated. At the end of a 45-min steady state, CO measurements were performed by optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy, a specific laser-based technique for noninvasive and real-time low gas concentration measurements. Exhaled CO concentration from isolated lungs reached 0.45±0.19 ppmv and was above CO concentration in ambient air and in medical gas. CO variations peaked during the expiratory phase. Changes in CO concentration in ambient air did not alter CO concentrations in isolated lungs. Exhaled CO level was also found to be uncorrelated to heme oxygenase (HO-1) gene expression. These results confirm the feasibility of accurate and real-time CO measurement in isolated lungs. The presented technology could help establishing the exhaled CO concentration as a biomarker of ischemia-reperfusion injury in ex vivo lung perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Maignan
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Michallon, Emergency Department and Mobile Intensive Care Unit, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, FrancebUniversité Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, /CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525/PRETA Team, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Raphael Briot
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Michallon, Emergency Department and Mobile Intensive Care Unit, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, FrancebUniversité Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, /CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525/PRETA Team, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Daniel Romanini
- Université Grenoble 1/CNRS, LiPhy UMR 5588, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Stephane Gennai
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Michallon, Emergency Department and Mobile Intensive Care Unit, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, FrancebUniversité Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, /CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525/PRETA Team, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Florence Hazane-Puch
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Département de Biochimie, Toxicologie et Pharmacologie, Unité de Biochimie Hormonale et Nutritionnelle, CS 10217, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Angelique Brouta
- Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, /CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525/PRETA Team, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Guillaume Debaty
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Michallon, Emergency Department and Mobile Intensive Care Unit, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, FrancebUniversité Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, /CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525/PRETA Team, Grenoble F-38041, France
| | - Irene Ventrillard
- Université Grenoble 1/CNRS, LiPhy UMR 5588, Grenoble F-38041, France
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Amann A, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Broza YY, Haick H. Assessment of the exhalation kinetics of volatile cancer biomarkers based on their physicochemical properties. J Breath Res 2014; 8:016003. [PMID: 24566039 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/1/016003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The current review provides an assessment of the exhalation kinetics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that have been linked with cancer. Towards this end, we evaluate various physicochemical properties, such as 'breath:air' and 'blood:fat' partition coefficients, of 112 VOCs that have been suggested over the past decade as potential markers of cancer. With these data, we show that the cancer VOC concentrations in the blood and in the fat span over 12 and 8 orders of magnitude, respectively, in order to provide a specific counterpart concentration in the exhaled breath (e.g., 1 ppb). This finding suggests that these 112 different compounds have different storage compartments in the body and that their exhalation kinetics depends on one or a combination of the following factors: (i) the VOC concentrations in different parts of the body; (ii) the VOC synthesis and metabolism rates; (iii) the partition coefficients between tissue(s), blood and air; and (iv) the VOCs' diffusion constants. Based on this analysis, we discuss how this knowledge allows modeling and simulating the behavior of a specific VOC under different sampling protocols (with and without exertion of effort). We end this review by a brief discussion on the potential role of these scenarios in screening and therapeutic monitoring of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria. Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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31
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Eckel SP, Linn WS, Berhane K, Rappaport EB, Salam MT, Zhang Y, Gilliland FD. Estimation of parameters in the two-compartment model for exhaled nitric oxide. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85471. [PMID: 24465571 PMCID: PMC3894971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a biomarker of airway inflammation that is being increasingly considered in clinical, occupational, and epidemiological applications ranging from asthma management to the detection of air pollution health effects. FeNO depends strongly on exhalation flow rate. This dependency has allowed for the development of mathematical models whose parameters quantify airway and alveolar compartment contributions to FeNO. Numerous methods have been proposed to estimate these parameters using FeNO measured at multiple flow rates. These methods—which allow for non-invasive assessment of localized airway inflammation—have the potential to provide important insights on inflammatory mechanisms. However, different estimation methods produce different results and a serious barrier to progress in this field is the lack of a single recommended method. With the goal of resolving this methodological problem, we have developed a unifying framework in which to present a comprehensive set of existing and novel statistical methods for estimating parameters in the simple two-compartment model. We compared statistical properties of the estimators in simulation studies and investigated model fit and parameter estimate sensitivity across methods using data from 1507 schoolchildren from the Southern California Children's Health Study, one of the largest multiple flow FeNO studies to date. We recommend a novel nonlinear least squares model with natural log transformation on both sides that produced estimators with good properties, satisfied model assumptions, and fit the Children's Health Study data well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrah P. Eckel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - William S. Linn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kiros Berhane
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Edward B. Rappaport
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Muhammad T. Salam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Frank D. Gilliland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Amann A, Miekisch W, Schubert J, Buszewski B, Ligor T, Jezierski T, Pleil J, Risby T. Analysis of exhaled breath for disease detection. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:455-482. [PMID: 25014347 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Breath analysis is a young field of research with great clinical potential. As a result of this interest, researchers have developed new analytical techniques that permit real-time analysis of exhaled breath with breath-to-breath resolution in addition to the conventional central laboratory methods using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Breath tests are based on endogenously produced volatiles, metabolites of ingested precursors, metabolites produced by bacteria in the gut or the airways, or volatiles appearing after environmental exposure. The composition of exhaled breath may contain valuable information for patients presenting with asthma, renal and liver diseases, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammatory lung disease, or metabolic disorders. In addition, oxidative stress status may be monitored via volatile products of lipid peroxidation. Measurement of enzyme activity provides phenotypic information important in personalized medicine, whereas breath measurements provide insight into perturbations of the human exposome and can be interpreted as preclinical signals of adverse outcome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Amann
- Breath Research Institute of the University of Innsbruck, A-6850 Dornbirn, Austria;
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Koutsokera A, Kostikas K, Nicod LP, Fitting JW. Pulmonary biomarkers in COPD exacerbations: a systematic review. Respir Res 2013; 14:111. [PMID: 24143945 PMCID: PMC4014989 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exacerbations of COPD (ECOPD) represent a major burden for patients and health care systems. Innovative sampling techniques have led to the identification of several pulmonary biomarkers. Although some molecules are promising, their usefulness in clinical practice is not yet established. Medline and Highwire databases were used to identify studies evaluating pulmonary sampled biomarkers in ECOPD. We combined 3 terms for ECOPD, 3 for biomarkers and 6 for the sampling method. Seventy-nine studies were considered eligible for inclusion in the review and were analyzed further. Pulmonary biomarkers sampled with non-invasive, semi-invasive and invasive methods were evaluated for their potential to illustrate the disease's clinical course, to correlate to clinical variables and to predict clinical outcomes, ECOPD etiology and response to treatment. According to published data several pulmonary biomarkers assessed in ECOPD have the potential to illustrate the natural history of disease through the modification of their levels. Among the clinically relevant molecules, those that have been studied the most and appear to be promising are spontaneous and induced sputum biomarkers for reflecting clinical severity and symptomatic recovery, as well as for directing towards an etiological diagnosis. Current evidence on the clinical usefulness of exhaled breath condensate and bronchoalveolar lavage biomarkers in ECOPD is limited. In conclusion, pulmonary biomarkers have the potential to provide information on the mechanisms underlying ECOPD, and several correlate with clinical variables and outcomes. However, on the basis of published evidence, no single molecule is adequately validated for wide clinical use. Clinical trials that incorporate biomarkers in decisional algorithms are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Koutsokera
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Small-airways dysfunction associates with respiratory symptoms and clinical features of asthma: A systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:646-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO), a low molecular weight gas, is a ubiquitous environmental product of organic combustion, which is also produced endogenously in the body, as the byproduct of heme metabolism. CO binds to hemoglobin, resulting in decreased oxygen delivery to bodily tissues at toxicological concentrations. At physiological concentrations, CO may have endogenous roles as a potential signaling mediator in vascular function and cellular homeostasis. Exhaled CO (eCO), similar to exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), has been evaluated as a candidate breath biomarker of pathophysiological states, including smoking status, and inflammatory diseases of the lung and other organs. eCO values have been evaluated as potential indicators of inflammation in asthma, stable COPD and exacerbations, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, or during surgery or critical care. The utility of eCO as a marker of inflammation and its potential diagnostic value remain incompletely characterized. Among other candidate 'medicinal gases' with therapeutic potential, (e.g., NO and H2S), CO has been shown to act as an effective anti-inflammatory agent in preclinical animal models of inflammatory disease, acute lung injury, sepsis, ischemia/reperfusion injury and organ graft rejection. Current and future clinical trials will evaluate the clinical applicability of this gas as a biomarker and/or therapeutic in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W Ryter
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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36
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Cristescu SM, Mandon J, Harren FJM, Meriläinen P, Högman M. Methods of NO detection in exhaled breath. J Breath Res 2013; 7:017104. [PMID: 23445766 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/1/017104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
There is still an unexplored potential for exhaled nitric oxide (NO) in many clinical applications. This study presents an overview of the currently available methods for monitoring NO in exhaled breath and the use of the modelling of NO production and transport in the lung in clinical practice. Three technologies are described, namely chemiluminescence, electrochemical sensing and laser-based detection with their advantages and limitations. Comparisons are made in terms of sensitivity, time response, size, costs and suitability for clinical purposes. The importance of the flow rate for NO sampling is discussed from the perspective of the recent recommendations for standardized procedures for online and offline NO measurement. The measurement of NO at one flow rate, such as 50 ml s(-1), can neither determine the alveolar site/peripheral contribution nor quantify the difference in NO diffusion from the airways walls. The use of NO modelling (linear or non-linear approach) can solve this problem and provide useful information about the source of NO. This is of great value in diagnostic procedures of respiratory diseases and in treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Cristescu
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Mandon J, Högman M, Merkus PJFM, van Amsterdam J, Harren FJM, Cristescu SM. Exhaled nitric oxide monitoring by quantum cascade laser: comparison with chemiluminescent and electrochemical sensors. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:017003. [PMID: 22352669 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.1.017003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (F(E)NO) is considered an indicator in the diagnostics and management of asthma. In this study we present a laser-based sensor for measuring F(E)NO. It consists of a quantum cascade laser (QCL) combined with a multi-pass cell and wavelength modulation spectroscopy for the detection of NO at the sub-part-per-billion by volume (ppbv, 110(-9)) level. The characteristics and diagnostic performance of the sensor were assessed. A detection limit of 0.5 ppbv was demonstrated with a relatively simple design. The QCL-based sensor was compared with two market sensors, a chemiluminescent analyzer (NOA 280, Sievers) and a portable hand-held electrochemical analyzer (MINO, Aerocrine AB, Sweden). F(E)NO from 20 children diagnosed with asthma and treated with inhaled corticosteroids were measured. Data were found to be clinically acceptable within 1.1 ppbv between the QCL-based sensor and chemiluminescent sensor and within 1.7 ppbv when compared to the electrochemical sensor. The QCL-based sensor was tested on healthy subjects at various expiratory flow rates for both online and offline sampling procedures. The extended NO parameters, i.e. the alveolar region, airway wall, diffusing capacity, and flux were calculated and showed a good agreement with the previously reported values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Mandon
- Radboud University, Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Arslanov DD, Swinkels K, Cristescu SM, Harren FJM. Real-time, subsecond, multicomponent breath analysis by Optical Parametric Oscillator based Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:24078-24089. [PMID: 22109433 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.024078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Breath analysis is an attractive field of research, due to its high potential for non-invasive medical diagnostics. Among others, laser-based absorption spectroscopy is an excellent method for the detection of gases in exhaled breath, because it can combine a high sensitivity with a good selectivity, and a high temporal resolution. Here, we use a fast-scanning continuous wave, singly-resonant Optical Parametric Oscillator (wavelength range between 3 and 4 μm, linewidth 40 MHz, output power > 1 W, scanning speed 100 THz/s) with Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy for rapid and sensitive trace gas detection. Real-time, low- ppbv detection of ethane is demonstrated in exhaled human breath during free exhalations. Also, simultaneous, real-time multi-component gas detection of ethane, methane and water was performed in exhaled breath using a wide spectral coverage over 17 cm(-1) in 1 second. Furthermore, real-time detection of acetone, a molecule with a wide absorption spectrum, was shown in exhaled breath, with a sub-second time resolution (0.4 s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis D Arslanov
- Life Science Trace Gas Research Group, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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