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Matias JS, Komolibus K, Kiang WK, Konugolu-Venkata-Sekar S, Andersson-Engels S. Beam-profile compensation for quantum yield characterisation of Yb-Tm codoped upconverting nanoparticles emitting at 474 nm, 650 nm and 804 nm. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:3641-3649. [PMID: 38276985 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have found widespread applications in biophotonics and energy harvesting due to their unique non-linear optical properties arising from energy transfer upconversion (ETU) mechanisms. However, accurately characterising the power density-dependent efficiency of UCNPs using the internal quantum yield (iQY) is challenging due to the lack of methods that account for excitation beam-profile distortions. This limitation hinders the engineering of optimal UCNPs for diverse applications. To address this, this work present a novel beam profile compensation strategy based on a general analytical rate-equations model, enabling the evaluation of iQY for ETU processes of arbitrary order, such as ETU2, ETU3, and beyond. The method was applied to characterise the ETU2 and ETU3 processes corresponding to the main emission peaks (474 nm, 650 nm, and 804 nm) of a Yb-Tm codoped core-shell β-UCNP. Through this approach, the transition power density points (which delimit the distinct non-linear regimes of the upconversion luminescence (UCL)), and the saturation iQY values (which are reached at high excitation power densities above the transition points) were determined. The ETU2 process exhibits a single transition power density point, denoted as ρ2, while the ETU3 processes involve two transition points, ρ2 and ρ3. By compensating for the beam profile, we evaluate the iQY of individual lines across a wide dynamic range of excitation power densities (up to 105 W cm-2), encompassing both non-linear and linear regimes of UCL. This study introduces a valuable approach for accurately characterising the iQY of UCNPs, facilitating a deeper understanding of the upconversion and its performance. By addressing excitation beam-profile distortions, this method provides a comprehensive and reliable assessment of the power density-dependent iQY. The results highlight the applicability and effectiveness of this beam profile compensation strategy, which can be employed for a wide range of UCNPs. This advancement opens new avenues for the tailored design and application of UCNPs in various fields, especially for biophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Matias
- Biophotonics@Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Physics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - K Komolibus
- Biophotonics@Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland.
| | - W K Kiang
- Biophotonics@Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland.
| | | | - S Andersson-Engels
- Biophotonics@Tyndall, IPIC, Tyndall National Institute, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Physics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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2
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Hlaváček A, Uhrová K, Weisová J, Křivánková J. Artificial Intelligence-Aided Massively Parallel Spectroscopy of Freely Diffusing Nanoscale Entities. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12256-12263. [PMID: 37552526 PMCID: PMC10448498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Massively parallel spectroscopy (MPS) of many single nanoparticles in an aqueous dispersion is reported. As a model system, bioconjugated photon-upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with a near-infrared excitation are prepared. The UCNPs are doped either with Tm3+ (emission 450 and 802 nm) or Er3+ (emission 554 and 660 nm). These UCNPs are conjugated to biotinylated bovine serum albumin (Tm3+-doped) or streptavidin (Er3+-doped). MPS is correlated with an ensemble spectra measurement, and the limit of detection (1.6 fmol L-1) and the linearity range (4.8 fmol L-1 to 40 pmol L-1) for bioconjugated UCNPs are estimated. MPS is used for observing the bioaffinity clustering of bioconjugated UCNPs. This observation is correlated with a native electrophoresis and bioaffinity assay on a microtiter plate. A competitive MPS bioaffinity assay for biotin is developed and characterized with a limit of detection of 6.6 nmol L-1. MPS from complex biological matrices (cell cultivation medium) is performed without increasing background. The compatibility with polydimethylsiloxane microfluidics is proven by recording MPS from a 30 μm deep microfluidic channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Hlaváček
- Institute of Analytical
Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Kateřina Uhrová
- Institute of Analytical
Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Julie Weisová
- Institute of Analytical
Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Jana Křivánková
- Institute of Analytical
Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
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Yan Y, He J, Wang M, Yang L, Jiang Y. Microsphere Photonic Superlens for a Highly Emissive Flexible Upconversion-Nanoparticle-Embedded Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24636-24647. [PMID: 35580230 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing upconversion luminescence (UCL) to overcome the intrinsically low conversion efficiency of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) poses a fundamental challenge. Photonic nanostructures are the efficient approaches for UCL enhancement by tailoring the local electromagnetic fields. Unfortunately, such nanostructures are sensitive to environmental conditions, and the regulation strength is varied in flexible applications. Here, we report giant UCL enhancement from a flexible UCNP-embedded film coupled with a microsphere photonic superlens (MPS), by which the enhancement ratio of UCL is over 104-fold under 808 nm excitation down to 0.72 mW. The enhancement pathways of MPS-enhanced UCL are attributed to Mie-resonant nanofocusing for high excitation-photon density, optical whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) for fast radiative decay, and the directional antenna effect for far-field emission confinement. The contribution of optical resonance in the MPS to suppressing the phonon-induced nonradiative transition and thermal quenching is experimentally validated. The UCL quantum yield is therefore improved by 3-fold to 4.20% under 120 mW/cm2 near-infrared excitation, consistent with the enhancement ratio via the Purcell effect of WGMs. Furthermore, the MPS demonstrates the robust optical regulation capability toward flexible applications, opening up new opportunities for facilitating multiphoton upconversion in wearable optoelectrical devices for nanoimaging, biosensing, and energy conversion in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhou Yan
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Key Laboratory of Trans-scale Laser Manufacturing Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jing He
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Lixue Yang
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yijian Jiang
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Key Laboratory of Trans-scale Laser Manufacturing Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Hlaváček A, Farka Z, Mickert MJ, Kostiv U, Brandmeier JC, Horák D, Skládal P, Foret F, Gorris HH. Bioconjugates of photon-upconversion nanoparticles for cancer biomarker detection and imaging. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:1028-1072. [PMID: 35181766 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection of cancer biomarkers in histological samples and blood is of paramount importance for clinical diagnosis. Current methods are limited in terms of sensitivity, hindering early detection of disease. We have overcome the shortcomings of currently available staining and fluorescence labeling methods by taking an integrative approach to establish photon-upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) as a powerful platform for cancer detection. These nanoparticles are readily synthesized in different sizes to yield efficient and tunable short-wavelength light emission under near-infrared excitation, which eliminates optical background interference of the specimen. Here we present a protocol for the synthesis of UCNPs by high-temperature co-precipitation or seed-mediated growth by thermal decomposition, surface modification by silica or poly(ethylene glycol) that renders the particles resistant to nonspecific binding, and the conjugation of streptavidin or antibodies for biological detection. To detect blood-based biomarkers, we present an upconversion-linked immunosorbent assay for the analog and digital detection of the cancer marker prostate-specific antigen. When applied to immunocytochemistry analysis, UCNPs enable the detection of the breast cancer marker human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 with a signal-to-background ratio 50-fold higher than conventional fluorescent labels. UCNP synthesis takes 4.5 d, the preparation of the antibody-silica-UCNP conjugate takes 3 d, the streptavidin-poly(ethylene glycol)-UCNP conjugate takes 2-3 weeks, upconversion-linked immunosorbent assay takes 2-4 d and immunocytochemistry takes 8-10 h. The procedures can be performed after standard laboratory training in nanomaterials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Hlaváček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Farka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. .,CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Uliana Kostiv
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Julian C Brandmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hans H Gorris
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Jones CMS, Gakamsky A, Marques-Hueso J. The upconversion quantum yield (UCQY): a review to standardize the measurement methodology, improve comparability, and define efficiency standards. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2021; 22:810-848. [PMID: 34992499 PMCID: PMC8725918 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.1967698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advancing the upconversion materials field relies on accurate and contrastable photoluminescence efficiency measurements, which are characterised by the absolute upconversion quantum yield (UCQY). However, the methodology for such measurements cannot be extrapolated directly from traditional photoluminescence quantum yield techniques, primarily due to issues that arise from the non-linear behaviour of the UC process. Subsequently, no UCQY standards exist, and significant variations in their reported magnitude can occur between laboratories. In this work, our aim is to provide a path for determining and reporting the most reliable UCQYs possible, by addressing all the effects and uncertainties that influence its value. Here the UCQY standard, at a given excitation power density, is defined under a range of stated experimental conditions, environmental conditions, material properties, and influential effects that have been estimated or corrected for. A broad range of UCQYs reported for various UC materials are scrutinized and categorized based on our assertion of the provided information associated with each value. This is crucial for improved comparability with other types of photoluminescent materials, and in addition, the next generation of UC materials can be built on top of these reliable standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum M. S. Jones
- Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jose Marques-Hueso
- Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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6
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Lanthanides-doped near-infrared active upconversion nanocrystals: Upconversion mechanisms and synthesis. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Fischer S, Siefe C, Swearer DF, McLellan CA, Alivisatos AP, Dionne JA. Bright Infrared‐to‐Ultraviolet/Visible Upconversion in Small Alkaline Earth‐Based Nanoparticles with Biocompatible CaF
2
Shells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Fischer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University 496 Lomita Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Chris Siefe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University 496 Lomita Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Dayne F. Swearer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University 496 Lomita Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Claire A. McLellan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University 496 Lomita Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - A. Paul Alivisatos
- Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Jennifer A. Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Stanford University 496 Lomita Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA
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Fischer S, Chris S, Swearer DF, McLellan CA, Alivisatos AP, Dionne JA. Bright Infrared-to-Ultraviolet/Visible Upconversion in Small Alkaline Earth-Based Nanoparticles with Biocompatible CaF 2 Shells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21603-21612. [PMID: 32841471 PMCID: PMC8281583 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) are promising candidates for photon-driven reactions, including light-triggered drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, and photocatalysis. Herein, we investigate the NIR-to-UV/visible emission of sub-15 nm alkaline-earth rare-earth fluoride UCNPs (M1-x Lnx F2+x, MLnF) with a CaF2 shell. We synthesize 8 alkaline-earth host materials doped with Yb3+ and Tm3+ , with alkaline-earth (M) spanning Ca, Sr, and Ba, MgSr, CaSr, CaBa, SrBa, and CaSrBa. We explore UCNP composition, size, and lanthanide doping-dependent emission, focusing on upconversion quantum yield (UCQY) and UV emission. UCQY values of 2.46 % at 250 W cm-2 are achieved with 14.5 nm SrLuF@CaF2 particles, with 7.3 % of total emission in the UV. In 10.9 nm SrYbF:1 %Tm3+ @CaF2 particles, UV emission increased to 9.9 % with UCQY at 1.14 %. We demonstrate dye degradation under NIR illumination using SrYbF:1 %Tm3+ @CaF2 , highlighting the efficiency of these UCNPs and their ability to trigger photoprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Fischer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 (USA)
| | - Siefe Chris
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 (USA)
| | - Dayne F. Swearer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 (USA)
| | - Claire A. McLellan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 (USA)
| | - A. Paul Alivisatos
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA), and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA), and Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Jennifer A. Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 (USA)
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9
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Skripka A, Cheng T, Jones CMS, Marin R, Marques-Hueso J, Vetrone F. Spectral characterization of LiYbF 4 upconverting nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:17545-17554. [PMID: 32812995 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04357e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In light of the recent developments on Yb3+-based upconverting rare-earth nanoparticles (RENPs), we have systematically explored the spectral features of LiYbF4:RE3+/LiYF4 core/shell RENPs doped with various amounts of Tm3+, Er3+, or Ho3+. Tm3+-RENPs displayed photoluminescence from the UV to near-infrared (NIR), and the dominant high-photon-order upconversion emission of these RENPs was tunable by Tm3+ doping. Similarly, Er3+- and Ho3+-RENPs with green and red upconversion showed wide color tuning, depending on the doping amount and excitation power density. From steady-state power plot and photoluminescence decay studies we have observed respective changes in upconversion photon order and average lifetime that attest to a number of cross-relaxation processes occurring at higher RE3+ doping concentration. Particularly in the case of Tm3+-RENPs, cross-relaxation promotes four- and five-photon order upconversion emission in the UV and blue spectral regions. The quantum yield of high-order upconversion emission was on par with classic Yb3+/Tm3+-doped systems, yet due to the high number of sensitizer ions in the LiYbF4 host these RENPs are expected to be brighter and thus better suited for applications such as controlled drug delivery or optogenetics. Overall, LiYbF4:RE3+/LiYF4 RENPs are promising systems to effectively generate high-order upconversion emissions, owing to excitation energy confinement within the Yb3+ network and its efficient funneling to the activator dopants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artiom Skripka
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Ting Cheng
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Callum M S Jones
- Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Riccardo Marin
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada and Fluorescence Imaging Group (FIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Jose Marques-Hueso
- Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Fiorenzo Vetrone
- Fluorescence Imaging Group (FIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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Maurizio SL, Tessitore G, Mandl GA, Capobianco JA. Luminescence dynamics and enhancement of the UV and visible emissions of Tm 3+ in LiYF 4:Yb 3+,Tm 3+ upconverting nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:4492-4500. [PMID: 36134410 PMCID: PMC9417519 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00556k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To maximize the intrinsic luminescence efficiency of the higher energy emissions of Tm3+ in LiYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+ upconverting nanoparticles, we investigated a specific range of Tm3+ dopant concentrations. Reported to be optimized at 25% Yb3+, 0.5% Tm3+, due to the multitude of Tm3+-to-Tm3+ interactions, the Tm3+ concentration commonly used may not be suitable for strong UV and visible emissions. Thus, we varied the concentration of Tm3+ in LiYF4 nanoparticles between 0.08 and 0.55% to elucidate the effect of moderate changes of the dopant concentration on the UV, visible and NIR emissions. We determined a new optimized concentration of 0.24% Tm3+ for maximal UV and visible emissions (nominally 0.2%). An extensive analysis of the luminescence spectra in the UV, visible and NIR regions and decay time measurements provides evidence for new luminescence mechanisms involving cross-relaxation pathways from the UV-emitting states of Tm3+. Furthermore, we performed studies on an azobenzene derivative to demonstrate the substantial enhancement of the UV emissions by the newly optimized composition as evidenced by an increase in the degree of trans-cis photoisomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Maurizio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Gabriella Tessitore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Gabrielle A Mandl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - John A Capobianco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Quebec H4B 1R6 Canada
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Gorris HH, Soukka T, Bednarkiewicz A, Pérez-Prieto J, Hildebrandt N. A new forum for upconversion research: the UPCON conference. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2019; 7:030201. [PMID: 31181562 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ab283b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Conference and Spring School on Properties, Design and Applications of Upconversion Nanomaterials (UPCON) provides a new forum for all experts and newcomers in the field of upconversion research. On the occasion of the second UPCON 2018 in Valencia (Spain), we are pleased to present a collection of 12 reviews and research articles that reflect recent advances in upconversion materials, their unique luminescent properties and many applications spanning from nanoscale thermometry to biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Gorris
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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