1
|
Agyingi L, Mayr LM, Kinge T, Orock GE, Ngai J, Asaah B, Mpoame M, Hewlett I, Nyambi P. The evolution of HIV-1 group M genetic variability in Southern Cameroon is characterized by several emerging recombinant forms of CRF02_AG and viruses with drug resistance mutations. J Med Virol 2013; 86:385-93. [PMID: 24248638 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The HIV epidemic in Cameroon is marked by a broad genetic diversity dominated by circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). Studies performed more than a decade ago in urban settings of Southern Cameroon revealed a dominance of the CRF02_AG and clade A variants in >90% of the infected subjects; however, little is known about the evolving viral variants circulating in this region. To document circulating HIV viral diversity, four regions of the viral genome (gag, PR, reverse transcriptase, env) in 116 HIV-1 positive individuals in Limbe, Southern Cameroon, were PCR-amplified. Sequences obtained at the RT and protease regions were analyzed for mutations that conferred drug resistance using the Stanford Drug Resistance Database. The present study reveals a broad genetic diversity characterized by several unique recombinant forms (URF) accounting for 36% of infections, 48.6% of patients infected with CRF02_AG, and the emergence of CRF22_01A1 in 7.2% of patients. Three out of 15 (20%) treated patients and 13 out of 93 (13.9%) drug naïve patients harbor drug resistance mutations to RT inhibitors, while 3.2% of drug naïve patients harbor drug resistance mutations associated with protease inhibitors. The high proportion (13.9%) of drug resistance mutations among the drug naïve patients reveals the ongoing transmission of these viruses in this region of Cameroon and highlights the need for drug resistance testing before starting treatment for patients infected with HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Agyingi
- Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, West Region, Cameroon; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alemnji GA, Ngulefac GA, Ndumbe PM, Asonganyi T. Field evaluation of Calypte's AWARE blood serum plasma (BSP) and oral mucosal transudate (OMT) rapid tests for detecting antibodies to HIV-1 and 2 in plasma and oral fluid. Open AIDS J 2009; 3:14-8. [PMID: 19543533 PMCID: PMC2695602 DOI: 10.2174/1874613600903010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As programs to prevent and care for HIV-infected persons are scaled-up in Africa, there is the need for continuous evaluation of the performance of test kits that could best support these programs. The present study evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, ease of use, and cost of AWARE ™ Blood Serum Plasma (BSP) and Oral Mucosal Transudate (OMT) Rapid HIV-1/2 test kits using real-time and archived samples of HIV-infected persons from Cameroon. Matched whole blood and OMT specimens were collected prospectively from HIV-positive and HIV-negative persons from different regions of Cameroon and tested using the AWARE ™ BSP and OMT test kits, respectively. These results were compared to the gold standard that included a combination of Determine HIV-1/2 and Enzygnost HIV-1/2. The BSP Rapid test kit was further evaluated using well characterized panels of HIV-2 and HIV-1 group O samples. Cost and end-user analysis of the OMT test kit was done by comparing its actual cost, consumables, safety, bench time and manipulation with other test kits. Of the 732 matched samples, 412 (56.3%) and 320 (43.7%) were from females and males, respectively. Of these samples, 23 (3.1%) gave discordant results between Determine HIV-1/2 and Enzygnost HIV1/2 and were excluded from the analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the AWARE™ BSP were 100%. The AWARE™ OMT had 98.8% sensitivity, 98.9% specificity, 98.0% PPV and 99.4% NPV. The results of a well-characterized archived panel of HIV-2 (n=7) and HIV-1 group O (n=3) samples using the AWARE™ BSP Rapid test kit gave 100% concordance. Total per patient cost of the AWARE OMT rapid test kit was US$4.72 compared to a mean cost of US $7.33 ± 0.11 for the other test kits. Both the AWARE™ BSP and OMT Rapid test kits demonstrated high sensitivities and specificities on all samples tested and were well adapted for use in resource-constrained settings with high HIV heterogeneity such as Cameroon. The AWARE ™ HIV-1/2 OMT Rapid test kit appears to be the cheapest, safest and easiest to use compared with other available test kits.
Collapse
|
3
|
Mild M, Esbjörnsson J, Fenyö EM, Medstrand P. Frequent intrapatient recombination between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 R5 and X4 envelopes: implications for coreceptor switch. J Virol 2007; 81:3369-76. [PMID: 17251288 PMCID: PMC1866041 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01295-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) populations that switch or broaden coreceptor usage from CCR5 to CXCR4 is intimately coupled to CD4+ cell depletion and disease progression toward AIDS. To better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the coreceptor switch, we determined the nucleotide sequences of 253 V1 to V3 env clones from 27 sequential HIV-1 subtype B isolates from four patients with virus populations that switch coreceptor usage. Coreceptor usage of clones from dualtropic R5X4 isolates was characterized experimentally. Sequence analysis revealed that 9% of the clones from CXCR4-using isolates had originated by recombination events between R5 and X4 viruses. The majority (73%) of the recombinants used CXCR4. Furthermore, coreceptor usage of the recombinants was determined by a small region of the envelope, including V3. This is the first report demonstrating that intrapatient recombination between viruses with distinct coreceptor usage occurs frequently. It has been proposed that X4 viruses are more easily suppressed by the immune system than R5 viruses. We hypothesize that recombination between circulating R5 viruses and X4 viruses can result in chimeric viruses with the potential to both evade the immune system and infect CXCR4-expressing cells. The broadening in cell tropism of the viral population to include CXCR4-expressing cells would gradually impair the immune system and eventually allow the X4 population to expand. In conclusion, intrapatient recombination between viruses with distinct coreceptor usage may contribute to the emergence of X4 viruses in later stages of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Mild
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC B13, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Papathanasopoulos MA, Hunt GM, Tiemessen CT. Evolution and diversity of HIV-1 in Africa--a review. Virus Genes 2003; 26:151-63. [PMID: 12803467 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023435429841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The HIV/AIDS pandemic represents a major development crisis for the African continent, which is the worst affected region in the world. Currently, almost 30 of the 42 million people infected with HIV worldwide live in Africa. AIDS in humans is caused by two lentiviruses, HIV-1 and HIV-2, which entered the human population by zoonotic transmissions from at least two different African primate species. Extensive phylogenetic analyses of partial and full-length genome sequences have helped to gain insights into the evolutionary biology and population dynamics of HIV. One of the major characteristics of HIV is its rapid evolution, which has resulted in substantial genetic diversity amongst different isolates, the majority of which are represented in Africa. Genetic variability of HIV and any consequent phenotypic variation poses a significant challenge to disease control and surveillance in different geographic regions of Africa. This review focuses on the origins and evolution of HIV, current classification and diversity of HIV isolates in Africa and provides an extensive account of the geographic distribution of HIV types, groups, and subtypes in each of the 49 African countries. Numerous epidemiological studies have provided a picture of HIV distribution patterns in most countries in Africa, and these show increasing evidence of the importance of HIV-1 recombinants. In particular, this review highlights that our current understanding of HIV distribution in Africa is incomplete and inadequately represents the diversity of the virus, and underscores the need for ongoing surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Papathanasopoulos
- AIDS Virus Research Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Njouom R, Pasquier C, Sandres-Sauné K, Harter A, Souyris C, Izopet J. Assessment of HIV-1 subtyping for Cameroon strains using phylogenetic analysis of pol gene sequences. J Virol Methods 2003; 110:1-8. [PMID: 12757914 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(03)00080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pol gene is a useful method for subtyping European strains of HIV-1. The suitability of this method for genetically diverse African strains was evaluated by comparing HIV-1 subtyping of Cameroon strains using a long fragment of the pol gene sequence to the findings obtained using env gene sequences. When the pol gene could not be amplified, the reverse transcriptase (RT) or the protease (PR) genes were used. Phylogenetic analysis of the env C2/V3 gene sequences of 60 HIV-1 isolates showed 52 to be subtype A, 2 subtype G, plus one each of subtypes C, F2 and H, with 3 subtypes not determined. A long fragment of the pol gene was amplified successfully and sequenced in 23% of cases. The RT region was amplified for 42% of the samples that could not be typed by analysing the long fragment, and the PR gene was amplified for 40% of them. Thus, 63% of samples were typable. Env and pol gene subtypings were in agreement in 86% of cases. It is concluded that the phylogenetic analysis of pol gene sequences is not a practical method for HIV-1 subtyping in areas of high subtype diversity, despite the good agreement between the env and pol gene subtypings. However, it can be a useful method for HIV-1 subtyping, provided that the gene is amplifiable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Njouom
- Laboratoire de virologie, CHU Toulouse Purpan, Place Dr Baylac, TAS40031 31059 Cedex, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhong P, Burda S, Urbanski M, Kenfack H, Tongo M, Heyndrickx L, Nanfack A, Shang J, Agyingi L, Zolla-Pazner S, Zekeng L, Nyambi P. HIV type 1 group M clades infecting subjects from rural villages in equatorial rain forests of Cameroon. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 31:495-505. [PMID: 12473838 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200212150-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Though the HIV-1 subtypes infecting patients living in urban and semi-urban areas in Cameroon have been reported, information on the subtypes infecting patients in rural villages is lacking. To begin to understand the diversity of the HIV-1 group M subtypes infecting persons living in rural villages in the equatorial rain forest regions of Cameroon, 49 plasma samples from 14 rural villages in four provinces of Cameroon were analyzed using heteroduplex mobility analysis (HMA), DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic tree analysis on the basis of env C2V5, gag, or pol regions. Sixty-one percent of the group M infections were clade A or CRF02_AG-like as subtyped by env and gag. Of the remaining group M infections, 12% were either A or CRF02_AG-like or CRF01_AE-like in recombination with other clades; 25% were infections that were entirely non-A or non-CRF02_AG-like; and 2% were CRF11_cpx. The HIV-1 group M clades identified included A, D, F (F2), G, and H. The CRF strains identified were CRF02_AG-like, CRF01_AE-like, and CRF11_cpx. Two new intersubtype recombinant infections, H/G and A/F2, were identified. This study suggests that the HIV-1 diversity in rural villages in the equatorial rain forest of Cameroon is at least as broad as has been observed in major cities of Cameroon and that multiple HIV-1 group M subtypes are infecting persons living in the countryside of Cameroon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhong
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhuang J, Jetzt AE, Sun G, Yu H, Klarmann G, Ron Y, Preston BD, Dougherty JP. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 recombination: rate, fidelity, and putative hot spots. J Virol 2002; 76:11273-82. [PMID: 12388687 PMCID: PMC136766 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.22.11273-11282.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) recombines approximately two to three times per genome per replication cycle, an extremely high rate of recombination given the relatively small genome size of HIV-1. However, a recombination hot spot involving sequence of nonretroviral origin was identified in the vector system utilized, raising the possibility that this hot spot skewed the rate of recombination, and the rate of recombination observed was an overestimation. To address this issue, an HIV-1-derived vector system was used to examine the rate of recombination between autologous HIV-1 sequences after restricting replication to a single cycle in the absence of this hot spot. Viral DNA and RNA were analyzed by a combination of the heteroduplex tracking assay, restriction enzyme analysis, DNA sequencing, and reverse transcription-PCR. The results indicate that HIV-1 undergoes recombination at a minimum rate of 2.8 crossovers per genome per cycle. Again, this is a very high rate given the small size of the HIV-1 genome. The results also suggested that there might be local hot spots of recombination at different locations throughout the genome since 13 of the 33 strand transfers identified by DNA sequencing shared the same site of recombination with one or two other clones. Furthermore, identification of crossover segments also allowed examination of mutations at the point of recombination, since it has been predicted from some studies of cell-free systems that mutations may occur with a frequency of 30 to 50% at crossover junctions. However, DNA sequence analysis of crossover junctions indicated that homologous recombination during viral replication was not particularly mutagenic, indicating that there are other factors or conditions not yet reproduced in cell-free systems which contribute to fidelity during retroviral recombination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pandrea I, Robertson DL, Onanga R, Gao F, Makuwa M, Ngari P, Bedjabaga I, Roques P, Simon F, Apetrei C. Analysis of partial pol and env sequences indicates a high prevalence of HIV type 1 recombinant strains circulating in Gabon. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:1103-16. [PMID: 12396449 DOI: 10.1089/088922202320567842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-one HIV-1 strains from Gabonese patients were studied according to the following strategy: nested polymerase chain reaction were performed to obtain an approximately 1,100-bp fragment containing the protease gene and the 5' half of the reverse transcriptase gene. Additional amplifications were carried out to obtain an approximately 700-bp fragment encompassing the C2V3 env gene. Fragments of 600 to 1,200 bp in the gag gene overlapping the pol sequences were used for the study of recombination patterns. Phylogenetic analyses of the different fragments were used to investigate HIV-1 diversity in Gabon. Thirty-one strains were sequenced in the env and pol genes and phylogenetic analyses classified them as subtype A (n = 2), D (n = 4), G (n = 1), H (n = 1), CRF02 (n = 8), and CRF MAL-like (n = 6); in addition, there were 6 unique recombinant forms and 1 unclassified strain, and in 2 cases pol/env sequences classified strains as subtype D whereas gag phylogeny classified them as subtype A. In 10 cases only 1 fragment was available: 4 env (2 subtype D, 1 subtype H, and 1 subtype U) and 6 pol (1 subtype A, 1 subtype C, 2 subtype G, and 2 subtype U). Minor mutations associated with viral resistance to antiretroviral drugs were observed in more than 80% of analyzed strains. Our study confirms the extensive HIV-1 diversity found in Central Africa, with more than 70% of strains from Gabon exhibiting discordant clustering in pol and env genomic regions and less than 60% concordance between sequencing and heteroduplex mobility assay genotyping. These findings highlight the fact that Central Africa represents the epicenter for the origin of HIV-1. The strategy of sequencing pol in association with env has proved to be useful for analysis of the recombinant strains. The main advantage of this approach is that it also allows for evaluation of genotypic susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs without the need for supplementary analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Pandrea
- Laboratoire de Retroviologie, Centre International de Recherches Medicales, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wilbe K, Casper C, Albert J, Leitner T. Identification of two CRF11-cpx genomes and two preliminary representatives of a new circulating recombinant form (CRF13-cpx) of HIV type 1 in Cameroon. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:849-56. [PMID: 12201907 DOI: 10.1089/08892220260190326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination is an efficient mechanism of HIV-1 to generate genetic variability. Some of the recombinant forms of HIV-1 that have been described are of epidemic importance, and they are referred to as circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). In this study, we characterized four HIV-1 isolates from Cameroon that had previously been classified as subtype J in the protease gene and as subtype A in the env C2-V5 region. Analyses of the nearly complete genomes revealed that two of the samples (95CM-1816 and 96CM-4496) had the same recombinant structure as CRF11-cpx. The two remaining samples (96CM-1849 and 96CM-4164) constituted a new recombinant virus variant with genomic regions identified as subtypes A, G, J, and CRF01-AE. This mosaic virus structure was found in two individuals who had no direct epidemiological relationship, and may thus represent a new CRF. The fragments that were classified as subtype J in the new recombinant form were more related to subtype J regions of the CRF11-cpx sequences than to the reference strains of subtype J. The complex structures of CRF11-cpx and our new recombinant form, which are both the result of at least four recombination events, exemplify the coming difficulties in characterizing the internal relationships and origins of future recombinant HIV-1 strains. The new recombinant structure has been designated CRF13-cpx in the Los Alamos HIV Sequence Database.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wilbe
- Department of Virology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- I D Tatt
- Sexually Transmitted and Blood Borne Virus Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, Public Health Laboratory Service, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Genetic characterization of HIV-1 was carried out in two women who originated in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea, respectively, and who were diagnosed more recently as HIV-1 seropositive in Madrid, Spain. Phylogenetic studies showed that the protease-encoding gene from both individuals clustered with subtype J sequences with a high bootstrap. However, env sequences clustered with subtypes A and C, respectively. This work represents the first characterization of HIV-1 containing subtype J-like genomic regions in Spain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Africa Holguín
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Carlos III, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28035 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Montavon C, Vergne L, Bourgeois A, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Malonga-Mouellet G, Butel C, Toure-Kane C, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Identification of a new circulating recombinant form of HIV type 1, CRF11-cpx, involving subtypes A, G, J, and CRF01-AE, in Central Africa. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:231-6. [PMID: 11839159 DOI: 10.1089/08892220252781301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterized three full-length genome sequences with a similar mosaic structure from epidemiologically unlinked individuals from Cameroon (97CM-MP818) and the Central African Republic (99CF-MP1298 and 99CF-MP1307). Phylogenetic and recombinant analysis confirmed that the three strains had a similar complex recombinant genome, which we can designate now as CRF11-cpx. This new CRF was composed of successive fragments of subtype A, G, J, and CRF01-AE. The previously reported GR17 virus from a Greek patient infected in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has a similar structure and should be considered as the prototype strain of CRF11-cpx. This new CRF circulates in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, and DRC, although the exact prevalences remain to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Montavon
- Laboratoire Retrovirus, UR36, IRD and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nyambi P, Heyndrickx L, Vereecken K, Burda S, De Houwer K, Coppens S, Urbanski M, Williams C, Ndumbe P, Janssens W. Predominance of infection with HIV-1 circulating recombinant form CRF02_AG in major Cameroonian cities and towns. AIDS 2002; 16:295-6. [PMID: 11807317 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200201250-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
Tebit DM, Zekeng L, Kaptué L, Salminen M, Kräusslich HG, Herchenröder O. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of HIV type 1 primary isolates from western Cameroon. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:39-48. [PMID: 11804555 DOI: 10.1089/088922202753394709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we report the molecular and biological characteristics of 19 HIV-1 primary isolates obtained in April 1999 from 47 HIV-1-infected individuals living mainly in western Cameroon. Discontinuous portions of gag, pol, and env were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and directly sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences showed that all were of HIV-1 group M with the following genotypes: A(gag)/A(pol)/A(env) (n = 4), A(gag)/AG(pol)/AG(env) (n = 2), AG(gag)/A(pol)/AG(env) (n = 1), AG(gag)/U(pol)/AG(env) (n = 1), AG(gag)/AG(pol)/AG(env) (n = 6), G(gag)/G(pol)/G(env) (n = 3), F2(gag)/F2(pol)/F2(env) (n = 1), and a novel A(gag)/J(pro/rt)/A(int)/U(env) complex recombinant (n = 1). This A/J/U recombinant shared the same gag-pol cross-over point with known CRF02.AG viruses and 99CMBD6, an AG recombinant from our panel of isolates. The biological phenotype of most of the isolates correlated with the clinical status of the patient. Six isolates were syncytium inducing (SI) on MT-2 cells whereas 13 isolates were of the non-syncytium-inducing phenotype (NSI). Coreceptor usage by these isolates determined on GHOST cells correlated with their biological phenotype, as all SI isolates used CXCR4 and all NSI isolates used CCR5. Our results show a high predominance of subtype A (mainly CRF02.AG-like viruses) in western Cameroon and fewer HIV-1 subtypes compared with other parts of Cameroon. Genetic variability was, however, not reflected in the biological characteristics of the isolates. The presence of a novel A/J/U complex recombinant from this region further emphasizes the role of recombination in the global evolution of HIV.
Collapse
|
15
|
Vödrös D, Tscherning-Casper C, Navea L, Schols D, De Clercq E, Fenyö EM. Quantitative evaluation of HIV-1 coreceptor use in the GHOST3 cell assay. Virology 2001; 291:1-11. [PMID: 11878871 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The utility of the GHOST(3) cell assay has been evaluated for testing coreceptor use of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates. GHOST(3) cells were derived from the human osteosarcoma cell line, HOS, and have been engineered to stably express CD4 and one or another of the chemokine receptors CCR3, CCR5, CXCR4, Bonzo, or the orphan receptor BOB. The indicator cell line carries the HIV-2 long terminal repeat-driven green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene, which becomes activated upon infection with HIV or simian immunodeficiency virus. Viral entry is followed by Tat activation of transcription and GFP becomes expressed. Infected cells can be detected 2 or 3 days after infection by simple fluorescence microscopic observation. This simplicity is the main advantage of the GHOST(3) cell system and makes it particularly suitable for screening of a large number of isolates. In addition, the efficiency of coreceptor use can be accurately quantitated with flow cytometric analysis. Here, we evaluated the coreceptor use of 59 primary HIV-1 isolates of different subtypes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Benzylamines
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- Cyclams
- Flow Cytometry
- HIV Core Protein p24/biosynthesis
- HIV-1/isolation & purification
- HIV-1/metabolism
- Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology
- Humans
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR6
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Receptors, HIV/metabolism
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Vödrös
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Simon F, Souquière S, Damond F, Kfutwah A, Makuwa M, Leroy E, Rouquet P, Berthier JL, Rigoulet J, Lecu A, Telfer PT, Pandrea I, Plantier JC, Barré-Sinoussi F, Roques P, Müller-Trutwin MC, Apetrei C. Synthetic peptide strategy for the detection of and discrimination among highly divergent primate lentiviruses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:937-52. [PMID: 11461679 DOI: 10.1089/088922201750290050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a simple, rapid, inexpensive, and highly sensitive and specific strategy for the detection and lineage differentiation of primate lentiviruses (PIV-ELISA). It is based on the use of two indirect ELISA methods using synthetic peptides mapping the gp41/36 region (detection component) and the V3 region (differentiation component) of four lentivirus lineages, namely SIVcpz/HIV-1 (groups M, O, N, and SIVcpz-gab), SIVmnd, SIVagm, and SIVsm/SIVmac/HIV-2. This strategy was evaluated with panels of sera originating from both humans and nonhuman primates. The human reference panel consisted of 144 HIV Western blot (WB)-positive sera in which the corresponding virus had been genotyped (HIV-1: 72 group M, 28 group O, and 6 group N; HIV-2: 21 subtype A and 10 subtype B; and 7 HIV-1+2) and 105 HIV WB-negative samples. The nonhuman primate reference panel consisted of 24 sera from monkeys infected by viruses belonging to the four lineages included in the PIV-ELISA strategy (5 chimpanzees, 5 macaques, 8 mandrills, and 6 vervets) and 42 samples from seronegative animals. Additional field evaluation panels consisted of 815 human sera from Gabon, Cameroon, and France and 537 samples from 25 nonhuman primate species. All the samples from the two reference panels were correctly detected and discriminated by PIV-ELISA. In the human field evaluation panel, the gp41/36 component correctly identified all the test samples, with 98% specificity. The V3 component discriminated 206 HIV-1 group M, 98 group O, 12 group M+O, and 128 HIV-2 sera. In the primate field evaluation panel, both gp41/36 and V3 detected and discriminated all the WB-positive samples originating from monkeys infected with SIVcpz, SIVagm-ver, SIVmnd-1, SIVmnd-2, SIVdrl, or SIVsun. These results were confirmed by genotyping in every case. Four SIV-infected red-capped mangabeys (confirmed by PCR) were correctly identified by gp41/36, but only two reacted with the V3 peptides in the absence of a specific SIVrcm V3 peptide. Addition of a V3 SIVrcm peptide discriminated all the SIVrcm-positive samples. Fourteen Papio papio samples were positive for SIVsm gp 36 and by WB, but negative by PCR, whereas three Papio cynocephalus samples were positive by gp41/36 but indeterminate by WB and negative by PCR. This combined ELISA system is thus highly sensitive and specific for antibodies directed against HIV and SIV. In addition, the V3-based serotyping results always agreed with genotyping results. This method should prove useful for studies of lentivirus prevalence and diversity in human and nonhuman primates, and may also have the potential to detect previously undescribed SIVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Simon
- Laboratoire de Virologie and Centre de Primatologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|