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Idaszek J, Wysocki B, Ura-Bińczyk E, Dobkowska A, Nowak W, Yamamoto A, Sulka GD, Święszkowski W. Graded or random - Effect of pore distribution in 3D titanium scaffolds on corrosion performance and response of hMSCs. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 163:213955. [PMID: 38986318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Researchers agree that the ideal scaffold for tissue engineering should possess a 3D and highly porous structure, biocompatibility to encourage cell/tissue growth, suitable surface chemistry for cell attachment and differentiation, and mechanical properties that match those of the surrounding tissues. However, there is no consensus on the optimal pore distribution. In this study, we investigated the effect of pore distribution on corrosion resistance and performance of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) using titanium scaffolds fabricated by laser beam powder bed fusion (PBF-LB). We designed two scaffold architectures with the same porosities (i.e., 75 %) but different distribution of pores of three sizes (200, 500, and 700 μm). The pores were either grouped in three zones (graded, GRAD) or distributed randomly (random, RAND). Microfocus X-ray computed tomography revealed that the chemically polished scaffolds had the porosity of 69 ± 4 % (GRAD) and 71 ± 4 % (RAND), and that the GRAD architecture had the higher surface area (1580 ± 101 vs 991 ± 62 mm2) and the thinner struts (221 ± 37 vs 286 ± 14 μm). The electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the apparent corrosion rate of chemically polished GRAD scaffold decreased with the immersion time extension, while that for polished RAND was increased. The RAND architecture outperformed the GRAD one with respect to hMSC proliferation (over two times higher although the GRAD scaffolds had 85 % higher initial cell retention) and migration from a monolayer. Our findings demonstrate that the pore distribution affects the biological properties of the titanium scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Idaszek
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - B Wysocki
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Multidisciplinary Research Center, Dziekanow Lesny, Poland
| | - E Ura-Bińczyk
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Dobkowska
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | - W Nowak
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Multidisciplinary Research Center, Dziekanow Lesny, Poland
| | - A Yamamoto
- National Institute for Materials Science, Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - G D Sulka
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30387 Krakow, Poland
| | - W Święszkowski
- Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Wang H, Wan Y, Yu M, Ji Z, Zhao G, Dou J, Su W, Liu C. Complete Removal of Residual Particles and Realization of Mechanical Properties to Improve Osseointegration in Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4 V Scaffolds through Flowing Acid Etching. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3454-3469. [PMID: 38590081 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Massive unmelted Ti6Al4 V (Ti64) particles presented across all surfaces of additively manufactured Ti64 scaffolds significantly impacted the designed surface topography, mechanical properties, and permeability, reducing the osseointegration of the scaffolds. In this study, the proposed flowing acid etching (FAE) method presented high efficiency in eliminating Ti64 particles and enhancing the surface modification capacity across all surfaces of Ti64 scaffolds. The Ti64 particles across all surfaces of the scaffolds were completely removed effectively and evenly. The surface topography of the scaffolds closely resembled the design after the 75 s FAE treatment. The actual elastic modulus of the treated scaffolds (3.206 ± 0.040 GPa) was closer to the designed value (3.110 GPa), and a micrometer-scale structure was constructed on the inner and outer surfaces of the scaffolds after the 90 s FAE treatment. However, the yield strength of scaffolds was reduced to 89.743 ± 0.893 MPa from 118.251 ± 0.982 MPa after the 90 s FAE treatment. The FAE method also showed higher efficiency in decreasing the roughness and enhancing the hydrophilicity and surface energy of all of the surfaces. The FAE treatment improved the permeability of scaffolds efficiently, and the permeability of scaffolds increased to 11.93 ± 0.21 × 10-10 mm2 from 8.57 ± 0.021 × 10-10 mm2 after the 90 s FAE treatment. The treated Ti64 scaffolds after the 90 s FAE treatment exhibited optimized osseointegration effects in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, the FAE method was an efficient way to eliminate unmelted Ti64 particles and obtain ideal surface topography, mechanical properties, and permeability to promote osseointegration in additively manufactured Ti64 scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wang
- College of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data for Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Mingzhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Zhenbing Ji
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Geng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jinhe Dou
- College of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data for Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Weidong Su
- College of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data for Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Zhao C, Qu N, Tang X. Microstructures and Electrochemical Dissolution Characteristics of Additive-Manufactured Stainless Steel 304 on Different Sections at Low Current Density. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:1204-1223. [PMID: 38116219 PMCID: PMC10726201 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a burgeoning technology for fabricating complex components with high efficiency and low material waste. However, the surface of AM parts is rough owing to partially melted powders and severe surface fluctuation. Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a suitable postprocessing method to finish the surface of the AM parts, and the low current density is usually employed. Our study illustrates the electrochemical dissolution characteristics of the horizontal and vertical sections of the AM SUS 304 component under a low current density and the electrochemical finishing process to obtain smooth surfaces. Linear and fan-shaped melt pools are observed on the horizontal and vertical sections, respectively. Moreover, the melt pool boundaries are vulnerable to dissolution and separate the hollows, basins, and swellings formed after electrochemical dissolution. The two sections display similar current efficiency and polarization because of the single austenitic phase and the identical and uniform elemental content distribution. The top and side surfaces of the AM sample could be efficiently smoothened via ECM by eliminating the partially melted powders and significantly reducing the surface roughness. The numerous band humps make the top surface of the AM sample difficult to smoothen compared with the side surface under the point effect of the electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Zhao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningsong Qu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Tang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
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4
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Olivas-Alanis LH, Fraga-Martínez AA, García-López E, Lopez-Botello O, Vazquez-Lepe E, Cuan-Urquizo E, Rodriguez CA. Mechanical Properties of AISI 316L Lattice Structures via Laser Powder Bed Fusion as a Function of Unit Cell Features. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1025. [PMID: 36770032 PMCID: PMC9919713 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The growth of additive manufacturing processes has enabled the production of complex and smart structures. These fabrication techniques have led research efforts to focus on the application of cellular materials, which are known for their thermal and mechanical benefits. Herein, we studied the mechanical behavior of stainless-steel (AISI 316L) lattice structures both experimentally and computationally. The lattice architectures were body-centered cubic, hexagonal vertex centroid, and tetrahedron in two cell sizes and at two different rotation angles. A preliminary computational study assessed the deformation behavior of porous cylindrical samples under compression. After the simulation results, selected samples were manufactured via laser powder bed fusion. The results showed the effects of the pore architecture, unit cell size, and orientation on the reduction in the mechanical properties. The relative densities between 23% and 69% showed a decrease in the bulk material stiffness up to 93%. Furthermore, the different rotation angles resulted in a similar porosity level but different stiffnesses. The simulation analysis and experimental results indicate that the variation in the strut position with respect to the force affected the deformation mechanism. The tetrahedron unit cell showed the smallest variation in the elastic modulus and off-axis displacements due to the cell orientation. This study collected computational and experimental data for tuning the mechanical properties of lattice structures by changing the geometry, size, and orientation of the unit cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis H. Olivas-Alanis
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Manufactura Aditiva y Digital MADiT, Autopista al Aeropuerto, Km. 9.5, Calle Alianza Norte 100, Parque PIIT, Apodaca 66629, Mexico
| | - Antonio Abraham Fraga-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Manufactura Aditiva y Digital MADiT, Autopista al Aeropuerto, Km. 9.5, Calle Alianza Norte 100, Parque PIIT, Apodaca 66629, Mexico
| | - Erika García-López
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Manufactura Aditiva y Digital MADiT, Autopista al Aeropuerto, Km. 9.5, Calle Alianza Norte 100, Parque PIIT, Apodaca 66629, Mexico
| | - Omar Lopez-Botello
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Manufactura Aditiva y Digital MADiT, Autopista al Aeropuerto, Km. 9.5, Calle Alianza Norte 100, Parque PIIT, Apodaca 66629, Mexico
| | - Elisa Vazquez-Lepe
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Manufactura Aditiva y Digital MADiT, Autopista al Aeropuerto, Km. 9.5, Calle Alianza Norte 100, Parque PIIT, Apodaca 66629, Mexico
| | - Enrique Cuan-Urquizo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Manufactura Aditiva y Digital MADiT, Autopista al Aeropuerto, Km. 9.5, Calle Alianza Norte 100, Parque PIIT, Apodaca 66629, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Epigmenio González 500, Querétaro 76130, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Ciro A. Rodriguez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Manufactura Aditiva y Digital MADiT, Autopista al Aeropuerto, Km. 9.5, Calle Alianza Norte 100, Parque PIIT, Apodaca 66629, Mexico
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Chmielewska A, Wysocki B, Kwaśniak P, Kruszewski MJ, Michalski B, Zielińska A, Adamczyk-Cieślak B, Krawczyńska A, Buhagiar J, Święszkowski W. Heat Treatment of NiTi Alloys Fabricated Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) from Elementally Blended Powders. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3304. [PMID: 35591638 PMCID: PMC9104238 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The use of elemental metallic powders and in situ alloying in additive manufacturing (AM) is of industrial relevance as it offers the required flexibility to tailor the batch powder composition. This solution has been applied to the AM manufacturing of nickel-titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy components. In this work, we show that laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) can be used to create a Ni55.7Ti44.3 alloyed component, but that the chemical composition of the build has a large heterogeneity. To solve this problem three different annealing heat treatments were designed, and the resulting porosity, microstructural homogeneity, and phase formation was investigated. The heat treatments were found to improve the alloy's chemical and phase homogeneity, but the brittle NiTi2 phase was found to be stabilized by the 0.54 wt.% of oxygen present in all fabricated samples. As a consequence, a Ni2Ti4O phase was formed and was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation. This study showed that pore formation in in situ alloyed NiTi can be controlled via heat treatment. Moreover, we have shown that the two-step heat treatment is a promising method to homogenise the chemical and phase composition of in situ alloyed NiTi powder fabricated by LPBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chmielewska
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.K.); (B.M.); (A.Z.); (B.A.-C.); (A.K.)
| | - Bartłomiej Wysocki
- Centre of Digital Science and Technology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Woycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland; (B.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kwaśniak
- Centre of Digital Science and Technology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Woycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland; (B.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Mirosław Jakub Kruszewski
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.K.); (B.M.); (A.Z.); (B.A.-C.); (A.K.)
| | - Bartosz Michalski
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.K.); (B.M.); (A.Z.); (B.A.-C.); (A.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Zielińska
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.K.); (B.M.); (A.Z.); (B.A.-C.); (A.K.)
| | - Bogusława Adamczyk-Cieślak
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.K.); (B.M.); (A.Z.); (B.A.-C.); (A.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Krawczyńska
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.K.); (B.M.); (A.Z.); (B.A.-C.); (A.K.)
| | - Joseph Buhagiar
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta;
| | - Wojciech Święszkowski
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.K.); (B.M.); (A.Z.); (B.A.-C.); (A.K.)
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6
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Pisarek M, Ambroziak R, Hołdyński M, Roguska A, Majchrowicz A, Wysocki B, Kudelski A. Nanofunctionalization of Additively Manufactured Titanium Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Measurements. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3108. [PMID: 35591442 PMCID: PMC9101506 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Powder bed fusion using a laser beam (PBF-LB) is a commonly used additive manufacturing (3D printing) process for the fabrication of various parts from pure metals and their alloys. This work shows for the first time the possibility of using PBF-LB technology for the production of 3D titanium substrates (Ti 3D) for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements. Thanks to the specific development of the 3D titanium surface and its nanoscale modification by the formation of TiO2 nanotubes with a diameter of ~80 nm by the anodic oxidation process, very efficient SERS substrates were obtained after deposition of silver nanoparticles (0.02 mg/cm2, magnetron sputtering). The average SERS enhancement factor equal to 1.26 × 106 was determined for pyridine (0.05 M + 0.1 M KCl), as a model adsorbate. The estimated enhancement factor is comparable with the data in the literature, and the substrate produced in this way is characterized by the high stability and repeatability of SERS measurements. The combination of the use of a printed metal substrate with nanofunctionalization opens a new path in the design of SERS substrates for applications in analytical chemistry. Methods such as SEM scanning microscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were used to determine the morphology, structure and chemical composition of the fabricated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Pisarek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (R.A.); (M.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Robert Ambroziak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (R.A.); (M.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Marcin Hołdyński
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (R.A.); (M.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Agata Roguska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (R.A.); (M.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Anna Majchrowicz
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Bartłomiej Wysocki
- Center of Digital Science and Technology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Woycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Kudelski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
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Chmielewska A, Dobkowska A, Kijeńska-Gawrońska E, Jakubczak M, Krawczyńska A, Choińska E, Jastrzębska A, Dean D, Wysocki B, Święszkowski W. Biological and Corrosion Evaluation of In Situ Alloyed NiTi Fabricated through Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13209. [PMID: 34948005 PMCID: PMC8706883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, NiTi alloy parts were fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LBPF) from pre-alloyed NiTi powder and in situ alloyed pure Ni and Ti powders. Comparative research on the corrosive and biological properties of both studied materials was performed. Electrochemical corrosion tests were carried out in phosphate buffered saline at 37 °C, and the degradation rate of the materials was described based on Ni ion release measurements. Cytotoxicity, bacterial growth, and adhesion to the surface of the fabricated coupons were evaluated using L929 cells and spherical Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, respectively. The in situ alloyed NiTi parts exhibit slightly lower corrosion resistance in phosphate buffered saline solution than pre-alloyed NiTi. Moreover, the passive layer formed on in situ alloyed NiTi is weaker than the one formed on the NiTi fabricated from pre-alloyed NiTi powder. Furthermore, in situ alloyed NiTi and NiTi made from pre-alloyed powders have comparable cytotoxicity and biological properties. Overall, the research has shown that nitinol sintered using in situ alloyed pure Ni and Ti is potentially useful for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chmielewska
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (A.D.); (M.J.); (A.K.); (E.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Anna Dobkowska
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (A.D.); (M.J.); (A.K.); (E.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Ewa Kijeńska-Gawrońska
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19 Str., 02-822 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michał Jakubczak
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (A.D.); (M.J.); (A.K.); (E.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Agnieszka Krawczyńska
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (A.D.); (M.J.); (A.K.); (E.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Emilia Choińska
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (A.D.); (M.J.); (A.K.); (E.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Agnieszka Jastrzębska
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (A.D.); (M.J.); (A.K.); (E.C.); (A.J.)
| | - David Dean
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University, 915 Olentangy River Rd., Columbus, OH 43212, USA;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bartłomiej Wysocki
- Centre of Digital Science and Technology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Woycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Święszkowski
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141 Str., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (A.D.); (M.J.); (A.K.); (E.C.); (A.J.)
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8
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Elhattab K, Hefzy MS, Hanf Z, Crosby B, Enders A, Smiczek T, Haghshenas M, Jahadakbar A, Elahinia M. Biomechanics of Additively Manufactured Metallic Scaffolds-A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6833. [PMID: 34832234 PMCID: PMC8625735 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review paper is related to the biomechanics of additively manufactured (AM) metallic scaffolds, in particular titanium alloy Ti6Al4V scaffolds. This is because Ti6Al4V has been identified as an ideal candidate for AM metallic scaffolds. The factors that affect the scaffold technology are the design, the material used to build the scaffold, and the fabrication process. This review paper includes thus a discussion on the design of Ti6A4V scaffolds in relation to how their behavior is affected by their cell shapes and porosities. This is followed by a discussion on the post treatment and mechanical characterization including in-vitro and in-vivo biomechanical studies. A review and discussion are also presented on the ongoing efforts to develop predictive tools to derive the relationships between structure, processing, properties and performance of powder-bed additive manufacturing of metals. This is a challenge when developing process computational models because the problem involves multi-physics and is of multi-scale in nature. Advantages, limitations, and future trends in AM scaffolds are finally discussed. AM is considered at the forefront of Industry 4.0, the fourth industrial revolution. The market of scaffold technology will continue to boom because of the high demand for human tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Samir Hefzy
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (K.E.); (Z.H.); (B.C.); (A.E.); (T.S.); (M.H.); (A.J.); (M.E.)
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