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Lei J, Tang LL, You HJ. Pathological pain: Non-motor manifestations in Parkinson disease and its treatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105646. [PMID: 38569983 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
In addition to motor symptoms, non-motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD), i.e. pain, depression, sleep disturbance, and autonomic disorders, have received increasing attention. As one of the non-motor symptoms, pain has a high prevalence and is considered an early pre-motor symptom in the development of PD. In relation to pathological pain and its management in PD, particularly in the early stages, it is hypothesized that the loss of dopaminergic neurons causes a functional deficit in supraspinal structures, leading to an imbalance in endogenous descending modulation. Deficits in dopaminergic-dependent pathways also affect non-dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems that contribute to the pathological processing of nociceptive input, the integration, and modulation of pain in PD. This review examines the onset and progression of pain in PD, with a particular focus on alterations in the central modulation of nociception. The discussion highlights the importance of abnormal endogenous descending facilitation and inhibition in PD pain, which may provide potential clues to a better understanding of the nature of pathological pain and its effective clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lei
- Center for Translational Medicine Research on Sensory-Motor Diseases, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China; Key Laboratory of Yan'an Sports Rehabilitation Medicine, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Lin-Lin Tang
- Center for Translational Medicine Research on Sensory-Motor Diseases, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Hao-Jun You
- Center for Translational Medicine Research on Sensory-Motor Diseases, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China; Key Laboratory of Yan'an Sports Rehabilitation Medicine, Yan'an 716000, China.
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2
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Mysiris DS, Vavougios GD, Karamichali E, Papoutsopoulou S, Stavrou VT, Papayianni E, Boutlas S, Mavridis T, Foka P, Zarogiannis SG, Gourgoulianis K, Xiromerisiou G. Post-COVID-19 Parkinsonism and Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis: The Exosomal Cargo Hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9739. [PMID: 36077138 PMCID: PMC9456372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease, globally. Dopaminergic neuron degeneration in substantia nigra pars compacta and aggregation of misfolded alpha-synuclein are the PD hallmarks, accompanied by motor and non-motor symptoms. Several viruses have been linked to the appearance of a post-infection parkinsonian phenotype. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has evolved from a novel pneumonia to a multifaceted syndrome with multiple clinical manifestations, among which neurological sequalae appear insidious and potentially long-lasting. Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles bearing a complex cargo of active biomolecules and playing crucial roles in intercellular communication under pathophysiological conditions. Exosomes constitute a reliable route for misfolded protein transmission, contributing to PD pathogenesis and diagnosis. Herein, we summarize recent evidence suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection shares numerous clinical manifestations and inflammatory and molecular pathways with PD. We carry on hypothesizing that these similarities may be reflected in exosomal cargo modulated by the virus in correlation with disease severity. Travelling from the periphery to the brain, SARS-CoV-2-related exosomal cargo contains SARS-CoV-2 RNA, viral proteins, inflammatory mediators, and modified host proteins that could operate as promoters of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory cascades, potentially leading to a future parkinsonism and PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George D. Vavougios
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cyprus, Lefkosia 1678, Cyprus
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Testing and Rehabilitation, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Eirini Karamichali
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasileios T. Stavrou
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Testing and Rehabilitation, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Eirini Papayianni
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Testing and Rehabilitation, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Stylianos Boutlas
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Testing and Rehabilitation, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Theodoros Mavridis
- 1st Neurology Department, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Pelagia Foka
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios G. Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gourgoulianis
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Testing and Rehabilitation, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Georgia Xiromerisiou
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece
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3
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Horsager J, Okkels N, Van Den Berge N, Jacobsen J, Schact A, Munk OL, Vang K, Bender D, Brooks DJ, Borghammer P. In vivo vesicular acetylcholine transporter density in human peripheral organs: an [ 18F]FEOBV PET/CT study. EJNMMI Res 2022; 12:17. [PMID: 35362761 PMCID: PMC8975951 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-022-00889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The autonomic nervous system is frequently affected in some neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies. In vivo imaging methods to visualize and quantify the peripheral cholinergic nervous system are lacking. By using [18F]FEOBV PET, we here describe the peripheral distribution of the specific cholinergic marker, vesicular acetylcholine transporters (VAChT), in human subjects. We included 15 healthy subjects aged 53–86 years for 70 min dynamic PET protocol of peripheral organs. We performed kinetic modelling of the adrenal gland, pancreas, myocardium, renal cortex, spleen, colon, and muscle using an image-derived input function from the aorta. A metabolite correction model was generated from venous blood samples. Three non-linear compartment models were tested. Additional time-activity curves from 6 to 70 min post injection were generated for prostate, thyroid, submandibular-, parotid-, and lacrimal glands. Results A one-tissue compartment model generated the most robust fits to the data. Total volume-of-distribution rank order was: adrenal gland > pancreas > myocardium > spleen > renal cortex > muscle > colon. We found significant linear correlations between total volumes-of-distribution and standard uptake values in most organs. Conclusion High [18F]FEOBV PET signal was found in structures with known cholinergic activity. We conclude that [18F]FEOBV PET is a valid tool for estimating VAChT density in human peripheral organs. Simple static images may replace kinetic modeling in some organs and significantly shorten scan duration. Clinical Trial Registration Trial registration: NCT, NCT03554551. Registered 31 May 2018. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03554551?term=NCT03554551&draw=2&rank=1. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13550-022-00889-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Horsager
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Niels Okkels
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nathalie Van Den Berge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Jacobsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Anna Schact
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ole Lajord Munk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Kim Vang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Dirk Bender
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - David J Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, J220, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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4
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Kaczyńska K, Orłowska ME, Andrzejewski K. Respiratory Abnormalities in Parkinson's Disease: What Do We Know from Studies in Humans and Animal Models? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073499. [PMID: 35408858 PMCID: PMC8998219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by movement disorders due to the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ventrolateral region of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Apart from the cardinal motor symptoms such as rigidity and bradykinesia, non-motor symptoms including those associated with respiratory dysfunction are of increasing interest. Not only can they impair the patients’ quality of life but they also can cause aspiration pneumonia, which is the leading cause of death among PD patients. This narrative review attempts to summarize the existing literature on respiratory impairments reported in human studies, as well as what is newly known from studies in animal models of the disease. Discussed are not only respiratory muscle dysfunction, apnea, and dyspnea, but also altered central respiratory control, responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia, and how they are affected by the pharmacological treatment of PD.
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5
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Conway JA, Kramer ER. Is activation of GDNF/RET signaling the answer for successful treatment of Parkinson's disease? A discussion of data from the culture dish to the clinic. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1462-1467. [PMID: 34916419 PMCID: PMC8771118 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophic signaling of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) with its canonical receptor, the receptor tyrosine kinase RET, coupled together with the GDNF family receptor alpha 1 is important for dopaminergic neuron survival and physiology in cell culture experiments and animal models. This prompted the idea to try GDNF/RET signaling as a therapeutic approach to treat Parkinson's disease with the hallmark of dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. Despite several clinical trials with GDNF in Parkinson's disease patients, which mainly focused on optimizing the GDNF delivery technique, benefits were only seen in a few patients. In general, the endpoints did not show significant improvements. This suggests that it will be helpful to learn more about the basic biology of this fascinating but complicated GDNF/RET signaling system in the dopaminergic midbrain and about recent developments in the field to facilitate its use in the clinic. Here we will refer to the latest publications and point out important open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Conway
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Edgar R Kramer
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Devon, UK
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6
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Sigurdsson HP, Raw R, Hunter H, Baker MR, Taylor JP, Rochester L, Yarnall AJ. Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation in Parkinson's disease: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Med Devices 2021; 18:971-984. [PMID: 34461787 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2021.1969913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common progressive neurodegenerative disorder with multifactorial etiology. While dopaminergic medication is the standard therapy in PD, it provides limited symptomatic treatment and non-pharmacological interventions are currently being trialed. AREAS COVERED Recent pathophysiological theories of Parkinson's suggest that aggregated α-synuclein form in the gut and spread to nuclei in the brainstem via autonomic connections. In this paper, we review the novel hypothesis that noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS), targeting efferent and afferent vagal projections, is a promising therapeutic tool to improve gait and cognitive control and ameliorate non-motor symptoms in people with Parkinson's. We conducted an unstructured search of the literature for any studies employing nVNS in PD as well as for studies examining the efficacy of nVNS on improving cognitive function and where nVNS has been applied to co-occurring conditions in PD. EXPERT OPINION Evidence of nVNS as a novel therapeutic to improve gait in PD is preliminary, but early signs indicate the possibility that nVNS may be useful to target dopa-resistant gait characteristics in early PD. The evidence for nVNS as a therapeutic tool is, however, limited and further studies are needed in both brain health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar P Sigurdsson
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rachael Raw
- Department of General Internal Medicine, South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Heather Hunter
- Department of Research, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark R Baker
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lynn Rochester
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Neurosciences, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alison J Yarnall
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Older People's Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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7
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Horsager J, Walter U, Fedorova TD, Andersen KB, Skjærbæk C, Knudsen K, Okkels N, von Weitzel-Mudersbach P, Dyrskog SE, Bergholt B, Borghammer P. Vagus Nerve Cross-Sectional Area in Patients With Parkinson's Disease-An Ultrasound Case-Control Study. Front Neurol 2021; 12:681413. [PMID: 34239497 PMCID: PMC8258145 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.681413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vagal parasympathetic neurons are prone to degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). High-resolution ultrasound can precisely estimate the cross-sectional (CSA) area of peripheral nerves. Here, we tested the hypothesis that vagus CSA is reduced in PD. Methods: We included 56 healthy controls (HCs) and 63 patients with PD. Using a high-end ultrasound system equipped with a high-frequency transducer, five images were obtained of each nerve. The hypoechoic neuronal tissue was delineated offline with dedicated software and the CSA extracted. Results: In the initial PD vs. HC comparison, no statistically significant differences were observed in mean left vagus CSA (HC: 1.97 mm2, PD: 1.89 mm2, P = 0.36) nor in mean right vagus CSA (HC: 2.37 mm2, PD: 2.23 mm2, P = 0.17). The right vagus CSA was significantly larger than the left vagus CSA in both groups (P < 0.0001). Females were overrepresented in the HC group and presented with generally smaller vagus CSAs. Consequently, sex-adjusted CSA was significantly smaller for the right vagus nerve of the PD group (P = 0.041), but not for the left. Conclusion: A small but significant reduction in sex-adjusted right vagus CSA was observed in patients with PD. The left vagus CSA was not significantly reduced in patients with PD. Ultrasound may not be a suitable method to detecting vagal axonal loss in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Horsager
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Uwe Walter
- Department of Neurology, Rostock University, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tatyana D. Fedorova
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Katrine B. Andersen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Casper Skjærbæk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karoline Knudsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Okkels
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Stig Eric Dyrskog
- Department of Neuro-Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bo Bergholt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Wang Y, Zhan G, Cai Z, Jiao B, Zhao Y, Li S, Luo A. Vagus nerve stimulation in brain diseases: Therapeutic applications and biological mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:37-53. [PMID: 33894241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain diseases, including neurodegenerative, cerebrovascular and neuropsychiatric diseases, have posed a deleterious threat to human health and brought a great burden to society and the healthcare system. With the development of medical technology, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an alternative treatment for refractory epilepsy, refractory depression, cluster headaches, and migraines. Furthermore, current evidence showed promising results towards the treatment of more brain diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and stroke. Nonetheless, the biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of VNS in brain diseases remain only partially elucidated. This review aims to delve into the relevant preclinical and clinical studies and update the progress of VNS applications and its potential mechanisms underlying the biological effects in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Gaofeng Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ziwen Cai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bo Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shiyong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ailin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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9
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Sabino-Carvalho JL, Fisher JP, Vianna LC. Autonomic Function in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: From Rest to Exercise. Front Physiol 2021; 12:626640. [PMID: 33815139 PMCID: PMC8017184 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.626640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder classically characterized by symptoms of motor impairment (e.g., tremor and rigidity), but also presenting with important non-motor impairments. There is evidence for the reduced activity of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic limbs of the autonomic nervous system at rest in PD. Moreover, inappropriate autonomic adjustments accompany exercise, which can lead to inadequate hemodynamic responses, the failure to match the metabolic demands of working skeletal muscle and exercise intolerance. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear, but relevant alterations in several discrete central regions (e.g., dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, intermediolateral cell column) have been identified. Herein, we critically evaluate the clinically significant and complex associations between the autonomic dysfunction, fatigue and exercise capacity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeann L Sabino-Carvalho
- NeuroV̇ASQ̇ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - James P Fisher
- Manaaki Mānawa - The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lauro C Vianna
- NeuroV̇ASQ̇ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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10
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Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration in Various Forms of Parkinsonism-Similarities and Differences. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030656. [PMID: 33809527 PMCID: PMC7999195 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy body (DLB), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) belong to a group of neurodegenerative diseases called parkinsonian syndromes. They share several clinical, neuropathological and genetic features. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive dysfunction of specific populations of neurons, determining clinical presentation. Neuronal loss is associated with extra- and intracellular accumulation of misfolded proteins. The parkinsonian diseases affect distinct areas of the brain. PD and MSA belong to a group of synucleinopathies that are characterized by the presence of fibrillary aggregates of α-synuclein protein in the cytoplasm of selected populations of neurons and glial cells. PSP is a tauopathy associated with the pathological aggregation of the microtubule associated tau protein. Although PD is common in the world’s aging population and has been extensively studied, the exact mechanisms of the neurodegeneration are still not fully understood. Growing evidence indicates that parkinsonian disorders to some extent share a genetic background, with two key components identified so far: the microtubule associated tau protein gene (MAPT) and the α-synuclein gene (SNCA). The main pathways of parkinsonian neurodegeneration described in the literature are the protein and mitochondrial pathways. The factors that lead to neurodegeneration are primarily environmental toxins, inflammatory factors, oxidative stress and traumatic brain injury.
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11
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Dysregulation of epithelial ion transport and neurochemical changes in the colon of a parkinsonian primate. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 7:9. [PMID: 33479243 PMCID: PMC7820491 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-020-00150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathological changes underlying gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are poorly understood and the symptoms remain inadequately treated. In this study we compared the functional and neurochemical changes in the enteric nervous system in the colon of adult, L-DOPA-responsive, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated common marmoset, with naïve controls. Measurement of mucosal vectorial ion transport, spontaneous longitudinal smooth muscle activity and immunohistochemical assessment of intrinsic innervation were each performed in discrete colonic regions of naïve and MPTP-treated marmosets. The basal short circuit current (Isc) was lower in MPTP-treated colonic mucosa while mucosal resistance was unchanged. There was no difference in basal cholinergic tone, however, there was an increased excitatory cholinergic response in MPTP-treated tissues when NOS was blocked with L-Nω-nitroarginine. The amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions in longitudinal smooth muscle as well as carbachol-evoked post-junctional contractile responses were unaltered, despite a decrease in choline acetyltransferase and an increase in the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide neuron numbers per ganglion in the proximal colon. There was a low-level inflammation in the proximal but not the distal colon accompanied by a change in α-synuclein immunoreactivity. This study suggests that MPTP treatment produces long-term alterations in colonic mucosal function associated with amplified muscarinic mucosal activity but decreased cholinergic innervation in myenteric plexi and increased nitrergic enteric neurotransmission. This suggests that long-term changes in either central or peripheral dopaminergic neurotransmission may lead to adaptive changes in colonic function resulting in alterations in ion transport across mucosal epithelia that may result in GI dysfunction in PD.
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12
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Sun J, He C, Yan QX, Wang HD, Li KX, Sun X, Feng Y, Zha RR, Cui CP, Xiong X, Gao S, Wang X, Yin RX, Qiao GF, Li BY. Parkinson-like early autonomic dysfunction induced by vagal application of DOPAL in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:540-551. [PMID: 33475253 PMCID: PMC8025611 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To understand why autonomic failures, a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), occur earlier than typical motor disorders. METHODS Vagal application of DOPAL (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde) to simulate PD-like autonomic dysfunction and understand the connection between PD and cardiovascular dysfunction. Molecular and morphological approaches were employed to test the time-dependent alternation of α-synuclein aggregation and the ultrastructure changes in the heart and nodose (NG)/nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). RESULTS Blood pressure (BP) and baroreflex sensitivity of DOPAL-treated rats were significantly reduced accompanied with a time-dependent change in orthostatic BP, consistent with altered echocardiography and cardiomyocyte mitochondrial ultrastructure. Notably, time-dependent and collaborated changes in Mon-/Tri-α-synuclein were paralleled with morphological alternation in the NG and NTS. CONCLUSION These all demonstrate that early autonomic dysfunction mediated by vagal application of DOPAL highly suggests the plausible etiology of PD initiated from peripheral, rather than central site. It will provide a scientific basis for the prevention and early diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao He
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiu-Xin Yan
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Dan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ke-Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Rong-Rong Zha
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Chang-Peng Cui
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui-Xue Yin
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guo-Fen Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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13
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Zampese E, Surmeier DJ. Calcium, Bioenergetics, and Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092045. [PMID: 32911641 PMCID: PMC7564460 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons is responsible for the core motor deficits of Parkinson’s disease (PD). These neurons are autonomous pacemakers that have large cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations that have been linked to basal mitochondrial oxidant stress and turnover. This review explores the origin of Ca2+ oscillations and their role in the control of mitochondrial respiration, bioenergetics, and mitochondrial oxidant stress.
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14
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Gastric smooth muscle cells manifest an abnormal phenotype in Parkinson's disease rats with gastric dysmotility. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:217-227. [PMID: 32424507 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastroparesis is a common symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) and whether any change occurs in gastric smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of PD patients is unclear. We previously reported that rats with bilateral substantia nigra lesions induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), referred to as 6-OHDA rats, manifest typical gastroparesis. In the present study, we further investigate the underlying mechanism. By means of an organ bath system and an implantable radiotelemetry system, both a weakened contractile force of gastric circular smooth muscle and gastric myoelectric activity were detected in the 6-OHDA rats and phasic and tonic contractions elicited by carbachol or high concentration of potassium were significantly reduced in gastric circular muscle strips. A thickened smooth muscle layer was observed under a light microscope and an ultrastructure of hypertrophic SMCs, with increased caveolae and decreased dense bodies, was observed under transmission electron microscope. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expression levels of contractile markers (myosin light chain 20, myosin heavy chain 11 and α-smooth muscle actin) and the transcription factor serum response factor (SRF) were significantly decreased, while the TNFα and IL-1β content was increased in the 6-OHDA rats. These results suggest that the decreased contractile force in 6-OHDA rats may be associated with the phenotypic abnormality observed in SMCs, which is due to downregulated contractile proteins induced by decreased SRF expression in the inflammatory muscular microenvironment.
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15
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Gonzalez-Rodriguez P, Zampese E, Surmeier DJ. Selective neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:61-89. [PMID: 32247375 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, disabling millions worldwide. Despite the imperative PD poses, at present, there is no cure or means of slowing progression. This gap is attributable to our incomplete understanding of the factors driving pathogenesis. Research over the past several decades suggests that both cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous processes contribute to the neuronal dysfunction underlying PD symptoms. The thesis of this review is that an intersection of these processes governs the pattern of pathology in PD. Studies of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopaminergic neurons, whose loss is responsible for the core motor symptoms of PD, suggest that they have a combination of traits-a long, highly branched axon, autonomous activity, and elevated mitochondrial oxidant stress-that predispose them to non-cell autonomous drivers of pathogenesis, like misfolded forms of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) and inflammation. The literature surrounding these issues will be briefly summarized, and the translational implications of an intersectional hypothesis of PD pathogenesis discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Zampese
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
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16
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Vijayan S, Singh B, Ghosh S, Stell R, Mastaglia FL. Brainstem Ventilatory Dysfunction: A Plausible Mechanism for Dyspnea in Parkinson's Disease? Mov Disord 2020; 35:379-388. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Srimathy Vijayan
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences Nedlands Perth, Western Australia Australia
| | - Bhajan Singh
- West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Nedlands Perth, Western Australia Australia
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences Nedlands Perth, Western Australia Australia
| | - Rick Stell
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences Nedlands Perth, Western Australia Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Sciences Nedlands Perth, Western Australia Australia
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17
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Diederich NJ, James Surmeier D, Uchihara T, Grillner S, Goetz CG. Parkinson's disease: Is it a consequence of human brain evolution? Mov Disord 2019; 34:453-459. [PMID: 30759321 PMCID: PMC6593760 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nico J Diederich
- Department of Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Toshiki Uchihara
- Neurology Clinic with Neuromorphomics Laboratory, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Structural Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institut, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher G Goetz
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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18
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The effects of rotenone on TH, BDNF and BDNF-related proteins in the brain and periphery: Relevance to early Parkinson's disease. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 97:23-32. [PMID: 30690135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) is one of the pathological hallmarks in Parkinson's disease (PD). This neuron loss is accompanied by reduced protein and activity levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis. Reduced nigral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been postulated to contribute to the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons in PD by causing a lack of trophic support. Prior to this nigral cell loss many patients develop non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia, constipation and orthostatic hypotension. We investigated how TH, BDNF and BDNF related receptors are altered in the SN, olfactory bulb, adrenal glands and colon (which are known to be affected in PD) using rotenone-treated rats. Rotenone was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 2.75 mg/kg, 5 days/week for 4 weeks, via intraperitoneal injections. Rats underwent behavioural testing, and tissues were collected for western blot and ELISA analysis. This rotenone treatment induced reduced rears and distance travelled in the rearing and open field test, respectively but caused no impairments in forced movement (rotarod test). The SN had changes consistent with a pro-apoptotic state, such as increased proBDNF but no change in TH; whereas, the colon had significantly reduced TH and increased sortilin. Thus, our results indicate further investigation is warranted for this rotenone-dosing paradigm's capacity for reproducing the early stage of PD, as we observed impairments in voluntary movement and pathology in the colon without overt motor symptoms or nigral dopaminergic loss.
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19
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Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson disease and animal models. Clin Auton Res 2019; 29:397-414. [PMID: 30604165 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-018-00584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease has traditionally been classified as a movement disorder, despite patients' accounts of diverse symptoms stemming from impairments in numerous body systems. Today, Parkinson disease is increasingly recognized by clinicians and scientists as a complex neurodegenerative disorder featuring both motor and nonmotor manifestations concomitant with pathology throughout all major branches of the nervous system. Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, or dysautonomia, is a common feature of Parkinson disease. It produces signs and symptoms that severely affect patients' quality of life, such as blood pressure dysregulation, hyperhidrosis, and constipation. Treatment options for dysautonomia are limited to symptom alleviation because the cause of these symptoms and Parkinson disease overall are still unknown. Animal models provide a platform to interrogate mechanisms of Parkinson disease-related autonomic nervous system dysfunction and test novel treatment strategies. Several animal models of Parkinson disease are available, each with different effects on the autonomic nervous system. This review critically analyses key dysautonomia signs and symptoms and associated pathology in Parkinson disease patients and relevant findings in animal models. We focus on the cardiovascular system, adrenal medulla, skin/thermoregulation, bladder, pupils, and gastrointestinal tract, to assess the contribution of animal models to the understanding of Parkinson disease autonomic dysfunction.
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20
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Cova I, Priori A. Diagnostic biomarkers for Parkinson's disease at a glance: where are we? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1417-1432. [PMID: 30145631 PMCID: PMC6132920 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder whose aetiology remains unclear: degeneration involves several neurotransmission systems, resulting in a heterogeneous disease characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. PD causes progressive disability that responds only to symptomatic therapies. Future advances include neuroprotective strategies for use in at-risk populations before the clinical onset of disease, hence the continuing need to identify reliable biomarkers that can facilitate the clinical diagnosis of PD. In this evaluative review, we summarize information on potential diagnostic biomarkers for use in the clinical and preclinical stages of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cova
- Neurology Unit, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- Department of Health Sciences, "Aldo Ravelli" Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, University of Milan and ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) often display gastrointestinal and genitourinary autonomic symptoms years or even decades prior to diagnosis. These symptoms are thought to be caused in part by pathological α-synuclein inclusions in the peripheral autonomic and enteric nervous systems. It has been proposed that the initial α-synuclein aggregation may in some PD patients originate in peripheral nerve terminals and then spread centripetally to the spinal cord and brainstem. In vivo imaging methods can directly quantify the degeneration of the autonomic nervous system as well as the functional consequences such as perturbed motility. Here, we review the methodological principles of these imaging techniques and the major findings in patients with PD and atypical parkinsonism. RECENT FINDINGS Loss of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve terminals in PD can be visualized using radiotracer imaging, including 123I-MIBG scintigraphy, and 18F-dopamine and 11C-donepezil PET. Recently, ultrasonographical studies disclosed reduced diameter of the vagal nerves in PD patients. Radiological and radioisotope techniques have demonstrated dysmotility and prolonged transit time throughout all subdivisions of the gastrointestinal tract in PD. The prevalence of objective dysfunction as measured with these imaging methods is often considerably higher compared to the prevalence of subjective symptoms experienced by the patients. Degeneration of the autonomic nervous system may play a key role in the pathogenesis of PD. In vivo imaging techniques provide powerful and noninvasive tools to quantify the degree and extent of this degeneration and its functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Knudsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre Aarhus University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, Building 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre Aarhus University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, Building 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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22
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Johnson M, Salvatore M, Maiolo S, Bobrovskaya L. Tyrosine hydroxylase as a sentinel for central and peripheral tissue responses in Parkinson’s progression: Evidence from clinical studies and neurotoxin models. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 165-167:1-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Anselmi L, Toti L, Bove C, Hampton J, Travagli RA. A Nigro-Vagal Pathway Controls Gastric Motility and Is Affected in a Rat Model of Parkinsonism. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1581-1593. [PMID: 28912019 PMCID: PMC5705565 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In most patients with Parkinson's disease, gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunctions, such as gastroparesis and constipation, are prodromal to the cardinal motor symptoms of the disease. Sporadic Parkinson's disease has been proposed to develop after ingestion of neurotoxicants that affect the brain-gut axis via the vagus nerve, and then travel to higher centers, compromising the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and, later, the cerebral cortex. We aimed to identify the pathway that connects the brainstem vagal nuclei and the SNpc, and to determine whether this pathway is compromised in a rat model of Parkinsonism. METHODS To study this neural pathway in rats, we placed tracers in the dorsal vagal complex or SNpc; brainstem and midbrain were examined for tracer distribution and neuronal neurochemical phenotype. Rats were given injections of paraquat once weekly for 3 weeks to induce features of Parkinsonism, or vehicle (control). Gastric tone and motility were recorded after N-methyl-d-aspartate microinjection in the SNpc and/or optogenetic stimulation of nigro-vagal terminals in the dorsal vagal complex. RESULTS Stimulation of the SNpc increased gastric tone and motility via activation of dopamine 1 receptors in the dorsal vagal complex. In the paraquat-induced model of Parkinsonism, this nigro-vagal pathway was compromised during the early stages of motor deficit development. CONCLUSIONS We identified and characterized a nigro-vagal monosynaptic pathway in rats that controls gastric tone and motility. This pathway might be involved in the prodromal gastric dysmotility observed in patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Anselmi
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Luca Toti
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Cecilia Bove
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica Hampton
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - R Alberto Travagli
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
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24
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Serra MC, Landry A, Juncos JL, Markland AD, Burgio KL, Goode PS, Johnson TM, Vaughan CP. Increased odds of bladder and bowel symptoms in early Parkinson's disease. Neurourol Urodyn 2017; 37:1344-1348. [PMID: 29095515 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the prevalence of urinary and bowel symptoms in a sample of adults with early Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy controls (HC). METHODS Data were obtained from the Michael J. Fox Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). Prevalent bladder (urinary incontinence (UI) and nighttime voiding) and bowel (constipation and fecal incontinence (FI)) symptoms were defined as occurring at least sometimes when queried using the Scale for Outcomes in PD for Autonomic Symptoms. RESULTS The proportion of men (65% vs 64%) and the mean age (61.0 ± 9.7 vs 60.2 ± 11.2 years) was similar between early PD (n = 423) and HC (n = 195). UI and constipation were more prevalent among early PD versus HC (UI: 26.7% vs 8.2%, constipation: 32.4% vs 11.8%; P's < 0.0001). Prevalent nighttime voiding was high among both groups, but not significantly different (82.5% vs 84.1%, P = 0.62). FI was infrequent in both. The odds of UI and constipation were significantly higher in early PD even after adjustment for age, sex, cognition, and overactive bladder (UI model only), constipation (UI and constipation models only), depression, and anxiety medication usage (UI: OR: 4.39 [95% CI: 2.92, 5.87]; constipation: 3.34 [2.20, 4.42]; P's < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS While constipation is known to precede PD diagnosis, these data suggest that the occurrence of UI is elevated in early PD compared to a well-matched HC population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Serra
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alexus Landry
- Department of Biology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jorge L Juncos
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alayne D Markland
- Department of Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Birmingham, Alabama.,Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kathryn L Burgio
- Department of Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Birmingham, Alabama.,Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Patricia S Goode
- Department of Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Birmingham, Alabama.,Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Theodore M Johnson
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Camille P Vaughan
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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25
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Westfall S, Lomis N, Kahouli I, Dia SY, Singh SP, Prakash S. Microbiome, probiotics and neurodegenerative diseases: deciphering the gut brain axis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3769-3787. [PMID: 28643167 PMCID: PMC11107790 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is essential to health and has recently become a target for live bacterial cell biotherapies for various chronic diseases including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity and neurodegenerative disease. Probiotic biotherapies are known to create a healthy gut environment by balancing bacterial populations and promoting their favorable metabolic action. The microbiota and its respective metabolites communicate to the host through a series of biochemical and functional links thereby affecting host homeostasis and health. In particular, the gastrointestinal tract communicates with the central nervous system through the gut-brain axis to support neuronal development and maintenance while gut dysbiosis manifests in neurological disease. There are three basic mechanisms that mediate the communication between the gut and the brain: direct neuronal communication, endocrine signaling mediators and the immune system. Together, these systems create a highly integrated molecular communication network that link systemic imbalances with the development of neurodegeneration including insulin regulation, fat metabolism, oxidative markers and immune signaling. Age is a common factor in the development of neurodegenerative disease and probiotics prevent many harmful effects of aging such as decreased neurotransmitter levels, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis-all factors that are proven aggravators of neurodegenerative disease. Indeed patients with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases have a high rate of gastrointestinal comorbidities and it has be proposed by some the management of the gut microbiota may prevent or alleviate the symptoms of these chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Westfall
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A2B4, Canada
| | - Nikita Lomis
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A2B4, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A2B4, Canada
| | - Imen Kahouli
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A2B4, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A2B4, Canada
| | - Si Yuan Dia
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A2B4, Canada
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Satya Prakash
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A2B4, Canada.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A2B4, Canada.
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26
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Song N, Wang W, Jia F, Du X, Xie A, He Q, Shen X, Zhang J, Rogers JT, Xie J, Jiang H. Assessments of plasma ghrelin levels in the early stages of parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2017; 32:1487-1491. [PMID: 28681931 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal symptoms are early events in Parkinson's disease (PD). The gastrointestinal hormone ghrelin was neuroprotective in the nigrostriatal dopamine system. The objective of this study was to assess ghrelin levels in the early stages of PD. METHODS Plasma was collected in the fasting state in 291 PD patients in stages 1-3 and 303 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Additional samples were taken in the glucose response test to assess nutrition-related ghrelin levels in 20 PD patients and 20 healthy controls. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure total and active plasma ghrelin levels. RESULTS We reported that total and active plasma ghrelin levels were decreased in PD, although there was no difference across progressive PD stages. Postprandial ghrelin suppression and preprandial peak responses were both attenuated in PD. CONCLUSIONS Plasma ghrelin levels were decreased in PD; however, this event might be irrelevant to PD progression. Ghrelin responses to meals were also impaired in PD. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Song
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengjv Jia
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Anmu Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jack T Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry-Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Masssachusetts, USA
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology of Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:13-62. [PMID: 28802920 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a multiorgan neurodegenerative disorder associated with α-synuclein deposits throughout the nervous system and many organs, is clinically characterized by motor and nonmotor features, many of the latter antedating motor dysfunctions by 20 or more years. The causes of the nonmotor manifestations such as olfactory, autonomic, sensory, neuropsychiatric, visuospatial, sleep, and other disorders are unlikely to be related to single lesions. They are mediated by the involvement of both dopaminergic and nondopaminergic systems, and diverse structures outside the nigrostriatal system that is mainly responsible for the motor features of PD. The nonmotor alterations appear in early/prodromal stages of the disease and its further progression, suggesting a topographical and chronological spread of the lesions. This lends further support for the notion that PD is a multiorgan proteinopathy, although the exact relationship between presymptomatic and later developing nonmotor features of PD and neuropathology awaits further elucidation.
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28
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Borghammer P, Knudsen K, Fedorova TD, Brooks DJ. Imaging Parkinson's disease below the neck. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2017; 3:15. [PMID: 28649615 PMCID: PMC5460119 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-017-0017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a systemic disorder with widespread and early α-synuclein pathology in the autonomic and enteric nervous systems, which is present throughout the gastrointestinal canal prior to diagnosis. Gastrointestinal and genitourinary autonomic symptoms often predate clinical diagnosis by several years. It has been hypothesized that progressive α-synuclein aggregation is initiated in hyperbranched, non-myelinated neuron terminals, and may subsequently spread via retrograde axonal transport. This would explain why autonomic nerves are so prone to formation of α-synuclein pathology. However, the hypothesis remains unproven and in vivo imaging methods of peripheral organs may be essential to study this important research field. The loss of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve terminal function in Parkinson's disease has been demonstrated using radiotracers such as 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidin, 18F-dopamine, and 11C-donepezil. Other radiotracer and radiological imaging methods have shown highly prevalent dysfunction of pharyngeal and esophageal motility, gastric emptying, colonic transit time, and anorectal function. Here, we summarize the methodology and main findings of radio-isotope and radiological modalities for imaging peripheral pathology in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karoline Knudsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tatyana D. Fedorova
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David J. Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Division of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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29
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The Contribution of α-Synuclein Spreading to Parkinson's Disease Synaptopathy. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5012129. [PMID: 28133550 PMCID: PMC5241463 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5012129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptopathies are diseases with synapse defects as shared pathogenic features, encompassing neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). In sporadic PD, the most common age-related neurodegenerative movement disorder, nigrostriatal dopaminergic deficits are responsible for the onset of motor symptoms that have been related to α-synuclein deposition at synaptic sites. Indeed, α-synuclein accumulation can impair synaptic dopamine release and induces the death of nigrostriatal neurons. While in physiological conditions the protein can interact with and modulate synaptic vesicle proteins and membranes, numerous experimental evidences have confirmed that its pathological aggregation can compromise correct neuronal functioning. In addition, recent findings indicate that α-synuclein pathology spreads into the brain and can affect the peripheral autonomic and somatic nervous system. Indeed, monomeric, oligomeric, and fibrillary α-synuclein can move from cell to cell and can trigger the aggregation of the endogenous protein in recipient neurons. This novel “prion-like” behavior could further contribute to synaptic failure in PD and other synucleinopathies. This review describes the major findings supporting the occurrence of α-synuclein pathology propagation in PD and discusses how this phenomenon could induce or contribute to synaptic injury and degeneration.
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30
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Guan Q, Wang X, Jiang Y, Zhao L, Nie Z, Jin L. RNA-Seq Expression Analysis of Enteric Neuron Cells with Rotenone Treatment and Prediction of Regulated Pathways. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:572-582. [PMID: 27900601 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is involved in the initiation and development of the pathological process of Parkinson's disease (PD). The effect of rotenone on the ENS may trigger the progression of PD through the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we used RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis to examine differential expression genes (DEGs) and pathways induced by in vitro treatment of rotenone in the enteric nervous cells isolated from rats. We identified 45 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated genes. The functional categorization revealed that the DEGs were involved in the regulation of cell differentiation and development, response to various stimuli, and regulation of neurogenesis. In addition, the pathway and network analysis showed that the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), Toll-like receptor, Wnt, and Ras signaling pathways were intensively involved in the effect of rotenone on the ENS. Additionally, the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction result for the selected seven DEGs matched those of the RNA-seq analysis. Our results present a significant step in the identification of DEGs and provide new insight into the progression of PD in the rotenone-induced model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Zhiyu Nie
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Lingjing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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31
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Suzuki M, Nakamura T, Hirayama M, Ueda M, Katsuno M, Sobue G. Cardiac parasympathetic dysfunction in the early phase of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2016; 264:333-340. [PMID: 27900499 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac parasympathetic function is strongly affected by aging. Although sympathetic dysfunction has been well documented in Parkinson's disease (PD), cardiac parasympathetic dysfunction has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to clarify the development of cardiac parasympathetic dysfunction in the early phase of PD and to explore the age-corrected correlation between cardiac parasympathetic dysfunction and cardiac sympathetic dysfunction. We reviewed 25 healthy controls and 56 patients with idiopathic PD of Hoehn and Yahr stages I-III. We evaluated cardiac parasympathetic function using the Valsalva ratio, the baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and the coefficient of variation of RR intervals in the resting state (resting-CVRR) and during deep breathing (DB-CVRR). In addition, we measured cardiac 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) uptake to investigate the relationship between cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction in PD. Compared with healthy controls, patients with PD showed significantly decreased cardiac parasympathetic parameters (resting-CVRR 2.8 ± 1.3 vs. 1.7 ± 0.6%, p < 0.001; DB-CVRR 5.8 ± 2.3 vs. 3.8 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001; Valsalva ratio 1.52 ± 0.26 vs. 1.34 ± 0.17, p < 0.01; BRS 10.6 ± 9.5 vs. 5.0 ± 5.4 ms/mmHg, p < 0.01). In particular, resting-CVRR and DB-CVRR were significantly decreased in the early phase of PD. In age-corrected analyses, none of the parasympathetic indices correlated with the delayed cardiac 123I-MIBG uptake. These observations indicate that cardiac parasympathetic dysfunction occurs in the early phase of PD, but not necessarily in parallel with cardiac sympathetic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Hirayama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Science, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miki Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan. .,Research Division of Dementia and Neurodegeneration Disease, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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32
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Abd-Elhadi S, Basora M, Vilas D, Tolosa E, Sharon R. Total α-synuclein levels in human blood cells, CSF, and saliva determined by a lipid-ELISA. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7669-7677. [PMID: 27624766 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The validity of α-synuclein (α-Syn) as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease (PD) is still under investigation. Conventional methods for capture and quantitation of α-Syn protein in human samples are primarily based on anti-α-Syn antibodies. Specific and competent antibodies were raised against α-Syn. However, capture by anti-α-Syn antibodies may be limited to specific epitope recognition, attributed to protein structure or post-translational modifications. Hence, antibody-based methods for α-Syn capture raise a concern regarding their efficacy to detect the intracellular, unfolded α-Syn pool. An alternative is α-Syn capture by membrane lipids, i.e., to utilize the biochemical property of α-Syn to specifically bind membrane lipids and acquire a characteristic structure following binding. We determined α-Syn levels in human samples using immobilized lipids for α-Syn capture. The lipids used for α-Syn capture consist of phosphatidyl inositol (PI), phosphatidyl serine (PS), and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE). Addition of mono-sialoganglioside, GM1 ganglioside, to the immobilized lipids significantly improved α-Syn detection. Following capture, the lipid-bound α-Syn was detected using an anti-α-Syn antibody. Total α-Syn levels in whole blood cells (WBC), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and saliva were determined by the lipid-ELISA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suaad Abd-Elhadi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Misericordia Basora
- Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Carrer de Villaroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dolores Vilas
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institute de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Carrer de Villaroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institute de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Carrer de Villaroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ronit Sharon
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Abstract
A large body of research has been dedicated to the effects of gastrointestinal peptides on vagal afferent fibres, yet multiple lines of evidence indicate that gastrointestinal peptides also modulate brainstem vagal neurocircuitry, and that this modulation has a fundamental role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the upper gastrointestinal tract. In fact, brainstem vagovagal neurocircuits comprise highly plastic neurons and synapses connecting afferent vagal fibres, second order neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and efferent fibres originating in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). Neuronal communication between the NTS and DMV is regulated by the presence of a variety of inputs, both from within the brainstem itself as well as from higher centres, which utilize an array of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Because of the circumventricular nature of these brainstem areas, circulating hormones can also modulate the vagal output to the upper gastrointestinal tract. This Review summarizes the organization and function of vagovagal reflex control of the upper gastrointestinal tract, presents data on the plasticity within these neurocircuits after stress, and discusses the gastrointestinal dysfunctions observed in Parkinson disease as examples of physiological adjustment and maladaptation of these reflexes.
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34
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Corbillé AG, Clairembault T, Coron E, Leclair-Visonneau L, Preterre C, Neunlist M, Derkinderen P. What a gastrointestinal biopsy can tell us about Parkinson's disease? Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:966-74. [PMID: 26914487 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intraneuronal inclusions called Lewy bodies and neurites, which represent the characteristic pathological changes in Parkinson's disease, are found in the enteric neurons in the great majority of parkinsonian patients. This observation led to a substantial amount of research over the last few years in order to develop a minimally invasive diagnostic procedure in living patients based on gastrointestinal (GI) biopsies. PURPOSE In this review, we will begin by discussing the studies that focused on the detection of Lewy bodies and neurites in GI biopsies, then broaden the discussion to the pathological changes that also occur in the enteric glial cells and intestinal epithelial cells. We conclude by proposing that a GI biopsy could represent a unique window to assess the whole pathological process of the brain in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-G Corbillé
- Inserm, U913, Nantes, France.,Nantes University, Nantes, France.,Department of Neurology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - T Clairembault
- Inserm, U913, Nantes, France.,Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - E Coron
- Inserm, U913, Nantes, France.,Nantes University, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - C Preterre
- Inserm, U913, Nantes, France.,Department of Neurology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M Neunlist
- Inserm, U913, Nantes, France.,Nantes University, Nantes, France.,Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - P Derkinderen
- Inserm, U913, Nantes, France.,Nantes University, Nantes, France.,Department of Neurology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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35
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Pellegrini C, Fornai M, Colucci R, Tirotta E, Blandini F, Levandis G, Cerri S, Segnani C, Ippolito C, Bernardini N, Cseri K, Blandizzi C, Haskó G, Antonioli L. Alteration of colonic excitatory tachykininergic motility and enteric inflammation following dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:146. [PMID: 27295950 PMCID: PMC4907252 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including constipation and defecatory dysfunctions. The mechanisms underlying such disorders are still largely unknown, although the occurrence of a bowel inflammatory condition has been hypothesized. This study examined the impact of central dopaminergic degeneration, induced by intranigral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), on distal colonic excitatory tachykininergic motility in rats. METHODS Animals were euthanized 4 and 8 weeks after 6-OHDA injection. Tachykininergic contractions, elicited by electrical stimulation or exogenous substance P (SP), were recorded in vitro from longitudinal muscle colonic preparations. SP, tachykininergic NK1 receptor, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, as well as the density of eosinophils and mast cells in the colonic wall, were examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Malondialdehyde (MDA, colorimetric assay), TNF, and IL-1β (ELISA assay) levels were also examined. The polarization of peritoneal macrophages was evaluated by real-time PCR. RESULTS In colonic preparations, electrically and SP-evoked tachykininergic contractions were increased in 6-OHDA rats. Immunohistochemistry displayed an increase in SP and GFAP levels in the myenteric plexus, as well as NK1 receptor expression in the colonic muscle layer of 6-OHDA rats. MDA, TNF, and IL-1β levels were increased also in colonic tissues from 6-OHDA rats. In 6-OHDA rats, the number of eosinophils and mast cells was increased as compared with control animals, and peritoneal macrophages polarized towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the induction of central nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration is followed by bowel inflammation associated with increased oxidative stress, increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, activation of enteric glia and inflammatory cells, and enhancement of colonic excitatory tachykininergic motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pellegrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Rocchina Colucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Erika Tirotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Levandis
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Segnani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Karolina Cseri
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07103, NJ, USA
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Surgery and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07103, NJ, USA
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36
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Engel PA. Is age-related failure of metabolic reprogramming a principal mediator in idiopathic Parkinson's disease? Implications for treatment and inverse cancer risk. Med Hypotheses 2016; 93:154-60. [PMID: 27372878 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and other vulnerable nervous system regions characterized by extensive axonal arborization and intense energy requirements. Systemic age-related depression of mitochondrial function, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and depressed expression of genes supporting energy homeostasis is more severe in IPD than normal aging such that energy supply may exceed regional demand. In IPD, the overall risk of malignancy is reduced. Cancer is a collection of proliferative diseases marked by malignant transformation, dysregulated mitosis, invasion and metastasis. Many cancers demonstrate normal mitochondrial function, preserved OXPHOS, competent mechanisms of energy homeostasis, and metabolic reprogramming capacities that are lacking in IPD. Metabolic reprogramming adjusts OXPHOS and glycolytic pathways in response to changing metabolic needs. These opposite metabolic features form the basis of a two component hypothesis. First, that depressed mitochondrial function, OXPHOS deficiency and impaired metabolic reprogramming contribute to focal energy failure, neurodegeneration and disease expression in IPD. Second, that the same systemic metabolic deficits inhibit development and proliferation of malignancies in IPD. Studies of mitochondrial aging, familial PD (FPD), the lysosomal storage disorder, Gaucher's disease, Parkinson's disease cybrids, the mitochondrial cytopathies, and disease-related metabolic reprogramming both in IPD and cancer provide support for this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Engel
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, USA.
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37
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Borghammer P, Knudsen K, Brooks DJ. Imaging Systemic Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2016; 16:51. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-016-0655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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38
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Duda J, Pötschke C, Liss B. Converging roles of ion channels, calcium, metabolic stress, and activity pattern of Substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in health and Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:156-178. [PMID: 26865375 PMCID: PMC5095868 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine‐releasing neurons within the Substantia nigra (SN DA) are particularly vulnerable to degeneration compared to other dopaminergic neurons. The age‐dependent, progressive loss of these neurons is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), as the resulting loss of striatal dopamine causes its major movement‐related symptoms. SN DA neurons release dopamine from their axonal terminals within the dorsal striatum, and also from their cell bodies and dendrites within the midbrain in a calcium‐ and activity‐dependent manner. Their intrinsically generated and metabolically challenging activity is created and modulated by the orchestrated function of different ion channels and dopamine D2‐autoreceptors. Here, we review increasing evidence that the mechanisms that control activity patterns and calcium homeostasis of SN DA neurons are not only crucial for their dopamine release within a physiological range but also modulate their mitochondrial and lysosomal activity, their metabolic stress levels, and their vulnerability to degeneration in PD. Indeed, impaired calcium homeostasis, lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, and metabolic stress in SN DA neurons represent central converging trigger factors for idiopathic and familial PD. We summarize double‐edged roles of ion channels, activity patterns, calcium homeostasis, and related feedback/feed‐forward signaling mechanisms in SN DA neurons for maintaining and modulating their physiological function, but also for contributing to their vulnerability in PD‐paradigms. We focus on the emerging roles of maintained neuronal activity and calcium homeostasis within a physiological bandwidth, and its modulation by PD‐triggers, as well as on bidirectional functions of voltage‐gated L‐type calcium channels and metabolically gated ATP‐sensitive potassium (K‐ATP) channels, and their probable interplay in health and PD.
We propose that SN DA neurons possess several feedback and feed‐forward mechanisms to protect and adapt their activity‐pattern and calcium‐homeostasis within a physiological bandwidth, and that PD‐trigger factors can narrow this bandwidth. We summarize roles of ion channels in this view, and findings documenting that both, reduced as well as elevated activity and associated calcium‐levels can trigger SN DA degeneration.
This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Duda
- Department of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Liss
- Department of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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39
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Felice VD, Quigley EM, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW, O'Mahony SM. Microbiota-gut-brain signalling in Parkinson's disease: Implications for non-motor symptoms. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 27:1-8. [PMID: 27013171 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting 1-2% of the population over 65 years of age. The primary neuropathology is the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, resulting in characteristic motor deficits, upon which the clinical diagnosis is based. However, a number of significant non-motor symptoms (NMS) are also evident that appear to have a greater impact on the quality of life of these patients. In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that neurobiological processes can be modified by the bi-directional communication that occurs along the brain-gut axis. The microbiota plays a key role in this communication throughout different routes in both physiological and pathological conditions. Thus, there has been an increasing interest in investigating how microbiota changes within the gastrointestinal tract may be implicated in health and disease including PD. Interestingly α-synuclein-aggregates, the cardinal neuropathological feature in PD, are present in both the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the enteric nervous system, prior to their appearance in the brain, indicating a possible gut to brain route of "prion-like" spread. In this review we highlight the potential importance of gut to brain signalling in PD with particular focus on the role of the microbiota as major player in this communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria D Felice
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eamonn M Quigley
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lynda K and David M Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Weill Cornell Medical College, 6550 Fannin St, SM 1001, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Siobhain M O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. http://publish.ucc.ie/researchprofiles/C003/somahony
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Levandis G, Balestra B, Siani F, Rizzo V, Ghezzi C, Ambrosi G, Cerri S, Bonizzi A, Vicini R, Vairetti M, Ferrigno A, Pastoris O, Blandini F. Response of colonic motility to dopaminergic stimulation is subverted in rats with nigrostriatal lesion: relevance to gastrointestinal dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1783-95. [PMID: 26433214 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constipation is extremely common in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and has been described in PD animal models. In this study, we investigated whether a PD-like degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra can influence peristalsis in colonic segments of rats by impacting on enteric dopaminergic transmission. METHODS Male, Sprague-Dawley rats received a unilateral injection of neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), or saline, into the medial-forebrain-bundle. Peristaltic activity was recorded in isolated colonic segments, in baseline conditions and following exposure to combinations of D2 receptor (DRD2) agonist sumanirole and antagonist L-741626. Dopamine levels and DRD2 expression were assessed in the ileum and colon of animals. We also investigated the involvement of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) - a potential relay station between central dopaminergic denervation and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction - by analyzing cytochrome c oxidase activity and FosB/DeltaFosB expression in DMV neurons. KEY RESULTS We observed profound alterations in the response of colonic segments of 6-OHDA lesioned animals to DRD2 stimulation. In fact, the inhibition of colonic peristalsis elicited by sumanirole in control rats was absent in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals. These animals also showed reduced DRD2 expression in the colon, along with elevation of dopamine levels. No significant changes were detected within the DMV. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our results demonstrate that selective lesion of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway subverts the physiological response of the colon to dopaminergic stimulation, opening new perspectives in the comprehension and treatment of GI dysfunctions associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Levandis
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino", National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - B Balestra
- Dept. of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - F Siani
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino", National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - V Rizzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - C Ghezzi
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino", National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - G Ambrosi
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino", National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - S Cerri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino", National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Bonizzi
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino", National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - R Vicini
- Dept. of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Vairetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Ferrigno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - O Pastoris
- Dept. of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - F Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino", National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
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Haddad D, Nakamura K. Understanding the susceptibility of dopamine neurons to mitochondrial stressors in Parkinson's disease. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3702-13. [PMID: 26526613 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are undoubtedly changed in Parkinson's disease (PD), and mitochondrial functions are disrupted in genetic and pharmacologic models of PD. However, many of these changes might not truly drive neurodegeneration. PD is defined by the particular susceptibility of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons, but little is understood about the mitochondria in these cells. Here, we critically review the evidence that mitochondrial stressors cause PD. We then consider how changes in the intrinsic function of mitochondria and in their mass, distribution, and dynamics might synergize with an increased need for mitochondria and produce PD, and the importance of understanding how mitochondria contribute to its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Haddad
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, and Graduate Programs in Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Costa A, Peppe A, Carlesimo GA, Zabberoni S, Scalici F, Caltagirone C, Angelucci F. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor serum levels correlate with cognitive performance in Parkinson's disease patients with mild cognitive impairment. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:253. [PMID: 26441580 PMCID: PMC4569860 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a trophic factor regulating cell survival and synaptic plasticity. Recent findings indicate that BDNF could be a potential regulatory factor for cognitive functioning in normal and/or neuropathological conditions. With regard to neurological disorders, recent data suggest that individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) may be affected by cognitive deficits and that they have altered BDNF production. Therefore, the hypothesis can be advanced that BDNF levels are associated with the cognitive state of these patients. With this in mind, the present study was aimed at exploring the relationship between BDNF serum levels and cognitive functioning in PD patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Thirteen PD patients with MCI were included in the study. They were administered an extensive neuropsychological test battery that investigated executive, episodic memory, attention, visual-spatial and language domains. A single score was obtained for each cognitive domain by averaging z-scores on tests belonging to that specific domain. BDNF serum levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Pearson’s correlation analyses were performed between BDNF serum levels and cognitive performance. Results showed a significant positive correlation between BDNF serum levels and both attention (p < 0.05) and executive (p < 0.05) domains. Moreover, in the executive domain we found a significant correlation between BDNF levels and scores on tests assessing working memory and self-monitoring/inhibition. These preliminary data suggest that BDNF serum levels are associated with cognitive state in PD patients with MCI. Given the role of BDNF in regulating synaptic plasticity, the present findings give further support to the hypothesis that this trophic factor may be a potential biomarker for evaluating cognitive changes in PD and other neurological syndromes associated with cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Costa
- Niccolò Cusano University Rome, Italy ; IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlo Caltagirone
- IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy ; Tor Vergata University Rome, Italy
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Abd-Elhadi S, Honig A, Simhi-Haham D, Schechter M, Linetsky E, Ben-Hur T, Sharon R. Total and Proteinase K-Resistant α-Synuclein Levels in Erythrocytes, Determined by their Ability to Bind Phospholipids, Associate with Parkinson's Disease. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11120. [PMID: 26068055 PMCID: PMC4464148 DOI: 10.1038/srep11120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A marker for diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD), which reflects on the occurrence of peripheral pathogenic mechanisms, would potentially improve therapy. The significance of α-Synuclein (α-Syn) expression in red blood cells (RBC) is currently unclear. Here we investigated whether RBC's-expressed α-Syn may associate with PD. To this aim, we determined the levels of total and proteinase K-resistant α-Syn in samples of packed red blood cells (PRBCs). Twenty-one individuals with PD at various disease stages and 15 healthy controls, with similar demographic features, were recruited to this study. α-Syn levels were determined by their biochemical property to bind phospholipids, using a phospholipid-ELISA assay. A significantly lower ratio of total-to-proteinase K-resistant α-Syn levels was detected in PD patients than in the healthy control group. However, there was considerable overlap between the two groups. Suggesting a need for additional markers to be tested in combination with α-Syn levels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence for an association between RBCs-expressed α-Syn and pathogenic mechanisms involved in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suaad Abd-Elhadi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School
| | - Asaf Honig
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University medical Center
| | - Dganit Simhi-Haham
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School
| | - Meir Schechter
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School
| | - Eduard Linetsky
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University medical Center
| | - Tamir Ben-Hur
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University medical Center
| | - Ronit Sharon
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School
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Machhada A, Ang R, Ackland GL, Ninkina N, Buchman VL, Lythgoe MF, Trapp S, Tinker A, Marina N, Gourine AV. Control of ventricular excitability by neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12:2285-93. [PMID: 26051529 PMCID: PMC4631809 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The central nervous origins of functional parasympathetic innervation of cardiac ventricles remain controversial. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify a population of vagal preganglionic neurons that contribute to the control of ventricular excitability. An animal model of synuclein pathology relevant to Parkinson's disease was used to determine whether age-related loss of the activity of the identified group of neurons is associated with changes in ventricular electrophysiology. METHODS In vivo cardiac electrophysiology was performed in anesthetized rats in conditions of selective inhibition of the dorsal vagal motor nucleus (DVMN) neurons by pharmacogenetic approach and in mice with global genetic deletion of all family members of the synuclein protein. RESULTS In rats anesthetized with urethane (in conditions of systemic beta-adrenoceptor blockade), muscarinic and neuronal nitric oxide synthase blockade confirmed the existence of a tonic parasympathetic control of cardiac excitability mediated by the actions of acetylcholine and nitric oxide. Acute DVMN silencing led to shortening of the ventricular effective refractory period (vERP), a lowering of the threshold for triggered ventricular tachycardia, and prolongation of the corrected QT (QTc) interval. Lower resting activity of the DVMN neurons in aging synuclein-deficient mice was found to be associated with vERP shortening and QTc interval prolongation. CONCLUSION Activity of the DVMN vagal preganglionic neurons is responsible for tonic parasympathetic control of ventricular excitability, likely to be mediated by nitric oxide. These findings provide the first insight into the central nervous substrate that underlies functional parasympathetic innervation of the ventricles and highlight its vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Machhada
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Ang
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; William Harvey Heart Centre, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth L Ackland
- Department of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Ninkina
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Tinker
- William Harvey Heart Centre, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nephtali Marina
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Surowka AD, Krygowska-Wajs A, Ziomber A, Thor P, Chrobak AA, Szczerbowska-Boruchowska M. Peripheral vagus nerve stimulation significantly affects lipid composition and protein secondary structure within dopamine-related brain regions in rats. Neuromolecular Med 2015; 17:178-91. [PMID: 25893743 PMCID: PMC4419184 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent immunohistochemical studies point to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve as the point of departure of initial changes which are related to the gradual pathological developments in the dopaminergic system. In the light of current investigations, it is likely that biochemical changes within the peripheral nervous system may influence the physiology of the dopaminergic system, suggesting a putative role for it in the development of neurodegenerative disorders. By using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, coupled with statistical analysis, we examined the effect of chronic, unilateral electrical vagus nerve stimulation on changes in lipid composition and in protein secondary structure within dopamine-related brain structures in rats. It was found that the chronic vagal nerve stimulation strongly affects the chain length of fatty acids within the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra, striatum, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus and the motor cortex. In particular, the level of lipid unsaturation was found significantly increasing in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and motor cortex as a result of vagal nerve stimulation. When it comes to changes in protein secondary structure, we could see that the mesolimbic, mesocortical and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways are particularly affected by vagus nerve stimulation. This is due to the co-occurrence of statistically significant changes in the content of non-ordered structure components, alpha helices, beta sheets, and the total area of Amide I. Macromolecular changes caused by peripheral vagus nerve stimulation may highlight a potential connection between the gastrointestinal system and the central nervous system in rat during the development of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Dawid Surowka
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland,
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Gjerløff T, Fedorova T, Knudsen K, Munk OL, Nahimi A, Jacobsen S, Danielsen EH, Terkelsen AJ, Hansen J, Pavese N, Brooks DJ, Borghammer P. Imaging acetylcholinesterase density in peripheral organs in Parkinson's disease with 11C-donepezil PET. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 138:653-63. [PMID: 25539902 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is associated with early parasympathetic dysfunction leading to constipation and gastroparesis. It has been suggested that pathological α-synuclein aggregations originate in the gut and ascend to the brainstem via the vagus. Our understanding of the pathogenesis and time course of parasympathetic denervation in Parkinson's disease is limited and would benefit from a validated imaging technique to visualize the integrity of parasympathetic function. The positron emission tomography tracer 5-[(11)C]-methoxy-donepezil was recently validated for imaging acetylcholinesterase density in the brain and peripheral organs. Donepezil is a high-affinity ligand for acetylcholinesterase-the enzyme that catabolizes acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses. Acetylcholinesterase histology has been used for many years for visualizing cholinergic neurons. Using 5-[(11)C]-methoxy-donepezil positron emission tomography, we studied 12 patients with early-to-moderate Parkinson's disease (three female; age 64 ± 9 years) and 12 age-matched control subjects (three female; age 62 ± 8 years). We collected clinical information about motor severity, constipation, gastroparesis, and other parameters. Heart rate variability measurements and gastric emptying scintigraphies were performed in all subjects to obtain objective measures of parasympathetic function. We detected significantly decreased (11)C-donepezil binding in the small intestine (-35%; P = 0.003) and pancreas (-22%; P = 0.001) of the patients. No correlations were found between the (11)C-donepezil signal and disease duration, severity of constipation, gastric emptying time, and heart rate variability. In Parkinson's disease, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus undergoes severe degeneration and pathological α-synuclein aggregations are also seen in nerve fibres innervating the gastro-intestinal tract. In contrast, the enteric nervous system displays little or no loss of cholinergic neurons. Decreases in (11)C-donepezil binding may, therefore, represent a marker of parasympathetic denervation of internal organs, but further validation studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Gjerløff
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Tatyana Fedorova
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Karoline Knudsen
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Ole L Munk
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Adjmal Nahimi
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Steen Jacobsen
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | | | - John Hansen
- 3 Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Nicola Pavese
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark 4 Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - David J Brooks
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark 4 Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Per Borghammer
- 1 Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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