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Fossouo VN, Mouiche MMM, Labat A, Wango RK, Tiwoda C, Tonga C, Ndongo CB, Kameni JMF, Nguefack-Tsague G, Djeunga HCN, Gnigninanjouena O, Njajou OT. Health Security Planning: Developing the Cameroon National Action Plan for Health Security. Health Secur 2022; 20:424-434. [DOI: 10.1089/hs.2022.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Ndoungué Fossouo
- Viviane Ndoungué Fossouo, MPH, is an Epidemiologist and Head of Section, IHR Implementation Program, National Public Health Observatory, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mohamed Moctar Mouliom Mouiche
- Mohamed Moctar Mouliom Mouiche, DVM, PhD, is Country Team Lead, USAID Infectious Disease Detection and Surveillance Project, ICF Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Mohamed Moctar Mouliom Mouiche is also an Associate Professor, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Aline Labat
- Aline Labat, MPH, is a Researcher and Lecturer, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roland Kimbi Wango
- Roland Kimbi Wango, MA, MPH, is a Technical Officer, Emergency Preparedness and Response Programme, World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Dakar Hub, Senegal
| | - Christie Tiwoda
- Christie Tiwoda is an Assistant Program Officer, Regulatory Unit, Legal Affairs and Litigation Division, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Calvin Tonga
- Calvin Tonga, PhD, MSc, MPH, is Head of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Unit, Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Chancelline Bilounga Ndongo
- Chancelline Bilounga Ndongo, MD, MPH, is Head, Epidemiological Surveillance Service, Department of Disease Control, Epidemic, and Pandemics, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Chancelline Bilounga Ndongo is also a Lecturer, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Jean Marc Feussom Kameni
- Jean Marc Feussom Kameni, DVM, CES, MSc, is a Veterinary Epidemiologist, Animal Disease Epidemiology Surveillance Network (RESCAM), Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries, and Animal Industries, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Georges Nguefack-Tsague
- Georges Nguefack-Tsague, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Hugues C. Nana Djeunga
- Hugues C. Nana Djeunga, PhD, is a Research Scientist, Molecular Parasitology and Genetic Epidemiology Department, Centre for Research on Filariasis and Other Tropical Diseases, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Oumarou Gnigninanjouena
- Oumarou Gnigninanjouena, MD, MPH, is Coordinator, National Public Health Observatory, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Omer T. Njajou
- Omer T. Njajou, DSc, PhD, is an Epidemiologist, Tackling Deadly Diseases in Africa Program, DAI Global Health, London, UK
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Fasominu O, Okunromade O, Oyebanji O, Lee CT, Atanda A, Mamadu I, Okudo I, Okereke E, Ilori E, Ihekweazu C. Reviewing Health Security Capacities in Nigeria Using the Updated WHO Joint External Evaluation and WHO Benchmarks Tool: Experience from a Country-Led Self-Assessment Exercise. Health Secur 2022; 20:74-86. [PMID: 35020486 PMCID: PMC8892965 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2021.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the world, the level of pandemic preparedness varies and no country is fully prepared to respond to all public health events. The International Health Regulations 2005 require state parties to develop core capacities to prevent, detect, and respond to public health events of international concern. In addition to annual self-assessment, these capacities are peer reviewed once every 5 years through the voluntary Joint External Evaluation (JEE). In this article, we share Nigeria's experience of conducting a country-led midterm self-assessment using a slightly modified application of the second edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) JEE and the new WHO benchmarks tool. Despite more stringent scoring criteria in the revised JEE tool, average scoring showed modest capacity improvements in 2019 compared with 2017. Of the 19 technical areas assessed, 11 improved, 5 did not change, and 3 had lower scores. No technical area attained the highest-level scoring of 5. Understanding the level of, and gaps in, pandemic preparedness enables state parties to develop plans to improve health security; the outcome of the assessment included the development of a 12-month operational plan. Countries need to intentionally invest in preparedness by using existing frameworks (eg, JEE) to better understand the status of their preparedness. This will ensure ownership of developed plans with shared responsibilities by all key stakeholders across all levels of government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olukayode Fasominu
- Olukayode Fasominu, MD, MPH, is a National Consultant, Surveillance; Oyeladun Okunromade, MBBS, MPH, is Deputy Director, Surveillance; Oyeronke Oyebanji, MSc, is a Technical Assistant, Office of the Director General; Elsie Ilori is Director, Surveillance; and Chikwe Ihekweazu, MBBS, FFPH, is Director General; all at the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Olukayode Fasominu is also Principal, Volte Health Systems Limited, Abuja, Nigeria. Christopher T. Lee, MD, MSc, MPH, is Director, Global Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Resolve to Save Lives, New York, NY. Adejare (Jay) Atanda, DDS, MPH, is a Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Ibrahim Mamadu, MD, MPH, is a National Programme Officer and Ifeanyi Okudo, MBBS, MPH, is Emergencies Cluster Lead; both in Health Emergency Preparedness and International Health Regulations, World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria. Ebere Okereke, MBBS, MSc(PH), FFPHM, is Lead, Public Health England International Health Regulation (IHR) Strengthening Programme, International Health Regulations Strengthening Project, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Oyeladun Okunromade
- Olukayode Fasominu, MD, MPH, is a National Consultant, Surveillance; Oyeladun Okunromade, MBBS, MPH, is Deputy Director, Surveillance; Oyeronke Oyebanji, MSc, is a Technical Assistant, Office of the Director General; Elsie Ilori is Director, Surveillance; and Chikwe Ihekweazu, MBBS, FFPH, is Director General; all at the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Olukayode Fasominu is also Principal, Volte Health Systems Limited, Abuja, Nigeria. Christopher T. Lee, MD, MSc, MPH, is Director, Global Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Resolve to Save Lives, New York, NY. Adejare (Jay) Atanda, DDS, MPH, is a Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Ibrahim Mamadu, MD, MPH, is a National Programme Officer and Ifeanyi Okudo, MBBS, MPH, is Emergencies Cluster Lead; both in Health Emergency Preparedness and International Health Regulations, World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria. Ebere Okereke, MBBS, MSc(PH), FFPHM, is Lead, Public Health England International Health Regulation (IHR) Strengthening Programme, International Health Regulations Strengthening Project, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Oyeronke Oyebanji
- Olukayode Fasominu, MD, MPH, is a National Consultant, Surveillance; Oyeladun Okunromade, MBBS, MPH, is Deputy Director, Surveillance; Oyeronke Oyebanji, MSc, is a Technical Assistant, Office of the Director General; Elsie Ilori is Director, Surveillance; and Chikwe Ihekweazu, MBBS, FFPH, is Director General; all at the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Olukayode Fasominu is also Principal, Volte Health Systems Limited, Abuja, Nigeria. Christopher T. Lee, MD, MSc, MPH, is Director, Global Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Resolve to Save Lives, New York, NY. Adejare (Jay) Atanda, DDS, MPH, is a Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Ibrahim Mamadu, MD, MPH, is a National Programme Officer and Ifeanyi Okudo, MBBS, MPH, is Emergencies Cluster Lead; both in Health Emergency Preparedness and International Health Regulations, World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria. Ebere Okereke, MBBS, MSc(PH), FFPHM, is Lead, Public Health England International Health Regulation (IHR) Strengthening Programme, International Health Regulations Strengthening Project, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Christopher T. Lee
- Olukayode Fasominu, MD, MPH, is a National Consultant, Surveillance; Oyeladun Okunromade, MBBS, MPH, is Deputy Director, Surveillance; Oyeronke Oyebanji, MSc, is a Technical Assistant, Office of the Director General; Elsie Ilori is Director, Surveillance; and Chikwe Ihekweazu, MBBS, FFPH, is Director General; all at the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Olukayode Fasominu is also Principal, Volte Health Systems Limited, Abuja, Nigeria. Christopher T. Lee, MD, MSc, MPH, is Director, Global Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Resolve to Save Lives, New York, NY. Adejare (Jay) Atanda, DDS, MPH, is a Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Ibrahim Mamadu, MD, MPH, is a National Programme Officer and Ifeanyi Okudo, MBBS, MPH, is Emergencies Cluster Lead; both in Health Emergency Preparedness and International Health Regulations, World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria. Ebere Okereke, MBBS, MSc(PH), FFPHM, is Lead, Public Health England International Health Regulation (IHR) Strengthening Programme, International Health Regulations Strengthening Project, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Adejare Atanda
- Olukayode Fasominu, MD, MPH, is a National Consultant, Surveillance; Oyeladun Okunromade, MBBS, MPH, is Deputy Director, Surveillance; Oyeronke Oyebanji, MSc, is a Technical Assistant, Office of the Director General; Elsie Ilori is Director, Surveillance; and Chikwe Ihekweazu, MBBS, FFPH, is Director General; all at the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Olukayode Fasominu is also Principal, Volte Health Systems Limited, Abuja, Nigeria. Christopher T. Lee, MD, MSc, MPH, is Director, Global Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Resolve to Save Lives, New York, NY. Adejare (Jay) Atanda, DDS, MPH, is a Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Ibrahim Mamadu, MD, MPH, is a National Programme Officer and Ifeanyi Okudo, MBBS, MPH, is Emergencies Cluster Lead; both in Health Emergency Preparedness and International Health Regulations, World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria. Ebere Okereke, MBBS, MSc(PH), FFPHM, is Lead, Public Health England International Health Regulation (IHR) Strengthening Programme, International Health Regulations Strengthening Project, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Ibrahim Mamadu
- Olukayode Fasominu, MD, MPH, is a National Consultant, Surveillance; Oyeladun Okunromade, MBBS, MPH, is Deputy Director, Surveillance; Oyeronke Oyebanji, MSc, is a Technical Assistant, Office of the Director General; Elsie Ilori is Director, Surveillance; and Chikwe Ihekweazu, MBBS, FFPH, is Director General; all at the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Olukayode Fasominu is also Principal, Volte Health Systems Limited, Abuja, Nigeria. Christopher T. Lee, MD, MSc, MPH, is Director, Global Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Resolve to Save Lives, New York, NY. Adejare (Jay) Atanda, DDS, MPH, is a Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Ibrahim Mamadu, MD, MPH, is a National Programme Officer and Ifeanyi Okudo, MBBS, MPH, is Emergencies Cluster Lead; both in Health Emergency Preparedness and International Health Regulations, World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria. Ebere Okereke, MBBS, MSc(PH), FFPHM, is Lead, Public Health England International Health Regulation (IHR) Strengthening Programme, International Health Regulations Strengthening Project, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Ifeanyi Okudo
- Olukayode Fasominu, MD, MPH, is a National Consultant, Surveillance; Oyeladun Okunromade, MBBS, MPH, is Deputy Director, Surveillance; Oyeronke Oyebanji, MSc, is a Technical Assistant, Office of the Director General; Elsie Ilori is Director, Surveillance; and Chikwe Ihekweazu, MBBS, FFPH, is Director General; all at the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Olukayode Fasominu is also Principal, Volte Health Systems Limited, Abuja, Nigeria. Christopher T. Lee, MD, MSc, MPH, is Director, Global Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Resolve to Save Lives, New York, NY. Adejare (Jay) Atanda, DDS, MPH, is a Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Ibrahim Mamadu, MD, MPH, is a National Programme Officer and Ifeanyi Okudo, MBBS, MPH, is Emergencies Cluster Lead; both in Health Emergency Preparedness and International Health Regulations, World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria. Ebere Okereke, MBBS, MSc(PH), FFPHM, is Lead, Public Health England International Health Regulation (IHR) Strengthening Programme, International Health Regulations Strengthening Project, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Ebere Okereke
- Olukayode Fasominu, MD, MPH, is a National Consultant, Surveillance; Oyeladun Okunromade, MBBS, MPH, is Deputy Director, Surveillance; Oyeronke Oyebanji, MSc, is a Technical Assistant, Office of the Director General; Elsie Ilori is Director, Surveillance; and Chikwe Ihekweazu, MBBS, FFPH, is Director General; all at the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Olukayode Fasominu is also Principal, Volte Health Systems Limited, Abuja, Nigeria. Christopher T. Lee, MD, MSc, MPH, is Director, Global Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Resolve to Save Lives, New York, NY. Adejare (Jay) Atanda, DDS, MPH, is a Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Ibrahim Mamadu, MD, MPH, is a National Programme Officer and Ifeanyi Okudo, MBBS, MPH, is Emergencies Cluster Lead; both in Health Emergency Preparedness and International Health Regulations, World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria. Ebere Okereke, MBBS, MSc(PH), FFPHM, is Lead, Public Health England International Health Regulation (IHR) Strengthening Programme, International Health Regulations Strengthening Project, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Elsie Ilori
- Olukayode Fasominu, MD, MPH, is a National Consultant, Surveillance; Oyeladun Okunromade, MBBS, MPH, is Deputy Director, Surveillance; Oyeronke Oyebanji, MSc, is a Technical Assistant, Office of the Director General; Elsie Ilori is Director, Surveillance; and Chikwe Ihekweazu, MBBS, FFPH, is Director General; all at the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Olukayode Fasominu is also Principal, Volte Health Systems Limited, Abuja, Nigeria. Christopher T. Lee, MD, MSc, MPH, is Director, Global Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Resolve to Save Lives, New York, NY. Adejare (Jay) Atanda, DDS, MPH, is a Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Ibrahim Mamadu, MD, MPH, is a National Programme Officer and Ifeanyi Okudo, MBBS, MPH, is Emergencies Cluster Lead; both in Health Emergency Preparedness and International Health Regulations, World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria. Ebere Okereke, MBBS, MSc(PH), FFPHM, is Lead, Public Health England International Health Regulation (IHR) Strengthening Programme, International Health Regulations Strengthening Project, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Chikwe Ihekweazu
- Olukayode Fasominu, MD, MPH, is a National Consultant, Surveillance; Oyeladun Okunromade, MBBS, MPH, is Deputy Director, Surveillance; Oyeronke Oyebanji, MSc, is a Technical Assistant, Office of the Director General; Elsie Ilori is Director, Surveillance; and Chikwe Ihekweazu, MBBS, FFPH, is Director General; all at the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria. Olukayode Fasominu is also Principal, Volte Health Systems Limited, Abuja, Nigeria. Christopher T. Lee, MD, MSc, MPH, is Director, Global Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Resolve to Save Lives, New York, NY. Adejare (Jay) Atanda, DDS, MPH, is a Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD. Ibrahim Mamadu, MD, MPH, is a National Programme Officer and Ifeanyi Okudo, MBBS, MPH, is Emergencies Cluster Lead; both in Health Emergency Preparedness and International Health Regulations, World Health Organization Nigeria Country Office, Abuja, Nigeria. Ebere Okereke, MBBS, MSc(PH), FFPHM, is Lead, Public Health England International Health Regulation (IHR) Strengthening Programme, International Health Regulations Strengthening Project, Public Health England, London, UK
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Bodenham RF, Mtui-Malamsha N, Gatei W, Woldetsadik MA, Cassell CH, Salyer SJ, Halliday JE, Nonga HE, Swai ES, Makungu S, Mwakapeje E, Bernard J, Bebay C, Makonnen YJ, Fasina FO. Multisectoral cost analysis of a human and livestock anthrax outbreak in Songwe Region, Tanzania (December 2018-January 2019), using a novel Outbreak Costing Tool. One Health 2021; 13:100259. [PMID: 34013015 PMCID: PMC8113743 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We applied a novel Outbreak Costing Tool (OCT), developed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to estimate the costs of investigating and responding to an anthrax outbreak in Tanzania. We also evaluated the OCT's overall utility in its application to a multisectoral outbreak response. METHODS We collected data on direct costs associated with a human and animal anthrax outbreak in Songwe Region (December 2018 to January 2019) using structured questionnaires from key-informants. We performed a cost analysis by entering direct costs data into the OCT, grouped into seven cost categories: labor, office, travel and transport, communication, laboratory support, medical countermeasures, and consultancies. RESULTS The total cost for investigating and responding to this outbreak was estimated at 102,232 United States dollars (USD), with travel and transport identified as the highest cost category (62,536 USD) and communication and consultancies as the lowest, with no expenditure, for the combined human and animal health sectors. CONCLUSIONS Multisectoral investigation and response may become complex due to coordination challenges, thus allowing escalation of public health impacts. A standardized framework for collecting and analysing cost data is vital to understanding the nature of outbreaks, in anticipatory planning, in outbreak investigation and in reducing time to intervention. Pre-emptive use of the OCT will also reduce overall and specific (response period) intervention costs for the disease. Additional aggregation of the costs by government ministries, departments and tiers will improve the use of the tool to enhance sectoral budget planning for disease outbreaks in a multisectoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F. Bodenham
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Niwael Mtui-Malamsha
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Wangeci Gatei
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mahlet A. Woldetsadik
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cynthia H. Cassell
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Salyer
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jo E.B. Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hezron E. Nonga
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Emmanuel S. Swai
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Selemani Makungu
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Elibariki Mwakapeje
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Jubilate Bernard
- Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
- One Health Coordination Desk, Office of the Prime Minister, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Charles Bebay
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) Regional Office for Eastern Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yilma J. Makonnen
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
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