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Wang X, Chen Y, Qi C, Li F, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Wu H, Zhang T, Qi A, Ouyang H, Xie Z, Pang D. Mechanism, structural and functional insights into nidovirus-induced double-membrane vesicles. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340332. [PMID: 38919631 PMCID: PMC11196420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
During infection, positive-stranded RNA causes a rearrangement of the host cell membrane, resulting in specialized membrane structure formation aiding viral genome replication. Double-membrane vesicles (DMVs), typical structures produced by virus-induced membrane rearrangements, are platforms for viral replication. Nidoviruses, one of the most complex positive-strand RNA viruses, have the ability to infect not only mammals and a few birds but also invertebrates. Nidoviruses possess a distinctive replication mechanism, wherein their nonstructural proteins (nsps) play a crucial role in DMV biogenesis. With the participation of host factors related to autophagy and lipid synthesis pathways, several viral nsps hijack the membrane rearrangement process of host endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and other organelles to induce DMV formation. An understanding of the mechanisms of DMV formation and its structure and function in the infectious cycle of nidovirus may be essential for the development of new and effective antiviral strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yiwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunyun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuanzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Heyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Aosi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China
- Center for Animal Science and Technology Research, Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China
| | - Zicong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China
- Center for Animal Science and Technology Research, Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China
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2
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De Carluccio G, Fusco V, di Bernardo D. Engineering a synthetic gene circuit for high-performance inducible expression in mammalian systems. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3311. [PMID: 38632224 PMCID: PMC11024104 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47592-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Inducible gene expression systems can be used to control the expression of a gene of interest by means of a small-molecule. One of the most common designs involves engineering a small-molecule responsive transcription factor (TF) and its cognate promoter, which often results in a compromise between minimal uninduced background expression (leakiness) and maximal induced expression. Here, we focus on an alternative strategy using quantitative synthetic biology to mitigate leakiness while maintaining high expression, without modifying neither the TF nor the promoter. Through mathematical modelling and experimental validations, we design the CASwitch, a mammalian synthetic gene circuit based on combining two well-known network motifs: the Coherent Feed-Forward Loop (CFFL) and the Mutual Inhibition (MI). The CASwitch combines the CRISPR-Cas endoribonuclease CasRx with the state-of-the-art Tet-On3G inducible gene system to achieve high performances. To demonstrate the potentialities of the CASwitch, we apply it to three different scenarios: enhancing a whole-cell biosensor, controlling expression of a toxic gene and inducible production of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano De Carluccio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Engineering, Naples, Italy
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Virginia Fusco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Engineering, Naples, Italy
| | - Diego di Bernardo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Engineering, Naples, Italy.
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3
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Logette E, Ranjan R. Ready-to-Record Cells for Kinetic Screening of VGICs. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2796:87-95. [PMID: 38856896 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3818-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) are integral membrane proteins crucial for transmitting electrical signals in excitable cells. Understanding the kinetics of these ion channels requires conducting patch-clamp experiments using genetically modified cell lines that express a single type of ion channel gene. However, this process relies on the continuous maintenance of cell lines to ensure an adequate supply of sample cells for patch-clamp experiments. Advancements in automated patch-clamp methods have enabled researchers to significantly increase the number of patch-clamped cells per experiment, from just a few cells to as many as 384 cells. Despite this progress, the manual task of preparing the cell samples remains a significant bottleneck in the kinetic screening of VGICs. Here we describe a method to address this challenge by generating ready-to-record (RTR) VGIC-expressing cells that can be frozen and stored separately from patch-clamp experiments. This decoupling of the cell sample preparation process from the patch-clamp experiments offers a streamlined approach to studying VGICs on manual or an automated patch-clamp system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Logette
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rajnish Ranjan
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.
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4
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Makri Pistikou AM, Cremers GAO, Nathalia BL, Meuleman TJ, Bögels BWA, Eijkens BV, de Dreu A, Bezembinder MTH, Stassen OMJA, Bouten CCV, Merkx M, Jerala R, de Greef TFA. Engineering a scalable and orthogonal platform for synthetic communication in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7001. [PMID: 37919273 PMCID: PMC10622552 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rational design and implementation of synthetic mammalian communication systems can unravel fundamental design principles of cell communication circuits and offer a framework for engineering of designer cell consortia with potential applications in cell therapeutics. Here, we develop the foundations of an orthogonal, and scalable mammalian synthetic communication platform that exploits the programmability of synthetic receptors and selective affinity and tunability of diffusing coiled-coil peptides. Leveraging the ability of coiled-coils to exclusively bind to a cognate receptor, we demonstrate orthogonal receptor activation and Boolean logic operations at the receptor level. We show intercellular communication based on synthetic receptors and secreted multidomain coiled-coils and demonstrate a three-cell population system that can perform AND gate logic. Finally, we show CC-GEMS receptor-dependent therapeutic protein expression. Our work provides a modular and scalable framework for the engineering of complex cell consortia, with the potential to expand the aptitude of cell therapeutics and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Makri Pistikou
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Glenn A O Cremers
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bryan L Nathalia
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus J Meuleman
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Center for Living Technologies, Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht Alliance, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas W A Bögels
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno V Eijkens
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anne de Dreu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten T H Bezembinder
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar M J A Stassen
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn C V Bouten
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tom F A de Greef
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Center for Living Technologies, Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht Alliance, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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5
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Wang Y. Rendezvous with Vaccinia Virus in the Post-smallpox Era: R&D Advances. Viruses 2023; 15:1742. [PMID: 37632084 PMCID: PMC10457812 DOI: 10.3390/v15081742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Smallpox was eradicated in less than 200 years after Edward Jenner's practice of cowpox variolation in 1796. The forty-three years of us living free of smallpox, beginning in 1979, never truly separated us from poxviruses. The recent outbreak of monkeypox in May 2022 might well warn us of the necessity of keeping up both the scientific research and public awareness of poxviruses. One of them in particular, the vaccinia virus (VACV), has been extensively studied as a vector given its broad host range, extraordinary thermal stability, and exceptional immunogenicity. Unceasing fundamental biological research on VACV provides us with a better understanding of its genetic elements, involvement in cellular signaling pathways, and modulation of host immune responses. This enables the rational design of safer and more efficacious next-generation vectors. To address the new technological advancement within the past decade in VACV research, this review covers the studies of viral immunomodulatory genes, modifications in commonly used vectors, novel mechanisms for rapid generation and purification of recombinant virus, and several other innovative approaches to studying its biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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6
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Reeves PJ. Expression systems for bovine rhodopsin: a review of the progress made in the Khorana laboratory. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:93-101. [PMID: 36909956 PMCID: PMC9995624 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-01037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Here I will review the development of gene expression systems for production of bovine rhodopsin in the Khorana laboratory with particular focus on stable mammalian cell lines made using human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293S). The synthesis of a gene encoding bovine rhodopsin was completed in 1986. This gene was expertly designed with the built-in capacity for DNA duplex cassette replacement mutagenesis which made site-directed mutagenesis relatively straightforward. Intense effort was expended over several years in order to identify a gene expression system capable of producing rhodopsin in milligram amounts as required for biophysical studies. Mammalian expression systems, both transient and stable, were found to be the most favourable based on several criteria including receptor expression levels, correct folding and post translational processing, and capacity for purification of fully functional receptor. Transient expression using COS-1 cells was preferred for routine small-scale production of rhodopsin mutants, while HEK293S stable cell lines were used when milligram amounts of rhodopsin mutants were needed; for example, when conducting NMR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Reeves
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ Essex UK
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7
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Ono K, Niwa M, Suzuki H, Kobayashi NB, Yoshida T, Sawada M. Calmodulin as a Key Regulator of Exosomal Signal Peptides. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010158. [PMID: 36611951 PMCID: PMC9818429 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal peptides (SPs) and their fragments play important roles as biomarkers and substances with physiological functions in extracellular fluid. We previously reported that SP fragments were released into extracellular fluid via exosomes and bound to calmodulin (CaM), an exosomal component, in a cell-free system. However, it currently remains unclear whether CaM intracellularly interacts with SP fragments or is involved in the trafficking of these fragments to exosomes. Therefore, the present study examined the binding of CaM to SP fragments in T-REx AspALP cells, transformed HEK293 cells expressing amyloid precursor protein (APP) SP flanking a reporter protein, and their exosomes. APP SP fragments were detected in exosomes from T-REx AspALP cells in the absence of W13, a CaM inhibitor, but were present in lower amounts in exosomes from W13-treated cells. Cargo proteins, such as Alix, CD63, and CD81, were increased in W13-treated T-REx AspALP cells but were decreased in their exosomes. Furthermore, CaM interacted with heat shock protein 70 and CD81 in T-REx AspALP cells and this increased in the presence of W13. APP SP fragments were detected in intracellular CaM complexes in the absence of W13, but not in its presence. These results indicate that CaM functions as a key regulator of the transport of SP fragments into exosomes and plays novel roles in the sorting of contents during exosomal biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ono
- Department of Brain Function, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-52-789-5002; Fax: +81-52-789-3994
| | - Mikio Niwa
- Institute for Advanced Sciences, Toagosei Co., Ltd., Tsukuba 300-2611, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromi Suzuki
- Department of Brain Function, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuhiko Yoshida
- Institute for Advanced Sciences, Toagosei Co., Ltd., Tsukuba 300-2611, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Sawada
- Department of Brain Function, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
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8
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Natale C, Barzago MM, Colnaghi L, De Luigi A, Orsini F, Fioriti L, Diomede L. A Combined Cell-Worm Approach to Search for Compounds Counteracting the Toxicity of Tau Oligomers In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11277. [PMID: 36232578 PMCID: PMC9569484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A clear relationship between the tau assemblies and toxicity has still to be established. To correlate the tau conformation with its proteotoxic effect in vivo, we developed an innovative cell-worm-based approach. HEK293 cells expressing tau P301L under a tetracycline-inducible system (HEK T-Rex) were employed to produce different tau assemblies whose proteotoxic potential was evaluated using C. elegans. Lysates from cells induced for five days significantly reduced the worm's locomotor activity. This toxic effect was not related to the total amount of tau produced by cells or to its phosphorylation state but was related to the formation of multimeric tau assemblies, particularly tetrameric ones. We investigated the applicability of this approach for testing compounds acting against oligomeric tau toxicity, using doxycycline (Doxy) as a prototype drug. Doxy affected tau solubility and promoted the disassembly of already formed toxic aggregates in lysates of cells induced for five days. These effects translated into a dose-dependent protective action in C. elegans. These findings confirm the validity of the combined HEK T-Rex cells and the C. elegans-based approach as a platform for pharmacological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Natale
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Monica Barzago
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Colnaghi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Ada De Luigi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Orsini
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Luana Fioriti
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
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9
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A Bioengineered In Vitro Model to Assess AAV-Based Gene Therapies for Cyclic GMP-Related Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094538. [PMID: 35562929 PMCID: PMC9101586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of efficient viral vectors derived from adeno-associated viruses (AAV) has led many groups to develop gene therapies for inherited monogenic diseases, such as retinal dystrophies. To evaluate the potency of new gene therapy vectors in a preclinical context, it is common to use animal models, such as gene-deficient or mutant animal models of a given human disease, and then assess vision restoration with functional or behavioral assays. While such animal models are invaluable to the preclinical testing process, they cannot be readily used as batch release tests during manufacturing or to validate biological activity at later stages of development. There is therefore a need for rapid and reliable in vitro models that can determine whether therapeutic vectors have delivered their cargo gene, and more importantly, whether this has resulted in the intended biological activity. Given our previous experience, we chose CNGA3-linked achromatopsia to develop a cell-based system to verify biological activity of AAV vectors designed to deliver a healthy CNGA3 gene copy into human cone photoreceptors. Our system is based on an immortalized cell line with high susceptibility to AAV transduction, i.e., HeLa cells, which we engineered to express a fungal rhodopsin guanylyl cyclase (RhGC) from Blastocladiella emersonii and a sensitive genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI) under the control of a tetracycline operator. Using this system, we were able to confirm and quantify the function of the ion channel encoded by AAV/CNGA3 and differentiate between AAV vector potencies with a simple fluorometric assay. Finally, we show that this approach can be readily adapted for the assessment of phosphodiesterase function.
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10
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Monaghan AE, Porter A, Hunter I, Morrison A, McElroy SP, McEwan IJ. Development of a High-Throughput Screening Assay for Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Androgen Receptor Splice Variants. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2022; 20:111-124. [PMID: 35333596 PMCID: PMC9057896 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2021.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the androgen receptor (AR) in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) is well established and competitive inhibition of AR ligand binding domain (LBD) has been the mainstay of antiandrogen therapies for advanced and metastatic disease. However, the efficacy of such drugs is often limited by the emergence of resistance, mediated through point mutations and receptor splice variants lacking the AR-LBD. As a result, the prognosis for patients with malignant, castrate-resistant disease remains poor. The amino terminal domain (NTD) of the AR has been shown to be critical for AR function. Its modular activation function (AF-1) is important for both gene regulation and participation in protein–protein interactions. However, due to the intrinsically disordered structure of the domain, its potential as a candidate for therapeutic intervention has been generally overlooked. In this article, we describe the design and development of a functional cell-based assay aimed at identifying small-molecule inhibitors of the AR-NTD. We demonstrate the suitability of the assay for high-throughput screening platforms and validate two initial hits emerging from a small, targeted, library screen in PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Monaghan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Porter
- European Screening Centre (ESC), University of Dundee, Lanarkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Irene. Hunter
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Angus Morrison
- European Screening Centre (ESC), University of Dundee, Lanarkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart P. McElroy
- European Screening Centre (ESC), University of Dundee, Lanarkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Iain J. McEwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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11
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Ono K, Niwa M, Suzuki H, Kobayashi NB, Yoshida T, Sawada M. Signal Sequence-Dependent Orientation of Signal Peptide Fragments to Exosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063137. [PMID: 35328557 PMCID: PMC8950404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal peptides (SPs) not only mediate targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but also play important roles as biomarkers and substances with physiological activity in extracellular fluids including blood. SPs are thought to be degraded intracellularly, making it unclear how they are transported from the ER to the extracellular fluid. In a recent study, we showed that a C-terminal fragment of the SP of a type I membrane protein, amyloid precursor protein (APP), was secreted into the extracellular fluid via exosomes using transformed HEK293 cells expressing APP SP flanking a reporter protein. In the present study, we demonstrate that a N-terminal fragment of the SP from a type II membrane protein, human placental secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), is contained in exosomes and secreted into the extracellular fluid using HEK-Blue hTLR3 cells, which express both a human toll-like receptor 3 gene and an inducible SEAP reporter gene. When HEK-Blue hTLR3 cells were stimulated with a TLR3 ligand, a N-terminal fragment of SEAP SP in exosomes was increased in parallel with SEAP secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. These results indicated that SP fragments are exosomal components. In addition, migrating SP fragments were determined by characteristics of the signal–anchor sequence of membrane proteins. Furthermore, we found that SP fragments could bind to calmodulin (CALM), which is a cytosolic protein and also a component of exosomes, suggesting its involvement in the transportation of SP fragments from the endoplasmic reticulum to exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ono
- Department of Brain Function, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-52-789-5002; Fax: +81-52-789-3994
| | - Mikio Niwa
- Institute for Advanced Sciences, Toagosei Co., Ltd., Tsukuba 300-2611, Ibaraki, Japan; (M.N.); (N.B.K.); (T.Y.)
| | - Hiromi Suzuki
- Department of Brain Function, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nahoko Bailey Kobayashi
- Institute for Advanced Sciences, Toagosei Co., Ltd., Tsukuba 300-2611, Ibaraki, Japan; (M.N.); (N.B.K.); (T.Y.)
| | - Tetsuhiko Yoshida
- Institute for Advanced Sciences, Toagosei Co., Ltd., Tsukuba 300-2611, Ibaraki, Japan; (M.N.); (N.B.K.); (T.Y.)
| | - Makoto Sawada
- Department of Brain Function, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
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12
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Joe CCD, Jiang J, Linke T, Li Y, Fedosyuk S, Gupta G, Berg A, Segireddy RR, Mainwaring D, Joshi A, Cashen P, Rees B, Chopra N, Nestola P, Humphreys J, Davies S, Smith N, Bruce S, Verbart D, Bormans D, Knevelman C, Woodyer M, Davies L, Cooper L, Kapanidou M, Bleckwenn N, Pappas D, Lambe T, Smith DC, Green CM, Venkat R, Ritchie AJ, Gilbert SC, Turner R, Douglas AD. Manufacturing a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine to meet global needs. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:48-58. [PMID: 34585736 PMCID: PMC8653296 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Manufacturing has been the key factor limiting rollout of vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic, requiring rapid development and large-scale implementation of novel manufacturing technologies. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222, Vaxzevria) is an efficacious vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, based upon an adenovirus vector. We describe the development of a process for the production of this vaccine and others based upon the same platform, including novel features to facilitate very large-scale production. We discuss the process economics and the "distributed manufacturing" approach we have taken to provide the vaccine at globally-relevant scale and with international security of supply. Together, these approaches have enabled the largest viral vector manufacturing campaign to date, providing a substantial proportion of global COVID-19 vaccine supply at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina C. D. Joe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Jinlin Jiang
- Biopharmaceuticals DevelopmentR&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Thomas Linke
- Biopharmaceuticals DevelopmentR&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sofiya Fedosyuk
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Adam Berg
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicole Bleckwenn
- Biopharmaceuticals DevelopmentR&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Daniel Pappas
- Biopharmaceuticals DevelopmentR&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Catherine M. Green
- Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Raghavan Venkat
- Biopharmaceuticals DevelopmentR&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Adam J. Ritchie
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Jenner InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Richard Turner
- Purification Process Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals DevelopmentR&D, AstraZenecaCambridgeUK
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13
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Kielczewska A, D'Angelo I, Amador MS, Wang T, Sudom A, Min X, Rathanaswami P, Pigott C, Foltz IN. Development of a potent high-affinity human therapeutic antibody via novel application of recombination signal sequence-based affinity maturation. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101533. [PMID: 34973336 PMCID: PMC8808179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibody development requires discovery of an antibody molecule with desired specificities and drug-like properties. For toxicological studies, a therapeutic antibody must bind the ortholog antigen with a similar affinity to the human target to enable relevant dosing regimens, and antibodies falling short of this affinity design goal may not progress as therapeutic leads. Herein, we report the novel use of mammalian recombination signal sequence (RSS)–directed recombination for complementarity-determining region–targeted protein engineering combined with mammalian display to close the species affinity gap of human interleukin (IL)-13 antibody 731. This fully human antibody has not progressed as a therapeutic in part because of a 400-fold species affinity gap. Using this nonhypothesis-driven affinity maturation method, we generated multiple antibody variants with improved IL-13 affinity, including the highest affinity antibody reported to date (34 fM). Resolution of a cocrystal structure of the optimized antibody with the cynomolgus monkey (or nonhuman primate) IL-13 protein revealed that the RSS-derived mutations introduced multiple successive amino-acid substitutions resulting in a de novo formation of a π–π stacking–based protein–protein interaction between the affinity-matured antibody heavy chain and helix C on IL-13, as well as an introduction of an interface-distant residue, which enhanced the light chain–binding affinity to target. These mutations synergized binding of heavy and light chains to the target protein, resulting in a remarkably tight interaction, and providing a proof of concept for a new method of protein engineering, based on synergizing a mammalian display platform with novel RSS-mediated library generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor D'Angelo
- Amgen Inc, Therapeutic Discovery, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Maria Sheena Amador
- Amgen British Columbia, Therapeutic Discovery, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tina Wang
- Amgen British Columbia, Therapeutic Discovery, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Athena Sudom
- Amgen San Francisco, Therapeutic Discovery, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xiaoshan Min
- Amgen San Francisco, Therapeutic Discovery, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Craig Pigott
- Innovative Targeting Solutions, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ian N Foltz
- Amgen British Columbia, Therapeutic Discovery, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Abstract
Mammalian protein expression systems are ideally suited for the high-level production of recombinant eukaryotic secreted and membrane proteins for structural biology applications. Here, we present genetic transduction of HEK293-derived cells using lentivirus as a robust and cost-efficient method for the rapid generation of stable expression cell lines. We describe the features of the lentiviral transfer plasmid pHR-CMV-TetO2, as well as detailed protocols for production of lentiviral particles, determination of functional lentiviral titer, infection of expression cells, culture and expansion of the resulting stable cell lines, their adaptation to adherent and suspension growth, and constitutive or inducible milligram-scale protein production. The typical lead-time for a full production run is ~3-4 weeks, with an anticipated yield of up to tens of milligrams of protein per liter of expression medium.
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15
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Stroppel AS, Lappalainen R, Stafforst T. Controlling Site-Directed RNA Editing by Chemically Induced Dimerization. Chemistry 2021; 27:12300-12304. [PMID: 34169589 PMCID: PMC8456898 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Various RNA‐targeting approaches have been engineered to modify specific sites on endogenous transcripts, breaking new ground for a variety of basic research tools and promising clinical applications in the future. Here, we combine site‐directed adenosine‐to‐inosine RNA editing with chemically induced dimerization. Specifically, we achieve tight and dose‐dependent control of the editing reaction with gibberellic acid, and obtain editing yields up to 20 % and 44 % in the endogenous STAT1 and GAPDH transcript in cell culture. Furthermore, the disease‐relevant MECP2 R106Q mutation was repaired with editing yields up to 42 %. The introduced principle will enable new applications where temporal or spatiotemporal control of an RNA‐targeting mechanism is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Stroppel
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Lappalainen
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stafforst
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Stroppel AS, Latifi N, Hanswillemenke A, Tasakis RN, Papavasiliou FN, Stafforst T. Harnessing self-labeling enzymes for selective and concurrent A-to-I and C-to-U RNA base editing. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:e95. [PMID: 34197596 PMCID: PMC8450088 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The SNAP-ADAR tool enables precise and efficient A-to-I RNA editing in a guideRNA-dependent manner by applying the self-labeling SNAP-tag enzyme to generate RNA-guided editases in cell culture. Here, we extend this platform by combining the SNAP-tagged tool with further effectors steered by the orthogonal HALO-tag. Due to their small size (ca. 2 kb), both effectors are readily integrated into one genomic locus. We demonstrate selective and concurrent recruitment of ADAR1 and ADAR2 deaminase activity for optimal editing with extended substrate scope and moderate global off-target effects. Furthermore, we combine the recruitment of ADAR1 and APOBEC1 deaminase activity to achieve selective and concurrent A-to-I and C-to-U RNA base editing of endogenous transcripts inside living cells, again with moderate global off-target effects. The platform should be readily transferable to further epitranscriptomic writers and erasers to manipulate epitranscriptomic marks in a programmable way with high molecular precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Stroppel
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ngadhnjim Latifi
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Hanswillemenke
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rafail Nikolaos Tasakis
- Division of Immune Diversity (D150), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Nina Papavasiliou
- Division of Immune Diversity (D150), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stafforst
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Ono K, Niwa M, Suzuki H, Kobayashi NB, Yoshida T, Sawada M. Secretion of signal peptides via extracellular vesicles. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 560:21-26. [PMID: 33964503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Signal peptides (SPs) consist of short peptide sequences present at the N-terminal of newly synthesizing proteins and act as a zip code for the translocation of the proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It was thought that the SPs are intracellularly degraded after translocation to the ER; however, recent studies showed cleaved SPs have diverse roles for controlling cell functions in auto- and/or intercellular manners. In addition, it still remains obscure how SP fragments translocate away from the site where they are produced. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are important for intercellular communication and can transport functional molecules to specific cells. In this study, we show that SPs are involved in EV from T-REx AspALP cells that were transfected with a human APP SP-inducible expression vector. There was no difference in the average particle size or particle concentration of EV collected from T-REx AspALP cells and T-REx Mock cells. When the SP content in the EV was examined by mass spectrometry, the C-terminal fragment of APP SP was identified in the exosomes (SEV) of T-REx AspALP cells. In our preparation of SEV fractions, no ER-specific proteins were detected; therefore, SPs may be included in SEV but not in the debris of degraded ER. This is the first indication that SPs are secreted from cells via EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ono
- Department of Brain Function, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Mikio Niwa
- Institute for Advanced Sciences, Toagosei Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan
| | - Hiromi Suzuki
- Department of Brain Function, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuhiko Yoshida
- Institute for Advanced Sciences, Toagosei Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2611, Japan
| | - Makoto Sawada
- Department of Brain Function, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Large-scale recombinant expression of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is required for structure and function studies where there is a need for milligram amounts of protein in pure form. Here we describe a procedure for the construction of human embryonic kidney 293S (HEK293S) stable cell lines for inducible expression of the gene encoding bovine rhodopsin. The HEK293S cell line is particularly suitable for this application because of several favorable properties as a recombinant host including: its ease of transfection, its capacity for handling large amounts of protein cargo, and its ability to perform the necessary co- and post-translational modifications required for correct folding and processing of complex membrane proteins such as GPCRs. The procedures described here will focus on the HEK293S GnTI- cell line, an HEK293S derivative that is widely used for the production of glycoproteins modified homogeneously with truncated N-glycans.
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19
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Taher H, Mahyari E, Kreklywich C, Uebelhoer LS, McArdle MR, Moström MJ, Bhusari A, Nekorchuk M, E X, Whitmer T, Scheef EA, Sprehe LM, Roberts DL, Hughes CM, Jackson KA, Selseth AN, Ventura AB, Cleveland-Rubeor HC, Yue Y, Schmidt KA, Shao J, Edlefsen PT, Smedley J, Kowalik TF, Stanton RJ, Axthelm MK, Estes JD, Hansen SG, Kaur A, Barry PA, Bimber BN, Picker LJ, Streblow DN, Früh K, Malouli D. In vitro and in vivo characterization of a recombinant rhesus cytomegalovirus containing a complete genome. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008666. [PMID: 33232376 PMCID: PMC7723282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are highly adapted to their host species resulting in strict species specificity. Hence, in vivo examination of all aspects of CMV biology employs animal models using host-specific CMVs. Infection of rhesus macaques (RM) with rhesus CMV (RhCMV) has been established as a representative model for infection of humans with HCMV due to the close evolutionary relationships of both host and virus. However, the only available RhCMV clone that permits genetic modifications is based on the 68-1 strain which has been passaged in fibroblasts for decades resulting in multiple genomic changes due to tissue culture adaptations. As a result, 68-1 displays reduced viremia in RhCMV-naïve animals and limited shedding compared to non-clonal, low passage isolates. To overcome this limitation, we used sequence information from primary RhCMV isolates to construct a full-length (FL) RhCMV by repairing all mutations affecting open reading frames (ORFs) in the 68-1 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). Inoculation of adult, immunocompetent, RhCMV-naïve RM with the reconstituted virus resulted in significant viremia in the blood similar to primary isolates of RhCMV and furthermore led to high viral genome copy numbers in many tissues at day 14 post infection. In contrast, viral dissemination was greatly reduced upon deletion of genes also lacking in 68-1. Transcriptome analysis of infected tissues further revealed that chemokine-like genes deleted in 68-1 are among the most highly expressed viral transcripts both in vitro and in vivo consistent with an important immunomodulatory function of the respective proteins. We conclude that FL-RhCMV displays in vitro and in vivo characteristics of a wildtype virus while being amenable to genetic modifications through BAC recombineering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Taher
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Eisa Mahyari
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Craig Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Luke S. Uebelhoer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. McArdle
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Matilda J. Moström
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Amruta Bhusari
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Xiaofei E
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Travis Whitmer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Scheef
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lesli M. Sprehe
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Dawn L. Roberts
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Colette M. Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kerianne A. Jackson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Andrea N. Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Abigail B. Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hillary C. Cleveland-Rubeor
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Yujuan Yue
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberli A. Schmidt
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Shao
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Timothy F. Kowalik
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin N. Bimber
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
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20
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Tristán-Manzano M, Justicia-Lirio P, Maldonado-Pérez N, Cortijo-Gutiérrez M, Benabdellah K, Martin F. Externally-Controlled Systems for Immunotherapy: From Bench to Bedside. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2044. [PMID: 33013864 PMCID: PMC7498544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a very promising therapeutic approach against cancer that is particularly effective when combined with gene therapy. Immuno-gene therapy approaches have led to the approval of four advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) for the treatment of p53-deficient tumors (Gendicine and Imlygic), refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Kymriah) and large B-cell lymphomas (Yescarta). In spite of these remarkable successes, immunotherapy is still associated with severe side effects for CD19+ malignancies and is inefficient for solid tumors. Controlling transgene expression through an externally administered inductor is envisioned as a potent strategy to improve safety and efficacy of immunotherapy. The aim is to develop smart immunogene therapy-based-ATMPs, which can be controlled by the addition of innocuous drugs or agents, allowing the clinicians to manage the intensity and durability of the therapy. In the present manuscript, we will review the different inducible, versatile and externally controlled gene delivery systems that have been developed and their applications to the field of immunotherapy. We will highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each system and their potential applications in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Tristán-Manzano
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Pedro Justicia-Lirio
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain.,LentiStem Biotech, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Noelia Maldonado-Pérez
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Marina Cortijo-Gutiérrez
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Karim Benabdellah
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Martin
- Gene and Cell Therapy Unit, Genomic Medicine Department, Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Granada, Spain
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21
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Chen YH, Pallant C, Sampson CJ, Boiti A, Johnson S, Brazauskas P, Hardwicke P, Marongiu M, Marinova VM, Carmo M, Sweeney NP, Richard A, Shillings A, Archibald P, Puschmann E, Mouzon B, Grose D, Mendez-Tavio M, Chen MX, Warr SRC, Senussi T, Carter PS, Baker S, Jung C, Brugman MH, Howe SJ, Vink CA. Rapid Lentiviral Vector Producer Cell Line Generation Using a Single DNA Construct. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 19:47-57. [PMID: 32995359 PMCID: PMC7501408 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stable suspension producer cell lines for the production of vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein (VSVg)-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors represent an attractive alternative to current widely used production methods based on transient transfection of adherent 293T cells with multiple plasmids. We report here a method to rapidly generate such producer cell lines from 293T cells by stable transfection of a single DNA construct encoding all lentiviral vector components. The resulting suspension cell lines yield titers as high as can be achieved with transient transfection, can be readily scaled up in single-use stirred-tank bioreactors, and are genetically and functionally stable in extended cell culture. By removing the requirement for efficient transient transfection during upstream processing of lentiviral vectors and switching to an inherently scalable suspension cell culture format, we believe that this approach will result in significantly higher batch yields than are possible with current manufacturing processes and enable better patient access to medicines based on lentiviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hua Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Celeste Pallant
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | | | - Alessia Boiti
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sabine Johnson
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Pijus Brazauskas
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Philip Hardwicke
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Michela Marongiu
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Vanesa M Marinova
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Marlene Carmo
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nathan P Sweeney
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Ashkenaz Richard
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Anthony Shillings
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Peter Archibald
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Eva Puschmann
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Bernadette Mouzon
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David Grose
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Miriam Mendez-Tavio
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Mao Xiang Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Stephen R C Warr
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Tarik Senussi
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Paul S Carter
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sean Baker
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Cindy Jung
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Martijn H Brugman
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Steven J Howe
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Conrad A Vink
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
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22
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Functional Access to Neuron Subclasses in Rodent and Primate Forebrain. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2818-2832.e8. [PMID: 30840900 PMCID: PMC6509701 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors enable foreign proteins to be expressed in brains of non-genetic species, including non-human primates. However, viruses targeting specific neuron classes have proved elusive. Here we describe viral promoters and strategies for accessing GABAergic interneurons and their molecularly defined subsets in the rodent and primate. Using a set intersection approach, which relies on two co-active promoters, we can restrict heterologous protein expression to cortical and hippocampal somatostatin-positive and parvalbumin-positive interneurons. With an orthogonal set difference method, we can enrich for subclasses of neuropeptide-Y-positive GABAergic interneurons by effectively subtracting the expression pattern of one promoter from that of another. These methods harness the complexity of gene expression patterns in the brain and significantly expand the number of genetically tractable neuron classes across mammals.
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23
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O’Connell CM, Jasperse B, Hagen CJ, Titong A, Verardi PH. Replication-inducible vaccinia virus vectors with enhanced safety in vivo. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230711. [PMID: 32240193 PMCID: PMC7117657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) has been used extensively as the vaccine against smallpox and as a viral vector for the development of recombinant vaccines and cancer therapies. Replication-competent, non-attenuated VACVs induce strong, long-lived humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and can be effective oncolytic vectors. However, complications from uncontrolled VACV replication in vaccinees and their close contacts can be severe, particularly in individuals with predisposing conditions. In an effort to develop replication-competent VACV vectors with improved safety, we placed VACV late genes encoding core or virion morphogenesis proteins under the control of tet operon elements to regulate their expression with tetracycline antibiotics. These replication-inducible VACVs would only express the selected genes in the presence of tetracyclines. VACVs inducibly expressing the A3L or A6L genes replicated indistinguishably from wild-type VACV in the presence of tetracyclines, whereas there was no evidence of replication in the absence of antibiotics. These outcomes were reflected in mice, where the VACV inducibly expressing the A6L gene caused weight loss and mortality equivalent to wild-type VACV in the presence of tetracyclines. In the absence of tetracyclines, mice were protected from weight loss and mortality, and viral replication was not detected. These findings indicate that replication-inducible VACVs based on the conditional expression of the A3L or A6L genes can be used for the development of safer, next-generation live VACV vectors and vaccines. The design allows for administration of replication-inducible VACV in the absence of tetracyclines (as a replication-defective vector) or in the presence of tetracyclines (as a replication-competent vector) with enhanced safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M. O’Connell
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brittany Jasperse
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Caitlin J. Hagen
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Allison Titong
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Paulo H. Verardi
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science and Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
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24
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Winczura K, Domanski M, LaCava J. Affinity Proteomic Analysis of the Human Exosome and Its Cofactor Complexes. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2062:291-325. [PMID: 31768983 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9822-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In humans, the RNA exosome consists of an enzymatically inactive nine-subunit core, with ribonucleolytic activity contributed by additional components. Several cofactor complexes also interact with the exosome-these enable the recruitment of, and specify the activity upon, diverse substrates. Affinity capture coupled with mass spectrometry has proven to be an effective means to identify the compositions of RNA exosomes and their cofactor complexes: here, we describe a general experimental strategy for proteomic characterization of macromolecular complexes, applied to the exosome and an affiliated adapter protein, ZC3H18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Winczura
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michal Domanski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - John LaCava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, AV, The Netherlands.
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25
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Establishment of a Parvovirus B19 NS1-Expressing Recombinant Adenoviral Vector for Killing Megakaryocytic Leukemia Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090820. [PMID: 31487941 PMCID: PMC6783920 DOI: 10.3390/v11090820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral viral vectors have been widely used for gene-based therapeutics, but commonly used serotype 5 shows poor transduction efficiency into hematopoietic cells. In this study, we aimed to generate a recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) vector that has a high efficiency in gene transfer to megakaryocytic leukemic cells with anticancer potential. We first modified the rAd5 backbone vector with a chimeric fiber gene of Ad5 and Ad11p (rAd5F11p) to increase the gene delivery efficiency. Then, the nonstructural protein NS1 of human parvovirus B19 (B19V), which induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and apoptosis, was cloned into the adenoviral shuttle vector. As the expression of parvoviral NS1 protein inhibited Ad replication and production, we engineered the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, which governs NS1 expression, with two tetracycline operator elements (TetO2). Transfection of the rAd5F11p proviral vectors in Tet repressor-expressing T-REx-293 cells produced rAd in a large quantity. We further evaluated this chimeric rAd5F11p vector in gene delivery in human leukemic cells, UT7/Epo-S1. Strikingly, the novel rAd5F11p-B19NS1-GFP vector, exhibited a transduction efficiency much higher than the original vector, rAd5-B19NS1-GFP, in UT7/Epo-S1 cells, in particular, when they were transduced at a relatively low multiplicity of infection (100 viral genome copies/cell). After the transduction of rAd5F11p-B19NS1-GFP, over 90% of the UT7/Epo-S1 cells were arrested at the G2/M phase, and approximately 40%–50% of the cells were undergoing apoptosis, suggesting the novel rAd5F11P-B19NS1-GFP vector holds a promise in therapeutic potentials of megakaryocytic leukemia.
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26
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Ranjan R, Logette E, Marani M, Herzog M, Tâche V, Scantamburlo E, Buchillier V, Markram H. A Kinetic Map of the Homomeric Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel (Kv) Family. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:358. [PMID: 31481875 PMCID: PMC6710402 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, encoded by 40 genes, repolarize all electrically excitable cells, including plant, cardiac, and neuronal cells. Although these genes were fully sequenced decades ago, a comprehensive kinetic characterization of all Kv channels is still missing, especially near physiological temperature. Here, we present a standardized kinetic map of the 40 homomeric Kv channels systematically characterized at 15, 25, and 35°C. Importantly, the Kv kinetics at 35°C differ significantly from commonly reported kinetics, usually performed at room temperature. We observed voltage-dependent Q10 for all active Kv channels and inherent heterogeneity in kinetics for some of them. Kinetic properties are consistent across different host cell lines and conserved across mouse, rat, and human. All electrophysiology data from all Kv channels are made available through a public website (Channelpedia). This dataset provides a solid foundation for exploring kinetics of heteromeric channels, roles of auxiliary subunits, kinetic modulation, and for building accurate Kv models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Ranjan
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuelle Logette
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michela Marani
- Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mirjia Herzog
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Tâche
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Scantamburlo
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Buchillier
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Henry Markram
- Blue Brain Project, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Ong EC, Smidt P, McGrew JT. Limiting the metabolic burden of recombinant protein expression during selection yields pools with higher expression levels. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2839. [PMID: 31090257 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to avoid the metabolic burden of protein expression during cell growth, and to avoid potential toxicity of recombinant proteins, microbial expression systems typically utilize regulated expression vectors. In contrast, constitutive expression vectors have usually been utilized for isolation of protein expressing mammalian cell lines. In mammalian systems, inducible expression vectors are typically utilized for only those proteins that are toxic when overexpressed. We developed a tetracycline regulated expression system in CHO cells, and show that cell pools selected in the uninduced state recover faster than those selected in the induced state even though the proteins showed no apparent toxicity or expression instability. Furthermore, cell pools selected in the uninduced state had higher expression levels when protein expression was turned on only in production cultures compared to pools that were selected and maintained in the induced state through production. We show a titer improvement of greater than twofold for an Fc-fusion protein and greater than 50% improvement for a recombinant antibody. The improvement is primarily due to an increase in specific productivity. Recombinant protein mRNA levels correlate strongly with protein expression levels and are highest in those cultures selected in the uninduced state and only induced during production. These data are consistent with a model where CHO cell lines with constitutive expression select for subclones with lower expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-Ching Ong
- Process Design, Just Biotherapeutics, Seattle, Washington
| | - Pauline Smidt
- Process Design, Just Biotherapeutics, Seattle, Washington
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28
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Procaspase activating compound 1 controls tetracycline repressor-regulated gene expression system. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20180793. [PMID: 30538170 PMCID: PMC6328932 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tetracycline repressor (TetR)-regulated system is a widely used tool to study gene functions through control of its expression. Various effectors such as tetracycline (Tc) and doxycycline (Dox) quickly induce or shut down gene expression, but reversing gene expression has not been eligible due to long half-lives of such effectors. Here, we found that procaspase activating compound 1 (PAC-1) rapidly reduces transient expression of TetR-regulated green fluorescent protein (GFP) in mammalian cells. Next, we applied PAC-1 to control of expression of transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) protein, whose downstream cellular events can be monitored by cell morphological changes. We observed that PAC-1 quickly reduces TRPM7 expression, consequently affecting cell morphology regulated by TRPM7. The present study demonstrates the first small molecule that efficiently turns off the TetR-regulated gene expression in mammalian cells, thereby precisely regulating the expression level of target gene.
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29
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Jayanthi BE, Zhao W, Segatori L. Input-dependent post-translational control of the reporter output enhances dynamic resolution of mammalian signaling systems. Methods Enzymol 2019; 622:1-27. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Elegheert J, Behiels E, Bishop B, Scott S, Woolley RE, Griffiths SC, Byrne EFX, Chang VT, Stuart DI, Jones EY, Siebold C, Aricescu AR. Lentiviral transduction of mammalian cells for fast, scalable and high-level production of soluble and membrane proteins. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:2991-3017. [PMID: 30455477 PMCID: PMC6364805 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Structural, biochemical and biophysical studies of eukaryotic soluble and membrane proteins require their production in milligram quantities. Although large-scale protein expression strategies based on transient or stable transfection of mammalian cells are well established, they are associated with high consumable costs, limited transfection efficiency or long and tedious selection of clonal cell lines. Lentiviral transduction is an efficient method for the delivery of transgenes to mammalian cells and unifies the ease of use and speed of transient transfection with the robust expression of stable cell lines. In this protocol, we describe the design and step-by-step application of a lentiviral plasmid suite, termed pHR-CMV-TetO2, for the constitutive or inducible large-scale production of soluble and membrane proteins in HEK293 cell lines. Optional features include bicistronic co-expression of fluorescent marker proteins for enrichment of co-transduced cells using cell sorting and of biotin ligase for in vivo biotinylation. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method for a set of soluble proteins and for the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (SMO). We further compare this method with baculovirus transduction of mammalian cells (BacMam), using the type-A γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAAR) β3 homopentamer as a test case. The protocols described here are optimized for simplicity, speed and affordability; lead to a stable polyclonal cell line and milligram-scale amounts of protein in 3-4 weeks; and routinely achieve an approximately three- to tenfold improvement in protein production yield per cell as compared to transient transduction or transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Elegheert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Ester Behiels
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Bishop
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachel E Woolley
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Samuel C Griffiths
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eamon F X Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Veronica T Chang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - A Radu Aricescu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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31
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Milani M, Annoni A, Bartolaccini S, Biffi M, Russo F, Di Tomaso T, Raimondi A, Lengler J, Holmes MC, Scheiflinger F, Lombardo A, Cantore A, Naldini L. Genome editing for scalable production of alloantigen-free lentiviral vectors for in vivo gene therapy. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:1558-1573. [PMID: 28835507 PMCID: PMC5666310 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LV) are powerful and versatile vehicles for gene therapy. However, their complex biological composition challenges large-scale manufacturing and raises concerns for in vivo applications, because particle components and contaminants may trigger immune responses. Here, we show that producer cell-derived polymorphic class-I major histocompatibility complexes (MHC-I) are incorporated into the LV surface and trigger allogeneic T-cell responses. By disrupting the beta-2 microglobulin gene in producer cells, we obtained MHC-free LV with substantially reduced immunogenicity. We introduce this targeted editing into a novel stable LV packaging cell line, carrying single-copy inducible vector components, which can be reproducibly converted into high-yield LV producers upon site-specific integration of the LV genome of interest. These LV efficiently transfer genes into relevant targets and are more resistant to complement-mediated inactivation, because of reduced content of the vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein G compared to vectors produced by transient transfection. Altogether, these advances support scalable manufacturing of alloantigen-free LV with higher purity and increased complement resistance that are better suited for in vivo gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Milani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Annoni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Bartolaccini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Biffi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Russo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziano Di Tomaso
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Angelo Lombardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Cantore
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy .,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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32
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Szczesny RJ, Kowalska K, Klosowska-Kosicka K, Chlebowski A, Owczarek EP, Warkocki Z, Kulinski TM, Adamska D, Affek K, Jedroszkowiak A, Kotrys AV, Tomecki R, Krawczyk PS, Borowski LS, Dziembowski A. Versatile approach for functional analysis of human proteins and efficient stable cell line generation using FLP-mediated recombination system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194887. [PMID: 29590189 PMCID: PMC5874048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering a function of a given protein requires investigating various biological aspects. Usually, the protein of interest is expressed with a fusion tag that aids or allows subsequent analyses. Additionally, downregulation or inactivation of the studied gene enables functional studies. Development of the CRISPR/Cas9 methodology opened many possibilities but in many cases it is restricted to non-essential genes. Recombinase-dependent gene integration methods, like the Flp-In system, are very good alternatives. The system is widely used in different research areas, which calls for the existence of compatible vectors and efficient protocols that ensure straightforward DNA cloning and generation of stable cell lines. We have created and validated a robust series of 52 vectors for streamlined generation of stable mammalian cell lines using the FLP recombinase-based methodology. Using the sequence-independent DNA cloning method all constructs for a given coding-sequence can be made with just three universal PCR primers. Our collection allows tetracycline-inducible expression of proteins with various tags suitable for protein localization, FRET, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), protein dynamics studies (FRAP), co-immunoprecipitation, the RNA tethering assay and cell sorting. Some of the vectors contain a bidirectional promoter for concomitant expression of miRNA and mRNA, so that a gene can be silenced and its product replaced by a mutated miRNA-insensitive version. Our toolkit and protocols have allowed us to create more than 500 constructs with ease. We demonstrate the efficacy of our vectors by creating stable cell lines with various tagged proteins (numatrin, fibrillarin, coilin, centrin, THOC5, PCNA). We have analysed transgene expression over time to provide a guideline for future experiments and compared the effectiveness of commonly used inducers for tetracycline-responsive promoters. As proof of concept we examined the role of the exoribonuclease XRN2 in transcription termination by RNAseq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman J. Szczesny
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail: (RJS); (AD)
| | - Katarzyna Kowalska
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Klosowska-Kosicka
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Chlebowski
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina P. Owczarek
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Warkocki
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz M. Kulinski
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Adamska
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Affek
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Jedroszkowiak
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna V. Kotrys
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Tomecki
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel S. Krawczyk
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz S. Borowski
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Dziembowski
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail: (RJS); (AD)
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Khalique H, López Marco J, Lim F. A haploid HSV-1 genome platform for vector development: testing of the tetracycline-responsive switch shows interference by infected cell protein 0. J Gene Med 2018; 18:302-311. [PMID: 27672733 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has outstanding properties for gene delivery vectors and its genome is available in bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) for mutagenesis studies, one impediment is the presence of approximately 15.4 kb of DNA sequences that are duplicated in the HSV-1 genome, complicating vector construction and stability. METHODS As a useful platform for building HSV-1 vectors, we have constructed a fully haploid HSV-1 genome BAC by deletion of one of these repeats, confirming that viral propagation in culture is not impaired. We used this ΔIR mutant to subsequently investigate whether the insertion of tetracycline-responsive tetO elements into the ICP34.5-ICP0 gene region can be used to control HSV-1 lytic replication. RESULTS The results of the present study show that ΔIR mutants deleted for ICP34.5 are viable for replication but not when the ICP0 promoter is also disrupted, thus indicating that regulation of infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) levels in the absence of ICP34.5 could be a viable means for controlling growth of HSV-1 vectors. Surprisingly, however, the tetO elements inserted into the ICP0 promoter did not confer ligand responsiveness to growth or ICP0 expression. Further analysis by transfection experiments revealed that ICP0 itself interferes with the tetracycline switch and reduces the the inducibility of this system. CONCLUSIONS Our new haploid HSV-1 BAC is a useful platform for building multiply deleted HSV-1 vectors. Deletion of the gene for ICP34.5 in this backbone renders viral growth dependent on ICP0, although ICP0 expression could not be regulated by tet-responsive transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hena Khalique
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge López Marco
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Filip Lim
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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Cummins TD, Wu KZL, Bozatzi P, Dingwell KS, Macartney TJ, Wood NT, Varghese J, Gourlay R, Campbell DG, Prescott A, Griffis E, Smith JC, Sapkota GP. PAWS1 controls cytoskeletal dynamics and cell migration through association with the SH3 adaptor CD2AP. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.202390. [PMID: 29175910 PMCID: PMC5818054 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.202390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies of PAWS1 (protein associated with SMAD1; also known as FAM83G) have suggested that this molecule has roles beyond BMP signalling. To investigate these roles, we have used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate PAWS1-knockout U2OS osteosarcoma cells. Here, we show that PAWS1 plays a role in the regulation of the cytoskeletal machinery, including actin and focal adhesion dynamics, and cell migration. Confocal microscopy and live cell imaging of actin in U2OS cells indicate that PAWS1 is also involved in cytoskeletal dynamics and organization. Loss of PAWS1 causes severe defects in F-actin organization and distribution as well as in lamellipodial organization, resulting in impaired cell migration. PAWS1 interacts in a dynamic fashion with the actin/cytoskeletal regulator CD2AP at lamellae, suggesting that its association with CD2AP controls actin organization and cellular migration. Genetic ablation of CD2AP from U2OS cells instigates actin and cell migration defects reminiscent of those seen in PAWS1-knockout cells. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first authors of the paper. Summary: PAWS1 (also known as FAM83G) controls cell migration by influencing the organization of F-actin and focal adhesions and the distribution of the actin stress fibre network through its association with CD2AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Cummins
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kevin Z L Wu
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Polyxeni Bozatzi
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | | | - Thomas J Macartney
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Nicola T Wood
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Joby Varghese
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Robert Gourlay
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - David G Campbell
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alan Prescott
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Eric Griffis
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - James C Smith
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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Wang Y, Wang M, Dong K, Ye H. Engineering Mammalian Designer Cells for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases. Biotechnol J 2017; 13:e1700160. [PMID: 29144600 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic biology applies engineering principles to biological systems and has significantly advanced the design of synthetic gene circuits that can reprogram cell activities to perform new functions. The ability to engineer mammalian designer cells with robust therapeutic behaviors has brought new opportunities for treating metabolic diseases. In this review, the authors highlight the most recent advances in the development of synthetic designer cells uploaded with open- or closed-loop gene circuits for the treatment of metabolic disorders including diabetes, hypertension, hyperuricemia, and obesity, and discuss the current technologies and future perspectives in applying these designer cells for clinical applications. In the future, more and more rationally designed cells will be constructed and revolutionized to treat a number of metabolic disorders in an intelligent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Meiyan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kaili Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Haifeng Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
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Bruun TH, Grassmann V, Zimmer B, Asbach B, Peterhoff D, Kliche A, Wagner R. Mammalian cell surface display for monoclonal antibody-based FACS selection of viral envelope proteins. MAbs 2017; 9:1052-1064. [PMID: 28816583 PMCID: PMC5627598 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1364824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The elicitation of broadly and efficiently neutralizing antibodies in humans by active immunization is still a major obstacle in the development of vaccines against pathogens such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus, hepatitis C virus or cytomegalovirus. Here, we describe a mammalian cell surface display and monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated panning technology that allows affinity-based selection of envelope (Env) variants from libraries. To this end, we established an experimental setup featuring: 1) single and site specific integration of Env to link genotype and phenotype, 2) inducible Env expression to avoid cytotoxicity effects, 3) translational coupling of Env and enhanced green fluorescent protein expression to normalize for Env protein levels, and 4) display on HEK cells to ensure native folding and mammalian glycosylation. For proof of concept, we applied our method to a chimeric HIV-1 Env model library comprising variants with differential binding affinities to the V3-loop-directed mAbs 447–52D and HGN194. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting selectively enriched a high affinity variant up to 56- and 55-fold for 447–52D and HGN194, respectively, after only a single round of panning. Similarly, the low affinity variants for each antibody could be selectively enriched up to 237-fold. The binding profiles of membrane-bound gp145 and soluble gp140 chimeras showed identical affinity ranking, suggesting that the technology can guide the identification of Env variants with optimized antigenic properties for subsequent use as vaccine candidates. Finally, our mAb-based cellular display and selection strategy may also prove useful for the development of prophylactic vaccines against pathogens other than HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim-Henrik Bruun
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Veronika Grassmann
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Benjamin Zimmer
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - David Peterhoff
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Alexander Kliche
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany.,b Institute of Clinical Microbiology , University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg . Germany
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Conditional knock-out of lipoic acid protein ligase 1 reveals redundancy pathway for lipoic acid metabolism in Plasmodium berghei malaria parasite. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:315. [PMID: 28655332 PMCID: PMC5488443 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipoic acid is a cofactor for α-keto acid dehydrogenase system that is involved in the central energy metabolism. In the apicomplexan parasite, Plasmodium, lipoic acid protein ligase 1 (LplA1) and LplA2 catalyse the ligation of acquired lipoic acid to the dehydrogenase complexes in the mitochondrion. The enzymes LipB and LipA mediate lipoic acid synthesis and ligation to the enzymes in the apicoplast. These enzymes in the lipoic acid metabolism machinery have been shown to play important roles in the biology of Plasmodium parasites, but the relationship between the enzymes is not fully elucidated. Methods We used an anhydrotetracycline (ATc)-inducible transcription system to generate transgenic P. berghei parasites in which the lplA1 gene was conditionally knocked out (LplA1-cKO). Phenotypic changes and the lplA1 and lplA2 gene expression profiles of cloned LplA1-cKO parasites were analysed. Results LplA1-cKO parasites showed severely impaired growth in vivo in the first 8 days of infection, and retarded blood-stage development in vitro, in the absence of ATc. However, these parasites resumed viability in the late stage of infection and mounted high levels of parasitemia leading to the death of the hosts. Although lplA1 mRNA expression was regulated tightly by ATc during the whole course of infection, lplA2 mRNA expression was significantly increased in the late stage of infection only in the LplA1-cKO parasites that were not exposed to ATc. Conclusions The lplA2 gene can be activated as an alternative pathway to compensate for the loss of LplA1 activity and to maintain lipoic acid metabolism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2253-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Ma Z, Fung V, D'Orso I. Tandem Affinity Purification of Protein Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28190026 DOI: 10.3791/55236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purification of active protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid complexes is crucial for the characterization of enzymatic activities and de novo identification of novel subunits and post-translational modifications. Bacterial systems allow for the expression and purification of a wide variety of single polypeptides and protein complexes. However, this system does not enable the purification of protein subunits that contain post-translational modifications (e.g., phosphorylation and acetylation), and the identification of novel regulatory subunits that are only present/expressed in the eukaryotic system. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel, robust, and efficient tandem affinity purification (TAP) method using STREP- and FLAG-tagged proteins that facilitates the purification of protein complexes with transiently or stably expressed epitope-tagged proteins from eukaryotic cells. This protocol can be applied to characterize protein complex functionality, to discover post-translational modifications on complex subunits, and to identify novel regulatory complex components by mass spectrometry. Notably, this TAP method can be applied to study protein complexes formed by eukaryotic or pathogenic (viral and bacterial) components, thus yielding a wide array of downstream experimental opportunities. We propose that researchers working with protein complexes could utilize this approach in many different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ma
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Victor Fung
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Iván D'Orso
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center;
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Expression, Biochemistry, and Stabilization with Camel Antibodies of Membrane Proteins: Case Study of the Mouse 5-HT3 Receptor. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1635:139-168. [PMID: 28755368 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7151-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the use of mammalian protein expression systems, and in the use of antibody-derived chaperones, for structural studies. Here, we describe protocols ranging from the production of recombinant membrane proteins in stable inducible cell lines to biophysical characterization of purified membrane proteins in complex with llama antibody domains. These protocols were used to solve the structure of the mouse 5-HT3 serotonin receptor but are of broad applicability for crystallization or cryo-electron microscopy projects.
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Antiviral Innate Immune Response Interferes with the Formation of Replication-Associated Membrane Structures Induced by a Positive-Strand RNA Virus. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01991-16. [PMID: 27923923 PMCID: PMC5142621 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01991-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with nidoviruses like corona- and arteriviruses induces a reticulovesicular network of interconnected endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) and other membrane structures. This network is thought to accommodate the viral replication machinery and protect it from innate immune detection. We hypothesized that the innate immune response has tools to counteract the formation of these virus-induced replication organelles in order to inhibit virus replication. Here we have investigated the effect of type I interferon (IFN) treatment on the formation of arterivirus-induced membrane structures. Our approach involved ectopic expression of arterivirus nonstructural proteins nsp2 and nsp3, which induce DMV formation in the absence of other viral triggers of the interferon response, such as replicating viral RNA. Thus, this setup can be used to identify immune effectors that specifically target the (formation of) virus-induced membrane structures. Using large-scale electron microscopy mosaic maps, we found that IFN-β treatment significantly reduced the formation of the membrane structures. Strikingly, we also observed abundant stretches of double-membrane sheets (a proposed intermediate of DMV formation) in IFN-β-treated samples, suggesting the disruption of DMV biogenesis. Three interferon-stimulated gene products, two of which have been reported to target the hepatitis C virus replication structures, were tested for their possible involvement, but none of them affected membrane structure formation. Our study reveals the existence of a previously unknown innate immune mechanism that antagonizes the viral hijacking of host membranes. It also provides a solid basis for further research into the poorly understood interactions between the innate immune system and virus-induced replication structures. IMPORTANCE Viruses with a positive-strand RNA genome establish a membrane-associated replication organelle by hijacking and remodeling intracellular host membranes, a process deemed essential for their efficient replication. It is unknown whether the cellular innate immune system can detect and/or inhibit the formation of these membrane structures, which could be an effective mechanism to delay viral RNA replication. In this study, using an expression system that closely mimics the formation of arterivirus replication structures, we show for the first time that IFN-β treatment clearly reduces the amount of induced membrane structures. Moreover, drastic morphological changes were observed among the remaining structures, suggesting that their biogenesis was impaired. Follow-up experiments suggested that host cells contain a hitherto unknown innate antiviral mechanism, which targets this common feature of positive-strand RNA virus replication. Our study provides a strong basis for further research into the interaction of the innate immune system with membranous viral replication organelles.
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Lent-On-Plus Lentiviral vectors for conditional expression in human stem cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37289. [PMID: 27853296 PMCID: PMC5112523 DOI: 10.1038/srep37289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional transgene expression in human stem cells has been difficult to achieve due to the low efficiency of existing delivery methods, the strong silencing of the transgenes and the toxicity of the regulators. Most of the existing technologies are based on stem cells clones expressing appropriate levels of tTA or rtTA transactivators (based on the TetR-VP16 chimeras). In the present study, we aim the generation of Tet-On all-in-one lentiviral vectors (LVs) that tightly regulate transgene expression in human stem cells using the original TetR repressor. By using appropriate promoter combinations and shielding the LVs with the Is2 insulator, we have constructed the Lent-On-Plus Tet-On system that achieved efficient transgene regulation in human multipotent and pluripotent stem cells. The generation of inducible stem cell lines with the Lent-ON-Plus LVs did not require selection or cloning, and transgene regulation was maintained after long-term cultured and upon differentiation toward different lineages. To our knowledge, Lent-On-Plus is the first all-in-one vector system that tightly regulates transgene expression in bulk populations of human pluripotent stem cells and its progeny.
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Bakshi P, Liao YF, Gao J, Ni J, Stein R, Yeh LA, Wolfe MS. A High-Throughput Screen to Identify Inhibitors of Amyloid β-Protein Precursor Processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 10:1-12. [PMID: 15695338 DOI: 10.1177/1087057104270068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral accumulation of the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is believed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Because Aβ is produced from the proteolysis of amyloid β-protein precursor (APP) by β-and γ-secretases, these enzymes are considered important drug targets for AD. The authors have developed a luciferase-based reporter system that can identify new molecules that inhibit APP processing in a high-throughput manner. Such molecules can help in understanding the biology of APP and APP processing and in developing new drug prototypes for AD. In this system, APP is fused on its C-terminus with Gal4-VP16, a chimeric yeast-viral transcription activator, and luciferase is under control of the yeast Gal4 promoter. Compounds that modulate the luciferase signal may affect the secretases directly, interact with modifiers of these proteases, or interact with APP directly. The authors successfully interfaced this assay with a high-throughput screen, testing ~60,000 compounds with diverse chemical structures. In principle, this sensitive, specific, and quantitative assay may be useful for identifying both inhibitors and stimulators of APP processing.( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2005:1-12)
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Affiliation(s)
- Pancham Bakshi
- Center for Neurologic Diseases and Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Regulable Transgene Expression in Dorsal Root Ganglia of a Replication-Defective Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Vector by Means of Sciatic Nerve Injection. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 137:331e-338e. [PMID: 26818323 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000475777.22020.ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted and controllable gene delivery to neurons is essential to efforts to facilitate peripheral nerve regeneration. The authors investigated both the in vitro and in vivo expression profiles of a tetracycline-controlled, replication-defective, herpes simplex virus type 1-based vector. METHODS Mouse primary dorsal root ganglia cells were infected with QR9TO-LacZ in the absence or presence of tetracycline. LacZ gene expression was examined. It was also injected into sciatic nerves in CD-1 mice fed with and without tetracycline. LacZ expression in the upstream dorsal root ganglia was examined. RESULTS Following inoculation with QR9TO-LacZ, approximately 40 percent of the cultured primary dorsal root ganglia cells exhibited strong LacZ activity in the presence of tetracycline at 48 and 72 hours, whereas little was detected in those in the absence of tetracycline. Quantitative analysis revealed that the β-galactosidase activity within cells exposed to tetracycline increased 181-fold at 48 hours (p < 0.001) and 47-fold at 72 hours after infection (p < 0.05) compared with those without tetracycline. However, this LacZ transgene activity in the presence of tetracycline tapered off to less than sevenfold over baseline 168 hours after infection (p < 0.05). Furthermore, successful uptake of this replication-defective viral vector was evident in upstream dorsal root ganglia after sciatic nerve injection in mice. In addition, its expression profile was similar to that in vitro, as strong β-galactosidase activity was evident only in mice fed with a doxycycline-containing diet, and it tapered off by 168 hours. CONCLUSION The replication-defective herpes simplex virus type 1-based vector, which provides tightly regulated transgene expression in dorsal root ganglia by means of peripheral nerve injection, represents an appealing approach to improve peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Andréll J, Edwards PC, Zhang F, Daly M, Tate CG. Generation of Tetracycline-Inducible Mammalian Cell Lines by Flow Cytometry for Improved Overproduction of Membrane Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1432:63-78. [PMID: 27485330 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3637-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of mammalian membrane proteins in mammalian cells is an effective strategy to produce sufficient protein for biophysical analyses and structural studies, because the cells generally express proteins in a correctly folded state. However, obtaining high levels of expression suitable for protein purification on a milligram scale can be challenging. As membrane protein overexpression often has a negative impact on cell viability, it is usual to make stable cell lines where the protein of interest is expressed from an inducible promoter. Here we describe a methodology for optimizing the inducible production of any membrane protein fused to GFP through the isolation of clonal cell lines. Flow cytometry is used to sort uninduced cells and the most fluorescent 5 % of the cell population are used to make clonal cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juni Andréll
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Patricia C Edwards
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Fan Zhang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Maria Daly
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Christopher G Tate
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
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Vannocci T, Faggianelli N, Zaccagnino S, della Rosa I, Adinolfi S, Pastore A. A new cellular model to follow Friedreich's ataxia development in a time-resolved way. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:711-9. [PMID: 26035392 PMCID: PMC4486863 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a recessive autosomal ataxia caused by reduced levels of frataxin (FXN), an essential mitochondrial protein that is highly conserved from bacteria to primates. The exact role of frataxin and its primary function remain unclear although this information would be very valuable to design a therapeutic approach for FRDA. A main difficulty encountered so far has been that of establishing a clear temporal relationship between the different observations that could allow a distinction between causes and secondary effects, and provide a clear link between aging and disease development. To approach this problem, we developed a cellular model in which we can switch off/on in a time-controlled way the frataxin gene partially mimicking what happens in the disease. We exploited the TALEN and CRISPR methodologies to engineer a cell line where the presence of an exogenous, inducible FXN gene rescues the cells from the knockout of the two endogenous FXN genes. This system allows the possibility of testing the progression of disease and is a valuable tool for following the phenotype with different newly acquired markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Vannocci
- Molecular Structure Division, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Nathalie Faggianelli
- Molecular Structure Division, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Silvia Zaccagnino
- Molecular Structure Division, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Ilaria della Rosa
- Molecular Structure Division, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Salvatore Adinolfi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Kings College London, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Kings College London, London NW7 1AA, UK
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Xiao S, Chen YC, Betenbaugh MJ, Martin SE, Shiloach J. MiRNA mimic screen for improved expression of functional neurotensin receptor from HEK293 cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1632-43. [PMID: 25676429 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining adequate quantities of functional mammalian membrane proteins has been a bottleneck in their structural and functional studies because the expression of these proteins from mammalian cells is relatively low. To explore the possibility of enhancing expression of these proteins using miRNA, a stable T-REx-293 cell line expressing the neurotensin receptor type 1 (NTSR1), a hard-to-express G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), was constructed. The cell line was then subjected to human miRNA mimic library screening. In parallel, an HEK293 cell line expressing luciferase was also screened with the same human miRNA mimic library. Five microRNA mimics: hsa-miR-22-5p, hsa-miR-18a-5p, hsa-miR-22-3p, hsa-miR-429, and hsa-miR-2110were identified from both screens. They led to 48% increase in the expression of functional NTSR1 and to 239% increase of luciferase expression. These miRNAs were also effective in enhancing the expression of secretedglypican-3 hFc-fusion protein from HEK293 cells.The results indicate that these molecules may have a wide role in enhancing the production of proteins with biomedical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Xiao
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892.,Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yu-Chi Chen
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of health, Rockville, Maryland, 20850
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Scott E Martin
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of health, Rockville, Maryland, 20850.
| | - Joseph Shiloach
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892.
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Han W, He X, Zhang M, Hu S, Sun F, Ren L, Hua J, Peng S. Establishment of a porcine pancreatic stem cell line using T-REx(™) system-inducible Wnt3a expression. Cell Prolif 2015; 48:301-10. [PMID: 25894737 PMCID: PMC6496436 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Porcine pancreatic stem cells (PSCs) are highly valuable in transplantation applications for type II diabetes. However, there are still many problems to be solved before they can be used in the clinic, such as insufficient cell number availability and low secretion level of insulin. It has been reported that Wnt3a plays pivotal roles during cell proliferation and differentiation. Here, we have aimed to establish an ideal research platform using the T-REx(™) system, to study mechanisms of Wnt3a during PSC proliferation and differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Construction of the recombinant plasmid and cell transfection were used for establishment of a porcine PSC line. Related gene expressions were examined using quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), western blotting, immunostaining and flow cytometry. BrdU incorporation assay and cell cycle analysis were used to investigate Wnt3a roles in PSCs. RESULTS Wnt3a-expressing clones regulated by T-REx(™) were successfully obtained. Wnt3a and GFP expression were strictly regulated by Dox in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that Wnt3a-expressing porcine PSCs induced by Dox exhibited raised proliferative potential. After Dox stimulation, expression of PCNA, C-MYC and active β-catenin were higher, but were down-regulated after Dkk1 addition. CONCLUSION We established a porcine PSC line that dynamically expressed Wnt3a, and we found that Wnt3a promoted PSC proliferative potential. This inducible expression system thus provides an important tool for further study on porcine PSC development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Shaanxi Stem Cell Engineering and Technology Research Center, Northwest A& F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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48
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Uyama T, Kawai K, Kono N, Watanabe M, Tsuboi K, Inoue T, Araki N, Arai H, Ueda N. Interaction of Phospholipase A/Acyltransferase-3 with Pex19p: A POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT IN THE DOWN-REGULATION OF PEROXISOMES. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17520-34. [PMID: 26018079 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.635433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A/acyltransferase (PLA/AT)-3 (also known as H-rev107 or AdPLA) was originally isolated as a tumor suppressor and was later shown to have phospholipase A1/A2 activity. We have also found that the overexpression of PLA/AT-3 in mammalian cells results in specific disappearance of peroxisomes. However, its molecular mechanism remained unclear. In the present study, we first established a HEK293 cell line, which stably expresses a fluorescent peroxisome marker protein (DsRed2-Peroxi) and expresses PLA/AT-3 in a tetracycline-dependent manner. The treatment with tetracycline, as expected, caused disappearance of peroxisomes within 24 h, as revealed by diffuse signals of DsRed2-Peroxi and a remarkable decrease in a peroxisomal membrane protein, PMP70. A time-dependent decrease in ether-type lipid levels was also seen. Because the activation of LC3, a marker of autophagy, was not observed, the involvement of autophagy was unlikely. Among various peroxins responsible for peroxisome biogenesis, Pex19p functions as a chaperone protein for the transportation of peroxisomal membrane proteins. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed that PLA/AT-3 binds to Pex19p through its N-terminal proline-rich and C-terminal hydrophobic domains. The protein level and enzyme activity of PLA/AT-3 were increased by its coexpression with Pex19p. Moreover, PLA/AT-3 inhibited the binding of Pex19 to peroxisomal membrane proteins, such as Pex3p and Pex11βp. A catalytically inactive point mutant of PLA/AT-3 could bind to Pex19p but did not inhibit the chaperone activity of Pex19p. Altogether, these results suggest a novel regulatory mechanism for peroxisome biogenesis through the interaction between Pex19p and PLA/AT-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Uyama
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | - Katsuhisa Kawai
- Histology and Cell Biology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Nozomu Kono
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Kagawa University Hospital, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan, and
| | | | - Tomohito Inoue
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shikoku Medical Center for Children and Adults, Zentsuji, Kagawa 765-0001, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Araki
- Histology and Cell Biology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Opefi CA, Tranter D, Smith SO, Reeves PJ. Construction of stable mammalian cell lines for inducible expression of G protein-coupled receptors. Methods Enzymol 2015; 556:283-305. [PMID: 25857787 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The large-scale expression of many membrane proteins, including the members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, in a correctly folded and fully functional form remains a formidable challenge. In this chapter, we focus on the construction of stable mammalian cell lines to overcome this hurdle. First, we will outline the steps for establishing a tightly regulated gene expression system in human HEK293S cells. This system utilizes separate plasmids containing components of well-defined genetic control elements from the Escherichia coli tetracycline operon to control the powerful cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer/promoter. Next, we describe the assembly of this expression system into HEK293S cells and a derivative cell line devoid of complex N-glycosylation. Finally, we describe methods for the growth of these cells lines in scalable suspension culture for the preparation of milligram amounts of recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikwado A Opefi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Dale Tranter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Steven O Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Philip J Reeves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom.
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50
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LaCava J, Molloy KR, Taylor MS, Domanski M, Chait BT, Rout MP. Affinity proteomics to study endogenous protein complexes: pointers, pitfalls, preferences and perspectives. Biotechniques 2015; 58:103-19. [PMID: 25757543 PMCID: PMC4465938 DOI: 10.2144/000114262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissecting and studying cellular systems requires the ability to specifically isolate distinct proteins along with the co-assembled constituents of their associated complexes. Affinity capture techniques leverage high affinity, high specificity reagents to target and capture proteins of interest along with specifically associated proteins from cell extracts. Affinity capture coupled to mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic analyses has enabled the isolation and characterization of a wide range of endogenous protein complexes. Here, we outline effective procedures for the affinity capture of protein complexes, highlighting best practices and common pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- John LaCava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kelly R. Molloy
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Martin S. Taylor
- High Throughput Biology Center and Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michal Domanski
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York
- Centre for mRNP Biogenesis and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Brian T. Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Michael P. Rout
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York
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