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Endmann A, Oswald D, Riede O, Talman EG, Vos RE, Schroff M, Kleuss C, Ruiters MHJ, Juhls C. Combination of MIDGE-Th1 DNA vaccines with the cationic lipid SAINT-18: studies on formulation, biodistribution and vector clearance. Vaccine 2014; 32:3460-7. [PMID: 24681271 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the combination of MIDGE-Th1 DNA vectors with the cationic lipid SAINT-18 increases the immune response to the encoded antigen in mice. Here, we report on experiments to further optimize and characterize this approach. We evaluated different formulations of MIDGE-Th1 vectors with SAINT-18 by assessing their influence on the transfection efficiency in cell culture and on the immune response in mice. We found that high amounts of SAINT-18 in formulations with a w/w ratio MIDGE Th1/SAINT-18 of 1:4.8 are beneficial for cell transfection in vitro. In contrast, the formulation of HBsAg-encoding MIDGE-Th1 DNA vectors with the lowest amount of SAINT-18 (w/w ratio MIDGE Th1/SAINT-18 of 1:0.5) resulted in the highest serum IgG1 and IgG2a levels after intradermal immunization of mice. Consequently, latter formulation was selected for a comparative biodistribution study in rats. Following intradermal administration of both naked and formulated MIDGE-Th1 DNA, the vectors localized primarily at the site of injection. Vector DNA levels decreased substantially over the two months duration of the study. When administered in combination with SAINT-18, the vectors were found in significantly higher amounts in draining lymph nodes in comparison to administration of naked MIDGE-Th1 DNA. We propose that the high immune responses induced by MIDGE-Th1/SAINT-18 lipoplexes are mediated by enhanced transfection of cells in vivo, resulting in stronger antigen expression and presentation. Importantly, the combination of MIDGE-Th1 vectors with SAINT-18 was well tolerated in mice and rats and is expected to be safe in human clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Endmann
- MOLOGEN AG, Fabeckstraße 30, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Oliver Riede
- MOLOGEN AG, Fabeckstraße 30, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduard G Talman
- Synvolux Therapeutics B.V., L.J. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roelien E Vos
- Synvolux Therapeutics B.V., L.J. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marcel H J Ruiters
- Synvolux Therapeutics B.V., L.J. Zielstraweg 1, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Nonclinical biodistribution, integration, and toxicology evaluations of an H5N1 pandemic influenza plasmid DNA vaccine formulated with Vaxfectin®. Vaccine 2011; 29:5443-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sullivan SM, Doukas J, Hartikka J, Smith L, Rolland A. Vaxfectin: a versatile adjuvant for plasmid DNA- and protein-based vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 7:1433-46. [PMID: 21118032 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.538047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Many vaccines require the use of an adjuvant to achieve immunity. So far, few adjuvants have advanced successfully through clinical trials to become part of licensed vaccines. Vaxfectin® (Vical, CA, USA) represents a next-generation adjuvant with promise as a platform technology, showing utility with both plasmid DNA (pDNA) and protein-based vaccines. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review describes the chemical, physical, preclinical and clinical development of Vaxfectin for pDNA-based vaccines. Also included is the preclinical development of Vaxfectin-adjuvanted protein- and peptide-based vaccines. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain knowledge of vaccine adjuvant development from bench to bedside. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Vaxfectin has effectively boosted the immune response against a range of pDNA-expressed pathogenic antigens in preclinical models extending from rodents to non-human primates. In the clinic, Vaxfectin-adjuvanted pDNA-based H5N1 influenza vaccines have been shown to be well tolerated and to result in durable immune responses within the predicted protective range reported for protein-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Sullivan
- Vical, Inc., Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10390 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Dolter KE, Evans CF, Ellefsen B, Song J, Boente-Carrera M, Vittorino R, Rosenberg TJ, Hannaman D, Vasan S. Immunogenicity, safety, biodistribution and persistence of ADVAX, a prophylactic DNA vaccine for HIV-1, delivered by in vivo electroporation. Vaccine 2011; 29:795-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Keitel WA, Treanor JJ, El Sahly HM, Evans TG, Kopper S, Whitlow V, Selinsky C, Kaslow DC, Rolland A, Smith LR, Lalor PA. Evaluation of a plasmid DNA-based anthrax vaccine in rabbits, nonhuman primates and healthy adults. HUMAN VACCINES 2009; 5:536-44. [PMID: 19458488 DOI: 10.4161/hv.5.8.8725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
VCL-AB01, a cationic lipid-formulated plasmid DNA (pDNA)-based vaccine that contains genes encoding genetically detoxified Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF), was assessed in a Phase 1, dose-escalating clinical trial in healthy adults for safety and immunogenicity, and in nonhuman primates for immunogenicity and efficacy against challenge with a lethal dose of B. anthracis spores. Healthy 18-45 year old subjects were randomly assigned to receive either the investigational vaccine containing 0.2 mg, 0.6 mg, or 2 mg of total pDNA per dose, or saline placebo, administered at 0, 1 and 2 months. The 0.2 mg and 0.6 mg dose levels were generally well tolerated; however, dose-limiting reactogenicity was observed among subjects given the first 2 mg dose and the remaining two injections in the 2 mg group were reduced to 0.6 mg. Dose-related increases in seroconversion frequencies were observed. Overall, 10%, 33.3% and 80% of subjects in the 0.2, 0.6 and 2 mg groups, respectively, developed antibodies to PA and/or LF as measured by ELISA; however, antibodies with toxin neutralizing activity (TNA) were detected in only one subject. In monkeys that received a 0.6 mg dose three times at 2 week intervals, low levels of antibodies were detected by ELISA but not by the TNA assay in all animals just prior to challenge. Despite the absence of TNA, 75% animals survived the lethal challenge. In summary, VCL-AB01 was generally well tolerated in humans at a dose that provided immunity in monkeys despite the lack of robust TNA titers in either species.
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Babiuk S, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Editorial: DNA Vaccination: A Simple Concept with Challenges Regarding Implementation. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 25:51-81. [PMID: 16818365 DOI: 10.1080/08830180600743008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Luxembourg A, Ellefsen B, Wilson D, Ubach A, Hannaman D, van den Hurk J. Electroporation-based DNA transfer enhances gene expression and immune responses to DNA vaccines in cattle. Vaccine 2008; 26:5503-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Orság P, Kvardová V, Raska M, Miller AD, Ledvina M, Turánek J. Quantitative real-time PCR study on persistence of pDNA vaccine pVax-Hsp60 TM814 in beef muscles. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2008; 6:11. [PMID: 18761754 PMCID: PMC2542361 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Application of plasmid DNA for immunization of food-producing animals established new standards of food safety. The addition of foreign products e.g. pDNA into the food chain should be carefully examined to ensure that neither livestock animals nor consumers develop unpredicted or undesirable side-effects. Methods A quantitative real-time PCR (QRTPCR) methodology was developed to study the biodistribution and persistence of plasmid DNA vaccine pDNAX (pVAX-Hsp60 TM814) in mice and beef cattle. The linear quantification range and the sensitivity of the method was found to be 10 – 109 copies per reaction (500 ng/gDNA) and 3 copies per reaction, respectively. Results Persistence of pDNAX in mice muscle tissue was restricted to injection site and the amount of pDNAX showed delivery formulation dependent (naked pDNA, electroporation, cationic liposome complexes) and mouse age-dependent clearance form injection site but pDNAX was still detectable even after 365 days. The QRTPCR analysis of various muscle tissue samples of vaccinated beef bulls performed 242–292 days after the last revaccination proved that residual pDNAX was found only in the injection site. The highest plasmid levels (up to 290 copies per reaction) were detected in the pDNAX:CDAN/DOPE group similarly to mice model. No pDNA was detected in the samples from distant muscles and draining lymph nodes. Conclusion Quantitative real-time PCR (QRTPCR) assay was developed to assess the residual pDNA vaccine pVAX-Hsp60 TM814 in mice and beef cattle. In beef cattle, ultra low residual level of pDNA vaccine was only found at the injection site. According to rough estimation, consumption of muscles from the injection site represents almost an undetectable intake of pDNA (400 fg/g muscle tissue) for consumers. Residual plasmid in native state will hardly be found at measurable level following further meat processing. This study brings supportive data for animal and food safety and hence for further approval of pDNA vaccine field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Orság
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Immunology, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Luxembourg A, Evans CF, Hannaman D. Electroporation-based DNA immunisation: translation to the clinic. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1647-64. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.11.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Margalith M, Vilalta A. Sustained protective rabies neutralizing antibody titers after administration of cationic lipid-formulated pDNA vaccine. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2006; 4:2. [PMID: 16480501 PMCID: PMC1431525 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Published data indicate that formulation of pDNA with cationic lipids could greatly enhance the response to a pDNA vaccine in larger mammals. The present work tested the influence of several pDNA:cationic lipid formulations on rabies neutralizing titers. Plasmid expressing Rabies G protein (CVS strain) was evaluated in vivo for ability to elicit neutralizing titers. pDNA:DMRIE-DOPE formulated at two DNA:cationic lipid molar ratios was compared in mice to a Vaxfectin™-pDNA formulation. Mouse data indicate that Vaxfectin™ is more effective than DMRIE-DOPE in eliciting neutralizing titers. In addition, the ratio of pDNA to DMRIE-DOPE can also affect neutralizing titers. Our data show that sustained neutralizing titers (120 days) can be obtained after a single administration of DMRIE-DOPE-formulated pDNA in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Margalith
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Adrián Vilalta
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Vilalta A, Mahajan RK, Hartikka J, Rusalov D, Martin T, Bozoukova V, Leamy V, Hall K, Lalor P, Rolland A, Kaslow DC. I. Poloxamer-Formulated Plasmid DNA-Based Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine: Evaluation of Plasmid DNA Biodistribution/Persistence and Integration. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:1143-50. [PMID: 16218775 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies were conducted in mice and rabbits to evaluate biodistribution/persistence and potential integration of plasmid DNA (pDNA) after intramuscular administration of a poloxamer-formulated pDNAbased vaccine, VCL-CT01, encoding gB, pp65, and IE1 human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) immunogens. Tissue distribution in mice vaccinated with VCL-CT01 was compared with that in mice vaccinated with a phosphate- buffered saline (PBS)-formulated control pDNA vaccine. Residual pDNA copy number (PCN), in selected tissues collected on days 3, 30, and 60 after vaccination, was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In VCL-CT01-vaccinated mice and in control pDNA-vaccinated mice, pDNA was below the limit of detection by day 60 in all tissues except the injection site. Clearance of pDNA from the injection site was slower in VCL-CT01-vaccinated mice compared with PBS-pDNA-vaccinated mice. An integration study was conducted in rabbits to determine whether pDNA integration into the genome of the vaccinated animal contributed to pDNA persistence. Residual pDNA in VCL-CT01-injected rabbit muscle collected 60 days after vaccination (geometric mean of 1085 PCN/microg total DNA) was comparable to that observed in VCL-CT01- injected mouse muscle (geometric mean of 1471 PCN/microg total DNA) collected at the same time point. pDNA integration was not detectable by column agarose gel electrophoresis despite the persistence of pDNA at the injection site 60 days after vaccination. Therefore the risk of genomic integration of hCMV pDNA formulated with poloxamer was considered negligible.
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Vilalta A, Mahajan RK, Hartikka J, Rusalov D, Martin T, Bozoukova V, Leamy V, Hall K, Lalor P, Rolland A, Kaslow DC. I. Poloxamer-Formulated Plasmid DNA-Based Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine: Evaluation of Plasmid DNA Biodistribution/Persistence and Integration. Hum Gene Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.ft-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Vilalta A, Mahajan RK, Hartikka J, Rusalov D, Martin T, Bozoukova V, Leamy V, Hall K, Lalor P, Rolland A, Kaslow DC. I. Poloxamer-Formulated Plasmid DNA-Based Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine: Evaluation of Plasmid DNA Biodistribution/Persistence and Integration. Hum Gene Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.ft-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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