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Kalafati E, Papanikolaou E, Marinos E, Anagnou N, Pappa K. Mimiviruses: Giant viruses with novel and intriguing features (Review). Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:207. [PMID: 35506451 PMCID: PMC9133948 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mimivirus is a giant virus that infects amoebae and was long considered to be a bacterium due to its size. The viral particles are composed of a protein capsid of ~500 nm in diameter, which is enclosed in a polysaccharide layer in which ~120–140 nm long fibers are embedded, resulting in an overall diameter of 700 nm. The virus has a genome size of 1.2 Mb DNA, and surprisingly, replicates only in the cytoplasm of the infected cells without entering the nucleus, which is a unique characteristic among DNA viruses. Their existence is undeniable; however, as with any novel discovery, there is still uncertainty concerning their pathogenicity mechanisms in humans and the nature of the Mimivirus virophage resistance element system (MIMIVIRE), a term given to describe the immune network of the Mimivirus, which closely resembles the CRISPR-Cas system. The scope of the present review is to discuss the recent developments derived from structural and functional studies performed on the distinctive characteristics of the Mimivirus, and from studies concerning their putative clinical relevance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kalafati
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of The Academy of Athens (BRFAA), School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Papanikolaou
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of The Academy of Athens (BRFAA), School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Marinos
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nicholas Anagnou
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of The Academy of Athens (BRFAA), School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Pappa
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of The Academy of Athens (BRFAA), School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Dutta D, Ravichandiran V, Sukla S. Virophages: association with human diseases and their predicted role as virus killers. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6380487. [PMID: 34601577 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fascinating discovery of the first giant virus, Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV), belonging to the family Mimiviridae in 2008, and its associated virophage, Sputnik, have left the world of microbiology awestruck. To date, about 18 virophages have been isolated from different environmental sources. With their unique feature of resisting host cell infection and lysis by giant viruses, analogous to bacteriophage, they have been assigned under the family Lavidaviridae. Genome of T-27, icosahedral-shaped, non-enveloped virophages, consist of dsDNA encoding four proteins, namely, major capsid protein, minor capsid protein, ATPase and cysteine protease, which are essential in the formation and assembly of new virophage particles during replication. A few virophage genomes have been observed to contain additional sequences like PolB, ZnR and S3H. Another interesting characteristic of virophage is that Mimivirus lineage A is immune to infection by the Zamilon virophage through a phenomenon termed MIMIVIRE, resembling the CRISPR-Cas mechanism in bacteria. Based on the fact that giant viruses have been found in clinical samples of hospital-acquired pneumonia and rheumatoid arthritis patients, virophages have opened a novel era in the search for cures of various diseases. This article aims to study the prospective role of virophages in the future of human therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debrupa Dutta
- National Institute of Pharmaceuticals Education and Research, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, PIN-700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- National Institute of Pharmaceuticals Education and Research, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, PIN-700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumi Sukla
- National Institute of Pharmaceuticals Education and Research, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, PIN-700054, West Bengal, India
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Cezard A, Monard S, Bréa-Diakite D, Guillon A, Si-Tahar M. [Metabokines reviewed: Essential mediators of anti-infectious immunity]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:342-348. [PMID: 33908851 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism and immunity have long been classified in distinct research fields; however, the concept of immunometabolism has recently highlighted their close relationship. Immune cells in an infectious context undergo a metabolic reprogramming that leads to the accumulation of metabolites. Some of these metabolites, called metabokines, play a crucial role in anti-infectious immunity by having immunoregulatory and antimicrobial defence properties. On the one hand, metabokines regulate the response of host immune cells by modulating intracellular signalling and/or inducing post-translational modifications of proteins. On the other hand, metabokines can directly or indirectly target pathogens by inhibiting microbial metabolic pathways, restoring the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics, and disrupting viral replication cycles. These discoveries on metabokine properties could pave the way for the development of innovative anti-infectious metabolic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Cezard
- Inserm, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, 10 boulevard Tonnelé, 37000 Tours, France - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sarah Monard
- Inserm, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, 10 boulevard Tonnelé, 37000 Tours, France - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Déborah Bréa-Diakite
- Inserm, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, 10 boulevard Tonnelé, 37000 Tours, France - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Antoine Guillon
- Inserm, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, 10 boulevard Tonnelé, 37000 Tours, France - Université de Tours, Tours, France - CHRU de Tours, Service de médecine intensive réanimation, Tours, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- Inserm, Centre d'étude des pathologies respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, 10 boulevard Tonnelé, 37000 Tours, France - Université de Tours, Tours, France
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Rolland C, Andreani J, Louazani AC, Aherfi S, Francis R, Rodrigues R, Silva LS, Sahmi D, Mougari S, Chelkha N, Bekliz M, Silva L, Assis F, Dornas F, Khalil JYB, Pagnier I, Desnues C, Levasseur A, Colson P, Abrahão J, La Scola B. Discovery and Further Studies on Giant Viruses at the IHU Mediterranee Infection That Modified the Perception of the Virosphere. Viruses 2019; 11:E312. [PMID: 30935049 PMCID: PMC6520786 DOI: 10.3390/v11040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of giant viruses began in 2003 with the identification of Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus. Since then, giant viruses of amoeba enlightened an unknown part of the viral world, and every discovery and characterization of a new giant virus modifies our perception of the virosphere. This notably includes their exceptional virion sizes from 200 nm to 2 µm and their genomic complexity with length, number of genes, and functions such as translational components never seen before. Even more surprising, Mimivirus possesses a unique mobilome composed of virophages, transpovirons, and a defense system against virophages named Mimivirus virophage resistance element (MIMIVIRE). From the discovery and isolation of new giant viruses to their possible roles in humans, this review shows the active contribution of the University Hospital Institute (IHU) Mediterranee Infection to the growing knowledge of the giant viruses' field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Rolland
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Julien Andreani
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Amina Cherif Louazani
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Sarah Aherfi
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
- IHU IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Rania Francis
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Rodrigo Rodrigues
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciêncas Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Ludmila Santos Silva
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Dehia Sahmi
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Said Mougari
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Nisrine Chelkha
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Meriem Bekliz
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Lorena Silva
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciêncas Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Assis
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Fábio Dornas
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | | | - Isabelle Pagnier
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
- IHU IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Christelle Desnues
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
- IHU IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Philippe Colson
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
- IHU IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - Jônatas Abrahão
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciêncas Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Bernard La Scola
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, Department of Medicine, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
- IHU IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France.
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Abrahão J, Silva L, Oliveira D, Almeida G. Lack of evidence of mimivirus replication in human PBMCs. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:281-283. [PMID: 29604428 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV) was first isolated during a pneumonia outbreak in Bradford, England, and since its discovery many research groups devoted efforts to understand whether this virus could be associated to human diseases, in particular clinical signs and symptoms of pneumonia. In 2013, we observed cytopathic effect in amoebas (rounding and lysis) inoculated with APMV inoculated PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cell) extracts, and at that point we interpreted those results as mimivirus replication in human PBMCs. Based on these results we decided to further investigate APMV replication in human PBMCs, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and qPCR. No viral factory was observed in APMV inoculated PBMCs, at any analyzed time and M.O.I.s (multiplicity of infection), by checking 550 cells per condition tested. We also measured the variation of viral DNA by qPCR targeting helicase gene during the course of the TEM experiment in PBMCs, but the DNA levels stayed the same as the first time-point post infection. In summary, our newest qPCR and TEM results do not support previous statements (including ours) that mimivirus is able to replicate in humans PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jônatas Abrahão
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Vírus, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Lorena Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Vírus, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Danilo Oliveira
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e do Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Almeida
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
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