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Yaseen HS, Zubair HM, Jamal A, Farrukh M, Mikrani R, Shaukat B, Hill JW, Rana R, Nazir A, Naveed M, Malik S. Naringin: Cardioprotective properties and safety profile in diabetes treatment. Fitoterapia 2024; 176:106011. [PMID: 38740344 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Flavonoids derived from plants offer a broad spectrum of therapeutic potential for addressing metabolic syndrome, particularly diabetes mellitus (DM), a prevalent non-communicable disease. Hyperglycemia in DM is a known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which substantially impact global mortality rates. This review examines the potential effects of naringin, a citrus flavonoid, on both DM and its associated cardiovascular complications, including conditions like diabetic cardiomyopathy. The safety profile of naringin is summarized based on various pre-clinical studies. The data for this review was gathered from diverse electronic databases, including Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Google Scholar, and Emerald Insight. Multiple pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that naringin exerts hypoglycemic and cardioprotective effects by targeting various vascular mechanisms. Specifically, research indicates that naringin down-regulates the renin-angiotensin and oxidative stress systems while concurrently upregulating β-cell and immune system functions. Clinical trial outcomes also support the therapeutic potential of naringin in managing hyperglycemic states and associated cardiovascular issues. Moreover, toxicity studies have confirmed the safety of naringin in animal models, suggesting its potential for safe administration in humans. In conclusion, naringin emerges as a promising natural candidate for both antidiabetic and cardioprotective purposes, offering potential improvements in health outcomes. While naringin presents a new avenue for therapies targeting DM and CVDs, additional controlled and long-term clinical trials are necessary to validate its efficacy and safety for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Zubair
- Post-Graduate Medical College, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
| | - Adil Jamal
- Sciences and Research, College of Nursing, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 715, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Farrukh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Reyaj Mikrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Bushra Shaukat
- Sciences and Research, College of Nursing, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 715, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Reemal Rana
- Sciences and Research, College of Nursing, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 715, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ansa Nazir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Samiullah Malik
- Post-Graduate Medical College, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Mechanism Underlying Naringenin Hypocholesterolemic Effects: Involvement of Estrogen Receptor α Subtype. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415809. [PMID: 36555447 PMCID: PMC9779308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringenin (Nar) is one of major citrus flavonoids predominantly found in grapefruit and orange. In vivo studies have demonstrated Nar potential as a normolipidemic agent capable to reduce circulating cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, rats, and patients, suggesting a new role for this molecule in cardiovascular disease prevention. Although Nar cholesterol-lowering effects are known, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Interestingly, Nar binds to the estrogen receptors (ERs), modulating both transcriptional and membrane-initiating signals. Although estrogen and ERs are deeply involved in lipid metabolism, no data are available regarding a putative role of these nuclear receptors as mediators of the hypocholesterolemic effect exerted by Nar. Thus, the aim of this work was to study the involvement of ERs in Nar-induced modulation of cholesterol metabolism. Results obtained in HepG2 cell line demonstrate that Nar can modulate the molecular network of cholesterol homeostasis. However, these effects were only partially dependent on the activity of estrogen receptor α. As a whole, our data highlight new molecular mechanisms by which Nar influences cholesterol metabolism, opening a new scenery about dietary impact on human health.
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Carvalho BMR, Nascimento LC, Nascimento JC, Gonçalves VSDS, Ziegelmann PK, Tavares DS, Guimarães AG. Citrus Extract as a Perspective for the Control of Dyslipidemia: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis From Animal Models to Human Studies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:822678. [PMID: 35237168 PMCID: PMC8884359 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.822678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to obtain scientific evidence on the use of Citrus to control dyslipidemia. The surveys were carried out in 2020 and updated in March 2021, in the PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, and SciELO databases, using the following descriptors: Citrus, dyslipidemias, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemias, lipoproteins, and cholesterol. The risk of bias was assessed according to the Cochrane methodology for clinical trials and ARRIVE for preclinical trials. A meta-analysis was performed using the application of R software. A total of 958 articles were identified and 26 studies demonstrating the effectiveness of the Citrus genus in controlling dyslipidemia were selected, of which 25 were included in the meta-analysis. The effects of Citrus products on dyslipidemia appear consistently robust, acting to reduce total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides, in addition to increasing HDL. These effects are associated with the composition of the extracts, extremely rich in antioxidant, as flavonoids, and that act on biochemical targets involved in lipogenesis and beta-oxidation. The risk of bias over all of the included studies was considered critically low to moderate. The meta-analysis demonstrated results favorable to control dyslipidemia by Citrus products. On the other hand, high heterogeneity values were identified, weakening the evidence presented. From this study, one can suggest that Citrus species extracts are potential candidates for dyslipidemia control, but more studies are needed to increase the strength of this occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betina M R Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Lagarto, Brazil
| | - Laranda C Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Lagarto, Brazil
| | - Jessica C Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Lagarto, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia K Ziegelmann
- Departamento de Estatística, Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Débora S Tavares
- Departamento de Educação em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Lagarto, Brazil
| | - Adriana G Guimarães
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
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Waiz M, Alvi SS, Khan MS. Potential dual inhibitors of PCSK-9 and HMG-R from natural sources in cardiovascular risk management. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:47-76. [PMID: 35221836 PMCID: PMC8859648 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) stands amongst the leading causes of mortality worldwide and has attracted the attention of world's leading pharmaceutical companies in order to tackle such mortalities. The low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is considered the most prominent biomarker for the assessment of ASCVD risk. Distinct inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-R), the chief hepatic cholesterogenic enzyme, are being used since last seven decades to manage hypercholesterolemia. On the other hand, discovery and the association of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK-9) with increased ASCVD risk have established PCSK-9 as a novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular medicine. PCSK-9 is well reckoned to facilitate the LDL-receptor (LDL-R) degradation and compromised LDL-C clearance leading to the arterial atherosclerotic plaque formation. The currently available HMG-R inhibitors (statins) and PCSK-9 inhibitors (siRNA, anti-sense oligonucleotides, and monoclonal antibodies) have shown great promises in achieving LDL-C lowering goals, however, their life long prescriptions have raised significant concerns. These deficits associated with the synthetic HMG-R and PCSK-9 inhibitors called for the discovery of alternative therapeutic candidates with potential dual HMG-R and PCSK-9 inhibitory activities from natural origins. Therefore, this report firstly describes the mechanistic insights into the cholesterol homeostasis through HMG-R, PCSK-9, and LDL-R functionality and then compiles the pharmacological effects of natural secondary metabolites with special emphasis on their dual HMG-R and PCSK-9 inhibitory action. In conclusion, various natural products exhibit atheroprotective effects via targeting HMG-R and PCSK-9 activities and lipoprotein metabolism, however, further clinical assessments are still warranted prior their approval for ASCVD risk management in hypercholesterolemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Waiz
- IIRC-5, Clinical Biochemistry and Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P. 226026, India
| | - Sahir Sultan Alvi
- IIRC-5, Clinical Biochemistry and Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P. 226026, India
| | - M Salman Khan
- IIRC-5, Clinical Biochemistry and Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P. 226026, India
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Efficacy and Safety of Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu Decoction for Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9931826. [PMID: 34630621 PMCID: PMC8494581 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9931826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of XFZYD for coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods A comprehensive literature search of randomized controlled trials using XFZYD for CHD was conducted in 10 electronic databases from their establishment to December 20, 2020. The researchers screened the relevant trials in NoteExpress, extracted the data in duplicate independently, assessed the risk of bias in the trials using the Cochrane collaboration tool, and then used Rev Man 5.3 for data analysis. Results 30 trials with 3126 participants were included for meta-analysis. The results showed that the clinical effects of XFZYD and its combination with chemical drugs (CD) were 1.13 (RR; 1.13; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.24) and 1.26 (RR; 1.26; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.32) times those of CD, respectively. And, it could also improve electrocardiogram effect, which was 1.63 (RR; 1.63; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.53) times that of CD. XFZYD could not only decrease duration of angina pectoris and improve vascular endothelial function but also obviously reduce the TCM syndrome score. When used in combination with CD, it could also lower AF, correct the dyslipidemia, and reduce the blood viscosity. Conclusion These results demonstrated that XFZYD had great advantages in treating CHD with no obvious adverse reactions. Therefore, it is believed that XFZYD is more suitable for CHD patients with clinical indicators of dyslipidemia, high blood viscosity, or vascular endothelial dysfunction. This study is the first systematic review and meta-analysis with some unique ways, including its comprehensiveness, large-scale search, the novelty of findings, and transparent approach.
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Barajas-Vega JL, Raffoul-Orozco AK, Hernandez-Molina D, Ávila-González AE, García-Cobian TA, Rubio-Arellano ED, Ramirez-Lizardo EJ. Naringin reduces body weight, plasma lipids and increases adiponectin levels in patients with dyslipidemia. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2020; 92:292-298. [DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. Naringin is a citrus-flavonoid which has been shown to have positive metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects. For this reason, we believe it would be interesting to study the effects of Naringin administration on body weight, BMI, lipid profile and adiponectin levels in patients with dyslipidemia, especially considering that dyslipidemias along with obesity and subsequent cardiometabolic complications are some of the most important public health issues plaguing our society today. A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted in a group of 28 adult patients previously diagnosed with dyslipidemia who attended the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics. Patients were divided into two groups; the first group (n = 14) received 450 mg of naringin every 24 hours, in the mornings, while the second group (n = 14) was given a homologated placebo over the course of a 90-day period. Significant differences were observed in naringin group compared to the placebo group in terms of decreased BMI (30.6 ± 3.19 vs 33.3 ± 3.23 kg/m2; p = 0.03), total cholesterol (182 ± 20.2 vs 245 ± 24.1 mg/dl; p < 0.01), LDL cholesterol (100 ± 17.5 vs 125 ± 38.3 mg/dl; p = 0.03) and an increase in adiponectin levels (0.82 ± 0.25 vs 0.59 ± 0.19 μg/ml; p = 0.01). Our results support the use of Naringin as a potential therapeutic agent which could play an important role in the management of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lucia Barajas-Vega
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Abdel Kerim Raffoul-Orozco
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
- Research Unit, Medical School, University Cuauhtémoc Guadalajara, Zapopan, México
| | | | - Ana Elisa Ávila-González
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
- Research Unit, Medical School, University Cuauhtémoc Guadalajara, Zapopan, México
| | - Teresa Arcelia García-Cobian
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Edy David Rubio-Arellano
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Ernesto Javier Ramirez-Lizardo
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
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Sui GG, Xiao HB, Lu XY, Sun ZL. Naringin Activates AMPK Resulting in Altered Expression of SREBPs, PCSK9, and LDLR To Reduce Body Weight in Obese C57BL/6J Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8983-8990. [PMID: 30092639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations have shown molecular cross-talk among activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and that it may be an innovative pharmacologic objective for treating obesity. We scrutinized the beneficial effect of naringin, a flavanone-7- O-glycoside, on obesity and the mechanisms in the present study. We arbitrarily divided 50 mice into five groups ( n = 10): 25 or 50 or 100 mg/kg/day naringin-treated obese mice (gavage for 8 weeks), untreated obese mice, and C57BL/6J control. After 8 weeks, body weight was 51.8 ± 4.4 in the untreated obese mice group, while the weights were 41.4 ± 4.1, 34.6 ± 2.2, and 28.0 ± 2.3 in 25, 50,100 mg/kg naringin groups, respectively. Moreover, naringin treatment significantly decreased plasma 8-isoprostane (an indicator of the oxidative stress) level, fat weight, liver weight, hepatic total cholesterol concentration, hepatic triglyceride concentration, plasma leptin level, plasma insulin content, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and plasma PCSK9 production concomitantly with down-regulated expression of SREBP-2, PCSK9, and SREBP-1, and up-regulated expression of p-AMPKα and LDLR. The present results suggest that naringin activates AMPK resulting in altered expression of SREBPs, PCSK9, and LDLR to reduce the body weight of obese C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Guang Sui
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Hong-Bo Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Xiang-Yang Lu
- Hunan Province University Key Laboratory for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotransformation , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha 410128 , China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Ultilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients , Changsha 410128 , China
| | - Zhi-Liang Sun
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Drug , Changsha 410128 , China
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Hernández-Aquino E, Muriel P. Beneficial effects of naringenin in liver diseases: Molecular mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1679-1707. [PMID: 29713125 PMCID: PMC5922990 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i16.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are caused by different etiological agents, mainly alcohol consumption, viruses, drug intoxication or malnutrition. Frequently, liver diseases are initiated by oxidative stress and inflammation that lead to the excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM), followed by a progression to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been reported that some natural products display hepatoprotective properties. Naringenin is a flavonoid with antioxidant, antifibrogenic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties that is capable of preventing liver damage caused by different agents. The main protective effects of naringenin in liver diseases are the inhibition of oxidative stress, transforming growth factor (TGF-β) pathway and the prevention of the transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC), leading to decreased collagen synthesis. Other effects include the inhibition of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), toll-like receptor (TLR) and TGF-β non-canonical pathways, the inhibition of which further results in a strong reduction in ECM synthesis and deposition. In addition, naringenin has shown beneficial effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through the regulation of lipid metabolism, modulating the synthesis and oxidation of lipids and cholesterol. Moreover, naringenin protects from HCC, since it inhibits growth factors such as TGF-β and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inducing apoptosis and regulating MAPK pathways. Naringenin is safe and acts by targeting multiple proteins. However, it possesses low bioavailability and high intestinal metabolism. In this regard, formulations, such as nanoparticles or liposomes, have been developed to improve naringenin bioavailability. We conclude that naringenin should be considered in the future as an important candidate in the treatment of different liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Hernández-Aquino
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Department of Pharmacology, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City 07000, Mexico
| | - Pablo Muriel
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Department of Pharmacology, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City 07000, Mexico
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Hiebl V, Ladurner A, Latkolik S, Dirsch VM. Natural products as modulators of the nuclear receptors and metabolic sensors LXR, FXR and RXR. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1657-1698. [PMID: 29548878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) represent attractive targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related diseases. In addition, natural products are an interesting pool of potential ligands since they have been refined under evolutionary pressure to interact with proteins or other biological targets. This review aims to briefly summarize current basic knowledge regarding the liver X (LXR) and farnesoid X receptors (FXR) that form permissive heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXR). Natural product-based ligands for these receptors are summarized and the potential of LXR, FXR and RXR as targets in precision medicine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hiebl
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Simone Latkolik
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Polidori J, Dhuique-Mayer C, Dornier M. Crossflow microfiltration coupled with diafiltration to concentrate and purify carotenoids and flavonoids from citrus juices. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sharma K, Mahato N, Lee YR. Extraction, characterization and biological activity of citrus flavonoids. REV CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2017-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Citrus is one of the largest and most popular fruit crops commercially grown across the globe. It is not only important in terms of economy but is also popular for its nutritional benefits to human and farm animals. Citrus is available in several varieties, all with attractive colors. It is consumed either fresh or in processed form. After processing, approximately 50% of the fruit remains unconsumed and discarded as waste. The latter includes fruit pith residue, peels and seeds. Direct disposal of these wastes to the environment causes serious problems as these contain bioactive compounds. Release of these bioactive compounds to the open landfills cause bad odor and spread of diseases, and disposal to water bodies or seepage to the underground water table deteriorates water quality and harms aquatic life. In this regard, a number of research are being focused on the development of better reuse methods to obtain value-added phytochemicals as well as for safe disposal. The important phytochemicals obtained from citrus include essential oils, flavonoids, citric acid, pectin, etc., which have now become popular topics in industrial research, food and synthetic chemistry. The present article reviews recent advances in exploring the effects of flavonoids obtained from citrus wastes, the extraction procedure and their usage in view of various health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Sharma
- School of Chemical Engineering , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan 38541 , Republic of Korea
| | - Neelima Mahato
- School of Chemical Engineering , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan 38541 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan 38541 , Republic of Korea
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Raffoul-Orozco AK, Ávila-González AE, Rodríguez-Razón CM, García-Cobian TA, Pérez-Guerrero EE, García-Iglesias T, Rubio-Arellano ED. Combination effect naringin and pravastatin in lipid profile and glucose in obese rats. Life Sci 2018; 193:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Subramanian M, Thotakura B, Chandra Sekaran SP, Jyothi AK, Sundaramurthi I. Naringin Ameliorates Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes through Forkhead Box M1-Mediated Beta Cell Proliferation. Cells Tissues Organs 2018; 206:242-253. [PMID: 31067533 DOI: 10.1159/000499480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult pancreatic beta cells, though quiescent, can proliferate in response to physiological need. This inherent character is used in exploring the possibilities of expanding the beta cell mass in the treatment of diabetes. Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) transcription factor is an important regulator in the proliferation and survival of adult beta cell mass. Naringin, a flavanone glycoside, is reported to have antidiabetic activity and exhibited an increase in insulin levels in diabetic animals. OBJECTIVES The present study tried to evaluate the role of naringin in the regulation of FoxM1 in the pancreas of diabetic rats and to reascertain its antilipidemic and antioxidant properties. METHODS Diabetes was induced in male rats using streptozotocin and treated with naringin (100 mg/kg) orally for 4 and 8 weeks. Serum biochemical parameters, insulin, gene and protein expression of FoxM1, and antioxidant markers in rat pancreas were analyzed. RESULTS Naringin administration reduced the blood sugar, urea, creatinine, and cholesterol values and improved the pancreatic antioxidant status in diabetic rats. Naringin-treated diabetic rats showed a significant increase in mRNA and protein expression of FoxM1 compared to the diabetic control rats, indicating regeneration of cells. It also increased the insulin immunopositive cells, indicating functional beta cells. CONCLUSION Naringin was found to upregulate the FoxM1 transcription factor in diabetic animals, which influenced the proliferation and functional status of beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manickam Subramanian
- Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India,
| | - Balaji Thotakura
- Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
| | | | - Ashok Kumar Jyothi
- Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, India
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Pure total flavonoids from citrus improve non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating TLR/CCL signaling pathway: A preliminary high-throughput 'omics' study. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:316-326. [PMID: 28654793 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the possible molecular mechanisms of pure total flavonoids from citrus (PTFC) for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) via toll-like receptor/C-C chemokine ligand (TLR/CCL) signaling pathways by monitoring the changes in gene expression profile in liver tissues induced by high-fat diet. METHODS We performed systematical analyses on hepatic expression profiles of mRNAs in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced steatotic animal model with or without PTFC treatment. The study was conducted by using MouseOneArray® v2 gene chip, and analyzed by bioinformatics tools for differential gene expression. Real time-PCR, Western blot and liquid suspension array analysis were used to validate specific genes in the NAFLD liver expression profile in which PTFC plays a role in the TLR/CCR pathway. RESULTS We found that a total of 562 genes showed varying degrees of reversal after PTFC intervention. Pathway analysis of the differential gene expression in the HFD group and the normal diet group (ND group) revealed six signaling pathways related to inflammatory responses in the top ten results. Comparison of genes between the HFD+PTFC and the HFD groups indicated seven signaling pathways correlated with inflammatory response in the top ten results of the pathway analysis. The TLR/CCL inflammatory signaling pathways played an essential role during liver inflammation in NAFLD mice induced by high-fat diet. Real-time PCR, Western blot and liquid suspension array analysis of the differential gene expression involving the TLR/CCL signaling pathways validated the results of microarray detection. CONCLUSION PTFC may improve NAFLD by regulating TLR/CCL signaling pathways. Genomic studies provide additional evidence supporting the role of PTFC in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Janda E, Lascala A, Martino C, Ragusa S, Nucera S, Walker R, Gratteri S, Mollace V. Molecular mechanisms of lipid- and glucose-lowering activities of bergamot flavonoids. PHARMANUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Roy S, Ahmed F, Banerjee S, Saha U. Naringenin ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat renal impairment by downregulation of TGF-β1 and IL-1 via modulation of oxidative stress correlates with decreased apoptotic events. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1616-1627. [PMID: 26928632 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Naringenin, a flavonone and a nutritive antioxidant which is mostly obtained from grapefruit, orange or tomato skin, has been extensively studied due to its radical scavenging activity. OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the protective effect of naringenin on rat kidney after streptozotocin-induced diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) in groups II, III and IV. Naringenin 5 mg/kg body weight was given to groups III and V, but 10 mg/kg was given to groups IV and VI, orally once a day for 10 weeks. After which all animals were sacrificed, and the biochemical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and apoptotic assays were conducted. RESULTS Naringenin treatment with 5 and 10 mg/kg significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the serum biochemical parameters, elevated tissue malondialdehyde levels and increased (p < 0.01) the reduced superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione enzyme activities in the diabetic kidney. Diabetes-induced naringenin-treated groups showed an improved histology and revealed a significant reduction in apoptosis activity (7.2 ± 0.01 and 1.8 ± 0.05) and in expression of TGF-β1 (18.9 ± 3.4 and 10.2 ± 2.1) at a dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Similarly, in contrast to the diabetic group, a significant difference was observed in the IL-1 expression (15.68 ± 4.3) in 5 mg/kg and (9.85 ± 2.1) in 10 mg/kg naringenin-treated groups. CONCLUSION Naringenin acts as a protective agent in diabetic renal impairment by altering oxidative stress, modulation of cytokines expression and apoptotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Roy
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , NSHM Knowledge Campus , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Faiqa Ahmed
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , NSHM Knowledge Campus , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Sritama Banerjee
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , NSHM Knowledge Campus , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
| | - Urmi Saha
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , NSHM Knowledge Campus , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
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Liu K, Wu L, Shi X, Wu F. Protective effect of naringin against ankylosing spondylitis via ossification, inflammation and oxidative stress in mice. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1153-1158. [PMID: 27446336 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringin is an abundant flavanone in pomelo, grapefruit as well as lime and its variants, has been shown to exhibit certain antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and hypoglycemic effects. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the protective effects of naringin against ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to elucidate the potential underlying mechanism. Firstly, a mouse model of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) was established. Next, osteocalcin (OC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and triglyceride (TG) activity values, inflammatory factor and oxidative stress were evaluated in the AS mice. Then, the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein expression levels in the AS mice were investigated using western blot analysis. The results showed that naringin increased OC, ALP and TG activity values in the AS mouse model. Furthermore, inflammatory factor and oxidative stress levels in the AS mice were restrained by treatment with naringin. Furthermore, JAK2 and STAT3 protein expression levels were reduced by treatment with naringin. In conclusion, the present results indicated that the protective effects of naringin against AS are exerted via the induction of ossification, suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress and the downregulation of JAK2/STAT3 in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Lianguo Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Fengqing Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University of Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
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Kawser Hossain M, Abdal Dayem A, Han J, Yin Y, Kim K, Kumar Saha S, Yang GM, Choi HY, Cho SG. Molecular Mechanisms of the Anti-Obesity and Anti-Diabetic Properties of Flavonoids. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:569. [PMID: 27092490 PMCID: PMC4849025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are the most prevailing health concerns worldwide and their incidence is increasing at a high rate, resulting in enormous social costs. Obesity is a complex disease commonly accompanied by insulin resistance and increases in oxidative stress and inflammatory marker expression, leading to augmented fat mass in the body. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β cells or diminished insulin secretion and action insulin. Obesity causes the development of metabolic disorders such as DM, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammation-based pathologies. Flavonoids are the secondary metabolites of plants and have 15-carbon skeleton structures containing two phenyl rings and a heterocyclic ring. More than 5000 naturally occurring flavonoids have been reported from various plants and have been found to possess many beneficial effects with advantages over chemical treatments. A number of studies have demonstrated the potential health benefits of natural flavonoids in treating obesity and DM, and show increased bioavailability and action on multiple molecular targets. This review summarizes the current progress in our understanding of the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic potential of natural flavonoids and their molecular mechanisms for preventing and/or treating obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Kawser Hossain
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jihae Han
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Yingfu Yin
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Kyeongseok Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Gwang-Mo Yang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Hye Yeon Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Modulation of Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Oxidative/Nitrative Stress in the Heart. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:3863726. [PMID: 26788247 PMCID: PMC4691632 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3863726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a frequent metabolic disorder associated with increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In addition to its well-known proatherogenic effect, hypercholesterolemia may exert direct effects on the myocardium resulting in contractile dysfunction, aggravated ischemia/reperfusion injury, and diminished stress adaptation. Both preclinical and clinical studies suggested that elevated oxidative and/or nitrative stress plays a key role in cardiac complications induced by hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, modulation of hypercholesterolemia-induced myocardial oxidative/nitrative stress is a feasible approach to prevent or treat deleterious cardiac consequences. In this review, we discuss the effects of various pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, some novel potential pharmacological approaches, and physical exercise on hypercholesterolemia-induced oxidative/nitrative stress and subsequent cardiac dysfunction as well as impaired ischemic stress adaptation of the heart in hypercholesterolemia.
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Hashimoto T, Ide T. Activity and mRNA Levels of Enzymes Involved in Hepatic Fatty Acid Synthesis in Rats Fed Naringenin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9536-9542. [PMID: 26466635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the physiological activity of naringenin in affecting hepatic lipogenesis and serum and liver lipid levels in rats. Rats were fed diets containing 0, 1, or 2.5 g/kg naringenin for 15 d. Naringenin at a dietary level of 2.5 g/kg significantly decreased the activities and the mRNA levels of various lipogenic enzymes and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) mRNA level. The activities and the mRNA levels were also 9-22% and 12-38% lower, respectively, in rats fed a 1 g/kg naringenin diet than in the animals fed a naringenin-free diet, although the differences were not significant in many cases. Naringenin at 2.5 g/kg significantly lowered serum triacylglycerol, cholesterol, and phospholipid and hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol. This flavonoid at 1.0 g/kg also significantly lowered these parameters except for serum triacylglycerol. Naringenin levels in serum and liver dose-dependently increased, and hepatic concentrations reached levels that can affect various signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hashimoto
- Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd. , 14 Nishinosho-Monguchi, Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Ide
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University , 2-1-28 Sugasawa, Niiza, Saitama 352-8510, Japan
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Hepatic genome-wide expression of lipid metabolism in diet-induced obesity rats treated with cocoa polyphenols. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Baskaran G, Salvamani S, Ahmad SA, Shaharuddin NA, Pattiram PD, Shukor MY. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity and phytocomponent investigation of Basella alba leaf extract as a treatment for hypercholesterolemia. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:509-17. [PMID: 25609924 PMCID: PMC4298350 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s75056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase is the key enzyme of the mevalonate pathway that produces cholesterol. Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase reduces cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver. Synthetic drugs, statins, are commonly used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Due to the side effects of statins, natural HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors of plant origin are needed. In this study, 25 medicinal plant methanol extracts were screened for anti-HMG-CoA reductase activity. Basella alba leaf extract showed the highest inhibitory effect at about 74%. Thus, B. alba was examined in order to investigate its phytochemical components. Gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the presence of phenol 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl), 1-heptatriacotanol, oleic acid, eicosyl ester, naringin, apigenin, luteolin, ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherol, which have been reported to possess antihypercholesterolemic effects. Further investigation of in vivo models should be performed in order to confirm its potential as an alternative treatment for hypercholesterolemia and related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasekaran Baskaran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shamala Salvamani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azmi Shaharuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Parveen Devi Pattiram
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yunus Shukor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Hypolipidemic effect of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) extracts via fecal lipid excretion in C57BL/6 mice fed an atherogenic diet. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Murphy MM, Barraj LM, Rampersaud GC. Consumption of grapefruit is associated with higher nutrient intakes and diet quality among adults, and more favorable anthropometrics in women, NHANES 2003-2008. Food Nutr Res 2014; 58:22179. [PMID: 25006335 PMCID: PMC4016745 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v58.22179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary guidance recommends consumption of a nutrient-dense diet containing a variety of fruits. The purpose of this study was to estimate usual nutrient intakes and adequacy of nutrient intakes among adult grapefruit consumers and non-consumers, and to examine associations between grapefruit consumption and select health parameters. METHODS The analysis was conducted with data collected in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2008. Respondents reporting consumption of any amount of grapefruit or 100% grapefruit juice at least once during the 2 days of dietary recall were classified as grapefruit consumers. RESULTS Among adults aged 19+ years with 2 days of dietary recall (n=12,789), 2.5% of males and 2.7% of females reported consumption of 100% grapefruit juice or fresh, canned, or frozen grapefruit during the recalls. Grapefruit consumers were less likely to have usual intakes of vitamin C (males: 0% vs. 47%; females: 0% vs. 43%; P<0.001) and magnesium (P<0.05) below the estimated average requirement (EAR) compared to non-consumers, and they were more likely to meet adequate intake levels for dietary fiber (P<0.05). Potassium and β-carotene intakes were significantly higher among grapefruit consumers (P<0.001). Diet quality as assessed by the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) was higher in grapefruit consumers (males: 66.2 [95% CI: 61.0-71.5] vs. 55.4 [95% CI: 54.4-56.4]; females: 71.4 [95% CI: 65.1-77.6] vs. 61.2 [95% CI: 59.8-62.6]). Among women, grapefruit consumption was associated with lower body weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP), and higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (P<0.05), However, risk of being overweight/obese was not associated with grapefruit consumption. CONCLUSION Consumption of grapefruit was associated with higher intakes of vitamin C, magnesium, potassium, dietary fiber, and improved diet quality. Grapefruit may provide a healthful option for adults striving to meet fruit recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Murphy
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Chemical Regulation & Food Safety, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Leila M. Barraj
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Chemical Regulation & Food Safety, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gail C. Rampersaud
- University of Florida, Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Li P, Wang S, Guan X, Cen X, Hu C, Peng W, Wang Y, Su W. Six months chronic toxicological evaluation of naringin in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 66:65-75. [PMID: 24462649 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Naringin is a flavonoid showing variable pharmacological properties and is distributed ubiquitously in plant foods. There is a paucity of reported data regarding its safety profile. In the present study, chronic toxicity studies of naringin was designed and conducted by oral gavage at doses of 0, 50, 250 and 1250 mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats for six months followed by 1-month recovery period. During the 6-month treatment period and one month recovery period, no mortality and toxicologically significant changes in clinical signs, opthalmoscopic examination, hematology, clinical biochemistry, serumsexhormone, macroscopic findings, organ weights and histopathological examination were noted and attributed to naringin administration. Although consecutive and/or isolated periods of significant body weights and food consumption decreases were relevant to naringin administration, they were not considered toxicologically significant. In addition, slight, non-pathological and reversible hair loss was noted during the 6-month treatment period and considered as a kind of change possibly relevant to naringin administration; however, it was not considered adverse change and to be of toxicological significance. Based on the results of this study, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) of naringin in rats is greater than 1250 mg/kg/day when administered orally for 6 consecutive months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peibo Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Guan
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Su
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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Li P, Wang S, Guan X, Liu B, Wang Y, Xu K, Peng W, Su W, Zhang K. Acute and 13weeks subchronic toxicological evaluation of naringin in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Naringin improves diet-induced cardiovascular dysfunction and obesity in high carbohydrate, high fat diet-fed rats. Nutrients 2013; 5:637-50. [PMID: 23446977 PMCID: PMC3705310 DOI: 10.3390/nu5030637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and fatty liver, together termed metabolic syndrome, are key risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Chronic feeding of a diet high in saturated fats and simple sugars, such as fructose and glucose, induces these changes in rats. Naturally occurring compounds could be a cost-effective intervention to reverse these changes. Flavonoids are ubiquitous secondary plant metabolites; naringin gives the bitter taste to grapefruit. This study has evaluated the effect of naringin on diet-induced obesity and cardiovascular dysfunction in high carbohydrate, high fat-fed rats. These rats developed increased body weight, glucose intolerance, increased plasma lipid concentrations, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis, liver inflammation and steatosis with compromised mitochondrial respiratory chain activity. Dietary supplementation with naringin (approximately 100 mg/kg/day) improved glucose intolerance and liver mitochondrial dysfunction, lowered plasma lipid concentrations and improved the structure and function of the heart and liver without decreasing total body weight. Naringin normalised systolic blood pressure and improved vascular dysfunction and ventricular diastolic dysfunction in high carbohydrate, high fat-fed rats. These beneficial effects of naringin may be mediated by reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, reduced oxidative stress, lowered plasma lipid concentrations and improved liver mitochondrial function in rats.
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Jang Y, Kim TK, Shim WS. Naringin Exhibits in vivo Prokinetic Activity via Activation of Ghrelin Receptor in Gastrointestinal Motility Dysfunction Rats. Pharmacology 2013; 92:191-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000354579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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The liver antioxidant status of fattening lambs is improved by naringin dietary supplementation at 0.15% rates but not meat quality. Animal 2012; 6:863-70. [PMID: 22558934 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111100214x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty Assaf lambs fed barley straw plus a concentrate alone (CONTROL group) or enriched with naringin (1.5 g/kg DM, NARINGIN group) were used to assess the effect of this polyphenolic compound on meat quality attributes. Serum samples were collected for 7 weeks, then the animals were slaughtered and the livers and longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscles extracted for analysis. Triacylglycerol levels in the serum samples tended to show (P = 0.087) lower average values for the NARINGIN group when compared with the CONTROL, but no differences were observed when the meat was analysed for the intramuscular fat content. Lower thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances procedure (TBARS) values (P < 0.001) in the liver of the NARINGIN group were detected, probably as a consequence of naringenin accumulation in this organ. No significant differences were observed in the meat samples concerning TBARS or colour evolution during refrigerated storage, as not enough naringenin would have reached the muscle. Independent of naringin administration, the low levels of the most atherogenic oxysterols must be highlighted as the most important quality score in the lamb meat samples studied.
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Dow CA, Going SB, Chow HHS, Patil BS, Thomson CA. The effects of daily consumption of grapefruit on body weight, lipids, and blood pressure in healthy, overweight adults. Metabolism 2012; 61:1026-35. [PMID: 22304836 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Folklore has suggested that consuming grapefruit may promote weight control. Sparse data exist to support this hypothesis, although there is some evidence of health promotion effects with regard to blood pressure control and modulation of circulating lipids. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to prospectively evaluate the role of grapefruit in reducing body weight and blood pressure and in promoting improvements in the lipid profile in overweight adults (N = 74). Following a 3-week washout diet low in bioactive-rich fruits and vegetables, participants were randomized to either the control diet (n = 32) or daily grapefruit (n = 42) in the amount of one half of a fresh Rio-Red grapefruit with each meal (3× daily) for 6 weeks. No differences between group in weight, blood pressure, or lipids were demonstrated. Grapefruit consumption was associated with modest weight loss (-0.61 ± 2.23 kg, P = .097), a significant reduction in waist circumference (-2.45 ± 0.60 cm, P = .0002), and a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (-3.21 ± 10.13 mm Hg, P = .03) compared with baseline values. Improvements were observed in circulating lipids of those consuming grapefruit, with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein significantly decreasing by -11.7 mg/dL (P = .002) and -18.7 mg/dL (P < .001), respectively, compared with baseline values. This study suggests that consumption of grapefruit daily for 6 weeks does not significantly decrease body weight, lipids, or blood pressure as compared with the control condition. However, the improvements in blood pressure and lipids demonstrated in the intervention group suggest that grapefruit should be further evaluated in the context of obesity and cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Dow
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Naringin Ameliorates Atherogenic Dyslipidemia but not Hyperglycemia in Rats With Type 1 Diabetes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 59:133-41. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31823827a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Goldwasser J, Cohen PY, Lin W, Kitsberg D, Balaguer P, Polyak SJ, Chung RT, Yarmush ML, Nahmias Y. Naringenin inhibits the assembly and long-term production of infectious hepatitis C virus particles through a PPAR-mediated mechanism. J Hepatol 2011; 55:963-71. [PMID: 21354229 PMCID: PMC3197749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects 3% of the world population and is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Current standard of care is effective in only 50% of the patients, poorly tolerated, and associated with significant side effects and viral resistance. Recently, our group and others demonstrated that the HCV lifecycle is critically dependent on host lipid metabolism and that its production is metabolically modulated. METHODS The JFH1/Huh7.5.1 full lifecycle model of HCV was used to study the antiviral effects of naringenin on viral replication, assembly, and production. Activation of PPARα was elucidated using GAL4-PPARα fusion reporters, PPRE reporters, qRT-PCR, and metabolic studies. Metabolic results were confirmed in primary human hepatocytes. RESULTS We demonstrate that the grapefruit flavonoid naringenin dose-dependently inhibits HCV production without affecting intracellular levels of the viral RNA or protein. We show that naringenin blocks the assembly of intracellular infectious viral particles, upstream of viral egress. This antiviral effect is mediated in part by the activation of PPARα, leading to a decrease in VLDL production without causing hepatic lipid accumulation in Huh7.5.1 cells and primary human hepatocytes. Long-term treatment with naringenin leads to a rapid 1.4 log reduction in HCV, similar to 1000U of interferon. During the washout period, HCV levels returned to normal, consistent with our proposed mechanism of action. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrates that naringenin is a non-toxic assembly inhibitor of HCV and that other PPARα agonists play a similar role in blocking viral production. The combination of naringenin with STAT-C agents could potentially bring a rapid reduction in HCV levels during the early treatment phase, an outcome associated with sustained virological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Goldwasser
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pazit Y. Cohen
- The Selim and Rachel Benin School of Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Wenyu Lin
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danny Kitsberg
- The Selim and Rachel Benin School of Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Raymond T. Chung
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yaakov Nahmias
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,The Selim and Rachel Benin School of Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel,Corresponding author. Address: The Selim and Rachel Benin School of Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. Tel.: +972 2 658 4406; fax: +972 2 658 5261. , (Y. Nahmias)
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Naringin and vitamin E influence the oxidative stability and lipid profile of plasma in lambs fed fish oil. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:98-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yen JH, Weng CY, Li S, Lo YH, Pan MH, Fu SH, Ho CT, Wu MJ. Citrus flavonoid 5-demethylnobiletin suppresses scavenger receptor expression in THP-1 cells and alters lipid homeostasis in HepG2 liver cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:733-48. [PMID: 21225617 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Nobiletin, a polymethoxyflavone from the peel of citrus fruits, has been reported to inhibit modified LDL uptake in macrophages and enhance hepatic LDL receptor expression and activity. We report the anti-atherogenic effect and mechanism of 5-demethylnobiletin, an auto-hydrolysis product of nobiletin. METHODS AND RESULTS 5-Demethylnobiletin significantly attenuated phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced gene expression and activity of scavenger receptors, CD36, scavenger receptor-A and lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1. The inhibitory effect is partly associated with the inhibition of protein-kinase C activity and c-Jun NH(2) -terminal kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, thereby inhibiting the activation of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-κB. 5-Demethylnobiletin treatment also led to reduction of oxidized LDL-induced CD36 mRNA expression and blockade of 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanide perchlorate-modified LDL uptake in THP-1-derived macrophages. In the human hepatoma cell line HepG2, 5-demethylnobiletin significantly induced LDL receptor activity and transcription, at least in part, through steroid-response element-binding protein-2 activation. 5-Demethylnobiletin also decreased the mRNA expression of acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2, the key enzyme involved in the hepatic triacylglycerol biosyntheses. CONCLUSION Current results suggest that 5-demethylnobiletin has diverse anti-atherogenic bioactivities. It is more potent in inhibiting monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and foam cell formation than its permethoxylated counterpart, nobiletin. It exhibits similar hypolipidemic activity as nobiletin and both can enhance LDL receptor gene expression and activity and decreased acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Jeusette I, Torre C, Salas A, Iraculis N, Compagnucci M, Romano V, Kirschvink N. Effects of consuming diets containing various fats or citrus flavanones on plasma lipid and urinary F2-isoprostane concentrations in overweight cats. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:1039-44. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.9.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Goldwasser J, Cohen PY, Yang E, Balaguer P, Yarmush ML, Nahmias Y. Transcriptional regulation of human and rat hepatic lipid metabolism by the grapefruit flavonoid naringenin: role of PPARalpha, PPARgamma and LXRalpha. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12399. [PMID: 20811644 PMCID: PMC2928300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis is an important factor in the development of prevalent metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. Therefore, small molecules that could reduce insulin dependence and regulate dyslipidemia could have a dramatic effect on public health. The grapefruit flavonoid naringenin has been shown to normalize lipids in diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, as well as inhibit the production of HCV. Here, we demonstrate that naringenin regulates the activity of nuclear receptors PPARα, PPARγ, and LXRα. We show it activates the ligand-binding domain of both PPARα and PPARγ, while inhibiting LXRα in GAL4-fusion reporters. Using TR-FRET, we show that naringenin is a partial agonist of LXRα, inhibiting its association with Trap220 co-activator in the presence of TO901317. In addition, naringenin induces the expression of PPARα co-activator, PGC1α. The flavonoid activates PPAR response element (PPRE) while suppressing LXRα response element (LXRE) in human hepatocytes, translating into the induction of PPAR-regulated fatty acid oxidation genes such as CYP4A11, ACOX, UCP1 and ApoAI, and inhibition of LXRα-regulated lipogenesis genes, such as FAS, ABCA1, ABCG1, and HMGR. This effect results in the induction of a fasted-like state in primary rat hepatocytes in which fatty acid oxidation increases, while cholesterol and bile acid production decreases. Our findings explain the myriad effects of naringenin and support its continued clinical development. Of note, this is the first description of a non-toxic, naturally occurring LXRα inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Goldwasser
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pazit Y. Cohen
- The Selim and Rachel Benin School of Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eric Yang
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yaakov Nahmias
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Selim and Rachel Benin School of Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pang WY, Wang XL, Mok SK, Lai WP, Chow HK, Leung PC, Yao XS, Wong MS. Naringin improves bone properties in ovariectomized mice and exerts oestrogen-like activities in rat osteoblast-like (UMR-106) cells. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:1693-1703. [PMID: 20397301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Naringin, a flavanone glycoside in citrus fruits, has been recently reported to stimulate bone formation in vitro and in vivo. The present study was designed to determine if naringin could exert oestrogen-like protective actions in bone. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Young C57/BL6J mice were ovariectomized (OVX) and treated orally with naringin (0.2 or 0.4 mg*g(-1)*day(-1)), 17beta-oestradiol (2 microg*g(-1)*day(-1)) or its vehicle for 6 weeks. Bone mineral densities (BMD) and polar stresss-train index (SSI) were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Rat osteoblast-like UMR-106 cells were co-incubated with the oestrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182780 to determine if the effects of naringin on osteoblastic functions were ER dependent. Functional transactivation of ERalpha and ERbeta as well as ERalpha phosphorylation by naringin were also studied. KEY RESULTS Naringin at 0.4 mg*g(-1)*day(-1) increased BMD at trabecular-rich bone in OVX mice. Naringin (at both doses) significantly increased SSI at distal femur and lumbar spine and increased biomechanical strength (ultimate load and energy for breaking) at tibia diaphysis in OVX mice. The stimulatory effects of naringin on osteoblastic functions could be abolished by co-incubation with ICI 182780 in UMR-106 cells. Naringin failed to stimulate ERalpha- or ERbeta-mediated oestrogen response element-dependent luciferase activity but could significantly induce ERalpha phosphorylation at serine 118, in UMR-106 cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Naringin was effective in protecting against OVX-induced bone loss in mice and its actions might be mediated through ligand-independent activation of ER in osteoblastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Yin Pang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, China
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Cho KW, Kim YO, Andrade JE, Burgess JR, Kim YC. Dietary naringenin increases hepatic peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α protein expression and decreases plasma triglyceride and adiposity in rats. Eur J Nutr 2010; 50:81-8. [PMID: 20567977 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-010-0117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naringenin, a flavonoid present in grapefruit, has recently been shown to exert hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic effects, which has a particular importance for protecting against chronic diseases. However, the lipid-lowering potential of naringenin at the concentrations in the dietary range and its underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. AIM The aim of the present study was (1) to investigate the effects of dietary naringenin on plasma and hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels and on adipose deposition in rat and (2) to determine the contribution of hepatic peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α (PPARα) expression to fatty acid oxidation. METHODS Male Long-Evans hooded rats were fed a diet supplemented with naringenin (0.003, 0.006, and 0.012%) for 6 weeks. We analyzed plasma and hepatic lipid contents and determined the protein expression of PPARα, carnitine-palmitoyl transferase 1L (CPT-1), and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), all of which are critical genes for fatty acid oxidation. RESULTS Naringenin supplementation caused a significant reduction in the amount of total triglyceride and cholesterol in plasma and liver. In addition, naringenin supplementation lowered adiposity and triglyceride contents in parametrial adipose tissue. Naringenin-fed animals showed a significant increase in PPARα protein expression in the liver. Furthermore, expression of CPT-1 and UCP2, both of which are known to be regulated by PPARα, was markedly enhanced by naringenin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the activation of PPARα transcription factor and upregulation of its fatty acid oxidation target genes by dietary naringenin may contribute to the hypolipidemic and anti-adiposity effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Won Cho
- Department of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 10003, USA
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Morikawa K, Nonaka M, Mochizuki H, Handa K, Hanada H, Hirota K. Naringenin and hesperetin induce growth arrest, apoptosis, and cytoplasmic fat deposit in human preadipocytes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11030-11037. [PMID: 18980325 DOI: 10.1021/jf801965n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Citrus flavonoids are reported to be promising bioactive compounds against hyperlipidemia and lipid biosynthesis. However, the mechanism of the lipid lowering effect by flavonoids remains unknown. The present study examines the effect of some flavanones on the adipocytic conversion of the human preadipocyte cell line, AML-I. Among four structure-related flavanones including naringenin, naringenin-7-rhamnoglucoside (naringin), hesperetin, and hesperetin-7-rhamnoglucoside (hesperidin), the aglycones such as naringenin and hesperetin exhibited the growth arrest of AML-I cells. When the cells were examined by Annexin V-FITC staining method, it was noticed that growth arrest was induced by apoptotic cell death. In the study of apoptosis-related protein in the naringenin-treated cells, anti-apoptotic proteins such as p-Akt, NF-kappaB, and Bcl-2 were decreased, and pro-apoptotic protein Bad was accumulated by Western blot analysis. Interestingly, exposure of AML-I cells to naringenin or hesperetin during short-term cultures increased cytoplasmic lipid droplets by Sudan Black B staining. Furthermore, expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma was enhanced in naringenin-treated cells. These data suggest that apoptosis by flavanones does not inhibit the adipocytic conversion of AML-I preadipocytes. The result also indicates that adipocyte may not be a direct target for the lipid-lowering activity of the flavanones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Morikawa
- Department of Nutrition, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Sagami Women's University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Nahmias Y, Goldwasser J, Casali M, van Poll D, Wakita T, Chung RT, Yarmush ML. Apolipoprotein B-dependent hepatitis C virus secretion is inhibited by the grapefruit flavonoid naringenin. Hepatology 2008; 47:1437-45. [PMID: 18393287 PMCID: PMC4500072 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects over 3% of the world population and is the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. HCV has long been known to associate with circulating lipoproteins, and its interactions with the cholesterol and lipid pathways have been recently described. In this work, we demonstrate that HCV is actively secreted by infected cells through a Golgi-dependent mechanism while bound to very low density lipoprotein (vLDL). Silencing apolipoprotein B (ApoB) messenger RNA in infected cells causes a 70% reduction in the secretion of both ApoB-100 and HCV. More importantly, we demonstrate that the grapefruit flavonoid naringenin, previously shown to inhibit vLDL secretion both in vivo and in vitro, inhibits the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity as well as the transcription of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 in infected cells. Stimulation with naringenin reduces HCV secretion in infected cells by 80%. Moreover, we find that naringenin is effective at concentrations that are an order of magnitude below the toxic threshold in primary human hepatocytes and in mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaakov Nahmias
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jonathan Goldwasser
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Monica Casali
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daan van Poll
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Hsu CL, Yen GC. Phenolic compounds: evidence for inhibitory effects against obesity and their underlying molecular signaling mechanisms. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:53-61. [PMID: 18081207 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are widely present in the plant kingdom. Many epidemiological studies have indicated that consumption of some plant-derived foodstuffs with high phenolic content is associated with the prevention of some diseases and that these compounds may have similar properties to antioxidants, antimutagenic agents, antithrombotic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-HIV-1, and anticancer agents. However, obesity is an important topic in the world of public health and preventive medicine. Relationships between body mass index, waist circumference, or waist-to-hip ratio and the risk of development of some diseases (such as heart disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, kidney failure, cancer, stroke, osteoarthritis, and sleep apnea) have been observed. Evidence that phenolic compounds have beneficial effects in fighting obesity is increasingly being reported in the scientific literature. These in vitro and in vivo effects of phenolic compounds on the induction of pre-adipocytic and adipocytic apoptosis and inhibition of adipocytic lipid accumulation are considered in detail here. This review presents evidence of their inhibitory effects on obesity and their underlying molecular signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Lin Hsu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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