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Egle K, Dohle E, Hoffmann V, Salma I, Al-Maawi S, Ghanaati S, Dubnika A. Fucoidan/chitosan hydrogels as carrier for sustained delivery of platelet-rich fibrin containing bioactive molecules. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129651. [PMID: 38280707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), derived from human blood, rich in wound healing components, has drawbacks in direct injections, such as rapid matrix degradation and growth factor release. Marine polysaccharides, mimicking the human extracellular matrix, show promising potential in tissue engineering. In this study, we impregnated the self-assembled fucoidan/chitosan (FU_CS) hydrogels with PRF obtaining PRF/FU_CS hydrogels. Our objective was to analyze the properties of a hydrogel and the sustained release of growth factors from the hydrogel that incorporates PRF. The results of SEM and BET-BJH demonstrated the relatively porous nature of the FU_CS hydrogels. ELISA data showed that combining FU_CS hydrogel with PRF led to a gradual 7-day sustained release of growth factors (VEGF, EGF, IL-8, PDGF-BB, TGF-β1), compared to pure PRF. Histology confirmed ELISA data, demonstrating uniform PRF fibrin network distribution within the FU_CS hydrogel matrix. Furthermore, the FU_CS hydrogels revealed excellent cell viability. The results revealed that the PRF/FU_CS hydrogel has the potential to promote wound healing and tissue regeneration. This would be the first step in the search for improved growth factor release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Egle
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Eva Dohle
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Verena Hoffmann
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ilze Salma
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Sarah Al-Maawi
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shahram Ghanaati
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Arita Dubnika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia.
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2
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Gupta D, Martinez DC, Puertas-Mejía MA, Hearnden VL, Reilly GC. The Effects of Fucoidan Derived from Sargassum filipendula and Fucus vesiculosus on the Survival and Mineralisation of Osteogenic Progenitors. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2085. [PMID: 38396762 PMCID: PMC10889223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a bone cancer primarily affecting teenagers. It has a poor prognosis and diminished quality of life after treatment due to chemotherapy side effects, surgical complications and post-surgical osteoporosis risks. The sulphated polysaccharide fucoidan, derived from brown algae, has been a subject of interest for its potential anti-cancer properties and its impact on bone regeneration. This study explores the influence of crude, low-molecular-weight (LMW, 10-50 kDa), medium-molecular-weight (MMW, 50-100 kDa) and high-molecular-weight (HMW, >100 kDa) fractions from Sargassum filipendula, harvested from the Colombian sea coast, as well as crude fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus, on a specific human osteoprogenitor cell type, human embryonic-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) results showed the highest sulphation levels and lowest uronic acid content in crude extract from F. vesiculosus. There was a dose-dependent drop in focal adhesion formation, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of cells for all fucoidan types, but the least toxicity was observed for LMW and MMW. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), JC-1 (5,50,6,60-tetrachloro-1,10,3,30-tetraethylbenzimi-dazolylcarbocyanine iodide) staining and cytochrome c analyses confirmed mitochondrial damage, swollen ER and upregulated autophagy due to fucoidans, with the highest severity in the case of F. vesiculosus fucoidan. Stress-induced apoptosis-like cell death by F. vesiculosus fucoidan and stress-induced necrosis-like cell death by S. filipendula fucoidans were also confirmed. LMW and MMW doses of <200 ng/mL were the least toxic and showed potential osteoinductivity. This research underscores the multifaceted impact of fucoidans on osteoprogenitor cells and highlights the delicate balance between potential therapeutic benefits and the challenges involved in using fucoidans for post-surgery treatments in patients with osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanak Gupta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (D.C.M.); (G.C.R.)
- INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK
| | - Diana C. Martinez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (D.C.M.); (G.C.R.)
- INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Miguel Angel Puertas-Mejía
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Vanessa L. Hearnden
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (D.C.M.); (G.C.R.)
| | - Gwendolen C. Reilly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (D.C.M.); (G.C.R.)
- INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
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3
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Lu HT, Lin C, Wang YJ, Hsu FY, Hsu JT, Tsai ML, Mi FL. Sequential deacetylation/self-gelling chitin hydrogels and scaffolds functionalized with fucoidan for enhanced BMP-2 loading and sustained release. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:121002. [PMID: 37230625 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a potent osteoinductive factor that promotes bone formation. A major obstacle to the clinical application of BMP-2 is its inherent instability and complications caused by its rapid release from implants. Chitin based materials have excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties, making them ideal for bone tissue engineering applications. In this study, a simple and easy method was developed to spontaneously form deacetylated β-chitin (DAC-β-chitin) gels at room temperature through a sequential deacetylation/self-gelation process. The structural transformation of β-chitin to DAC-β-chitin leads to the formation of self-gelling DAC-β-chitin, from which hydrogels and scaffolds were prepared. Gelatin (GLT) accelerated the self-gelation of DAC-β-chitin and increased the pore size and porosity of the DAC-β-chitin scaffold. The DAC-β-chitin scaffolds were then functionalized with a BMP-2-binding sulfate polysaccharide, fucoidan (FD). Compared with β-chitin scaffolds, FD-functionalized DAC-β-chitin scaffolds showed higher BMP-2 loading capacity and more sustainable release of BMP-2, and thus had better osteogenic activity for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Tsung Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ju Wang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fang-Yu Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ju-Ting Hsu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Min-Lang Tsai
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Fwu-Long Mi
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan, ROC.
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4
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Aslam B, Augustyniak A, Clarke SA, McMahon H. Development of a Novel Marine-Derived Tricomposite Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:473. [PMID: 37755086 PMCID: PMC10532529 DOI: 10.3390/md21090473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is a promising treatment for bone loss that requires a combination of porous scaffold and osteogenic cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate and develop a tricomposite, biomimetic scaffold consisting of marine-derived biomaterials, namely, chitosan and fucoidan with hydroxyapatite (HA). The effects of chitosan, fucoidan and HA individually and in combination on the proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were investigated. According to the SEM results, the tricomposite scaffold had a uniform porous structure, which is a key requirement for cell migration, proliferation and vascularisation. The presence of HA and fucoidan in the chitosan tricomposite scaffold was confirmed using FTIR, which showed a slight decrease in porosity and an increase in the density of the tricomposite scaffold compared to other formulations. Fucoidan was found to inhibit cell proliferation at higher concentrations and at earlier time points when applied as a single treatment, but this effect was lost at later time points. Similar results were observed with HA alone. However, both HA and fucoidan increased MSC mineralisation as measured by calcium deposition. Differentiation was significantly enhanced in MSCs cultured on the tricomposite, with increased alkaline phosphatase activity on days 17 and 25. In conclusion, the tricomposite is biocompatible, promotes osteogenesis, and has the structural and compositional properties required of a scaffold for bone tissue engineering. This biomaterial could provide an effective treatment for small bone defects as an alternative to autografts or be the basis for cell attachment and differentiation in ex vivo bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Aslam
- Circular Bioeconomy Research Group (CIRCBIO), Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Munster Technology University, V92CX88 Tralee, Ireland; (B.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Aleksandra Augustyniak
- Circular Bioeconomy Research Group (CIRCBIO), Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Munster Technology University, V92CX88 Tralee, Ireland; (B.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Susan A. Clarke
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK;
| | - Helena McMahon
- Circular Bioeconomy Research Group (CIRCBIO), Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, Munster Technology University, V92CX88 Tralee, Ireland; (B.A.); (A.A.)
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5
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Eshwar S, Konuganti K, Manvi S, Bharadwaj AN, Sajjan S, Boregowda SS, Jain V. Evaluation of Osteogenic Potential of Fucoidan Containing Chitosan Hydrogel in the Treatment of Periodontal Intra-Bony Defects-A Randomized Clinical Trial. Gels 2023; 9:573. [PMID: 37504452 PMCID: PMC10379738 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases significantly impact about half of the global population, and their treatment often encompasses relieving symptoms as well as regenerating the destroyed tissues. Revolutionary research in the management of periodontal disease includes biomaterials, a boon to re-generative dentistry owing to their excellent biological properties: non-toxicity, anti-inflammatory, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and adhesion. This study aimed to fabricate an injectable fucoidan containing chitosan hydrogel and prove its effectiveness in periodontal bone regeneration. The injectable hydrogel was prepared using the sol-gel method and was subjected to various physical, chemical, and biological characterizations to understand its efficacy in formation of new bone. The effectiveness of the developed hydrogel was assessed in periodontal bony defects to study the soft and hard tissue changes. A total of 40 periodontitis patients with bony defects were recruited and randomized into two groups to receive fucoidan-chitosan hydrogel and concentrated growth factor, respectively. Customized acrylic stents were used to guide the hydrogel placement into the defect site. Post-surgical changes in clinical parameters were assessed at 3, 6, and 9 months to appreciate the soft and hard tissue changes using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test. Significance was kept at 5%. The porosity, water uptake of the prepared hydrogel showed good efficacy, with particle size of the fucoidan containing chitosan hydrogel of 6.000 nm. The MG-63 osteoblasts cell line revealed biocompatibility, biodegradability and showed slow and sustained drug release, increased cell proliferation, and enhanced alkaline phosphatase secretion. Mineralization assay was greatest in the fucoidan containing chitosan hydrogel. Clinically, it exhibited significantly lower probing depth values and a higher mean improvement in clinical attachment level as compared to the concentrated growth factor (CGF) group at the end of 3 and 6 months (p < 0.05). The mean of the defect fills in the fucoidan containing chitosan group was 1.20 at the end of 9 months (p < 0.001) as compared with defect fills observed in the CGF group. The presence of fucoidan in the hydrogel significantly contributed to bone regeneration in humans, thus strengthening its potential in tissue engineering. Fucoidan-chitosan will be a promising biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Eshwar
- KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru 560022, India
| | - Kranti Konuganti
- Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru 560054, India
| | - Supriya Manvi
- KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru 560022, India
| | | | - Sudarshan Sajjan
- KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru 560022, India
| | | | - Vipin Jain
- KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru 560022, India
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6
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Bayer IS. Controlled Drug Release from Nanoengineered Polysaccharides. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051364. [PMID: 37242606 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are naturally occurring complex molecules with exceptional physicochemical properties and bioactivities. They originate from plant, animal, and microbial-based resources and processes and can be chemically modified. The biocompatibility and biodegradability of polysaccharides enable their increased use in nanoscale synthesis and engineering for drug encapsulation and release. This review focuses on sustained drug release studies from nanoscale polysaccharides in the fields of nanotechnology and biomedical sciences. Particular emphasis is placed on drug release kinetics and relevant mathematical models. An effective release model can be used to envision the behavior of specific nanoscale polysaccharide matrices and reduce impending experimental trial and error, saving time and resources. A robust model can also assist in translating from in vitro to in vivo experiments. The main aim of this review is to demonstrate that any study that establishes sustained release from nanoscale polysaccharide matrices should be accompanied by a detailed analysis of drug release kinetics by modeling since sustained release from polysaccharides not only involves diffusion and degradation but also surface erosion, complicated swelling dynamics, crosslinking, and drug-polymer interactions. As such, in the first part, we discuss the classification and role of polysaccharides in various applications and later elaborate on the specific pharmaceutical processes of polysaccharides in ionic gelling, stabilization, cross-linking, grafting, and encapsulation of drugs. We also document several drug release models applied to nanoscale hydrogels, nanofibers, and nanoparticles of polysaccharides and conclude that, at times, more than one model can accurately describe the sustained release profiles, indicating the existence of release mechanisms running in parallel. Finally, we conclude with the future opportunities and advanced applications of nanoengineered polysaccharides and their theranostic aptitudes for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker S Bayer
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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7
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Carvalho DN, Gelinsky M, Williams DS, Mearns-Spragg A, Reis RL, Silva TH. Marine collagen-chitosan-fucoidan/chondroitin sulfate cryo-biomaterials loaded with primary human cells envisaging cartilage tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124510. [PMID: 37080412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage repair after a trauma or a degenerative disease like osteoarthritis (OA) continues to be a big challenge in current medicine due to the limited self-regenerative capacity of the articular cartilage tissues. To overcome the current limitations, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) and adjacent areas have focused their efforts on new therapeutical procedures and materials capable of restoring normal tissue functionalities through polymeric scaffolding and stem cell engineering approaches. For this, the sustainable exploration of marine origin materials has emerged in the last years as a natural alternative to mammal sources, benefiting from their biological properties (e.g., biocompatibility, biodegradability, no toxicity, among others) for the development of several types of scaffolds. In this study, marine collagen(jCOL)-chitosan(sCHT)-fucoidan(aFUC)/chondroitin sulfate(aCS) were cryo-processed (-20 °C, -80 °C, and -196 °C) and a chemical-free crosslinking approach was explored to establish cohesive and stable cryogel materials. The cryogels were intensively characterized to assess their oscillatory behavior, thermal structural stability, thixotropic properties (around 45 % for the best formulations), injectability, and surface structural organization. Additionally, the cryogels demonstrate an interesting microenvironment in in vitro studies using human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs), supporting their viability and proliferation. In both physic-chemical and in vitro studies, the systems that contain fucoidan in their formulations, i.e., C1 (jCOL, sCHT, aFUC) and C3 (jCOL, sCHT, aFUC, aCS), submitted at -80 °C, are those that demonstrated most promising results for future application in articular cartilage tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte Nuno Carvalho
- 3B's Research Group, I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint- and Soft Tissue Research, Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - David S Williams
- Jellagen Limited, Unit G6, Capital Business Park, Parkway, St Mellons, Cardiff CF3 2PY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Mearns-Spragg
- Jellagen Limited, Unit G6, Capital Business Park, Parkway, St Mellons, Cardiff CF3 2PY, United Kingdom
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Tiago H Silva
- 3B's Research Group, I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
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8
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Li C, Cui Z, Deng S, Chen P, Li X, Yang H. The potential of plant extracts in cell therapy. STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY 2022; 13:472. [PMID: 36104798 PMCID: PMC9476258 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy is the frontier technology of biotechnology innovation and the most promising method for the treatment of refractory diseases such as tumours. However, cell therapy has disadvantages, such as toxicity and poor therapeutic effects. Plant extracts are natural, widely available, and contain active small molecule ingredients that are widely used in the treatment of various diseases. By studying the effect of plant extracts on cell therapy, active plant extracts that have positive significance in cell therapy can be discovered, and certain contributions to solving the current problems of attenuation and adjuvant therapy in cell therapy can be made. Therefore, this article reviews the currently reported effects of plant extracts in stem cell therapy and immune cell therapy, especially the effects of plant extracts on the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and nerve stem cells and the potential role of plant extracts in chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy (CAR-T) and T-cell receptor modified T-cell immunotherapy (TCR-T), in the hope of encouraging further research and clinical application of plant extracts in cell therapy.
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Park B, Yu SN, Kim SH, Lee J, Choi SJ, Chang JH, Yang EJ, Kim KY, Ahn SC. Inhibitory Effect of Biotransformed-Fucoidan on the Differentiation of Osteoclasts Induced by Receptor for Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1017-1025. [PMID: 35879294 PMCID: PMC9628933 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2203.03001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone homeostasis is regulated by constant remodeling through osteogenesis by osteoblasts and osteolysis by osteoclasts and osteoporosis can be provoked when this balance is broken. Present pharmaceutical treatments for osteoporosis have harmful side effects and thus, our goal was to develop therapeutics from intrisincally safe natural products. Fucoidan is a polysaccharide extracted from many species of brown seaweed, with valuable pharmaceutical activities. To intensify the effect of fucoidan on bone homeostasis, we hydrolyzed fucoidan using AMG, Pectinex and Viscozyme. Of these, fucoidan biotransformed by Pectinex (Fu/Pec) powerfully inhibited the induction of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity in osteoclasts differentiated from bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) by the receptor for activation of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). To investigate potential of lower molecular weight fucoidan it was separated into >300 kDa, 50-300 kDa, and <50 kDa Fu/Pec fractions by ultrafiltration system. The effects of these fractions on TRAP and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were then examined in differentiated osteoclasts and MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, respectively. Interestingly, 50-300 kDa Fu/Pec suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclasts differentiation from BMMs but did not synergistically enhance osteoblasts differentiation induced by osteogenic agents. In addition, this fraction inhibited the expressions of NFATc1, TRAP, OSCAR, and RANK, which are all key transcriptional factors involved in osteoclast differentiation, and those of Src, c-Fos and Mitf, as determined by RT-PCR. In conclusion, enzymatically low-molecularized 50-300 kDa Fu/Pec suppressed TRAP by downregulating RANKL-related signaling, contributing to the inhibition of osteoclasts differentiation, and represented a potential means of inducing bone remodeling in the background of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobae Park
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50611, Republic of Korea,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Sun Nyoung Yu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50611, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Kim
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 065510, USA
| | - Junwon Lee
- Department of Biomedicinal Science and Biotechnology, Pai Chai University, Daejeon 35345, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Choi
- Spine Center, Bone Barun Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Youn Kim
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50611, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-51-510-8092 E-mail:
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10
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Devi G.V Y, Nagendra AH, Shenoy P S, Chatterjee K, Venkatesan J. Isolation and purification of fucoidan from Sargassum ilicifolium: Osteogenic differentiation potential in mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue engineering. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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11
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Huang H, Guo F, Deng X, Yan M, Wang D, Sun Z, Yuan C, Zhou Q. Modulation of T Cell Responses by Fucoidan to Inhibit Osteogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:911390. [PMID: 35812368 PMCID: PMC9260855 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.911390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan has sparked considerable interest in biomedical applications because of its inherent (bio)physicochemical characteristics, particularly immunomodulatory effects on macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells. However, the effect of fucoidan on T cells and the following regulatory interaction on cellular function has not been reported. In this work, the effect of sterile fucoidan on the T-cell response and the subsequent modulation of osteogenesis is investigated. The physicochemical features of fucoidan treated by high-temperature autoclave sterilization are characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. It is demonstrated that high-temperature autoclave treatment resulted in fucoidan depolymerization, with no change in its key bioactive groups. Further, sterile fucoidan promotes T cells proliferation and the proportion of differentiated T cells decreases with increasing concentration of fucoidan. In addition, the supernatant of T cells co-cultured with fucoidan greatly suppresses the osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 by downregulating the formation of alkaline phosphatase and calcium nodule compared with fucoidan. Therefore, our work offers new insight into the fucoidan-mediated T cell and osteoblast interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Huang
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fangze Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuyang Deng
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingzhe Yan
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Danyang Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhanyi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Seaweed Substances, Qingdao Bright Moon Seaweed Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Changqing Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Changqing Yuan, ; Qihui Zhou,
| | - Qihui Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Kim M, Hayashi M, Yu B, Lee TK, Kim RH, Jo DW. Effects of Fucoidan Powder Combined with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate as a Direct Pulp-Capping Material. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122315. [PMID: 35745892 PMCID: PMC9228542 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of direct pulp-capping materials with favorable biological and structural properties is an important goal in restorative dentistry. Fucoidan is a sulfated, fucose-containing polysaccharide obtained from brown seaweed, with a wide range of applications; however, its use as a direct pulp-capping material has not been examined. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical, physical, and biological effects of fucoidan combined with conventional mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) for direct pulp capping. The capping materials were created using Portland cement (80 wt%) and zirconium oxide (20 wt%) as base components, compared with base components plus 5 wt% fucoidan (PZF5) and base components plus 10 wt% fucoidan (PZF10). The initial and final setting time, compressive strength, chemical components, cell viability, adhesion, migration, osteogenesis, and gene expression were analyzed. Fucoidan significantly reduced the initial and final setting time, regardless of quantity. However, the compressive strength was lower for PZF5. Sulfur levels increased with fucoidan. The biological activity improved, especially in the PZF5 group. Cell migration, Alizarin Red S staining, and alkaline phosphatase activity were upregulated in the PZF5 group. Fucoidan is a useful regenerative additive for conventional pulp-capping materials because it reduces the setting time and improves cell migration and osteogenic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijoo Kim
- UCLA School of Dentistry Restorative Materials and Applied Dental Research Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.K.); (M.H.); (B.Y.); (T.K.L.); (R.H.K.)
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marc Hayashi
- UCLA School of Dentistry Restorative Materials and Applied Dental Research Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.K.); (M.H.); (B.Y.); (T.K.L.); (R.H.K.)
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bo Yu
- UCLA School of Dentistry Restorative Materials and Applied Dental Research Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.K.); (M.H.); (B.Y.); (T.K.L.); (R.H.K.)
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas K. Lee
- UCLA School of Dentistry Restorative Materials and Applied Dental Research Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.K.); (M.H.); (B.Y.); (T.K.L.); (R.H.K.)
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Reuben H. Kim
- UCLA School of Dentistry Restorative Materials and Applied Dental Research Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.K.); (M.H.); (B.Y.); (T.K.L.); (R.H.K.)
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Deuk-Won Jo
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-787-7548
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13
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Role of sulfated polysaccharides from seaweeds in bone regeneration: A systematic review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:119204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kwack KH, Ji JY, Park B, Heo JS. Fucoidan ( Undaria pinnatifida)/Polydopamine Composite-Modified Surface Promotes Osteogenic Potential of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:181. [PMID: 35323480 PMCID: PMC8953107 DOI: 10.3390/md20030181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan, a marine-sulfated polysaccharide derived from brown algae, has been recently spotlighted as a natural biomaterial for use in bone formation and regeneration. Current research explores the osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties of fucoidan-based composites for bone tissue engineering applications. The utility of fucoidan in a bone tissue regeneration environment necessitates a better understanding of how fucoidan regulates osteogenic processes at the molecular level. Therefore, this study designed a fucoidan and polydopamine (PDA) composite-based film for use in a culture platform for periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and explored the prominent molecular pathways induced during osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs through transcriptome profiling. Characterization of the fucoidan/PDA-coated culture polystyrene surface was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The osteogenic differentiation of the PDLSCs cultured on the fucoidan/PDA composite was examined through alkaline phosphatase activity, intracellular calcium levels, matrix mineralization assay, and analysis of the mRNA and protein expression of osteogenic markers. RNA sequencing was performed to identify significantly enriched and associated molecular networks. The culture of PDLSCs on the fucoidan/PDA composite demonstrated higher osteogenic potency than that on the control surface. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (n = 348) were identified during fucoidan/PDA-induced osteogenic differentiation by RNA sequencing. The signaling pathways enriched in the DEGs include regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and Ras-related protein 1 and phosphatidylinositol signaling. These pathways represent cell adhesion and cytoskeleton organization functions that are significantly involved in the osteogenic process. These results suggest that a fucoidan/PDA composite promotes the osteogenic potential of PDLSCs by activation of critical molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hwan Kwack
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, New York, NY 14214, USA;
| | - Ju Young Ji
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.Y.J.); (B.P.)
| | - Borami Park
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.Y.J.); (B.P.)
| | - Jung Sun Heo
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.Y.J.); (B.P.)
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Andrew M, Jayaraman G. Marine sulfated polysaccharides as potential antiviral drug candidates to treat Corona Virus disease (COVID-19). Carbohydr Res 2021; 505:108326. [PMID: 34015720 PMCID: PMC8091805 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has increased the mortality rate and engaged several adverse effects on the affected individuals. Currently available antiviral drugs have found to be unsuccessful in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. The demand for efficient antiviral drugs has created a huge burden on physicians and health workers. Plasma therapy seems to be less accomplishable due to insufficient donors to donate plasma and low recovery rate from viral infection. Repurposing of antivirals has been evolved as a suitable strategy in the current treatment and preventive measures. The concept of drug repurposing represents new experimental approaches for effective therapeutic benefits. Besides, SARS-CoV-2 exhibits several complications such as lung damage, blood clot formation, respiratory illness and organ failures in most of the patients. Based on the accumulation of data, sulfated marine polysaccharides have exerted successful inhibition of virus entry, attachment and replication with known or unknown possible mechanisms against deadly animal and human viruses so far. Since the virus entry into the host cells is the key process, the prevention of such entry mechanism makes any antiviral strategy effective. Enveloped viruses are more sensitive to polyanions than non-enveloped viruses. Besides, the viral infection caused by RNA virus types embarks severe oxidative stress in the human body that leads to malfunction of tissues and organs. In this context, polysaccharides play a very significant role in providing shielding effect against the virus due to their polyanionic rich features and a molecular weight that hinders their reactive surface glycoproteins. Significantly the functional groups especially sulfate, sulfate pattern and addition, uronic acids, monosaccharides, glycosidic linkage and high molecular weight have greater influence in the antiviral activity. Moreover, they are very good antioxidants that can reduce the free radical generation and provokes intracellular antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, polysaccharides enable a host-virus immune response, activate phagocytosis and stimulate interferon systems. Therefore, polysaccharides can be used as candidate drugs, adjuvants in vaccines or combination with other antivirals, antioxidants and immune-activating nutritional supplements and antiviral materials in healthcare products to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monic Andrew
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gurunathan Jayaraman
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Mohammed ASA, Naveed M, Jost N. Polysaccharides; Classification, Chemical Properties, and Future Perspective Applications in Fields of Pharmacology and Biological Medicine (A Review of Current Applications and Upcoming Potentialities). JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2021; 29:2359-2371. [PMID: 33526994 PMCID: PMC7838237 DOI: 10.1007/s10924-021-02052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are essential macromolecules which almost exist in all living forms, and have important biological functions, they are getting more attention because they exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumour, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antidiabetic, antiviral, and hypoglycemia activities, making them one of the most promising candidates in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. Polysaccharides can be obtained from many different sources, such as plants, microorganisms, algae, and animals. Due to their physicochemical properties, they are susceptible to physical and chemical modifications leading to enhanced properties, which is the basic concept for their diverse applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. In this review, we will give insight into the most recent updated applications of polysaccharides and their potentialities as alternatives for traditional and conventional therapies. Challenges and limitations for polysaccharides in pharmaceutical utilities are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Saleh A. Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720 Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Aden, Aden, Yemen
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - Norbert Jost
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720 Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Research Group of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Szeged, 6720 Hungary
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De Pieri A, Rana S, Korntner S, Zeugolis DI. Seaweed polysaccharides as macromolecular crowding agents. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:434-446. [PMID: 32679331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of mesenchymal stem cell-based tissue engineered implantable devices requires prolonged in vitro culture for the development of a three-dimensional implantable device, which leads to phenotypic drift, thus hindering the clinical translation and commercialisation of such approaches. Macromolecular crowding, a biophysical phenomenon based on the principles of excluded-volume effect, dramatically accelerates and increases extracellular matrix deposition during in vitro culture. However, the optimal macromolecular crowder is still elusive. Herein, we evaluated the biophysical properties of various concentrations of different seaweed in origin sulphated polysaccharides and their effect on human adipose derived stem cell cultures. Carrageenan, possibly due to its high sulphation degree, exhibited the highest negative charge values. No correlation was observed between the different concentrations of the crowders and charge, polydispersity index, hydrodynamic radius and fraction volume occupancy across all crowders. None of the crowders, but arabinogalactan, negatively affected cell viability. Carrageenan, fucoidan, galactofucan and ulvan increased extracellular matrix (especially collagen type I and collagen type V) deposition. Carrageenan induced the highest osteogenic effect and galactofucan and fucoidan demonstrated the highest chondrogenic effect. All crowders were relatively ineffective with respect to adipogenesis. Our data highlight the potential of sulphated seaweed polysaccharides for tissue engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Pieri
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland; Proxy Biomedical Ltd., Coilleach, Spiddal, Galway, Ireland
| | - Shubhasmin Rana
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Stefanie Korntner
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.
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18
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Jovic TH, Stewart K, Kon M, Whitaker IS. "Auricular reconstruction: A sociocultural, surgical and scientific perspective". J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 73:1424-1433. [PMID: 32565140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The functional and sociocultural role of the auricle has been prevalent in art, literature and history for millennia. It is no surprise, therefore, that auricular anomalies can be associated with affective disorders and impaired academic performance in children. The challenge of auricular reconstruction has captured the attention of surgical innovators for millennia with the earliest records of auricular reconstruction documented in the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus dating back to 3000 BCE. Since the 19th century, however, the interest in the ambition partial and total auricular reconstruction witnessed a rebirth, with refinements in frame construction, projection and skin coverage improving exponentially over the last two centuries. The gold standard auricular reconstruction practices today have their roots in these historical milestones, and form a solid foundation for the introduction of technological advancements such as 3D bioprinting and composite tissue allotransplantation into future auricular reconstruction practice. The aim of this review is to outline the sociocultural role of the auricle, the history and evolution of auricular reconstruction surgery and to provide an insight into potential future avenues of restoring auricular form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Jovic
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, United Kingdom; Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Stewart
- Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Moshe Kon
- International Society of Auricular Reconstruction (President); Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, United Kingdom; Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom.
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19
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Venkatesan J, Anil S, Rao S, Bhatnagar I, Kim SK. Sulfated Polysaccharides from Macroalgae for Bone Tissue Regeneration. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:1200-1209. [PMID: 31465280 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190425161630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Utilization of macroalgae has gained much attention in the field of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, food and bioenergy. Macroalgae has been widely consumed in Asian countries as food from ancient days and proved that it has potential bioactive compounds which are responsible for its nutritional properties. Macroalgae consists of a diverse range of bioactive compounds including proteins, lipids, pigments, polysaccharides, etc. Polysaccharides from macroalgae have been utilized in food industries as gelling agents and drug excipients in the pharmaceutical industries owing to their biocompatibility and gel forming properties. Exploration of macroalgae derived sulfated polysaccharides in biomedical applications is increasing recently. METHODS In the current review, we have provided information of three different sulfated polysaccharides such as carrageenan, fucoidan and ulvan and their isolation procedure (enzymatic precipitation, microwave assisted method, and enzymatic hydrolysis method), structural details, and their biomedical applications exclusively for bone tissue repair and regeneration. RESULTS From the scientific results on sulfated polysaccharides from macroalgae, we conclude that sulfated polysaccharides have exceptional properties in terms of hydrogel-forming ability, scaffold formation, and mimicking the extracellular matrix, increasing alkaline phosphatase activity, enhancement of biomineralization ability and stem cell differentiation for bone tissue regeneration. CONCLUSION Overall, sulfated polysaccharides from macroalgae may be promising biomaterials in bone tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayachandran Venkatesan
- Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Sukumaran Anil
- Department of Dentistry, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sneha Rao
- Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Ira Bhatnagar
- CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Clinical Research Facility, Medical Biotechnology Complex, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Korean Maritime and Ocean University, 727 Taejong-ro, Yeongdo-Gu, Busan 49112, Korea
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Bharadwaz A, Jayasuriya AC. Recent trends in the application of widely used natural and synthetic polymer nanocomposites in bone tissue regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110698. [PMID: 32204012 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of a biomaterial is to support the bone tissue regeneration process at the defect site and eventually degrade in situ and get replaced with the newly generated bone tissue. Nanocomposite biomaterials are a relatively new class of materials that incorporate a biopolymeric and biodegradable matrix structure with bioactive and easily resorbable fillers which are nano-sized. This article is a review of a few polymeric nanocomposite biomaterials which are potential candidates for bone tissue regeneration. These nanocomposites have been broadly classified into two groups viz. natural and synthetic polymer based. Natural polymer-based nanocomposites include materials fabricated through reinforcement of nanoparticles and/or nanofibers in a natural polymer matrix. Several widely used natural biopolymers, such as chitosan (CS), collagen (Col), cellulose, silk fibroin (SF), alginate, and fucoidan, have been reviewed regarding their present investigation on the incorporation of nanomaterial, biocompatibility, and tissue regeneration. Synthetic polymer-based nanocomposites that have been covered in this review include polycaprolactone (PCL), poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly (lactic acid) (PLA), and polyurethane (PU) based nanocomposites. An array of nanofillers, such as nano hydroxyapatite (nHA), nano zirconia (nZr), nano silica (nSi), silver nano particles (AgNPs), nano titanium dioxide (nTiO2), graphene oxide (GO), that is used widely across the bone tissue regeneration research platform are included in this review with respect to their incorporation into a natural and/or synthetic polymer matrix. The influence of nanofillers on cell viability, both in vitro and in vivo, along with cytocompatibility and new tissue generation has been encompassed in this review. Moreover, nanocomposite material characterization using some commonly used analytical techniques, such as electron microscopy, spectroscopy, diffraction patterns etc., has been highlighted in this review. Biomaterial physical properties, such as pore size, porosity, particle size, and mechanical strength which strongly influences cell attachment, proliferation, and subsequent tissue growth has been covered in this review. This review has been sculptured around a case by case basis of current research that is being undertaken in the field of bone regeneration engineering. The nanofillers induced into the polymeric matrix render important properties, such as large surface area, improved mechanical strength as well as stability, improved cell adhesion, proliferation, and cell differentiation. The selection of nanocomposites is thus crucial in the analysis of viable treatment strategies for bone tissue regeneration for specific bone defects such as craniofacial defects. The effects of growth factor incorporation on the nanocomposite for controlling new bone generation are also important during the biomaterial design phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angshuman Bharadwaz
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ambalangodage C Jayasuriya
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
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21
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Filho GC, de Sousa A, Viana R, Rocha H, de Medeiros SB, Moreira S. Osteogenic activity of non-genotoxic sulfated polysaccharides from the green seaweed Caulerpa sertularioides. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Fidelis GP, Silva CHF, Nobre LTDB, Medeiros VP, Rocha HAO, Costa LS. Antioxidant Fucoidans Obtained from Tropical Seaweed Protect Pre-Osteoblastic Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Damage. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E506. [PMID: 31466337 PMCID: PMC6780742 DOI: 10.3390/md17090506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Some antioxidant compounds decrease the amount of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequently reduce the deleterious effects of ROS in osteoblasts. Thus, these compounds fight against osteoporosis. Brown seaweeds are a rich source of antioxidant fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (fucans and fucoidans). We obtained six fucoidans (FRFs)-F0.3, F0.5, F0.7, F1.0, F1.5, and F2.1-from Dictyota mertensii by proteolytic digestion followed by sequential acetone precipitation. Except for F0.3, all FRFs showed antioxidant activity in different in vitro tests. In pre- osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-L1) exposed to H2O2-oxidative stress, caspase-3 and caspase-9 were activated, resulting in apoptosis of the cells. We also observed a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The antioxidant FRFs protected the cells from the oxidative damage caused by H2O2, decreasing intracellular ROS and caspase activation, and increasing SOD activity. The most effective protection against damage was provided by F0.7, F1.5, and F2.1. At 0.5 mg/mL, these FRFs also suppressed the H2O2-mediated inhibition of ALP activity. The data indicated that FRFs F0.7, F1.5, and F2.1 from D. mertensii were antioxidants that protected bone tissue from oxidative stress and could represent possible adjuvants for the treatment of bone fragility through counteracting oxidative phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Pereira Fidelis
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59.078-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valquíria Pereira Medeiros
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59.078-970, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Silva Costa
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência, e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), Rio Grande do Norte, Canguaretama, Rio Grande do Norte 59.500-000, Brazil
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Development of genipin-crosslinked and fucoidan-adsorbed nano-hydroxyapatite/hydroxypropyl chitosan composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:973-984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Lu HT, Chang WT, Tsai ML, Chen CH, Chen WY, Mi FL. Development of Injectable Fucoidan and Biological Macromolecules Hybrid Hydrogels for Intra-Articular Delivery of Platelet-Rich Plasma. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E236. [PMID: 31010247 PMCID: PMC6521258 DOI: 10.3390/md17040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is rich in growth factors and has commonly been utilized in the repair and regeneration of damaged articular cartilage. However, the major drawbacks of direct PRP injection are unstable biological fixation and fast or burst release of growth factors. Fucoidan is a heparinoid compound that can bind growth factors to control their release rate. Furthermore, fucoidan can reduce arthritis through suppressing inflammatory responses and thus it has been reported to prevent the progression of osteoarthritis, promote bone regeneration and accelerate healing of cartilage injury. Injectable hydrogels can be used to deliver cells and growth factors for an alternative, less invasive treatment of cartilage defects. In this study, hyaluronic acid (HA) and fucoidan (FD) was blended with gelatin (GLT) and the GLT/HA/FD hybrid was further cross-linked with genipin (GP) to prepare injectable GP-GLT/HA/FD hydrogels. The gelation rate was affected by the GP, GLT, HA and FD concentrations, as well as the pH values. The addition of HA and FD to GLT networks improved the mechanical strength of the hydrogels and facilitated the sustained release of PRP growth factors. The GP-GLT/HA/FD hydrogel showed adequate injectability, shape-persistent property and strong adhesive ability, and was more resistant to enzymatic degradation. The PRP-loaded GP-GLT/HA/FD hydrogel promoted cartilage regeneration in rabbits, which may lead to an advanced PRP therapy for enhancing cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Tsung Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Ting Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Lang Tsai
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Ho Chen
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 11696, Taiwan.
| | - Fwu-Long Mi
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Wang Y, Xing M, Cao Q, Ji A, Liang H, Song S. Biological Activities of Fucoidan and the Factors Mediating Its Therapeutic Effects: A Review of Recent Studies. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E183. [PMID: 30897733 PMCID: PMC6471298 DOI: 10.3390/md17030183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine acid polysaccharide fucoidan has attracted attention from both the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its promising therapeutic effects. Fucoidan is a polysaccharide that mainly consists of L-fucose and sulphate groups. Its excellent biological function is attributed to its unique biological structure. Classical activities include antitumor, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, immunoregulatory, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. More recently, fucoidan has been shown to alleviate metabolic syndrome, protect the gastrointestinal tract, benefit angiogenesis and bone health. This review focuses on the progress in our understanding of the biological activities of fucoidan, highlighting its benefits for the treatment of human disease. We hope that this review can provide some theoretical basis and inspiration for the product development of fucoidan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Maochen Xing
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Qi Cao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Aiguo Ji
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Hao Liang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Shuliang Song
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
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Marine Polysaccharides: Biomedical and Tissue Engineering Applications. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8855-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To conduct a thorough appraisal of recent and inventive advances in the field of bone tissue engineering using biomaterials, cell-based research, along with the incorporation of biomimetic properties using surface modification of scaffolds. RECENT FINDINGS This paper will provide an overview on different biomaterials and emerging techniques involved in the fabrication of scaffolds, brief description of signaling pathways involved in osteogenesis, and the effect of surface modification on the fate of progenitor cells. The current strategies used for regenerative medicine like cell therapy, gene transfer, and tissue engineering have opened numerous therapeutic avenues for the treatment of various disabling orthopedic disorders. Precise strategy utilized for the reconstruction, restoration, or repair of the bone-related tissues exploits cells, biomaterials, morphogenetic signals, and appropriate mechanical environment to provide the basic constituents required for creating new tissue. Combining all the above strategies in clinical trials would pave the way for successful "bench to bedside" transformation in bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Nayak
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT, Vellore, TN, 632014, India
| | - Geetha Manivasagam
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT, Vellore, TN, 632014, India.
| | - Dwaipayan Sen
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT, Vellore, TN, 632014, India.
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Chaves Filho GP, de Sousa AFG, Câmara RBG, Rocha HAO, de Medeiros SRB, Moreira SMG. Genotoxicity and osteogenic potential of sulfated polysaccharides from Caulerpa prolifera seaweed. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:565-571. [PMID: 29578018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Marine algae are sources of novel bioactive molecules and present a great potential for biotechnological and biomedical applications. Although green algae are the least studied type of seaweed, several of their biological activities have already been described. Here, we investigated the osteogenic potential of Sulfated Polysaccharide (SP)-enriched samples extracted from the green seaweed Caulerpa prolifera on human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from Wharton jelly (hMSC-WJ). In addition, the potential genotoxicity of these SPs was determined by cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. SP-enriched samples did not show significant cytotoxicity towards hMSCs-WJ at a concentration of up to 10μg/mL, and after 72h of exposure. SP enrichment also significantly increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, promoting calcium accumulation in the extracellular matrix. Among the SP-enriched samples, the CP0.5 subfraction (at 5μg/mL) presented the most promising results. In this sample, ALP activity was increased approximately by 60%, and calcium accumulation was approximately 6-fold above the negative control, indicating high osteogenic potential. This subfraction also proved to be non-genotoxic, according to the CBMN assay, as it did not induce micronuclei. The results of this study highlight, for the first time, the potential of these SPs for the development of new therapies for bone regeneration.
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Phull AR, Kim SJ. Fucoidan from Undaria pinnatifida regulates type II collagen and COX-2 expression via MAPK and PI3K pathways in rabbit articular chondrocytes. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017; 72:1362-1369. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
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Kim B, Yang S, You H, Shin H, Lee J. Fucoidan‐induced osteogenic differentiation promotes angiogenesis by inducing vascular endothelial growth factor secretion and accelerates bone repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1311-e1324. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beom‐Su Kim
- Wonkwang Bone Regeneration Research InstituteWonkwang University Iksan Jeonbuk Republic of Korea
- Bonecell Biotech Inc. Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Carbon Nano Convergence Technology Center for Next Generation Engineers (CNN)Chonbuk National University 567 Baekje‐daero, Deokjin‐gu Jeonju‐si Jeollabuk‐do 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun‐Sik Yang
- Wonkwang Bone Regeneration Research InstituteWonkwang University Iksan Jeonbuk Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung‐Keun You
- Department of Periodontology, School of DentistryWonkwang University Iksan Jeonbuk Republic of Korea
| | - Hong‐In Shin
- IHBR, Department of Oral Pathology, School of DentistryKyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Lee
- Wonkwang Bone Regeneration Research InstituteWonkwang University Iksan Jeonbuk Republic of Korea
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryWonkwang University Iksan Jeonbuk South Korea
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31
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Kornicka K, Kocherova I, Marycz K. The effects of chosen plant extracts and compounds on mesenchymal stem cells-a bridge between molecular nutrition and regenerative medicine- concise review. Phytother Res 2017; 31:947-958. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kornicka
- Department of Experimental Biology and Electron Microscope Facility, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Chełmońskiego 38c 50-630 Wrocław Poland
- Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+; 54-066 Wrocław Poland
| | - Ievgeniia Kocherova
- Department of Experimental Biology and Electron Microscope Facility, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Chełmońskiego 38c 50-630 Wrocław Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology and Electron Microscope Facility, The Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Chełmońskiego 38c 50-630 Wrocław Poland
- Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+; 54-066 Wrocław Poland
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32
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Nourmohammadi J, Roshanfar F, Farokhi M, Haghbin Nazarpak M. Silk fibroin/kappa-carrageenan composite scaffolds with enhanced biomimetic mineralization for bone regeneration applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:951-958. [PMID: 28482612 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The combination of protein-polysaccharide in scaffolding together with the ability to induce bone-like apatite formation has become a promising approach to mimic extracellular matrix composition. In the present study, we developed and characterized new bioactive composite scaffolds from kappa-carrageenan/silk fibroin for bone regeneration applications. Three dimensional (3D) scaffolds were fabricated by adding various amounts of carrageenan to a silk fibroin solution, followed by freeze-drying. Various characterization techniques were applied to analyze such items as the structure, morphology, compressive strength, and bone-like apatite mineralization of the composites, which were then compared to those of pure fibroin scaffolds. The results demonstrated the formation of a highly porous structure with interconnected pores. The mean pore size and porosity both increased by increasing carrageenan content. Moreover, the addition of carrageenan to silk fibroin led to the formation of a bone-like apatite layer throughout the scaffolds after 7days of soaking them in simulated body fluid. Osteoblast-like cell (MG 63) culture experiments indicated that all scaffolds are biocompatible. The cells attached well to the surfaces of all scaffolds and tended to join their adjacent cells. However, higher carrageenan content led to better cellular proliferation and higher Alkaline phosphatase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhamak Nourmohammadi
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Department of Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fahimeh Roshanfar
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Department of Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Farokhi
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Preparation and characterization of chitosan-natural nano hydroxyapatite-fucoidan nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:1479-1487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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34
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Tae Young A, Kang JH, Kang DJ, Venkatesan J, Chang HK, Bhatnagar I, Chang KY, Hwang JH, Salameh Z, Kim SK, Kim HT, Kim DG. Interaction of stem cells with nano hydroxyapatite-fucoidan bionanocomposites for bone tissue regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:1488-1491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Kim H, Jeon TJ. Fucoidan Induces Cell Aggregation and Apoptosis in Osteosarcoma MG-63 Cells. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2016.1215349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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36
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Fabrication and in vitro biological activity of βTCP-Chitosan-Fucoidan composite for bone tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 134:799-807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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37
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Fitton JH, Stringer DN, Karpiniec SS. Therapies from Fucoidan: An Update. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5920-46. [PMID: 26389927 PMCID: PMC4584361 DOI: 10.3390/md13095920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidans are a class of sulfated fucose-rich polysaccharides found in brown marine algae and echinoderms. Fucoidans have an attractive array of bioactivities and potential applications including immune modulation, cancer inhibition, and pathogen inhibition. Research into fucoidan has continued to gain pace over the last few years and point towards potential therapeutic or adjunct roles. The source, extraction, characterization and detection of fucoidan is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Helen Fitton
- Marinova Pty Ltd., 249 Kennedy Drive, Cambridge, Tasmania 7170, Australia.
| | - Damien N Stringer
- Marinova Pty Ltd., 249 Kennedy Drive, Cambridge, Tasmania 7170, Australia.
| | - Samuel S Karpiniec
- Marinova Pty Ltd., 249 Kennedy Drive, Cambridge, Tasmania 7170, Australia.
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38
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Hwang PA, Hung YL, Phan NN, Hieu BTN, Chang PM, Li KL, Lin YC. The in vitro and in vivo effects of the low molecular weight fucoidan on the bone osteogenic differentiation properties. Cytotechnology 2015; 68:1349-59. [PMID: 26271462 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis has been reported as a hidden death factor in aged people. So far, prevention and treatment therapies for osteoporosis only slow down the progress but do not treat the disease. Fucoidan has been recognized its roles in anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant and antiviral activities. To date, low molecular weight (LMW) fucoidan role in bone loss disease has been not determined yet. Therefore, this study aims to figure out potential effects of LMW fucoidan in osteoporosis in vitro and in vivo. LMW fucoidan was extracted from fresh Sargassum hemiphyllum showing a significant increase in 7F2 cell viability to 150.33 ± 6.50 % relative to normal fucoidan (130.12 ± 5.74 %). The expression of level BMP-2, ALP, osteocalcin significantly increased with 2.28 ± 0.06, 2.18 ± 0.12 and 2.06 ± 0.07 fold, respectively. The RT-PCR assay showed that LMW fucoidan increased mRNA expression of BMP-2, ALP, osteocalcin, COL I, BSP and osteonectin. Furthermore, the bone density and bone ash weight were considerably boosted by the oral administration of 280 mg/kg LMW fucoidan and 100 mg/kg calcium carbonate in C57BL/6J female aged mice. The present finding indicated that LMW fucoidan triggered osteogenic differentiation in vitro, and had an anabolic effect on bone mineralization in vivo. Dietary intake of LMW fucoidan from S. hemiphyllum suggested playing a role in the enhancement of bone loss with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-An Hwang
- Seafood Technology Division, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lan Hung
- Seafood Technology Division, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nam Nhut Phan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Bui-Thi-Ngoc Hieu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, 55 Hwa-Kang Rd., Yangmin Shan, Taipei, 1114, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ming Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, 55 Hwa-Kang Rd., Yangmin Shan, Taipei, 1114, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Lun Li
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, 55 Hwa-Kang Rd., Yangmin Shan, Taipei, 1114, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, 55 Hwa-Kang Rd., Yangmin Shan, Taipei, 1114, Taiwan.
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39
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40
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Effectiveness of the combinational treatment of Laminaria japonica and Cistanche tubulosa extracts in hair growth. Lab Anim Res 2015; 31:24-32. [PMID: 25806080 PMCID: PMC4371474 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2015.31.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since scalp hair loss has increased recently even in young people, seriously affecting individual's quality of life, the hair growth-stimulating effects of Laminaria japonica extract (LJE) and Cistanche tubulosa extract (CTE) were investigated. After confirming anagen phase of follicles under shaving, male C57BL/6 mice were dermally applied with 3% Minoxidil or orally administered with the combinations of LJE and CTE for 21 days. Minoxidil promoted the hair regrowth and increased γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities. In addition, Minoxidil up-regulated epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. Co-administration of LJE and CTE at 54 mg/kg LJE plus 162 mg/kg CTE exerted synergistic promoting effects on the hair regrowth, comparable to 3% Minoxidil. LJE preferentially enhanced ALP activity, while CTE increased both γ-GTP and ALP activities as well as EGF and VEGF expressions. In vivo air pouch inflammation model, carrageenan-induced vascular exudation and increased nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 concentrations in the exudates were synergistically suppressed by co-administration of LJE and CTE. In addition, inflammatory cell infiltration was substantially inhibited by the combinational treatment. The results suggest that combinational oral treatment with LJE and CTE in appropriate doses and ratios prevent hair loss and improve alopecia, which might be in part mediated by their anti-inflammatory activities.
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Kim BS, Kang HJ, Park JY, Lee J. Fucoidan promotes osteoblast differentiation via JNK- and ERK-dependent BMP2-Smad 1/5/8 signaling in human mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e128. [PMID: 25572360 PMCID: PMC4314586 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan has attracted attention as a potential drug because of its biological activities, which include osteogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the osteogenic activity of fucoidan in human alveolar bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hABM-MSCs) remain largely unknown. We investigated the action of fucoidan on osteoblast differentiation in hABM-MSCs and its impact on signaling pathways. Its effect on proliferation was determined using the crystal violet staining assay. Osteoblast differentiation was evaluated based on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the mRNA expression of multiple osteoblast markers. Calcium accumulation was determined by Alizarin red S staining. We found that fucoidan induced hABM-MSC proliferation. It also significantly increased ALP activity, calcium accumulation and the expression of osteoblast-specific genes, such as ALP, runt-related transcription factor 2, type I collagen-α 1 and osteocalcin. Moreover, fucoidan induced the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and stimulated the activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by increasing phosphorylation. However, the effect of fucoidan on osteogenic differentiation was inhibited by specific inhibitors of ERK (PD98059) and JNK (SP600125) but not p38 (SB203580). Fucoidan enhanced BMP2 expression and Smad 1/5/8, ERK and JNK phosphorylation. Moreover, the effect of fucoidan on osteoblast differentiation was diminished by BMP2 knockdown. These results indicate that fucoidan induces osteoblast differentiation through BMP2-Smad 1/5/8 signaling by activating ERK and JNK, elucidating the molecular basis of the osteogenic effects of fucoidan in hABM-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Su Kim
- 1] Wonkwang Bone Regeneration Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea [2] Research and Development Department, Bonecell Biotech Inc., Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Kang
- Wonkwang Bone Regeneration Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Park
- Research and Development Department, Bonecell Biotech Inc., Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jun Lee
- 1] Wonkwang Bone Regeneration Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea [2] Research and Development Department, Bonecell Biotech Inc., Daejeon, Korea
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miRNA let-7e targeting MMP9 is involved in adipose-derived stem cell differentiation toward epithelia. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1048. [PMID: 24503540 PMCID: PMC3944246 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
miRNA let-7e is involved in stem cell differentiation, and metalloproteinases are among its potential target genes. We hypothesized that the inhibitory action of let-7e on regulation of MMP9 expression could represent a crucial mechanism during differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). ASCs were differentiated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to promote differentiation, and the effect of let-7 silencing during differentiation was tested. Results indicate that ASCs cultured with ATRA differentiated into cells of the epithelial lineage. We found that ASCs cultured with ATRA or transfected with miRNA let-7e expressed epithelial markers such as cytokeratin-18 and early renal organogenesis markers such as Pax2, Wt1, Wnt4 and megalin. Conversely, the specific knockdown of miRNA let-7e in ASCs significantly decreased the expression of these genes, indicating its vital role during the differentiation process. Using luciferase reporter assays, we also showed that MMP9 is a direct target of miRNA let-7e. Thus, our results suggest that miRNA let-7e acts as a matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) inhibitor and differentiation inducer in ASCs.
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Venkatesan J, Bhatnagar I, Kim SK. Chitosan-alginate biocomposite containing fucoidan for bone tissue engineering. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:300-16. [PMID: 24441614 PMCID: PMC3917275 DOI: 10.3390/md12010300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, significant research has been conducted in the construction of artificial bone scaffolds. In the present study, different types of polymer scaffolds, such as chitosan-alginate (Chi-Alg) and chitosan-alginate with fucoidan (Chi-Alg-fucoidan), were developed by a freeze-drying method, and each was characterized as a bone graft substitute. The porosity, water uptake and retention ability of the prepared scaffolds showed similar efficacy. The pore size of the Chi-Alg and Chi-Alg-fucoidan scaffolds were measured from scanning electron microscopy and found to be 62–490 and 56–437 µm, respectively. In vitro studies using the MG-63 cell line revealed profound cytocompatibility, increased cell proliferation and enhanced alkaline phosphatase secretion in the Chi-Alg-fucoidan scaffold compared to the Chi-Alg scaffold. Further, protein adsorption and mineralization were about two times greater in the Chi-Alg-fucoidan scaffold than the Chi-Alg scaffold. Hence, we suggest that Chi-Alg-fucoidan will be a promising biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayachandran Venkatesan
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea.
| | - Ira Bhatnagar
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea.
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea.
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Pereira J, Portron S, Dizier B, Vinatier C, Masson M, Sourice S, Galy-Fauroux I, Corre P, Weiss P, Fischer AM, Guicheux J, Helley D. The in vitro and in vivo effects of a low-molecular-weight fucoidan on the osteogenic capacity of human adipose-derived stromal cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:275-84. [PMID: 24059447 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stromal cells (hASCs) may hold potential for bone tissue engineering. Osteogenic differentiation of these cells is crucial to bone formation. Low-molecular-weight fucoidan (LMWF) is a sulfated polysaccharide that potentiates several growth factors, including pro-angiogenic growth factors. To investigate whether hASC preconditioning with LMWF promoted bone repair, we compared the effects of LMWF and low-molecular-weight heparin on hASC phenotype and osteogenic differentiation. LMWF did not modify the stem-cell phenotype of hASCs but enhanced their osteogenic differentiation (formation of calcium deposits, increased activity and expression of alkaline phosphatase, and increased expression of osteopontin and runt-related transcription factor 2). However, when hASCs were exposed to LMWF before their adhesion to biphasic calcium phosphate particles and implantation in a bone-growth mouse model, no bone formation was apparent after 5 or 8 weeks, probably due to cell death. In conclusion, LMWF may hold promise for enhancing the osteogenic differentiation of hASCs before their implantation. However, concomitant vascularization would be required to enhance bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pereira
- 1 Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Jeong HS, Venkatesan J, Kim SK. Hydroxyapatite-fucoidan nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 57:138-41. [PMID: 23500439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the promising biomaterials to construct the article bone from the last two decades. In the present study, we have developed hydroxyapatite-fucoidan (HApF) nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering and subsequently characterized by different analytical techniques for bone graft substitute. The chemical characterization suggested that the prepared nanocomposite HApF have amorphous nature, crystal size between 41 and 153 nm was observed. The biochemical characterization inferred that the prepared nanocomposite were non-toxic and mineralization effect of HApF was observed two times higher then HAp. Hence, HApF is the promising biomaterial and could be used for bone tissue construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seok Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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46
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Liao CH, Lai IC, Kuo HC, Chuang SE, Lee HL, Whang-Peng J, Yao CJ, Lai GM. [Breath test using C-13-trioleate in the evaluation of the rate of fatty acid metabolism after parenteral feeding of premature and newborn infants]. Mar Drugs 1989; 17:md17090525. [PMID: 31500384 PMCID: PMC6780514 DOI: 10.3390/md17090525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma (MG) is a poor prognostic brain tumor with inevitable recurrence after multimodality treatment. Searching for more effective treatment is urgently needed. Differentiation induction via epigenetic modification has been proposed as a potential anticancer strategy. Natural products are known as fruitful sources of epigenetic modifiers with wide safety margins. We thus explored the effects of oligo-fucoidan (OF) from brown seaweed on this notion in MG cells including Grade III U87MG cells and Grade IV glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)8401 cells and compared to the immortalized astrocyte SVGp12 cells. The results showed that OF markedly suppress the proliferation of MG cells and only slightly affected that of SVGp12 cells. OF inhibited the protein expressions of DNA methyltransferases 1, 3A and 3B (DNMT1, 3A and 3B) accompanied with obvious mRNA induction of differentiation markers (MBP, OLIG2, S100β, GFAP, NeuN and MAP2) both in U87MG and GBM8401 cells. Accordingly, the methylation of p21, a DNMT3B target gene, was decreased by OF. In combination with the clinical DNMT inhibitor decitabine, OF could synergize the growth inhibition and MBP induction in U87MG cells. Appropriated clinical trials are warranted to evaluate this potential complementary approach for MG therapy after confirmation of the effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Huang Liao
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Lai
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Kuo
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Shuang-En Chuang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lun Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jacqueline Whang-Peng
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Yao
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Gi-Ming Lai
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan.
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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