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Oliveira NM, Martins-Cruz C, Oliveira MB, Reis RL, Mano JF. Coculture of Spheroids/2D Cell Layers Using a Miniaturized Patterned Platform as a Versatile Method to Produce Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering Building Blocks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M. Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics; University of Minho; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra 4805-017 Barco GMR Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães 4710-057 Portugal
| | - Cláudia Martins-Cruz
- Department of Chemistry; CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Mariana B. Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics; University of Minho; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra 4805-017 Barco GMR Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães 4710-057 Portugal
- Department of Chemistry; CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics; University of Minho; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra 4805-017 Barco GMR Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães 4710-057 Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics; University of Minho; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra 4805-017 Barco GMR Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães 4710-057 Portugal
- Department of Chemistry; CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
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Dukaczewska A, Tedesco R, Liesenfeld O. Experimental Models of Ocular Infection with Toxoplasma Gondii. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2015; 5:293-305. [PMID: 26716018 PMCID: PMC4681357 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2015.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis is a vision-threatening disease and the major cause of posterior uveitis worldwide. In spite of the continuing global burden of ocular toxoplasmosis, many critical aspects of disease including the therapeutic approach to ocular toxoplasmosis are still under debate. To assist in addressing many aspects of the disease, numerous experimental models of ocular toxoplasmosis have been established. In this article, we present an overview on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models of ocular toxoplasmosis available to date. Experimental studies on ocular toxoplasmosis have recently focused on mice. However, the majority of murine models established so far are based on intraperitoneal and intraocular infection with Toxoplasma gondii. We therefore also present results obtained in an in vivo model using peroral infection of C57BL/6 and NMRI mice that reflects the natural route of infection and mimics the disease course in humans. While advances have been made in ex vivo model systems or larger animals to investigate specific aspects of ocular toxoplasmosis, laboratory mice continue to be the experimental model of choice for the investigation of ocular toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Dukaczewska
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité UniversitätsmedizinBerlin, Germany
| | - Roberto Tedesco
- Disciplina de Anatomia Descritiva e Topográfica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil, Germany
| | - Oliver Liesenfeld
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité UniversitätsmedizinBerlin, Germany
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Beachley V, Kasyanov V, Nagy-Mehesz A, Norris R, Ozolanta I, Kalejs M, Stradins P, Baptista L, da Silva K, Grainjero J, Wen X, Mironov V. The fusion of tissue spheroids attached to pre-stretched electrospun polyurethane scaffolds. J Tissue Eng 2014; 5:2041731414556561. [PMID: 25396042 PMCID: PMC4229054 DOI: 10.1177/2041731414556561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective cell invasion into thick electrospun biomimetic scaffolds is an unsolved problem. One possible strategy to biofabricate tissue constructs of desirable thickness and material properties without the need for cell invasion is to use thin (<2 µm) porous electrospun meshes and self-assembling (capable of tissue fusion) tissue spheroids as building blocks. Pre-stretched electrospun meshes remained taut in cell culture and were able to support tissue spheroids with minimal deformation. We hypothesize that elastic electrospun scaffolds could be used as temporal support templates for rapid self-assembly of cell spheroids into higher order tissue structures, such as engineered vascular tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate how the attachment of tissue spheroids to pre-stretched polyurethane scaffolds may interfere with the tissue fusion process. Tissue spheroids attached, spread, and fused after being placed on pre-stretched polyurethane electrospun matrices and formed tissue constructs. Efforts to eliminate hole defects with fibrogenic tissue growth factor-β resulted in the increased synthesis of collagen and periostin and a dramatic reduction in hole size and number. In control experiments, tissue spheroids fuse on a non-adhesive hydrogel and form continuous tissue constructs without holes. Our data demonstrate that tissue spheroids attached to thin stretched elastic electrospun scaffolds have an interrupted tissue fusion process. The resulting tissue-engineered construct phenotype is a direct outcome of the delicate balance of the competing physical forces operating during the tissue fusion process at the interface of the pre-stretched elastic scaffold and the attached tissue spheroids. We have shown that with appropriate treatments, this process can be modulated, and thus, a thin pre-stretched elastic polyurethane electrospun scaffold could serve as a supporting template for rapid biofabrication of thick tissue-engineered constructs without the need for cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince Beachley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | | | - Agnes Nagy-Mehesz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Russell Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Iveta Ozolanta
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Martins Kalejs
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia ; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Peteris Stradins
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia ; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Leandra Baptista
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Inmetro, Xerém, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karina da Silva
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Inmetro, Xerém, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Grainjero
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Inmetro, Xerém, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Vladimir Mironov
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA ; Division of 3D Technologies, Renato Archer Center for Information Technology, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Layer PG, Araki M, Vogel-Höpker A. New concepts for reconstruction of retinal and pigment epithelial tissues. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.10.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Semple-Rowland S, Madorsky I, Bolch S, Berry J, Smith WC. Activation of phospholipase C mimics the phase shifting effects of light on melatonin rhythms in retinal photoreceptors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83378. [PMID: 24386190 PMCID: PMC3873303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of retinal photoreceptor function and physiology are regulated by the circadian clocks in these cells. It is well established that light is the primary stimulus that entrains these clocks; yet, the biochemical cascade(s) mediating light’s effects on these clocks remains unknown. This deficiency represents a significant gap in our fundamental understanding of photoreceptor signaling cascades and their functions. In this study, we utilized re-aggregated spheroid cultures prepared from embryonic chick retina to determine if activation of phospholipase C in photoreceptors in the absence of light can phase shift the melatonin secretion rhythms of these cells in a manner similar to that induced by light. We show that spheroid cultures rhythmically secrete melatonin and that these melatonin rhythms can be dynamically phase shifted by exposing the cultures to an appropriately timed light pulse. Importantly, we show that activation of phospholipase C using m-3M3FBS in the absence of light induces a phase delay in photoreceptor melatonin rhythms that mirrors that induced by light. The implication of this finding is that the light signaling cascade that entrains photoreceptor melatonin rhythms involves activation of phospholipase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Semple-Rowland
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Irina Madorsky
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Susan Bolch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Berry
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - W. Clay Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Athanasiou KA, Eswaramoorthy R, Hadidi P, Hu JC. Self-organization and the self-assembling process in tissue engineering. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2013; 15:115-36. [PMID: 23701238 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071812-152423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the tissue engineering paradigm has shifted to include a new and growing subfield of scaffoldless techniques that generate self-organizing and self-assembling tissues. This review aims to cogently describe this relatively new research area, with special focus on applications toward clinical use and research models. Particular emphasis is placed on providing clear definitions of self-organization and the self-assembling process, as delineated from other scaffoldless techniques in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Significantly, during formation, self-organizing and self-assembling tissues display biological processes similar to those that occur in vivo. These processes help lead to the recapitulation of native tissue morphological structure and organization. Notably, functional properties of these engineered tissues, some of which are already in clinical trials, also approach native tissue values. This review endeavors to provide a cohesive summary of work in this field and to highlight the potential of self-organization and the self-assembling process for providing cogent solutions to currently intractable problems in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Seidel D, Krinke D, Jahnke HG, Hirche A, Kloß D, Mack TGA, Striggow F, Robitzki A. Induced tauopathy in a novel 3D-culture model mediates neurodegenerative processes: a real-time study on biochips. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49150. [PMID: 23145103 PMCID: PMC3492324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease represent one of the major health problems of aging population worldwide. Therefore, a better understanding of tau-dependent pathologies and consequently, tau-related intervention strategies is highly demanded. In recent years, several tau-focused therapies have been proposed with the aim to stop disease progression. However, to develop efficient active pharmaceutical ingredients for the broad treatment of Alzheimer's disease patients, further improvements are necessary for understanding the detailed neurodegenerative processes as well as the mechanism and side effects of potential active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in the neuronal system. In this context, there is a lack of suitable complex in vitro cell culture models recapitulating major aspects of taupathological degenerative processes in sufficient time and reproducible manner.Herewith, we describe a novel 3D SH-SY5Y cell-based, tauopathy model that shows advanced characteristics of matured neurons in comparison to monolayer cultures without the need of artificial differentiation promoting agents. Moreover, the recombinant expression of a novel highly pathologic fourfold mutated human tau variant lead to a fast and emphasized degeneration of neuritic processes. The neurodegenerative effects could be analyzed in real time and with high sensitivity using our unique microcavity array-based impedance spectroscopy measurement system. We were able to quantify a time- and concentration-dependent relative impedance decrease when Alzheimer's disease-like tau pathology was induced in the neuronal 3D cell culture model. In combination with the collected optical information, the degenerative processes within each 3D-culture could be monitored and analyzed. More strikingly, tau-specific regenerative effects caused by tau-focused active pharmaceutical ingredients could be quantitatively monitored by impedance spectroscopy.Bringing together our novel complex 3D cell culture taupathology model and our microcavity array-based impedimetric measurement system, we provide a powerful tool for the label-free investigation of tau-related pathology processes as well as the high content analysis of potential active pharmaceutical ingredient candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Seidel
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dana Krinke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anika Hirche
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Kloß
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Till G. A. Mack
- KeyNeurotek Pharmaceuticals AG, Zenit Technologiepark, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Intervention Strategies, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Striggow
- KeyNeurotek Pharmaceuticals AG, Zenit Technologiepark, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Intervention Strategies, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Robitzki
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), University of Leipzig, Division of Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Achilli TM, Meyer J, Morgan JR. Advances in the formation, use and understanding of multi-cellular spheroids. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1347-60. [PMID: 22784238 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.707181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Developing in vitro models for studying cell biology and cell physiology is of great importance to the fields of biotechnology, cancer research, drug discovery, toxicity testing, as well as the emerging fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Traditional two-dimensional (2D) methods of mammalian cell culture have several limitations and it is increasingly recognized that cells grown in a three-dimensional (3D) environment more closely represent normal cellular function due to the increased cell-to-cell interactions, and by mimicking the in vivo architecture of natural organs and tissues. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the methods to form 3D multi-cellular spheroids, the advantages and limitations of these methods, and assays used to characterize the function of spheroids. The use of spheroids has led to many advances in basic cell sciences, including understanding cancer cell interactions, creating models for drug discovery and cancer metastasis, and they are being investigated as basic units for engineering tissue constructs. As so, this review will focus on contributions made to each of these fields using spheroid models. EXPERT OPINION Multi-cellular spheroids are rich in biological content and mimic better the in vivo environment than 2D cell culture. New technologies to form and analyze spheroids are rapidly increasing their adoption and expanding their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni-Marie Achilli
- Brown University, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Dutt K, Cao Y. Engineering retina from human retinal progenitors (cell lines). Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:1401-13. [PMID: 19113950 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration resulting in the loss of photoreceptors is the leading cause of blindness. Several therapeutic protocols are under consideration for treatment of this disease. Tissue replacement is one such strategy currently being explored. However, availability of tissues for transplant poses a major obstacle. Another strategy with great potential is the use of adult stem cells, which could be expanded in culture and then utilized to engineer retinal tissue. In this study, we have explored a spontaneously immortalized human retinal progenitor cell line for its potential in retinal engineering using rotary cultures to generate three-dimensional (3D) structures. Retinal progenitors cultured alone or cocultured with retinal pigment epithelial cells form aggregates. The aggregate size increases between days 1 and 10. The cells grown as a 3D culture rotary system, which promotes cell-cell interaction, retain a spectrum of differentiation capability. Photoreceptor differentiation in these cultures is confirmed by significant upregulation of rhodopsin and AaNat, an enzyme implicated in melatonin synthesis (immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis). Photoreceptor induction and differentiation is further attested to by the upregulation of rod transcription factor Nrl, Nr(2)e(3), expression of interstitial retinal binding protein, and rhodopsin kinase by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Differentiation toward other cell lineages is confirmed by the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in amacrine cells, thy 1.1 expression in ganglion cells and calbindin, and GNB3 expression in cone cells. The capability of retinal progenitors to give rise to several retinal cell types when grown as aggregated cells in rotary culture offers hope that progenitor stem cells under appropriate culture conditions will be valuable to engineer retinal constructs, which could be further tested for their transplant potential. The fidelity with which this multipotential cell line retains its capacity to differentiate into multiple cell types holds great promise for the use of tissue-specific adult stem cells for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamla Dutt
- Department of Pathology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310-1495, USA.
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Rieke M, Gottwald E, Weibezahn KF, Layer PG. Tissue reconstruction in 3D-spheroids from rodent retina in a motion-free, bioreactor-based microstructure. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:2206-2213. [PMID: 19023488 DOI: 10.1039/b806988c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
While conventional rotation culture-based retinal spheroids are most useful to study basic processes of retinogenesis and tissue regeneration, they are less appropriate for an easy and inexpensive mass production of histotypic 3-dimensional tissue spheroids, which will be of utmost importance for future bioengineering, e.g. for replacement of animal experimentation. Here we compared conventionally reaggregated spheroids derived from dissociated retinal cells from neonatal gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) with spheroids cultured on a novel microscaffold cell chip (called cf-chip) in a motion-free bioreactor. Reaggregation and developmental processes leading to tissue formation, e.g. proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation were observed during the first 10 days in vitro (div). Remarkably, in each cf-chip micro-chamber, only one spheroid developed. In both culture systems, sphere sizes and proliferation rates were almost identical. However, apoptosis was only comparably high up to 5 div, but then became negligible in the cf-chip, while it up-rose again in the conventional culture. In both systems, immunohistochemical characterisation revealed the presence of Müller glia cells, of ganglion, amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells at a highly comparable arrangement. In both systems, photoreceptors were detected only in spheroids from P3 retinae. Benefits of the chip-based 3D cell culture were a reliable sphere production at enhanced viability, the feasibility of single sphere observation during cultivation time, a high reproducibility and easy control of culture conditions. Further development of this approach should allow high-throughput systems not only for retinal but also other types of histotypic spheroids, to become suitable for environmental monitoring and biomedical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rieke
- Institute of Zoology, Darmstadt University of Technology, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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Hummitzsch K, Ricken AM, Kloss D, Erdmann S, Nowicki MS, Rothermel A, Robitzki AA, Spanel-Borowski K. Spheroids of granulosa cells provide an in vitro model for programmed cell death coupled to steroidogenesis. Differentiation 2008; 77:60-9. [PMID: 19281765 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We describe the use of rotary cultures (72 rpm) as an excellent method for generating spheroids from dispersed bovine granulosa cells (GC). The GC spheroids were symmetrical (diameter between 100 and 200 microm), easily accessible, and could be obtained at high yields. On day one, the spheroids showed a two-layered outer zone of cells that stained lighter than the inner zone in semi-thin sections. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake was frequent and randomly distributed. By day two, a striking decrease in BrdU uptake was noted. Apoptotic bodies appeared up to day four, as did TUNEL and propidium iodide labelled dead cells. At that time, the inner zone contained cells with large-sized vacuoles and the core was amorphous. The large-sized vacuoles were identified at the ultrastructural level and represented autophagosomes and autophagolysosomes that were in different stages of development. Surprisingly, conspicuous signs of cell death were accompanied by an increase in spontaneous luteinization compared to conventional stationary cultures. We detected high levels of progesterone (immunoassay) accompanied by high levels of the proteins and enzymes relevant for steroidogenesis (StAR, P450scc, 3beta-HSD by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Concomitant to cell death, GC spheroids augment progesterone synthesis. The GC spheroids provide an ideal model for studying steroidogenesis coupled to programmed cell death at the level of the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hummitzsch
- Department of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Kaempf S, Walter P, Salz AK, Thumann G. Novel organotypic culture model of adult mammalian neurosensory retina in co-culture with retinal pigment epithelium. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 173:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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