1
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Moghassemi S, Dadashzadeh A, Amorim CA. A novel bioprinted microtumour model for studying acute-leukemia-cell- contaminated in ovarian tissue. Life Sci 2024; 355:122992. [PMID: 39154811 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Microtumor models, combining cancer and stromal cells within 3D hydrogels, are vital for testing anticancer therapies. Bioprinting hydrogel scaffolds allows tailored in vitro models. We created a 3D microtumor model using a bioprinter, with varying ratios of ovarian stromal cells and leukemia cells (HL-60). PEGylated fibrinogen and alginate hydrogel were used. Cell dynamics and proliferation were assessed via immunofluorescence staining. Microtumors with different HL-60 ratios (1:1, 1:10, 1:100) were cultured for 5 days. Results showed tumor development modulation by cell ratios and culture time. A significant cell density increase occurred in 1:1 ratio microtumors, indicating rapid cancer cell proliferation. No HL-60 cells were found in 1:100 ratio microtumors by day 5. The 1:10 ratio closely mimicked leukemia invasion in ovarian tissue, showing detectable cancer cells by days 3 and 5 without altering total cell density dynamics significantly. This bioprinted leukemia microtumor model offers better physiological relevance than 2D assays, promising applications in cellular analysis and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Moghassemi
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arezoo Dadashzadeh
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christiani A Amorim
- Pôle de Recherche en Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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2
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Gwon K, Dharmesh E, Nguyen KM, Schornack AMR, de Hoyos-Vega JM, Ceylan H, Stybayeva G, Peterson QP, Revzin A. Designing magnetic microcapsules for cultivation and differentiation of stem cell spheroids. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:127. [PMID: 39261472 PMCID: PMC11390961 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent an excellent cell source for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications. However, there remains a need for robust and scalable differentiation of stem cells into functional adult tissues. In this paper, we sought to address this challenge by developing magnetic microcapsules carrying hPSC spheroids. A co-axial flow-focusing microfluidic device was employed to encapsulate stem cells in core-shell microcapsules that also contained iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). These microcapsules exhibited excellent response to an external magnetic field and could be held at a specific location. As a demonstration of utility, magnetic microcapsules were used for differentiating hPSC spheroids as suspension cultures in a stirred bioreactor. Compared to standard suspension cultures, magnetic microcapsules allowed for more efficient media change and produced improved differentiation outcomes. In the future, magnetic microcapsules may enable better and more scalable differentiation of hPSCs into adult cell types and may offer benefits for cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihak Gwon
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Biofibers and Biomaterials Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ether Dharmesh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kianna M Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Jose M de Hoyos-Vega
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hakan Ceylan
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Quinn P Peterson
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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3
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Borys BS, Dang T, Worden H, Larijani L, Corpuz JM, Abraham BD, Gysel EJ, Malinovska J, Krawetz R, Revay T, Argiropoulos B, Rancourt DE, Kallos MS, Jung S. Robust bioprocess design and evaluation of commercial media for the serial expansion of human induced pluripotent stem cell aggregate cultures in vertical-wheel bioreactors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:232. [PMID: 39075528 PMCID: PMC11288049 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03819-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While pluripotent stem cell (PSC) therapies move toward clinical and commercial applications at a rapid rate, manufacturing reproducibility and robustness are notable bottlenecks in regulatory approval. Therapeutic applications of PSCs require large cell quantities to be generated under highly robust, well-defined, and economically viable conditions. Small-scale and short-term process optimization, however, is often performed in a linear fashion that does not account for time needed to verify the bioprocess protocols and analysis methods used. Design of a reproducible and robust bioprocess should be dynamic and include a continuous effort to understand how the process will respond over time and to different stresses before transitioning into large-scale production where stresses will be amplified. METHODS This study utilizes a baseline protocol, developed for the short-term culture of PSC aggregates in Vertical-Wheel® bioreactors, to evaluate key process attributes through long-term (serial passage) suspension culture. This was done to access overall process robustness when performed with various commercially available media and cell lines. Process output variables including growth kinetics, aggregate morphology, harvest efficiency, genomic stability, and functional pluripotency were assessed through short and long-term culture. RESULTS The robust nature of the expansion protocol was demonstrated over a six-day culture period where spherical aggregate formation and expansion were observed with high-fold expansions for all five commercial media tested. Profound differences in cell growth and quality were revealed only through long-term serial expansion and in-vessel dissociation operations. Some commercial media formulations tested demonstrated maintenance of cell growth rates, aggregate morphology, and high harvest recovery efficiencies through three bioreactor serial passages using multiple PSC lines. Exceptional bioprocess robustness was even demonstrated with sustained growth and quality maintenance over 10 serial bioreactor passages. However, some commercial media tested proved less equipped for serial passage cultures in bioreactors as cultures led to cell lysis during dissociation, reduction in growth rates, and a loss of aggregate morphology. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the importance of systematic selection and testing of bioprocess input variables, with multiple bioprocess output variables through serial passages to create a truly reproducible and robust protocol for clinical and commercial PSC production using scalable bioreactor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna S Borys
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- PBS Biotech Inc, 4721 Calle Carga, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Tiffany Dang
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hannah Worden
- PBS Biotech Inc, 4721 Calle Carga, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Leila Larijani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jessica M Corpuz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Brett D Abraham
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Emilie J Gysel
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Julia Malinovska
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Roman Krawetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tamas Revay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Health Services, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bob Argiropoulos
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Health Services, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sunghoon Jung
- PBS Biotech Inc, 4721 Calle Carga, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA.
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Ueki M, Suzuki T, Kato Y. Large-scale cultivation of human iPS cells in bioreactor with reciprocal mixing. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:149-155. [PMID: 38185598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
A substantial number of human iPS cells (hiPSCs) is needed for cell therapy to be successful against various diseases. We previously reported on a bioreactor with reciprocal mixing that produces specific physical properties that differ from those of conventional bioreactors with rotary paddle stirring. Moreover, such reactors not only provide a homogeneous environment but also allow the control of spheroid size by changing the mixing speed. In this study, we applied this bioreactor to the large-scale cultivation of hiPSCs. Approximately 10 billion hiPSCs were obtained from 2.0 L of culture, and the high expression of pluripotency markers was maintained. Our findings indicate that a bioreactor with reciprocal mixing can be used for large-scale hiPSC cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ueki
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kato
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Mixing Technology Laboratory, Satake Multimix Corporation, 60 Niizo, Toda, Saitama 335-0021, Japan
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5
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Zheng H, Harcum SW, Pei J, Xie W. Stochastic biological system-of-systems modelling for iPSC culture. Commun Biol 2024; 7:39. [PMID: 38191636 PMCID: PMC10774284 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Large-scale manufacturing of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is essential for cell therapies and regenerative medicines. Yet, iPSCs form large cell aggregates in suspension bioreactors, resulting in insufficient nutrient supply and extra metabolic waste build-up for the cells located at the core. Since subtle changes in micro-environment can lead to a heterogeneous cell population, a novel Biological System-of-Systems (Bio-SoS) framework is proposed to model cell-to-cell interactions, spatial and metabolic heterogeneity, and cell response to micro-environmental variation. Building on stochastic metabolic reaction network, aggregation kinetics, and reaction-diffusion mechanisms, the Bio-SoS model characterizes causal interdependencies at individual cell, aggregate, and cell population levels. It has a modular design that enables data integration and improves predictions for different monolayer and aggregate culture processes. In addition, a variance decomposition analysis is derived to quantify the impact of factors (i.e., aggregate size) on cell product health and quality heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zheng
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Jinxiang Pei
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Thangadurai M, Srinivasan SS, Sekar MP, Sethuraman S, Sundaramurthi D. Emerging perspectives on 3D printed bioreactors for clinical translation of engineered and bioprinted tissue constructs. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:350-381. [PMID: 38084021 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01847d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
3D printed/bioprinted tissue constructs are utilized for the regeneration of damaged tissues and as in vitro models. Most of the fabricated 3D constructs fail to undergo functional maturation in conventional in vitro settings. There is a challenge to provide a suitable niche for the fabricated tissue constructs to undergo functional maturation. Bioreactors have emerged as a promising tool to enhance tissue maturation of the engineered constructs by providing physical/biological cues along with a controlled nutrient supply under dynamic in vitro conditions. Bioreactors provide an ambient microenvironment most appropriate for the development of functionally matured tissue constructs by promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, and maturation for transplantation and drug screening applications. Due to the huge cost and limited availability of commercial bioreactors, there is a need to develop strategies to make customized bioreactors. Additive manufacturing (AM) may be a viable tool to fabricate custom designed bioreactors with better efficiency and at low cost. In this review, we have extensively discussed the importance of bioreactors in functionalizing tissue engineered/3D bioprinted scaffolds for bone, cartilage, skeletal muscle, nerve, and vascular tissue. In addition, the importance and fabrication of customized 3D printed bioreactors for the maturation of tissue engineered constructs are discussed in detail. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives in translating commercial and custom 3D printed bioreactors for clinical applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumithra Thangadurai
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India.
| | - Sai Sadhananth Srinivasan
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India.
| | - Muthu Parkkavi Sekar
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India.
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India.
| | - Dhakshinamoorthy Sundaramurthi
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India.
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7
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Reddy JV, Raudenbush K, Papoutsakis ET, Ierapetritou M. Cell-culture process optimization via model-based predictions of metabolism and protein glycosylation. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108179. [PMID: 37257729 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to meet the rising demand for biologics and become competitive on the developing biosimilar market, there is a need for process intensification of biomanufacturing processes. Process development of biologics has historically relied on extensive experimentation to develop and optimize biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Experimentation to optimize media formulations, feeding schedules, bioreactor operations and bioreactor scale up is expensive, labor intensive and time consuming. Mathematical modeling frameworks have the potential to enable process intensification while reducing the experimental burden. This review focuses on mathematical modeling of cellular metabolism and N-linked glycosylation as applied to upstream manufacturing of biologics. We review developments in the field of modeling cellular metabolism of mammalian cells using kinetic and stoichiometric modeling frameworks along with their applications to simulate, optimize and improve mechanistic understanding of the process. Interest in modeling N-linked glycosylation has led to the creation of various types of parametric and non-parametric models. Most published studies on mammalian cell metabolism have performed experiments in shake flasks where the pH and dissolved oxygen cannot be controlled. Efforts to understand and model the effect of bioreactor-specific parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and bioreactor heterogeneity are critically reviewed. Most modeling efforts have focused on the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, which are most commonly used to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, these modeling approaches can be generalized and applied to any mammalian cell-based manufacturing platform. Current and potential future applications of these models for Vero cell-based vaccine manufacturing, CAR-T cell therapies, and viral vector manufacturing are also discussed. We offer specific recommendations for improving the applicability of these models to industrially relevant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth Venkatarama Reddy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA
| | - Katherine Raudenbush
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA
| | - Eleftherios Terry Papoutsakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA; Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, USA.
| | - Marianthi Ierapetritou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716-3196, USA.
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8
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Ge C, Selvaganapathy PR, Geng F. Advancing our understanding of bioreactors for industrial-sized cell culture: health care and cellular agriculture implications. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C580-C591. [PMID: 37486066 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00408.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Bioreactors are advanced biomanufacturing tools that have been widely used to develop various applications in the fields of health care and cellular agriculture. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of bioreactors to enhance the efficiency and scalability of these technologies. In cell therapy, bioreactors have been used to expand and differentiate cells into specialized cell types that can be used for transplantation or tissue regeneration. In cultured meat production, bioreactors offer a controlled and efficient means of producing meat without the need for animal farming. Bioreactors can support the growth of muscle cells by providing the necessary conditions for cell proliferation, differentiation, and maturation, including the provision of oxygen and nutrients. This review article aims to provide an overview of the current state of bioreactor technology in both cell therapy and cultured meat production. It will examine the various bioreactor types and their applications in these fields, highlighting their advantages and limitations. In addition, it will explore the future prospects and challenges of bioreactor technology in these emerging fields. Overall, this review will provide valuable insights for researchers and practitioners interested in using bioreactor technology to develop innovative solutions in the biomanufacturing of therapeutic cells and cultured meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ge
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Fei Geng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- W Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Mohseni S, Khoshfetrat AB, Rahbarghazi R, Khodabakhshaghdam S, Kaleybar LS. Influence of shear force on ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic model cells in a stirred tank bioreactor. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:38. [PMID: 37277832 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate shear stress influence on ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic cell lineages for clinical application, in this study, human pro-monocytic cell (namely U937 cell line) was selected as a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) model and cultured in suspension mode at two different agitation rates (50, 100 rpm) in the stirred bioreactor. At the agitation rate of 50 rpm, the cells achieved higher expansion folds (27.4 fold) with minimal morphological changes as well as apoptotic cell death, while at 100 rpm the expansion fold decreased after 5-day of culture in suspension culture in comparison with static culture and reached 24.5 fold at the end of the culture. The results of glucose consumption and lactate production were also in agreement with the data of fold expansion and indicated the preference of culture in the stirred bioreactor when agitated at 50 rpm. This study indicated the stirred bioreactor system with an agitation rate of 50 rpm and surface aeration may be used as a potential dynamic culture system for clinical applications of hematopoietic cell lineage. The current experiments shed data related to the effect of shear stress on human U937 cells, as a hematopoietic cell model, to set a protocol for expansion of HSCs for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Mohseni
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran
| | - Ali Baradar Khoshfetrat
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran.
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran.
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Leila Shafiei Kaleybar
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran
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10
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Teale MA, Schneider S, Eibl D, van den Bos C, Neubauer P, Eibl R. Mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cell-based therapeutics: a comparison. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12583-4. [PMID: 37246986 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based cell therapeutics and especially those based on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are said to have enormous developmental potential in the coming years. Their applications range from the treatment of orthopedic disorders and cardiovascular diseases to autoimmune diseases and even cancer. However, while more than 27 hMSC-derived therapeutics are currently commercially available, hiPSC-based therapeutics have yet to complete the regulatory approval process. Based on a review of the current commercially available hMSC-derived therapeutic products and upcoming hiPSC-derived products in phase 2 and 3, this paper compares the cell therapy manufacturing process between these two cell types. Moreover, the similarities as well as differences are highlighted and the resulting impact on the production process discussed. Here, emphasis is placed on (i) hMSC and hiPSC characteristics, safety, and ethical aspects, (ii) their morphology and process requirements, as well as (iii) their 2- and 3-dimensional cultivations in dependence of the applied culture medium and process mode. In doing so, also downstream processing aspects are covered and the role of single-use technology is discussed. KEY POINTS: • Mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit distinct behaviors during cultivation • Single-use stirred bioreactor systems are preferred for the cultivation of both cell types • Future research should adapt and modify downstream processes to available single-use devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha A Teale
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Samuel Schneider
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Eibl
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Neubauer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, ACK24, Ackerstraße 76, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine Eibl
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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11
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Liang S, Zhao J, Baker RK, Tran E, Zhan L, Kieffer TJ. Differentiation of stem cell-derived pancreatic progenitors into insulin-secreting islet clusters in a multiwell-based static 3D culture system. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100466. [PMID: 37323565 PMCID: PMC10261893 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Orbital shaker-based suspension culture systems have been in widespread use for differentiating human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived pancreatic progenitors toward islet-like clusters during endocrine induction stages. However, reproducibility between experiments is hampered by variable degrees of cell loss in shaking cultures, which contributes to variable differentiation efficiencies. Here, we describe a 96-well-based static suspension culture method for differentiation of pancreatic progenitors into hPSC-islets. Compared with shaking culture, this static 3D culture system induces similar islet gene expression profiles during differentiation processes but significantly reduces cell loss and improves cell viability of endocrine clusters. This static culture method results in more reproducible and efficient generation of glucose-responsive, insulin-secreting hPSC-islets. The successful differentiation and well-to-well consistency in 96-well plates also provides a proof of principle that the static 3D culture system can serve as a platform for small-scale compound screening experiments as well as facilitating further protocol development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Liang
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Robert K. Baker
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Elisa Tran
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lisa Zhan
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Timothy J. Kieffer
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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12
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Hogrebe NJ, Ishahak M, Millman JR. Developments in stem cell-derived islet replacement therapy for treating type 1 diabetes. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:530-548. [PMID: 37146579 PMCID: PMC10167558 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The generation of islet-like endocrine clusters from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has the potential to provide an unlimited source of insulin-producing β cells for the treatment of diabetes. In order for this cell therapy to become widely adopted, highly functional and well-characterized stem cell-derived islets (SC-islets) need to be manufactured at scale. Furthermore, successful SC-islet replacement strategies should prevent significant cell loss immediately following transplantation and avoid long-term immune rejection. This review highlights the most recent advances in the generation and characterization of highly functional SC-islets as well as strategies to ensure graft viability and safety after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Hogrebe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Matthew Ishahak
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Millman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MSC 8127-057-08, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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13
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Cohen PJR, Luquet E, Pletenka J, Leonard A, Warter E, Gurchenkov B, Carrere J, Rieu C, Hardouin J, Moncaubeig F, Lanero M, Quelennec E, Wurtz H, Jamet E, Demarco M, Banal C, Van Liedekerke P, Nassoy P, Feyeux M, Lefort N, Alessandri K. Engineering 3D micro-compartments for highly efficient and scale-independent expansion of human pluripotent stem cells in bioreactors. Biomaterials 2023; 295:122033. [PMID: 36764194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have emerged as the most promising cellular source for cell therapies. To overcome the scale-up limitations of classical 2D culture systems, suspension cultures have been developed to meet the need for large-scale culture in regenerative medicine. Despite constant improvements, current protocols that use microcarriers or generate cell aggregates only achieve moderate amplification performance. Here, guided by reports showing that hPSCs can self-organize in vitro into cysts reminiscent of the epiblast stage in embryo development, we developed a physio-mimetic approach for hPSC culture. We engineered stem cell niche microenvironments inside microfluidics-assisted core-shell microcapsules. We demonstrate that lumenized three-dimensional colonies significantly improve viability and expansion rates while maintaining pluripotency compared to standard hPSC culture platforms such as 2D cultures, microcarriers, and aggregates. By further tuning capsule size and culture conditions, we scale up this method to industrial-scale stirred tank bioreactors and achieve an unprecedented hPSC amplification rate of 277-fold in 6.5 days. In brief, our findings indicate that our 3D culture system offers a suitable strategy both for basic stem cell biology experiments and for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J R Cohen
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, IPSC Core Facility, INSERM UMR U1163, F-75015, Paris, France; Treefrog Therapeutics, F-33600, Pessac, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eddy Quelennec
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, IPSC Core Facility, INSERM UMR U1163, F-75015, Paris, France; Treefrog Therapeutics, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | | | | | | | - Celine Banal
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, IPSC Core Facility, INSERM UMR U1163, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Paul Van Liedekerke
- Inria Paris & Sorbonne Université LJLL, 2 Rue Simone IFF, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Nassoy
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique Numérique et Nanosciences, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33400, Talence, France; Institut D'Optique Graduate School & CNRS UMR 5298, F-33400, Talence, France
| | | | - Nathalie Lefort
- Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, IPSC Core Facility, INSERM UMR U1163, F-75015, Paris, France
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14
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Ho DLL, Lee S, Du J, Weiss JD, Tam T, Sinha S, Klinger D, Devine S, Hamfeldt A, Leng HT, Herrmann JE, He M, Fradkin LG, Tan TK, Standish D, Tomasello P, Traul D, Dianat N, Ladi R, Vicard Q, Katikireddy K, Skylar‐Scott MA. Large-Scale Production of Wholly Cellular Bioinks via the Optimization of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Aggregate Culture in Automated Bioreactors. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201138. [PMID: 36314397 PMCID: PMC10234214 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Combining the sustainable culture of billions of human cells and the bioprinting of wholly cellular bioinks offers a pathway toward organ-scale tissue engineering. Traditional 2D culture methods are not inherently scalable due to cost, space, and handling constraints. Here, the suspension culture of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived aggregates (hAs) is optimized using an automated 250 mL stirred tank bioreactor system. Cell yield, aggregate morphology, and pluripotency marker expression are maintained over three serial passages in two distinct cell lines. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the same optimized parameters can be scaled to an automated 1 L stirred tank bioreactor system. This 4-day culture results in a 16.6- to 20.4-fold expansion of cells, generating approximately 4 billion cells per vessel, while maintaining >94% expression of pluripotency markers. The pluripotent aggregates can be subsequently differentiated into derivatives of the three germ layers, including cardiac aggregates, and vascular, cortical and intestinal organoids. Finally, the aggregates are compacted into a wholly cellular bioink for rheological characterization and 3D bioprinting. The printed hAs are subsequently differentiated into neuronal and vascular tissue. This work demonstrates an optimized suspension culture-to-3D bioprinting pipeline that enables a sustainable approach to billion cell-scale organ engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L. L. Ho
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Stacey Lee
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Jianyi Du
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | | | - Tony Tam
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Soham Sinha
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Danielle Klinger
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Sean Devine
- Sartorius Stedim North America Inc565 Johnson AvenueBohemiaNY11716USA
| | - Art Hamfeldt
- Sartorius Stedim North America Inc565 Johnson AvenueBohemiaNY11716USA
| | - Hope T. Leng
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Jessica E. Herrmann
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
- School of MedicineStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Mengdi He
- Materials Science and EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Lee G. Fradkin
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Tze Kai Tan
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of GeneticsStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
| | - David Standish
- Sartorius Stedim North America Inc565 Johnson AvenueBohemiaNY11716USA
| | - Peter Tomasello
- Sartorius Stedim North America Inc565 Johnson AvenueBohemiaNY11716USA
| | - Donald Traul
- Sartorius Stedim North America Inc565 Johnson AvenueBohemiaNY11716USA
| | - Noushin Dianat
- Sartorius Stedim France S.A.SZone Industrielle les PaludsAvenue de Jouques CS 71058Aubagne Cedex13781France
| | - Rukmini Ladi
- Sartorius Stedim North America Inc565 Johnson AvenueBohemiaNY11716USA
| | - Quentin Vicard
- Sartorius Stedim France S.A.SZone Industrielle les PaludsAvenue de Jouques CS 71058Aubagne Cedex13781France
| | | | - Mark A. Skylar‐Scott
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
- Basic Science and Engineering InitiativeChildren's Heart CenterStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoCA94158USA
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15
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Hoyle H, Stenger C, Przyborski S. Design considerations of benchtop fluid flow bioreactors for bio-engineered tissue equivalents in vitro. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2022; 8:100063. [PMID: 36824373 PMCID: PMC9934498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2022.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major aims of bio-engineering tissue equivalents in vitro is to create physiologically relevant culture conditions to accurately recreate the cellular microenvironment. This often includes incorporation of factors such as the extracellular matrix, co-culture of multiple cell types and three-dimensional culture techniques. These advanced techniques can recapitulate some of the properties of tissue in vivo, however fluid flow is a key aspect that is often absent. Fluid flow can be introduced into cell and tissue culture using bioreactors, which are becoming increasingly common as we seek to produce increasingly accurate tissue models. Bespoke technology is continuously being developed to tailor systems for specific applications and to allow compatibility with a range of culture techniques. For effective perfusion of a tissue culture many parameters can be controlled, ranging from impacts of the fluid flow such as increased shear stress and mass transport, to potentially unwanted side effects such as temperature fluctuations. A thorough understanding of these properties and their implications on the culture model can aid with a more accurate interpretation of results. Improved and more complete characterisation of bioreactor properties will also lead to greater accuracy when reporting culture conditions in protocols, aiding experimental reproducibility, and allowing more precise comparison of results between different systems. In this review we provide an analysis of the different factors involved in the development of benchtop flow bioreactors and their potential biological impacts across a range of applications.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensional
- ABS, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
- ALI, air-liquid interface
- Bioreactors
- CFD, computational fluid dynamics
- Cell culture
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FDM, fused deposition modelling
- Fluid flow
- PC, polycarbonate
- PET, polyethylene terephthalate
- PLA, polylactic acid
- PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene
- SLA, stereolithography
- Tissue engineering
- UL, unstirred layer
- UV, ultraviolet light
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Affiliation(s)
- H.W. Hoyle
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - C.M.L. Stenger
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - S.A. Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK,NETPark Incubator, Reprocell Europe Ltd., Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield TS21 3FD, UK,Corresponding author at: Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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16
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Kwok CK, Sébastien I, Hariharan K, Meiser I, Wihan J, Altmaier S, Karnatz I, Bauer D, Fischer B, Feile A, Cabrera-Socorro A, Rasmussen M, Holst B, Neubauer JC, Clausen C, Verfaillie C, Ebneth A, Hansson M, Steeg R, Zimmermann H. Scalable expansion of iPSC and their derivatives across multiple lineages. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 112:23-35. [PMID: 35595152 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology enabled the production of pluripotent stem cell lines from somatic cells from a range of known genetic backgrounds. Their ability to differentiate and generate a wide variety of cell types has resulted in their use for various biomedical applications, including toxicity testing. Many of these iPSC lines are now registered in databases and stored in biobanks such as the European Bank for induced pluripotent Stem Cells (EBiSC), which can streamline the quality control and distribution of these individual lines. To generate the quantities of cells for banking and applications like high-throughput toxicity screening, scalable and robust methods need to be developed to enable the large-scale production of iPSCs. 3D suspension culture platforms are increasingly being used by stem cell researchers, owing to a higher cell output in a smaller footprint, as well as simpler scaling by increasing culture volume. Here we describe our strategies for successful scalable production of iPSCs using a benchtop bioreactor and incubator for 3D suspension cultures, while maintaining quality attributes expected of high-quality iPSC lines. Additionally, to meet the increasing demand for "ready-to-use" cell types, we report recent work to establish robust, scalable differentiation protocols to cardiac, neural, and hepatic fate to enable EBiSC to increase available research tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Keong Kwok
- Cell Therapy R&D, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Isabelle Sébastien
- Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Krithika Hariharan
- Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ina Meiser
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66820 Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Jeanette Wihan
- Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Altmaier
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66820 Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Isabell Karnatz
- Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dominic Bauer
- Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Fischer
- Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Feile
- Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alfredo Cabrera-Socorro
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Bjørn Holst
- Bioneer A/S, Kogle Allé 2, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Julia C Neubauer
- Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66820 Sulzbach, Germany
| | | | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, UZ Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas Ebneth
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mattias Hansson
- Cell Therapy R&D, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Rachel Steeg
- Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, G1 1RD Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Heiko Zimmermann
- Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66820 Sulzbach, Germany; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biotechnology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
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17
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Torizal FG, Kim SM, Horiguchi I, Inamura K, Suzuki I, Morimura T, Nishikawa M, Sakai Y. Production of homogenous size-controlled human induced pluripotent stem cell aggregates using ring-shaped culture vessel. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 16:254-266. [PMID: 34923748 DOI: 10.1002/term.3278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aggregate size is an important parameter that determines the cell fate and quality of the resulting human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Nowadays, large-scale suspension culture is a common method for scaling-up the biomanufacturing of hiPSCs to realize their practical application. However, this culture system exhibits a complex hydrodynamic condition resulting from the different mixing conditions of culture media, which potentially produce non-uniform aggregates, which may decrease the quality of the cell yield. Here, we performed expansion in a ring-shaped culture vessel and compared it with three other suspension-based culture systems to evaluate the uniformity and characteristics of hiPSC aggregates. Morphologically, the hiPSC aggregates formed and expanded in the ring-shaped culture vessel, resulting in small and uniform aggregates compared to the other culture systems. This aggregate population showed a decent mass transfer required for the exchange of biochemical substances, such as nutrients, growth factors, oxygen, and waste metabolic products, inside the aggregates. Thus, better metabolic performance and pluripotency markers were achieved in this system. Interestingly, all culture systems used in this study showed different tendencies in embryoid body differentiation. The smaller aggregates produced by sphere ring and dish bag tended to differentiate toward ectodermal and mesodermal lineages, while predominantly larger aggregates from the 6-well plates and spinner flask exhibited more potential for endodermal lineage. Our study demonstrates the production of a decent homogenous aggregate population by providing equal hydrodynamic force through the ring-shaped culture vessel design, which may be further upscaled to produce a large number of hiPSCs for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Gandhi Torizal
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Seong Min Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Ikki Horiguchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kousuke Inamura
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Ikumi Suzuki
- Division of Biotechnology Industrial Equipments, Fukoku Ltd, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Morimura
- Division of Biotechnology Industrial Equipments, Fukoku Ltd, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishikawa
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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18
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The Proliferation of Pre-Pubertal Porcine Spermatogonia in Stirred Suspension Bioreactors Is Partially Mediated by the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413549. [PMID: 34948348 PMCID: PMC8708394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Male survivors of childhood cancer are at risk of suffering from infertility in adulthood because of gonadotoxic chemotherapies. For adult men, sperm collection and preservation are routine procedures prior to treatment; however, this is not an option for pre-pubertal children. From young boys, a small biopsy may be taken before chemotherapy, and spermatogonia may be propagated in vitro for future transplantation to restore fertility. A robust system that allows for scalable expansion of spermatogonia within a controlled environment is therefore required. Stirred suspension culture has been applied to different types of stem cells but has so far not been explored for spermatogonia. Here, we report that pre-pubertal porcine spermatogonia proliferate more in bioreactor suspension culture, compared with static culture. Interestingly, oxygen tension provides an avenue to modulate spermatogonia status, with culture under 10% oxygen retaining a more undifferentiated state and reducing proliferation in comparison with the conventional approach of culturing under ambient oxygen levels. Spermatogonia grown in bioreactors upregulate the Wnt/ β-catenin pathway, which, along with enhanced gas and nutrient exchange observed in bioreactor culture, may synergistically account for higher spermatogonia proliferation. Therefore, stirred suspension bioreactors provide novel platforms to culture spermatogonia in a scalable manner and with minimal handling.
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19
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Gwon K, Hong HJ, Gonzalez-Suarez AM, Slama MQ, Choi D, Hong J, Baskaran H, Stybayeva G, Peterson QP, Revzin A. Bioactive hydrogel microcapsules for guiding stem cell fate decisions by release and reloading of growth factors. Bioact Mater 2021; 15:1-14. [PMID: 35386345 PMCID: PMC8941170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) hold considerable promise as a source of adult cells for treatment of diseases ranging from diabetes to liver failure. Some of the challenges that limit the clinical/translational impact of hPSCs are high cost and difficulty in scaling-up of existing differentiation protocols. In this paper, we sought to address these challenges through the development of bioactive microcapsules. A co-axial flow focusing microfluidic device was used to encapsulate hPSCs in microcapsules comprised of an aqueous core and a hydrogel shell. Importantly, the shell contained heparin moieties for growth factor (GF) binding and release. The aqueous core enabled rapid aggregation of hPSCs into 3D spheroids while the bioactive hydrogel shell was used to load inductive cues driving pluripotency maintenance and endodermal differentiation. Specifically, we demonstrated that one-time, 1 h long loading of pluripotency signals, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, into bioactive microcapsules was sufficient to induce and maintain pluripotency of hPSCs over the course of 5 days at levels similar to or better than a standard protocol with soluble GFs. Furthermore, stem cell-carrying microcapsules that previously contained pluripotency signals could be reloaded with an endodermal cue, Nodal, resulting in higher levels of endodermal markers compared to stem cells differentiated in a standard protocol. Overall, bioactive heparin-containing core-shell microcapsules decreased GF usage five-fold while improving stem cell phenotype and are well suited for 3D cultivation of hPSCs. Heparin-containing microcapsules enable sustained release of inductive cues (growth factors) over the course of seven to nine days. Heparin-growth factor binding is reversible which means that different growth factors may be loaded in a sequential manner. Loading inductive cues into microcapsules results in better differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Loading inductive cues into microcapsules allows to decrease the usage of growth factors by several fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihak Gwon
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Hye Jin Hong
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | | | - Michael Q. Slama
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Daheui Choi
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkee Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Harihara Baskaran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Quinn P. Peterson
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
- Corresponding author.
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20
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Torizal FG, Lau QY, Ibuki M, Kawai Y, Horikawa M, Minami M, Michiue T, Horiguchi I, Nishikawa M, Sakai Y. A miniature dialysis-culture device allows high-density human-induced pluripotent stem cells expansion from growth factor accumulation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1316. [PMID: 34799690 PMCID: PMC8604949 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional aggregate-suspension culture is a potential biomanufacturing method to produce a large number of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs); however, the use of expensive growth factors and method-induced mechanical stress potentially result in inefficient production costs and difficulties in preserving pluripotency, respectively. Here, we developed a simple, miniaturized, dual-compartment dialysis-culture device based on a conventional membrane-culture insert with deep well plates. The device improved cell expansion up to approximately ~3.2 to 4×107 cells/mL. The high-density expansion was supported by reduction of excessive shear stress and agglomeration mediated by the addition of the functional polymer FP003. The results revealed accumulation of several growth factors, including fibroblast growth factor 2 and insulin, along with endogenous Nodal, which acts as a substitute for depleted transforming growth factor-β1 in maintaining pluripotency. Because we used the same growth-factor formulation per volume in the upper culture compartment, the cost reduced in inverse proportional manner with the cell density. We showed that growth-factor-accumulation dynamics in a low-shear-stress environment successfully improved hiPSC proliferation, pluripotency, and differentiation potential. This miniaturised dialysis-culture system demonstrated the feasibility of cost-effective mass production of hiPSCs in high-density culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Gandhi Torizal
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Qiao You Lau
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Ibuki
- grid.410860.b0000 0000 9776 0030Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kawai
- grid.410860.b0000 0000 9776 0030Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masato Horikawa
- grid.420062.20000 0004 1763 4894Materials Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masataka Minami
- grid.420062.20000 0004 1763 4894Materials Research Laboratories, Nissan Chemical Corporation, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Michiue
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikki Horiguchi
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishikawa
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Rivera-Ordaz A, Peli V, Manzini P, Barilani M, Lazzari L. Critical Analysis of cGMP Large-Scale Expansion Process in Bioreactors of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Framework of Quality by Design. BioDrugs 2021; 35:693-714. [PMID: 34727354 PMCID: PMC8561684 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are manufactured as advanced therapy medicinal products for tissue replacement applications. With this aim, the feasibility of hiPSC large-scale expansion in existing bioreactor systems under current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) has been tested. Yet, these attempts have lacked a paradigm shift in culture settings and technologies tailored to hiPSCs, which jeopardizes their clinical translation. The best approach for industrial scale-up of high-quality hiPSCs is to design their manufacturing process by following quality-by-design (QbD) principles: a scientific, risk-based framework for process design based on relating product and process attributes to product quality. In this review, we analyzed the hiPSC expansion manufacturing process implementing the QbD approach in the use of bioreactors, stressing the decisive role played by the cell quantity, quality and costs, drawing key QbD concepts directly from the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rivera-Ordaz
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Peli
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Manzini
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Barilani
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
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22
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Wang L, Isobe R, Okano Y, Kino-Oka M. Numerical Investigation on Suspension Culture in an Orbitally Shaken Cylindrical Bioreactor. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.21we015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liya Wang
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Osaka University
| | - Ryosuke Isobe
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Osaka University
| | - Yasunori Okano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Osaka University
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23
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Kahn-Krell A, Pretorius D, Ou J, Fast VG, Litovsky S, Berry J, Liu X(M, Zhang J. Bioreactor Suspension Culture: Differentiation and Production of Cardiomyocyte Spheroids From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:674260. [PMID: 34178964 PMCID: PMC8226172 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.674260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced-pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be efficiently differentiated into cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) via the GiWi method, which uses small-molecule inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) and tankyrase to first activate and then suppress Wnt signaling. However, this method is typically conducted in 6-well culture plates with two-dimensional (2D) cell sheets, and consequently, cannot be easily scaled to produce the large numbers of hiPSC-CMs needed for clinical applications. Cell suspensions are more suitable than 2D systems for commercial biomanufacturing, and suspended hiPSCs form free-floating aggregates (i.e., spheroids) that can also be differentiated into hiPSC-CMs. Here, we introduce a protocol for differentiating suspensions of hiPSC spheroids into cardiomyocytes that is based on the GiWi method. After optimization based on cardiac troponin T staining, the purity of hiPSC-CMs differentiated via our novel protocol exceeded 98% with yields of about 1.5 million hiPSC-CMs/mL and less between-batch purity variability than hiPSC-CMs produced in 2D cultures; furthermore, the culture volume could be increased ∼10-fold to 30 mL with no need for re-optimization, which suggests that this method can serve as a framework for large-scale hiPSC-CM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Kahn-Krell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Danielle Pretorius
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jianfa Ou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Vladimir G. Fast
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Silvio Litovsky
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Joel Berry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Xiaoguang (Margaret) Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine and School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Medicine/Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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24
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Khodabakhshaghdam S, Khoshfetrat AB, Rahbarghazi R. Alginate-chitosan core-shell microcapsule cultures of hepatic cells in a small scale stirred bioreactor: impact of shear forces and microcapsule core composition. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:14. [PMID: 33865460 PMCID: PMC8052835 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A small scale stirred bioreactor was designed and the effect of different agitation rates (30, 60 and 100 rpm) was investigated on HepG2 cells cultured in alginate-chitosan (AC) core-shell microcapsule in terms of the cell proliferation and liver-specific function. The microencapsulated hepatic cells could proliferate well when they were cultured for 10 days at 30 rpm while the cell-laden microcapsules showed no cell proliferation at 100 rpm in the bioreactor system. Albumin production rate, as an important liver function, increased also 1.8- and 1.5- fold under stirring rate of 30 rpm compared to the static culture and 60 rpm of agitation, respectively. Moreover, In comparison with the static culture, about 1.5-fold increment in urea production was observed at 30 rpm. Similarly, the highest expressions of albumin and P450 genes were found at 30 rpm stirring rate, which were 4.9- and 19.2-fold of the static culture. Addition of collagen to the microcapsule core composition (ACol/C) could improve the cell proliferation and functionality at 60 rpm in comparison with the cell-laden microcapsules without collagen. The study demonstrated the hepatic cell-laden ACol/C microcapsule hydrogel cultured in the small scale stirred bioreactor at low mixing rate has a great potential for mass production of the hepatic cells while maintaining liver-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Khodabakhshaghdam
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran
| | - Ali Baradar Khoshfetrat
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran.
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Laboratory, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, 51335-1996, Iran.
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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25
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Fattahi P, Rahimian A, Slama MQ, Gwon K, Gonzalez-Suarez AM, Wolf J, Baskaran H, Duffy CD, Stybayeva G, Peterson QP, Revzin A. Core-shell hydrogel microcapsules enable formation of human pluripotent stem cell spheroids and their cultivation in a stirred bioreactor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7177. [PMID: 33785778 PMCID: PMC8010084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapies based on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer considerable promise for treating numerous diseases including diabetes and end stage liver failure. Stem cell spheroids may be cultured in stirred bioreactors to scale up cell production to cell numbers relevant for use in humans. Despite significant progress in bioreactor culture of stem cells, areas for improvement remain. In this study, we demonstrate that microfluidic encapsulation of hPSCs and formation of spheroids. A co-axial droplet microfluidic device was used to fabricate 400 μm diameter capsules with a poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel shell and an aqueous core. Spheroid formation was demonstrated for three hPSC lines to highlight broad utility of this encapsulation technology. In-capsule differentiation of stem cell spheroids into pancreatic β-cells in suspension culture was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Fattahi
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Ali Rahimian
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Michael Q Slama
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Kihak Gwon
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Alan M Gonzalez-Suarez
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Jadon Wolf
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Harihara Baskaran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Caden D Duffy
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Quinn P Peterson
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA.
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26
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Borys BS, Dang T, So T, Rohani L, Revay T, Walsh T, Thompson M, Argiropoulos B, Rancourt DE, Jung S, Hashimura Y, Lee B, Kallos MS. Overcoming bioprocess bottlenecks in the large-scale expansion of high-quality hiPSC aggregates in vertical-wheel stirred suspension bioreactors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:55. [PMID: 33436078 PMCID: PMC7805206 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) hold enormous promise in accelerating breakthroughs in understanding human development, drug screening, disease modeling, and cell and gene therapies. Their potential, however, has been bottlenecked in a mostly laboratory setting due to bioprocess challenges in the scale-up of large quantities of high-quality cells for clinical and manufacturing purposes. While several studies have investigated the production of hiPSCs in bioreactors, the use of conventional horizontal-impeller, paddle, and rocking-wave mixing mechanisms have demonstrated unfavorable hydrodynamic environments for hiPSC growth and quality maintenance. This study focused on using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to aid in characterizing and optimizing the use of vertical-wheel bioreactors for hiPSC production. METHODS The vertical-wheel bioreactor was modeled with CFD simulation software Fluent at agitation rates between 20 and 100 rpm. These models produced fluid flow patterns that mapped out a hydrodynamic environment to guide in the development of hiPSC inoculation and in-vessel aggregate dissociation protocols. The effect of single-cell inoculation on aggregate formation and growth was tested at select CFD-modeled agitation rates and feeding regimes in the vertical-wheel bioreactor. An in-vessel dissociation protocol was developed through the testing of various proteolytic enzymes and agitation exposure times. RESULTS CFD modeling demonstrated the unique flow pattern and homogeneous distribution of hydrodynamic forces produced in the vertical-wheel bioreactor, making it the opportune environment for systematic bioprocess optimization of hiPSC expansion. We developed a scalable, single-cell inoculation protocol for the culture of hiPSCs as aggregates in vertical-wheel bioreactors, achieving over 30-fold expansion in 6 days without sacrificing cell quality. We have also provided the first published protocol for in-vessel hiPSC aggregate dissociation, permitting the entire bioreactor volume to be harvested into single cells for serial passaging into larger scale reactors. Importantly, the cells harvested and re-inoculated into scaled-up vertical-wheel bioreactors not only maintained consistent growth kinetics, they maintained a normal karyotype and pluripotent characterization and function. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these protocols provide a feasible solution for the culture of high-quality hiPSCs at a clinical and manufacturing scale by overcoming some of the major documented bioprocess bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna S Borys
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tiffany Dang
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tania So
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Leili Rohani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tamas Revay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Health Services, Alberta Children's Hospital, 28 Oki Drive, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Tylor Walsh
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Madalynn Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Bob Argiropoulos
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Health Services, Alberta Children's Hospital, 28 Oki Drive, Calgary, AB, T3B 6A8, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sunghoon Jung
- PBS Biotech Inc, 1183 Calle Suerte, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Yas Hashimura
- PBS Biotech Inc, 1183 Calle Suerte, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Brian Lee
- PBS Biotech Inc, 1183 Calle Suerte, Camarillo, CA, 93012, USA
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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27
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Torizal FG, Choi H, Shinohara M, Sakai Y. Efficient High-Density hiPSCs Expansion in Simple Dialysis Device. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2454:83-94. [PMID: 33856661 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
iPSCs are potential cell types that can be used for regenerative medicine. Suspension culture is the main approach to produce a sufficient amount of required cells to realize the application of hiPSCs for the transplantation of the large organ. The dialysis culture system holds the potential to reduce the cost by utilizing endogenous growth factors and recycle the remaining exogenous growth factors at the same time. However, the current large scale dialysis culture system was not optimized for expanding the high-density culture. Several problems such as the requirement of the large volume and technical complexity make the optimization of this system remain challenging. Also, the interference of mechanical stress in the dynamic suspension culture may reduce cellular viability, pluripotency, and differentiation capacity. Here, we describe the simple miniaturized dialysis platform to evaluate the feasibility of high-density hiPSCs culture by combining the utilization of endogenous growth factors supported by a continuous exchange of nutrition and toxic metabolic product in a low mechanical stress culture environment in a viscoelastic medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Gandhi Torizal
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hyunjin Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marie Shinohara
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Rohani L, Borys BS, Razian G, Naghsh P, Liu S, Johnson AA, Machiraju P, Holland H, Lewis IA, Groves RA, Toms D, Gordon PMK, Li JW, So T, Dang T, Kallos MS, Rancourt DE. Stirred suspension bioreactors maintain naïve pluripotency of human pluripotent stem cells. Commun Biol 2020; 3:492. [PMID: 32895477 PMCID: PMC7476926 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their ability to standardize key physiological parameters, stirred suspension bioreactors can potentially scale the production of quality-controlled pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for cell therapy application. Because of differences in bioreactor expansion efficiency between mouse (m) and human (h) PSCs, we investigated if conversion of hPSCs, from the conventional "primed" pluripotent state towards the "naïve" state prevalent in mPSCs, could be used to enhance hPSC production. Through transcriptomic enrichment of mechano-sensing signaling, the expression of epigenetic regulators, metabolomics, and cell-surface protein marker analyses, we show that the stirred suspension bioreactor environment helps maintain a naïve-like pluripotent state. Our research corroborates that converting hPSCs towards a naïve state enhances hPSC manufacturing and indicates a potentially important role for the stirred suspension bioreactor's mechanical environment in maintaining naïve-like pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Rohani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Breanna S Borys
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Golsa Razian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Pooyan Naghsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shiying Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Pranav Machiraju
- Department of Paediatrics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Heidrun Holland
- Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ian A Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ryan A Groves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Derek Toms
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul M K Gordon
- CSM Center for Health Genomic and Informatics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Joyce W Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tania So
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tiffany Dang
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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29
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Nair GG, Tzanakakis ES, Hebrok M. Emerging routes to the generation of functional β-cells for diabetes mellitus cell therapy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:506-518. [PMID: 32587391 PMCID: PMC9188823 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, which affects more than 463 million people globally, is caused by the autoimmune ablation or functional loss of insulin-producing β-cells, and prevalence is projected to continue rising over the next decades. Generating β-cells to mitigate the aberrant glucose homeostasis manifested in the disease has remained elusive. Substantial advances have been made in producing mature β-cells from human pluripotent stem cells that respond appropriately to dynamic changes in glucose concentrations in vitro and rapidly function in vivo following transplantation in mice. Other potential avenues to produce functional β-cells include: transdifferentiation of closely related cell types (for example, other pancreatic islet cells such as α-cells, or other cells derived from endoderm); the engineering of non-β-cells that are capable of modulating blood sugar; and the construction of synthetic 'cells' or particles mimicking functional aspects of β-cells. This Review focuses on the current status of generating β-cells via these diverse routes, highlighting the unique advantages and challenges of each approach. Given the remarkable progress in this field, scalable bioengineering processes are also discussed for the realization of the therapeutic potential of derived β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika G Nair
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Tzanakakis
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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30
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Shafiei Kaleybar L, Khoshfetrat AB, Nozad Charoudeh H. Modeling and performance prediction of a conceptual bioprocess for mass production of suspended stem cells. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Laco F, Lam ATL, Woo TL, Tong G, Ho V, Soong PL, Grishina E, Lin KH, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. Selection of human induced pluripotent stem cells lines optimization of cardiomyocytes differentiation in an integrated suspension microcarrier bioreactor. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:118. [PMID: 32183888 PMCID: PMC7076930 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The production of large quantities of cardiomyocyte is essential for the needs of cellular therapies. This study describes the selection of a human-induced pluripotent cell (hiPSC) line suitable for production of cardiomyocytes in a fully integrated bioprocess of stem cell expansion and differentiation in microcarrier stirred tank reactor. Methods Five hiPSC lines were evaluated first for their cardiac differentiation efficiency in monolayer cultures followed by their expansion and differentiation compatibility in microcarrier (MC) cultures under continuous stirring conditions. Results Three cell lines were highly cardiogenic but only one (FR202) of them was successfully expanded on continuous stirring MC cultures. FR202 was thus selected for cardiac differentiation in a 22-day integrated bioprocess under continuous stirring in a stirred tank bioreactor. In summary, we integrated a MC-based hiPSC expansion (phase 1), CHIR99021-induced cardiomyocyte differentiation step (phase 2), purification using the lactate-based treatment (phase 3) and cell recovery step (phase 4) into one process in one bioreactor, under restricted oxygen control (< 30% DO) and continuous stirring with periodic batch-type media exchanges. High density of undifferentiated hiPSC (2 ± 0.4 × 106 cells/mL) was achieved in the expansion phase. By controlling the stirring speed and DO levels in the bioreactor cultures, 7.36 ± 1.2 × 106 cells/mL cardiomyocytes with > 80% Troponin T were generated in the CHIR99021-induced differentiation phase. By adding lactate in glucose-free purification media, the purity of cardiomyocytes was enhanced (> 90% Troponin T), with minor cell loss as indicated by the increase in sub-G1 phase and the decrease of aggregate sizes. Lastly, we found that the recovery period is important for generating purer and functional cardiomyocytes (> 96% Troponin T). Three independent runs in a 300-ml working volume confirmed the robustness of this process. Conclusion A streamlined and controllable platform for large quantity manufacturing of pure functional atrial, ventricular and nodal cardiomyocytes on MCs in conventional-type stirred tank bioreactors was established, which can be further scaled up and translated to a good manufacturing practice-compliant production process, to fulfill the quantity requirements of the cellular therapeutic industry. Supplementary information The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-020-01618-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Laco
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Alan Tin-Lun Lam
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore.
| | - Tsung-Liang Woo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Gerine Tong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Valerie Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Poh-Loong Soong
- Ternion Biosciences, National Heart Centre of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elina Grishina
- Ternion Biosciences, National Heart Centre of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kun-Han Lin
- Ternion Biosciences, National Heart Centre of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore
| | - Steve Kah-Weng Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, Centros #06-01, Singapore, 138668, Singapore.
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Bodiou V, Moutsatsou P, Post MJ. Microcarriers for Upscaling Cultured Meat Production. Front Nutr 2020; 7:10. [PMID: 32154261 PMCID: PMC7045063 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the considerable environmental impact and the controversial animal welfare associated with industrial meat production, combined with the ever-increasing global population and demand for meat products, sustainable production alternatives are indispensable. In 2013, the world's first laboratory grown hamburger made from cultured muscle cells was developed. However, coming at a price of $300.000, and being produced manually, substantial effort is still required to reach sustainable large-scale production. One of the main challenges is scalability. Microcarriers (MCs), offering a large surface/volume ratio, are the most promising candidates for upscaling muscle cell culture. However, although many MCs have been developed for cell lines and stem cells typically used in the medical field, none have been specifically developed for muscle stem cells and meat production. This paper aims to discuss the MCs' design criteria for skeletal muscle cell proliferation and subsequently for meat production based on three scenarios: (1) MCs are serving only as a temporary substrate for cell attachment and proliferation and therefore they need to be separated from the cells at some stage of the bioprocess, (2) MCs serve as a temporary substrate for cell proliferation but are degraded or dissolved during the bioprocess, and (3) MCs are embedded in the final product and therefore need to be edible. The particularities of each of these three bioprocesses will be discussed from the perspective of MCs as well as the feasibility of a one-step bioprocess. Each scenario presents advantages and drawbacks, which are discussed in detail, nevertheless the third scenario appears to be the most promising one for a production process. Indeed, using an edible material can limit or completely eliminate dissociation/degradation/separation steps and even promote organoleptic qualities when embedded in the final product. Edible microcarriers could also be used as a temporary substrate similarly to scenarios 1 and 2, which would limit the risk of non-edible residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bodiou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Mosa Meat BV, Maastricht, Netherlands
- CARIM, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Panagiota Moutsatsou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Mosa Meat BV, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Post
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Mosa Meat BV, Maastricht, Netherlands
- CARIM, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Gao B, Matsuura K, Shimizu T. Recent progress in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac cell sheets for tissue engineering. Biosci Trends 2020; 13:292-298. [PMID: 31527326 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2019.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed remarkable development in tissue engineering technologies and stem cells. Our lab has developed a novel technology - "cell sheet technology" for tissue engineering. After the confluent cells are cultured on an innovative temperature-responsive culture dish, the cells can be harvested as an intact sheet by lowering temperature. We have successfully created multiple cell sheet-based tissues for therapies of a vast variety of diseases, in particular, myocardial diseases. On the other side, the discovery of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) enables stable production of defined tissue-specific cell types and thus makes it possible to regenerate tissues or even organs for clinical application and in vitro drug screening/disease modeling. Recently, we have combined cell sheet technology and hiPSC-derived cardiac cells for fabrication of functional human cardiac tissues. This review summarizes ongoing challenges in this field and our progresses in solving issues, such as large scale culture of hiPSC-derived cardiac cells, elimination of undifferentiated iPSCs to decrease the risk of tumor formation as well as myocardial tissue fabrication technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Gao
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, TWIns, Tokyo Women's Medical University
| | - Katsuhisa Matsuura
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, TWIns, Tokyo Women's Medical University
| | - Tatsuya Shimizu
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, TWIns, Tokyo Women's Medical University
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Shafa M, Panchalingam KM, Walsh T, Richardson T, Baghbaderani BA. Computational fluid dynamics modeling, a novel, and effective approach for developing scalable cell therapy manufacturing processes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3228-3241. [PMID: 31483482 PMCID: PMC6973104 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great potential to generate novel, curative cell therapy products. However, current methods to generate these novel therapies lack scalability, are labor-intensive, require a large footprint, and are not suited to meet clinical and commercial demands. Therefore, it is necessary to develop scalable manufacturing processes to accommodate the generation of high-quality iPSC derivatives under controlled conditions. The current scale-up methods used in cell therapy processes are based on empirical, geometry-dependent methods that do not accurately represent the hydrodynamics of 3D bioreactors. These methods require multiple iterations of scale-up studies, resulting in increased development cost and time. Here we show a novel approach using computational fluid dynamics modeling to effectively scale-up cell therapy manufacturing processes in 3D bioreactors. Using a GMP-compatible iPSC line, we translated and scaled-up a small-scale cardiomyocyte differentiation process to a 3-L computer-controlled bioreactor in an efficient manner, showing comparability in both systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shafa
- Cell Therapy Process DevelopmentLonza Walkersville, Inc.WalkersvilleMaryland
| | | | - Tylor Walsh
- Cell Therapy Process DevelopmentLonza Walkersville, Inc.WalkersvilleMaryland
| | - Thomas Richardson
- Cell Therapy Process DevelopmentLonza Walkersville, Inc.WalkersvilleMaryland
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Derakhti S, Safiabadi-Tali SH, Amoabediny G, Sheikhpour M. Attachment and detachment strategies in microcarrier-based cell culture technology: A comprehensive review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109782. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Burrell K, Dardari R, Goldsmith T, Toms D, Villagomez DAF, King WA, Ungrin M, West FD, Dobrinski I. Stirred Suspension Bioreactor Culture of Porcine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1264-1275. [PMID: 31264514 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are an attractive cell source for regenerative medicine and the development of therapies, as they can proliferate indefinitely under defined conditions and differentiate into any cell type in the body. Large-scale expansion of cells is limited in adherent culture, making it difficult to obtain adequate cell numbers for research. It has been previously shown that stirred suspension bioreactors (SSBs) can be used to culture mouse and human stem cells. Pigs are important preclinical models for stem cell research. Therefore, this study investigated the use of SSBs as an alternative culture method for the expansion of iPSCs. Using an established porcine iPSC (piPSC) line as well as a new cell line derived and characterized in the current study, we report that piPSCs can grow in SSB while maintaining characteristics of pluripotency and karyotypic stability similar to cells grown in traditional two-dimensional static culture. This culture method provides a suitable platform for scale-up of cell culture to provide adequate cell numbers for future research applications involving piPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Burrell
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rkia Dardari
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Taylor Goldsmith
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Derek Toms
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Daniel A F Villagomez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Allan King
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Ungrin
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Franklin D West
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ina Dobrinski
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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37
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Borys BS, Le A, Roberts EL, Dang T, Rohani L, Hsu CYM, Wyma AA, Rancourt DE, Gates ID, Kallos MS. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to understand murine embryonic stem cell aggregate size and pluripotency distributions in stirred suspension bioreactors. J Biotechnol 2019; 304:16-27. [PMID: 31394111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling can be applied to understand hydrodynamics in stirred suspension bioreactors, which can in turn affect cell viability, proliferation, pluripotency and differentiation. In this study, we developed a CFD model to determine the effects of average shear rates and turbulent eddies on the formation and growth of murine embryonic stem cell aggregates. We found a correlation between average eddy size and aggregate size, which depended on bioreactor agitation rates. By relating these computational and biological variables, CFD modeling can predict optimal agitation rates to grow embryonic stem cell aggregates in stirred suspension bioreactors. To examine the effect of hydrodynamics on pluripotency, mESCs cultured in bioreactors under various agitation rates were tested for SSEA-1, Sox-2, and Nanog expression. Cells maintained a minimum of 95% positive expression with no change in the intensity distribution pattern between the different bioreactor conditions. This indicates that the average level of pluripotency marker expression is independent of changes in the hydrodynamic profile and resulting aggregate size distribution. The findings here can be further extended to other cell types that grow as aggregates in stirred suspension bioreactors and offer important insights necessary to realize cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna S Borys
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - An Le
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Erin L Roberts
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tiffany Dang
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Leili Rohani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Charlie Yu-Ming Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Alexander A Wyma
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ian D Gates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michael S Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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38
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Matsumoto E, Koide N, Hanzawa H, Kiyama M, Ohta M, Kuwabara J, Takeda S, Takahashi M. Fabricating retinal pigment epithelial cell sheets derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells in an automated closed culture system for regenerative medicine. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212369. [PMID: 30865653 PMCID: PMC6415881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine has received a lot of attention as a novel strategy for injuries and diseases that are difficult to cure using current techniques. Cell production, which is vital for regenerative medicine, has undergone remarkable progress via breakthroughs in developmental biology and tissue engineering; currently, cell production requires numerous experimental operators performing manual, small-scale cell cultures. Other major obstacles for cell production and regenerative medicine include the variable quality of products based on the experimental procedure, the skills of operators, the level of labor required for production, and costs. Technological developments are required to overcome this, including automation instead of manual culture. Age-related macular regeneration (AMD) is a refractory ocular disease that causes severe deterioration in central vision due to senescence in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Recently, we performed an autologous transplantation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived RPE cell sheets and started clinical research on allografts from RPE cell suspensions differentiated from iPS cells. The use of regenerative therapies for AMD using iPS cell-derived RPE is expected to become more widespread. In the present study, human iPS cell-derived RPE cells were cultured to form RPE cell sheets using equipment with a closed culture module. The quality of the automated cultured RPE cell sheets was confirmed by comparing their morphological and biological properties with those of manually generated RPE cell sheets. As a result, machine-cultured RPE sheets displayed the same quality as manually cultured RPE sheets, showing that iPS cell-derived RPE cell sheets were successfully cultured by an automated process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erino Matsumoto
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoshi Koide
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hanzawa
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kiyama
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mari Ohta
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Junichi Kuwabara
- Planning and Development Division, Sanplatec Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizu Takeda
- Center for Exploratory Research, Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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39
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Torizal FG, Horiguchi I, Sakai Y. Physiological Microenvironmental Conditions in Different Scalable Culture Systems for Pluripotent Stem Cell Expansion and Differentiation. Open Biomed Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874120701913010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (PSCs) are a valuable cell type that has a wide range of biomedical applications because they can differentiate into many types of adult somatic cell. Numerous studies have examined the clinical applications of PSCs. However, several factors such as bioreactor design, mechanical stress, and the physiological environment have not been optimized. These factors can significantly alter the pluripotency and proliferation properties of the cells, which are important for the mass production of PSCs. Nutritional mass transfer and oxygen transfer must be effectively maintained to obtain a high yield. Various culture systems are currently available for optimum cell propagation by maintaining the physiological conditions necessary for cell cultivation. Each type of culture system using a different configuration with various advantages and disadvantages affecting the mechanical conditions in the bioreactor, such as shear stress. These factors make it difficult to preserve the cellular viability and pluripotency of PSCs. Additional limitations of the culture system for PSCs must also be identified and overcome to maintain the culture conditions and enable large-scale expansion and differentiation of PSCs. This review describes the different physiological conditions in the various culture systems and recent developments in culture technology for PSC expansion and differentiation.
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40
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Raasch M, Fritsche E, Kurtz A, Bauer M, Mosig AS. Microphysiological systems meet hiPSC technology - New tools for disease modeling of liver infections in basic research and drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:51-67. [PMID: 29908880 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex cell culture models such as microphysiological models (MPS) mimicking human liver functionality in vitro are in the spotlight as alternative to conventional cell culture and animal models. Promising techniques like microfluidic cell culture or micropatterning by 3D bioprinting are gaining increasing importance for the development of MPS to address the needs for more predictivity and cost efficiency. In this context, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer new perspectives for the development of advanced liver-on-chip systems by recreating an in vivo like microenvironment that supports the reliable differentiation of hiPSCs to hepatocyte-like cells (HLC). In this review we will summarize current protocols of HLC generation and highlight recently established MPS suitable to resemble physiological hepatocyte function in vitro. In addition, we are discussing potential applications of liver MPS for disease modeling related to systemic or direct liver infections and the use of MPS in testing of new drug candidates.
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41
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Abelseth E, Abelseth L, De la Vega L, Beyer ST, Wadsworth SJ, Willerth SM. 3D Printing of Neural Tissues Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Fibrin-Based Bioink. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 5:234-243. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simon T. Beyer
- Aspect Biosystems, 1781 W 75th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6P2, Canada
| | - Samuel J. Wadsworth
- Aspect Biosystems, 1781 W 75th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V6P 6P2, Canada
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42
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Lerman MJ, Lembong J, Muramoto S, Gillen G, Fisher JP. The Evolution of Polystyrene as a Cell Culture Material. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2018; 24:359-372. [PMID: 29631491 PMCID: PMC6199621 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) has brought in vitro cell culture from its humble beginnings to the modern era, propelling dozens of research fields along the way. This review discusses the development of the material, fabrication, and treatment approaches to create the culture material. However, native PS surfaces poorly facilitate cell adhesion and growth in vitro. To overcome this, liquid surface deposition, energetic plasma activation, and emerging functionalization methods transform the surface chemistry. This review seeks to highlight the many potential applications of the first widely accepted polymer growth surface. Although the majority of in vitro research occurs on two-dimensional surfaces, the importance of three-dimensional (3D) culture models cannot be overlooked. The methods to transition PS to specialized 3D culture surfaces are also reviewed. Specifically, casting, electrospinning, 3D printing, and microcarrier approaches to shift PS to a 3D culture surface are highlighted. The breadth of applications of the material makes it impossible to highlight every use, but the aim remains to demonstrate the versatility and potential as both a general and custom cell culture surface. The review concludes with emerging scaffolding approaches and, based on the findings, presents our insights on the future steps for PS as a tissue culture platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J. Lerman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
- Surface and Trace Chemical Analysis Group, Materials Measurement Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Josephine Lembong
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Shin Muramoto
- Surface and Trace Chemical Analysis Group, Materials Measurement Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Greg Gillen
- Surface and Trace Chemical Analysis Group, Materials Measurement Lab, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - John P. Fisher
- NIH/NIBIB Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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43
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A fully defined static suspension culture system for large-scale human embryonic stem cell production. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:892. [PMID: 30166524 PMCID: PMC6117302 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) play an important role in regenerative medicine due to their potential to differentiate into various functional cells. However, the conventional adherent culture system poses challenges to mass production of high-quality hESCs. Though scientists have made many attempts to establish a robust and economical hESC suspension culture system, there are existing limitations, including suboptimal passage methods and shear force caused by dynamic stirring. Here, we report on an efficient large-scale culture system, which enables long-term, GMP grade, single-cell inoculation, and serial expansion of hESCs with a yield of about 1.5 × 109 cells per 1.5-L culture, while maintaining good pluripotency. The suspension culture system was enlarged gradually from a 100-mm dish to a 1.8-L culture bag with methylcellulose involvement to avoid sphere fusion. Under the optimal experimental protocol, this 3D system resolves current problems that limit mass production and clinical application of hESCs, and thus can be used in commercial-level hESC production for cell therapy and pharmaceutics screening in the future.
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44
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Pigeau GM, Csaszar E, Dulgar-Tulloch A. Commercial Scale Manufacturing of Allogeneic Cell Therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:233. [PMID: 30186836 PMCID: PMC6113399 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic cell therapy products are generating encouraging clinical and pre-clinical results. Pluripotent stem cell (PSC) derived therapies, in particular, have substantial momentum and the potential to serve as treatments for a wide range of indications. Many of these therapies are also expected to have large market sizes and require cell doses of ≥109 cells. As therapeutic technologies mature, it is essential for the cell manufacturing industry to correspondingly develop to adequately support commercial scale production. To that end, there is much that can be learned and adapted from traditional manufacturing fields. In this review, we highlight key areas of allogeneic cell therapy manufacturing, identify current gaps, and discuss strategies for integrating new solutions. It is anticipated that cell therapy scale-up manufacturing solutions will need to generate batches of up to 2,000 L in single-use disposable formats, which constrains selection of currently available upstream hardware. Suitable downstream hardware is even more limited as processing solutions from the biopharmaceutical field are often not compatible with the unique requirements of cell therapy products. The advancement of therapeutic cell manufacturing processes to date has largely been developed with a cell biology driven approach, which is essential in early development. However, for truly robust and standardized production in a maturing field, a highly controlled manufacturing engineering strategy must be employed, with the implementation of automation, process monitoring and control to increase batch consistency and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Pigeau
- Centre for Advanced Therapeutic Cell Technologies, Toronto, ON, Canada.,General Electric Healthcare, Cell Therapy Technologies, Marlborough, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Csaszar
- Centre for Advanced Therapeutic Cell Technologies, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Dulgar-Tulloch
- Centre for Advanced Therapeutic Cell Technologies, Toronto, ON, Canada.,General Electric Healthcare, Cell Therapy Technologies, Marlborough, MA, United States
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45
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Bunpetch V, Wu H, Zhang S, Ouyang H. From "Bench to Bedside": Current Advancement on Large-Scale Production of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 26:1662-1673. [PMID: 28934885 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the primary cell source in cell therapy and regenerative medicine due to its extraordinary self-renewing capacity and multilineage differentiation potential. Clinical trials involving MSCs are being conducted in a range of human diseases and the number of registered cases is continuously increasing. However, a wide gap exists between the number of MSCs obtainable from the donor site and the number required for implantation to damage tissues, and also between MSC scalability and MSC phenotype stability. The clinical translation of MSCs necessitates a scalable expansion bioprocess for the biomanufacturing of therapeutically qualified cells. This review presents current achievements for expansion of MSCs. Issues involving culture condition modification, bioreactor systems, as well as microcarrier and scaffold platforms for optimal MSC systems are discussed. Most importantly, the gap between current MSC expansion and clinical application, as well as outbreak directions for the future are discussed. The present systemic review will bring new insights into future large-scale MSC expansion and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varitsara Bunpetch
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Wu
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,4 State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,5 Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
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Li Y, Jiang X, Li L, Chen ZN, Gao G, Yao R, Sun W. 3D printing human induced pluripotent stem cells with novel hydroxypropyl chitin bioink: scalable expansion and uniform aggregation. Biofabrication 2018; 10:044101. [PMID: 29952313 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aacfc3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are more likely to successfully avoid the immunological rejection and ethical problems that are often encountered by human embryonic stem cells in various stem cell studies and applications. To transfer hiPSCs from the laboratory to clinical applications, researchers must obtain sufficient cell numbers. In this study, 3D cell printing was used as a novel method for iPSC scalable expansion. Hydroxypropyl chitin (HPCH), utilized as a new type of bioink, and a set of optimized printing parameters were shown to achieve high cell survival (>90%) after the printing process and high proliferation efficiency (∼32.3 folds) during subsequent 10 d culture. After the culture, high levels of pluripotency maintenance were recognized by both qualitative and quantitative detections. Compared with static suspension culture, hiPSC aggregates formed in 3D-printed constructs showed a higher uniformity in size. Using a novel dual-fluorescent labeling method, hiPSC aggregates in the constructs were found more inclined to form by in situ proliferation rather than multicellular aggregation. This study revealed unique advantages of non-ionic crosslinking bioink material HPCH, including high gel strength and rapid temperature response in hiPSC printing, and achieved primed state hiPSC printing for the first time. Features achieved in this study, such as high cell yield, high pluripotency maintenance and uniform aggregation provide good foundations for further hiPSC studies on 3D micro-tissue differentiation and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. 111 'Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems' Innovation International Talents Base, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Large-scale production of megakaryocytes in microcarrier-supported stirred suspension bioreactors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10146. [PMID: 29977045 PMCID: PMC6033877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MKs) are the precursors of platelets (PLTs) and may be used for PLT production in vivo or in vitro, as well as a source for PLT-derived growth factors. Induced pluripotent stem cells represent an unlimited cell source for the in vitro production of MKs. This study aimed at developing an effective, xeno-free and scalable system to produce high numbers of MKs. In particular, microcarrier beads-assisted stirred bioreactors were evaluated as a means of improving MK yields. This method resulted in the production of 18.7 × 107 MKs per 50 ml medium. Laminin-coated microcarriers increased MK production per iPSC by up to 10-fold. MKs obtained in this system showed typical features of mature MKs and were able to produce PLTs in vitro and in vivo. To increase safety, MKs produced in the bioreactors were irradiated; a procedure that did not affect their capability to form proPLTs and PTLs after transfusion. In vitro generated MKs represent a promising alternative to donor PLTs and open the possibility for the development of innovative MK-based cell therapies.
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Wyma A, Martin-Alarcon L, Walsh T, Schmidt TA, Gates ID, Kallos MS. Non-Newtonian rheology in suspension cell cultures significantly impacts bioreactor shear stress quantification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2101-2113. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Wyma
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Leonardo Martin-Alarcon
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Tylor Walsh
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Tannin A. Schmidt
- Human Performance Laboratory, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Centre for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Ian D. Gates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Michael S. Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
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Modulating cell state to enhance suspension expansion of human pluripotent stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6369-6374. [PMID: 29866848 PMCID: PMC6016797 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714099115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient manufacturing is critical for the translation of cell-based therapies to clinical applications. To date, high-yield expansion of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) in suspension bioreactors has not been reported. Here, we present a strategy to shift suspension-grown hPSC to a high-yield state without compromising their ability to differentiate to all three germ layers. In this new state, hPSC expand to densities 5.7 ± 0.2-fold higher than conventional hPSC each passage in suspension bioreactors. High-density suspension cultures enable process intensification, cost reduction, and more efficient manufacturing. This work advances cell-state engineering as a valuable tool to overcome current challenges in therapeutic cell production and processing. The development of cell-based therapies to replace missing or damaged tissues within the body or generate cells with a unique biological activity requires a reliable and accessible source of cells. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have emerged as a strong candidate cell source capable of extended propagation in vitro and differentiation to clinically relevant cell types. However, the application of hPSC in cell-based therapies requires overcoming yield limitations in large-scale hPSC manufacturing. We explored methods to convert hPSC to alternative states of pluripotency with advantageous bioprocessing properties, identifying a suspension-based small-molecule and cytokine combination that supports increased single-cell survival efficiency, faster growth rates, higher densities, and greater expansion than control hPSC cultures. ERK inhibition was found to be essential for conversion to this altered state, but once converted, ERK inhibition led to a loss of pluripotent phenotype in suspension. The resulting suspension medium formulation enabled hPSC suspension yields 5.7 ± 0.2-fold greater than conventional hPSC in 6 d, for at least five passages. Treated cells remained pluripotent, karyotypically normal, and capable of differentiating into all germ layers. Treated cells could also be integrated into directed differentiated strategies as demonstrated by the generation of pancreatic progenitors (NKX6.1+/PDX1+ cells). Enhanced suspension-yield hPSC displayed higher oxidative metabolism and altered expression of adhesion-related genes. The enhanced bioprocess properties of this alternative pluripotent state provide a strategy to overcome cell manufacturing limitations of hPSC.
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Lipsitz YY, Tonge PD, Zandstra PW. Chemically controlled aggregation of pluripotent stem cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2061-2066. [PMID: 29679475 PMCID: PMC6055717 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in pluripotent stem cell (PSC) aggregation leads to variability in mass transfer and signaling gradients between aggregates, which results in heterogeneous differentiation and therefore variability in product quality and yield. We have characterized a chemical‐based method to control aggregate size within a specific, tunable range with low heterogeneity, thereby reducing process variability in PSC expansion. This method enables controlled, scalable, stirred suspension‐based manufacturing of PSC cultures that are critical for the translation of regenerative medicine strategies to clinical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Y. Lipsitz
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Peter D. Tonge
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative MedicineTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Peter W. Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative MedicineTorontoOntarioCanada
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular ResearchUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Medicine by Design: A Canada First Research Excellence Fund ProgramUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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