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Choi SH, Lee K, Han H, Mo H, Jung H, Ryu Y, Nam Y, Rim YA, Ju JH. Prochondrogenic effect of decellularized extracellular matrix secreted from human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived chondrocytes. Acta Biomater 2023:S1742-7061(23)00317-3. [PMID: 37295627 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage is mainly composed of chondrocytes and the extracellular matrix (ECM), which exchange important biochemical and biomechanical signals necessary for differentiation and homeostasis. Human articular cartilage has a low ability for regeneration because it lacks blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. Currently, cell therapeutics, including stem cells, provide a promising strategy for cartilage regeneration and treatment; however, there are various hurdles to overcome, such as immune rejection and teratoma formation. In this study, we assessed the applicability of the stem cell-derived chondrocyte ECM for cartilage regeneration. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived chondrocytes (iChondrocytes) were differentiated, and decellularized ECM (dECM) was successfully isolated from cultured chondrocytes. Isolated dECM enhanced in vitro chondrogenesis of iPSCs when recellularized. Implanted dECM also restored osteochondral defects in a rat osteoarthritis model. A possible association with the glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β) pathway demonstrated the fate-determining importance of dECM in regulating cell differentiation. Collectively, we suggested the prochondrogenic effect of hiPSC-derived cartilage-like dECM and offered a promising approach as a non-cellular therapeutic for articular cartilage reconstruction without cell transplantation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Human articular cartilage has low ability for regeneration and cell culture-based therapeutics could aid cartilage regeneration. Yet, the applicability of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived chondrocyte (iChondrocyte) extracellular matrix (ECM) has not been elucidated. Therefore, we first differentiated iChondrocytes and isolated the secreted ECM by decellularization. Recellularization was performed to confirm the pro-chondrogenic effect of the decellularized ECM (dECM). In addition, we confirmed the possibility of cartilage repair by transplanting the dECM into the cartilage defect in osteochondral defect rat knee joint. We believe that our proof-of-concept study will serve as a basis for investigating the potential of dECM obtained from iPSC-derived differentiated cells as a non-cellular resource for tissue regeneration and other future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hwa Choi
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | | | - Heeju Han
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Mo
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | | | - YoungWoo Ryu
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
| | | | - Yeri Alice Rim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea.
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea; YiPSCELL, Inc., Seoul, South Korea; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Mahdavi-Jouibari F, Parseh B, Kazeminejad E, Khosravi A. Hopes and opportunities of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) in cartilage tissue regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1021024. [PMID: 36860887 PMCID: PMC9968979 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1021024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage lesions are common conditions, affecting elderly and non-athletic populations. Despite recent advances, cartilage regeneration remains a major challenge today. The absence of an inflammatory response following damage and the inability of stem cells to penetrate into the healing site due to the absence of blood and lymph vessels are assumed to hinder joint repair. Stem cell-based regeneration and tissue engineering have opened new horizons for treatment. With advances in biological sciences, especially stem cell research, the function of various growth factors in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation has been established. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from different tissues have been shown to increase into therapeutically relevant cell numbers and differentiate into mature chondrocytes. As MSCs can differentiate and become engrafted inside the host, they are considered suitable candidates for cartilage regeneration. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) provide a novel and non-invasive source of MSCs. Due to their simple isolation, chondrogenic differentiation potential, and minimal immunogenicity, they can be an interesting option for cartilage regeneration. Recent studies have reported that SHED-derived secretome contains biomolecules and compounds that efficiently promote regeneration in damaged tissues, including cartilage. Overall, this review highlighted the advances and challenges of cartilage regeneration using stem cell-based therapies by focusing on SHED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Mahdavi-Jouibari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Benyamin Parseh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ezatolah Kazeminejad
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,Dental Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,*Correspondence: Ezatolah Kazeminejad, Dr. ; Ayyoob Khosravi,
| | - Ayyoob Khosravi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,*Correspondence: Ezatolah Kazeminejad, Dr. ; Ayyoob Khosravi,
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Rapid induction and long-term self-renewal of neural crest-derived ectodermal chondrogenic cells from hPSCs. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:69. [PMID: 36477591 PMCID: PMC9729200 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00265-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is highly specific and has limited capacity for regeneration if damaged. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have the potential to generate any cell type in the body. Here, we report the dual-phase induction of ectodermal chondrogenic cells (ECCs) from hPSCs through the neural crest (NC). ECCs were able to self-renew long-term (over numerous passages) in a cocktail of growth factors and small molecules. The cells stably expressed cranial neural crest-derived mandibular condylar cartilage markers, such as MSX1, FOXC1 and FOXC2. Compared with chondroprogenitors from iPSCs via the paraxial mesoderm, ECCs had single-cell transcriptome profiles similar to condylar chondrocytes. After the removal of the cocktail sustaining self-renewal, the cells stopped proliferating and differentiated into a homogenous chondrocyte population. Remarkably, after transplantation, this cell lineage was able to form cartilage-like structures resembling mandibular condylar cartilage in vivo. This finding provides a framework to generate self-renewing cranial chondrogenic progenitors, which could be useful for developing cell-based therapy for cranial cartilage injury.
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Dwivedi R, Yadav PK, Pandey R, Mehrotra D. Auricular reconstruction via 3D bioprinting strategies: An update. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2022; 12:580-588. [PMID: 35968037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Image 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Dwivedi
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Yadav
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Pandey
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Mehrotra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ferreira MJS, Mancini FE, Humphreys PA, Ogene L, Buckley M, Domingos MAN, Kimber SJ. Pluripotent stem cells for skeletal tissue engineering. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 42:774-793. [PMID: 34488516 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1968785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we review the use of human pluripotent stem cells for skeletal tissue engineering. A number of approaches have been used for generating cartilage and bone from both human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. These range from protocols relying on intrinsic cell interactions and signals from co-cultured cells to those attempting to recapitulate the series of steps occurring during mammalian skeletal development. The importance of generating authentic tissues rather than just differentiated cells is emphasized and enabling technologies for doing this are reported. We also review the different methods for characterization of skeletal cells and constructs at the tissue and single-cell level, and indicate newer resources not yet fully utilized in this field. There have been many challenges in this research area but the technologies to overcome these are beginning to appear, often adopted from related fields. This makes it more likely that cost-effective and efficacious human pluripotent stem cell-engineered constructs may become available for skeletal repair in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel J S Ferreira
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering & Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fabrizio E Mancini
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul A Humphreys
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering & Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Leona Ogene
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Buckley
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Marco A N Domingos
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering & Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Lei C, Mei S, Zhou C, Xia C. Decellularized tracheal scaffolds in tracheal reconstruction: An evaluation of different techniques. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2021; 19:22808000211064948. [PMID: 34903089 DOI: 10.1177/22808000211064948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the trachea is a conduit for ventilation connecting the throat and lungs. However, certain congenital or acquired diseases may cause long-term tracheal defects that require replacement. Tissue engineering is considered a promising method to reconstruct long-segment tracheal lesions and restore the structure and function of the trachea. Decellularization technology retains the natural structure of the trachea, has good biocompatibility and mechanical properties, and is currently a hotspot in tissue engineering studies. This article lists various recent representative protocols for the generation of decellularized tracheal scaffolds (DTSs), as well as their validity and limitations. Based on the advancements in decellularization methods, we discussed the impact and importance of mechanical properties, revascularization, recellularization, and biocompatibility in the production and implantation of DTS. This review provides a basis for future research on DTS and its application in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Lei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Mei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The 903 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Csobonyeiova M, Polak S, Nicodemou A, Zamborsky R, Danisovic L. iPSCs in Modeling and Therapy of Osteoarthritis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:186. [PMID: 33673154 PMCID: PMC7917981 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) belongs to chronic degenerative disorders and is often a leading cause of disability in elderly patients. Typically, OA is manifested by articular cartilage erosion, pain, stiffness, and crepitus. Currently, the treatment options are limited, relying mostly on pharmacological therapy, which is often related to numerous complications. The proper management of the disease is challenging because of the poor regenerative capacity of articular cartilage. During the last decade, cell-based approaches such as implantation of autologous chondrocytes or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown promising results. However, the mentioned techniques face their hurdles (cell harvesting, low proliferation capacity). The invention of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has created new opportunities to increase the efficacy of the cartilage healing process. iPSCs may represent an unlimited source of chondrocytes derived from a patient's somatic cells, circumventing ethical and immunological issues. Aside from the regenerative potential of iPSCs, stem cell-derived cartilage tissue models could be a useful tool for studying the pathological process of OA. In our recent article, we reviewed the progress in chondrocyte differentiation techniques, disease modeling, and the current status of iPSC-based regenerative therapy of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Csobonyeiova
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Stefan Polak
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Andreas Nicodemou
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Radoslav Zamborsky
- National Institute of Children’s Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Limbova 1, 833 40 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Regenmed Ltd., Medena 29, 811 01 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Xu L, Hanamatsu H, Homan K, Onodera T, Miyazaki T, Furukawa JI, Hontani K, Tian Y, Baba R, Iwasaki N. Alterations of Glycosphingolipid Glycans and Chondrogenic Markers during Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Chondrocytes. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1622. [PMID: 33271874 PMCID: PMC7760376 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the limited intrinsic healing potential of cartilage, injury to this tissue may lead to osteoarthritis. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which can be differentiated into chondrocytes, are a promising source of cells for cartilage regenerative therapy. Currently, however, the methods for evaluating chondrogenic differentiation of iPSCs are very limited; the main techniques are based on the detection of chondrogenic genes and histological analysis of the extracellular matrix. The cell surface is coated with glycocalyx, a layer of glycoconjugates including glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and glycoproteins. The glycans in glycoconjugates play important roles in biological events, and their expression and structure vary widely depending on cell types and conditions. In this study, we performed a quantitative GSL-glycan analysis of human iPSCs, iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cell like cells (iPS-MSC like cells), iPS-MSC-derived chondrocytes (iPS-MSC-CDs), bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and BMSC-derived chondrocytes (BMSC-CDs) using glycoblotting technology. We found that GSL-glycan profiles differed among cell types, and that the GSL-glycome underwent a characteristic alteration during the process of chondrogenic differentiation. Furthermore, we analyzed the GSL-glycome of normal human cartilage and found that it was quite similar to that of iPS-MSC-CDs. This is the first study to evaluate GSL-glycan structures on human iPS-derived cartilaginous particles under micromass culture conditions and those of normal human cartilage. Our results indicate that GSL-glycome analysis is useful for evaluating target cell differentiation and can thus support safe regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan; (L.X.); (K.H.); (T.M.); (K.H.); (Y.T.); (R.B.); (N.I.)
| | - Hisatoshi Hanamatsu
- Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan;
| | - Kentaro Homan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan; (L.X.); (K.H.); (T.M.); (K.H.); (Y.T.); (R.B.); (N.I.)
| | - Tomohiro Onodera
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan; (L.X.); (K.H.); (T.M.); (K.H.); (Y.T.); (R.B.); (N.I.)
- Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan;
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GSS, GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takuji Miyazaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan; (L.X.); (K.H.); (T.M.); (K.H.); (Y.T.); (R.B.); (N.I.)
| | - Jun-ichi Furukawa
- Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan;
| | - Kazutoshi Hontani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan; (L.X.); (K.H.); (T.M.); (K.H.); (Y.T.); (R.B.); (N.I.)
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan; (L.X.); (K.H.); (T.M.); (K.H.); (Y.T.); (R.B.); (N.I.)
| | - Rikiya Baba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan; (L.X.); (K.H.); (T.M.); (K.H.); (Y.T.); (R.B.); (N.I.)
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan; (L.X.); (K.H.); (T.M.); (K.H.); (Y.T.); (R.B.); (N.I.)
- Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan;
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Jiang CC, Hsieh CH, Liao CJ, Chang WH, Liao WJ, Tsai-Wu JJ, Chiang H. Collagenase treatment of cartilaginous matrix promotes fusion of adjacent cartilage. Regen Ther 2020; 15:97-102. [PMID: 33426207 PMCID: PMC7770344 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In articular cartilage-repair, grafts usually fuse unsatisfactorily with surrounding host cartilage. Enzymatic dissociation of cartilaginous matrix to free chondrocytes may benefit fusion. We tested such a hypothesis with human cartilage in vitro, and with porcine cartilage in vivo. Human articular cartilage was collected from knee surgeries, cut into disc-and-ring sets, and randomly distributed into three groups: disc-and-ring sets in Group 1 were left untreated; in Group 2 only discs, and in Group 3 both discs and rings were treated with enzyme. Each disc-and-ring reassembly was cultured in a perfusion system for 14 days; expression of cartilage marker proteins and genes was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and PCR. Porcine articular cartilage from knees was similarly fashioned into disc-and-ring combinations. Specimens were randomly distributed into a control group without further treatment, and an experimental group with both disc and ring treated with enzyme. Each disc-and-ring reassembly was transplanted into subcutaneous space of a nude mouse for 30 days, and retrieved to examine disc-ring interface. In in vitro study with human cartilage, a visible gap remained at disc-ring interfaces in Group 1, yet became indiscernible in Group 2 and 3. Marker genes, including type II collagen, aggrecan and Sox 9, were well expressed by chondrocytes in all specimens, indicating that chondrocytes’ phenotype retained regardless of enzymatic treatment. Similar results were found inin vivo study with porcine cartilage. Enzymatic dissociation of cartilaginous matrix promotes fusion of adjacent cartilage. The clinical relevance may be a novel method to facilitate integration of repaired cartilage in joints. Cartilage repair-patches fuse poorly to surrounding host cartilage. Collagenase treatment of adjacent cartilaginous tissues facilitates their fusion. Collagenase treatment of cartilage promotes chondrocyte proliferation and presentation. Collagenase treatment does not affect phenotypes of chondrocytes.
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Key Words
- Cartilage fusion
- Cartilage repair
- Cartilaginous matrix
- DMMB, 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- Enzymatic treatment
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- Sox 9, SRY-box transcription factor 9
- cDNA, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chuan Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Wei-Ju Liao
- Taiwan Biomaterial Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyy-Jih Tsai-Wu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hongsen Chiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chungsan South Road, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.
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Leitch VD, Bassett JHD, Williams GR. Role of thyroid hormones in craniofacial development. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:147-164. [PMID: 31974498 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of the craniofacial skeleton relies on complex temporospatial organization of diverse cell types by key signalling molecules. Even minor disruptions to these processes can result in deleterious consequences for the structure and function of the skull. Thyroid hormone deficiency causes delayed craniofacial and tooth development, dysplastic facial features and delayed development of the ossicles in the middle ear. Thyroid hormone excess, by contrast, accelerates development of the skull and, in severe cases, might lead to craniosynostosis with neurological sequelae and facial hypoplasia. The pathogenesis of these important abnormalities remains poorly understood and underinvestigated. The orchestration of craniofacial development and regulation of suture and synchondrosis growth is dependent on several critical signalling pathways. The underlying mechanisms by which these key pathways regulate craniofacial growth and maturation are largely unclear, but studies of single-gene disorders resulting in craniofacial malformations have identified a number of critical signalling molecules and receptors. The craniofacial consequences resulting from gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutations affecting insulin-like growth factor 1, fibroblast growth factor receptor and WNT signalling are similar to the effects of altered thyroid status and mutations affecting thyroid hormone action, suggesting that these critical pathways interact in the regulation of craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) Centre for Additive Manufacturing, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Arasteh S, Katebifar S, Shirazi R, Kazemnejad S. Differentiation of Menstrual Blood Stem Cells into Keratinocyte-Like Cells on Bilayer Nanofibrous Scaffold. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2125:129-156. [PMID: 30187401 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2018_193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Skin tissue engineering is a high-throughput technology to heal the wounds. Already, considerable advances have been achieved using stem cells for wound healing applications. Menstrual blood stem cell (MenSC) is an available and accessible source of stem cells that have differentiation potential into a wide range of lineages like keratinocytes. Extracellular matrix like substratum plays an impressive role in skin regeneration as an attachment site for stem cells by transmitting the bioactive signals and provoking stem cells to differentiate into keratinocyte lineage. The biomimetic nanofibrous scaffold especially in bilayer format has been extensively utilized to develop skin equivalents. This chapter explains detailed protocols of keratinocyte differentiation of MenSCs on bilayer scaffold comprising amniotic membrane and fibroin nanofibers. The isolated MenSCs are seeded on the nanofibers and subsequently differentiated into keratinocyte lineage in co-culture with foreskin-derived keratinocytes. Immunofluorescence staining is used to evaluate the development of seeded MenSCs in bilayer scaffold into keratinocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Arasteh
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Katebifar
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Reza Shirazi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaieh Kazemnejad
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Wang T, Nimkingratana P, Smith CA, Cheng A, Hardingham TE, Kimber SJ. Enhanced chondrogenesis from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2019; 39:101497. [PMID: 31326745 PMCID: PMC6745516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have great potential for the repair of damaged articular cartilage. We developed a serum-free 14-day protocol for hESC differentiation into chondrocyte progenitors, which surprisingly lacked strong cartilage matrix production in in vitro tests. In order to direct these progenitors to a more mature phenotype, we investigated substituting different members of the TGFβ family in the protocol. Initially, we supplemented, or substituted GDF5 (day 11-14), with combinations of BMP7 and TGFβ-1, or -3, but these modifications yielded no improvement in matrix gene expression. However, replacing BMP4 with BMP2 (days 3-10 of the protocol) resulted in a more rapid increase in SOX9 gene expression and increased expression of chondrogenic genes SOX5, ACAN and COL2A1. The replacement of BMP4 with BMP2 also enhanced the formation of chondrogenic cell aggregates, with greater deposition of type II collagen. This change was not accompanied by hypertrophic chondrocyte marker COL10A1 expression. The results demonstrate that BMP2 has greater specificity for the generation of chondrogenic cells from hESCs than BMP4 and this was consistent in two hESC lines (HUES1 and MAN7). hESC-chondrogenic cells derived with either BMP2 or BMP4 were tested in vivo by implanting them in fibrin into osteochondral defects in the femur of RNU rats. Repaired cartilage tissue, positive for Safranin O and type II collagen was detected at 6 and 12 weeks with both cell sources, but the BMP2 cells scored higher for tissue quality (Pineda score). Therefore, BMP2 is more effective at driving chondrogenic differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells than BMP4 and the effect on the resulting chondroprogenitors is sustained in an in vivo setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Aixin Cheng
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Timothy E Hardingham
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK.
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Rivera-Izquierdo M, Cabeza L, Láinez-Ramos-Bossini A, Quesada R, Perazzoli G, Alvarez P, Prados J, Melguizo C. An updated review of adipose derived-mesenchymal stem cells and their applications in musculoskeletal disorders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:233-248. [PMID: 30653367 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1563069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) represent a new therapeutic strategy in biomedicine with many potential applications, especially in musculoskeletal disorders. Preclinical and clinical studies based on the administration of ASCs support their efficacy in bone regeneration, joint repair, tendon injury and skeletal muscle alterations. Many of these novel treatments may improve patients' quality of life and prognosis. However, several concerns about the use of stem cells remain unsolved, particularly regarding their safety and side effects. The present work aims to review the nature, clinical trials and patents involving the use of ASCs in musculoskeletal disorders. AREAS COVERED In this article, we describe ASCs' isolation, culture and differentiation in vivo and in vitro, advances on ASCs' applications in bone, cartilage, muscle and tendon repair, and patents involving the use of ASCs. EXPERT OPINION The use of ASCs in musculoskeletal disorders presents significant therapeutic advantages, including limited autoimmune response, potential cell expansion ex vivo, high plasticity to differentiate into several mesodermal cell lineages, and additional effects of therapeutic interest such as secretion of neurotrophic factors and anti-inflammatory properties. For these reasons, ASCs are promising therapeutic agents for clinical applications in musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rivera-Izquierdo
- a Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Laura Cabeza
- a Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,b Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM) , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,c Biosanitary Institute of Granada (IBS GRANADA) , SAS -Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Antonio Láinez-Ramos-Bossini
- c Biosanitary Institute of Granada (IBS GRANADA) , SAS -Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain.,d Department of Radiology , Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves , Granada , Spain
| | - Raul Quesada
- a Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,b Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM) , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,c Biosanitary Institute of Granada (IBS GRANADA) , SAS -Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Gloria Perazzoli
- b Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM) , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Pablo Alvarez
- b Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM) , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Jose Prados
- a Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,b Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM) , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,c Biosanitary Institute of Granada (IBS GRANADA) , SAS -Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Consolación Melguizo
- a Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,b Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM) , University of Granada , Granada , Spain.,c Biosanitary Institute of Granada (IBS GRANADA) , SAS -Universidad de Granada , Granada , Spain
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Generation of Functioning Nephrons by Implanting Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Kidney Progenitors. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:766-779. [PMID: 29429961 PMCID: PMC5918196 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for understanding kidney development and disease. We reproducibly differentiated three genetically distinct wild-type hPSC lines to kidney precursors that underwent rudimentary morphogenesis in vitro. They expressed nephron and collecting duct lineage marker genes, several of which are mutated in human kidney disease. Lentiviral-transduced hPSCs expressing reporter genes differentiated similarly to controls in vitro. Kidney progenitors were subcutaneously implanted into immunodeficient mice. By 12 weeks, they formed organ-like masses detectable by bioluminescence imaging. Implants included perfused glomeruli containing human capillaries, podocytes with regions of mature basement membrane, and mesangial cells. After intravenous injection of fluorescent low-molecular-weight dextran, signal was detected in tubules, demonstrating uptake from glomerular filtrate. Thus, we have developed methods to trace hPSC-derived kidney precursors that formed functioning nephrons in vivo. These advances beyond in vitro culture are critical steps toward using hPSCs to model and treat kidney diseases. Reproducible differentiation to kidney progenitors in 3 hESC lines After subcutaneous implantation, kidney-like tissues detectable by bioluminescence Implant nephrons contain glomeruli, proximal and distal tubules, and collecting ducts Vascularized glomeruli filter intravenously injected low-molecular-weight dextran
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Dale TP, Forsyth NR. Ectopic Telomerase Expression Fails to Maintain Chondrogenic Capacity in Three-Dimensional Cultures of Clinically Relevant Cell Types. Biores Open Access 2018; 7:10-24. [PMID: 29588876 PMCID: PMC5865620 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2018.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor healing capacity of cartilage and lack of effective treatment for associated disease and trauma makes it a strong candidate for a regenerative medicine approach. Potential therapies tested to date, although effective, have met with a number of intrinsic difficulties possibly related to limited autologous chondrocyte cell yield and quality of cartilage produced. A potential mechanism to bypass limited cell yields and improve quality of differentiation is to immortalize relevant cell types through the ectopic expression of telomerase. Pellet cultures of human chondrocytes (OK3), bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMA13), and embryonic stem cell (H1 line)-derived cells (1C6) and their human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) transduced counterparts were maintained for 20 days in standard maintenance medium (MM) or transforming growth factor-β3-supplemented prochondrogenic medium (PChM). Pellets were assessed for volume and density by microcomputed tomography. Quantitative gene expression (COL1A2, COL2A1, COL3A1, COL6A3, COL10A1, ACAN, COMP, SOX9); sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs), and DNA quantification were performed. Histology and immunohistochemistry were used to determine matrix constituent distribution. Pellet culture in PChM resulted in significantly larger pellets with an overall increased density when compared with MM culture. Gene expression analysis revealed similarities in expression patterns between telomerase-transduced and parental cells in both MM and PChM. Of the three parental cell types examined OK3 and BMA13 produced similar amounts of pellet-associated sGAG in PChM (4.62 ± 1.20 and 4.91 ± 1.37 μg, respectively) with lower amounts in 1C6 (2.89 ± 0.52 μg), corresponding to 3.1, 2.3, and 1.6-fold increases from day 0. In comparison, telomerase-transduced cells all had much lower sGAG with OK3H at 2.74 ± 0.11 μg, BMA13H 1.29 ± 0.34 μg, and 1C6H 0.52 ± 0.01 μg corresponding to 1.2, 0.87, and 0.34-fold changes compared with day 0. Histology of day 20 pellets displayed reduced staining overall for collagens and sGAG in telomerase-transduced cells, most notably with alterations in aggrecan and collagen VI; all cells stained positively for collagen II. We conclude that while telomerase transduction may be an effective technique to extend cellular proliferative capacity, it is not sufficient in isolation to sustain a naive chondrogenic phenotype across multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina P Dale
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Guy Hilton Research Center, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R Forsyth
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Guy Hilton Research Center, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
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Gadjanski I. Mimetic Hierarchical Approaches for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1058:143-170. [PMID: 29691821 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In order to engineer biomimetic osteochondral (OC) construct, it is necessary to address both the cartilage and bone phase of the construct, as well as the interface between them, in effect mimicking the developmental processes when generating hierarchical scaffolds that show gradual changes of physical and mechanical properties, ideally complemented with the biochemical gradients. There are several components whose characteristics need to be taken into account in such biomimetic approach, including cells, scaffolds, bioreactors as well as various developmental processes such as mesenchymal condensation and vascularization, that need to be stimulated through the use of growth factors, mechanical stimulation, purinergic signaling, low oxygen conditioning, and immunomodulation. This chapter gives overview of these biomimetic OC system components, including the OC interface, as well as various methods of fabrication utilized in OC biomimetic tissue engineering (TE) of gradient scaffolds. Special attention is given to addressing the issue of achieving clinical size, anatomically shaped constructs. Besides such neotissue engineering for potential clinical use, other applications of biomimetic OC TE including formation of the OC tissues to be used as high-fidelity disease/healing models and as in vitro models for drug toxicity/efficacy evaluation are covered. HIGHLIGHTS Biomimetic OC TE uses "smart" scaffolds able to locally regulate cell phenotypes and dual-flow bioreactors for two sets of conditions for cartilage/bone Protocols for hierarchical OC grafts engineering should entail mesenchymal condensation for cartilage and vascular component for bone Immunomodulation, low oxygen tension, purinergic signaling, time dependence of stimuli application are important aspects to consider in biomimetic OC TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gadjanski
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Djindjica, Novi Sad, Serbia. .,Belgrade Metropolitan University, Tadeusa Koscuska 63, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review There is no consensus on the best technology to be employed for tracheal replacement. One particularly promising approach is based upon tissue engineering and involves applying autologous cells to transplantable scaffolds. Here, we present the reported pre-clinical and clinical data exploring the various options for achieving such seeding. Recent Findings Various cell combinations, delivery strategies, and outcome measures are described. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most widely employed cell type in tracheal bioengineering. Airway epithelial cell luminal seeding is also widely employed, alone or in combination with other cell types. Combinations have thus far shown the greatest promise. Chondrocytes may improve mechanical outcomes in pre-clinical models, but have not been clinically tested. Rapid or pre-vascularization of scaffolds is an important consideration. Overall, there are few published objective measures of post-seeding cell viability, survival, or overall efficacy. Summary There is no clear consensus on the optimal cell-scaffold combination and mechanisms for seeding. Systematic in vivo work is required to assess differences between tracheal grafts seeded with combinations of clinically deliverable cell types using objective outcome measures, including those for functionality and host immune response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40778-017-0108-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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IGF-1 Gene Transfer to Human Synovial MSCs Promotes Their Chondrogenic Differentiation Potential without Induction of the Hypertrophic Phenotype. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:5804147. [PMID: 28740513 PMCID: PMC5504993 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5804147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell- (MSC-) based therapy is a promising treatment for cartilage. However, repair tissue in general fails to regenerate an original hyaline-like tissue. In this study, we focused on increasing the expression levels for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) to improve repair tissue quality. The IGF-1 gene was introduced into human synovial MSCs with a lentiviral vector and examined the levels of gene expression and morphological status of MSCs under chondrogenic differentiation condition using pellet cultures. The size of the pellets derived from IGF-1-MSCs were significantly larger than those of the control group. The abundance of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) was also significantly higher in the IGF-1-MSC group. The histology of the IGF-1-induced pellets demonstrated similarities to hyaline cartilage without exhibiting features of a hypertrophic chondrocyte phenotype. Expression levels for the Col2A1 gene and protein were significantly higher in the IGF-1 pellets than in the control pellets, but expression levels for Col10, MMP-13, ALP, and Osterix were not higher. Thus, IGF-1 gene transfer to human synovial MSCs led to an improved chondrogenic differentiation capacity without the detectable induction of a hypertrophic or osteogenic phenotype.
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Nam Y, Rim YA, Jung SM, Ju JH. Cord blood cell-derived iPSCs as a new candidate for chondrogenic differentiation and cartilage regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:16. [PMID: 28129782 PMCID: PMC5273802 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The native articular cartilage lacks the ability to heal. Currently, ex vivo expanded chondrocytes or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are used to regenerate the damaged cartilage. With unlimited self-renewal ability and multipotency, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been highlighted as a new replacement cell source for cartilage repair. Still, further research is needed on cartilage regeneration using cord blood mononuclear cell-derived hiPSCs (CBMC-hiPSCs). Methods Human iPSCs were generated from CBMCs using the Sendai virus. The characterization of CBMC-hiPSCs was performed by various assays. Embryonic bodies (EBs) were obtained using CBMC-hiPSCs, and outgrowth cells were induced by plating the EBs onto a gelatin-coated plate. Expanded outgrowth cells were detached and dissociated for chondrogenic differentiation. Outgrowth cells were differentiated into chondrogenic lineage with pellet culture. Chondrogenic pellets were maintained for 30 days. The quality of chondrogenic pellets was evaluated using various staining and genetic analysis of cartilage-specific markers. Results Reprogramming was successfully done using CBMCs. CBMC-hiPSCs (n = 3) showed high pluripotency and normal karyotype. Chondrogenic pellets were generated from the outgrowth cells derived from CBMC-hiPSC EBs. The generated chondrogenic pellets showed high expression of chondrogenic genetic markers such as ACAN, COMP, COL2A1, and SOX9. The production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins was confirmed by safranin O, alcian blue and toluidine blue staining. Expression of collagen type II and aggrecan was detected in the accumulated ECM by immunohistological staining. Chondrogenic pellets showed low expression of fibrotic and hypertrophic cartilage marker, collagen type I and X. Conclusions This study reveals the potential of CBMC-hiPSCs as a promising candidate for cartilage regeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0477-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojun Nam
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, #505, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeri Alice Rim
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, #505, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Jung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- CiSTEM Laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, #505, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 137-701, Republic of Korea.
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Wang M, Yuan Z, Ma N, Hao C, Guo W, Zou G, Zhang Y, Chen M, Gao S, Peng J, Wang A, Wang Y, Sui X, Xu W, Lu S, Liu S, Guo Q. Advances and Prospects in Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:4130607. [PMID: 28246531 PMCID: PMC5299204 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4130607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The histological features of cartilage call attention to the fact that cartilage has a little capacity to repair itself owing to the lack of a blood supply, nerves, or lymphangion. Stem cells have emerged as a promising option in the field of cartilage tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and could lead to cartilage repair. Much research has examined cartilage regeneration utilizing stem cells. However, both the potential and the limitations of this procedure remain controversial. This review presents a summary of emerging trends with regard to using stem cells in cartilage tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In particular, it focuses on the characterization of cartilage stem cells, the chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells, and the various strategies and approaches involving stem cells that have been used in cartilage repair and clinical studies. Based on the research into chondrocyte and stem cell technologies, this review discusses the damage and repair of cartilage and the clinical application of stem cells, with a view to increasing our systematic understanding of the application of stem cells in cartilage regeneration; additionally, several advanced strategies for cartilage repair are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Wang
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chunxiang Hao
- Anesthesiology Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Weimin Guo
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Gengyi Zou
- Medical College, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Mingxue Chen
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Center for Biomedical Material and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Aiyuan Wang
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiang Sui
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shibi Lu
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
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Thakurta SG, Sahu N, Miller A, Budhiraja G, Akert L, Viljoen H, Subramanian A. Long-term culture of human mesenchymal stem cell-seeded constructs under ultrasound stimulation: evaluation of chondrogenesis. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/2/5/055016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Akpancar S, Tatar O, Turgut H, Akyildiz F, Ekinci S. The Current Perspectives of Stem Cell Therapy in Orthopedic Surgery. ARCHIVES OF TRAUMA RESEARCH 2016; 5:e37976. [PMID: 28144608 PMCID: PMC5253188 DOI: 10.5812/atr.37976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Musculoskeletal injuries may be painful, troublesome, life limiting and also one of the global health problems. There has been considerable amount of interest during the past two decades to stem cells and tissue engineering techniques in orthopedic surgery, especially to manage special and compulsive injuries within the musculoskeletal system. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The aim of this study was to present a literature review regarding the most recent progress in stem cell procedures and current indications in orthopedics clinical care practice. The Medline and PubMed library databases were searched for the articles related with stem cell procedures in the field of orthopedic surgery and additionally the reference list of each article was also included to provide a comprehensive evaluation. RESULTS Various sources of stem cells have been studied for orthopedics clinical care practice. Stem cell therapy has successfully used for major orthopedic procedures in terms of bone-joint injuries (fractures-bone defects, nonunion, and spinal injuries), osteoarthritis-cartilage defects, ligament-tendon injuries, femoral head osteonecrosis and osteogenesis imperfecta. Stem cells have also used in bone tissue engineering in combining with the scaffolds and provided faster and better healing of tissues. CONCLUSIONS Large amounts of preclinical studies have been made of stem cells and there is an increasing interest to perform these studies within the human population but preclinical studies are insufficient; therefore, much more and efficient studies should be conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Akpancar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gulhane Military Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Corresponding author: Serkan Akpancar, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gulhane Military Medicine Academy, Ankara, Turkey. Tel: +90-5443229700, Fax: +90-3124045500, E-mail:
| | - Oner Tatar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Air Force Academy Kasımpaşa Military Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Turgut
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bursa Military Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Faruk Akyildiz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gulhane Military Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Safak Ekinci
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Agri Military Hospital, Agri, Turkey
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Articular cartilage repair: Current needs, methods and research directions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:67-77. [PMID: 27422331 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a highly specialized tissue whose remarkable properties of deformability, resistance to mechanical loading, and low-friction gliding are essential to joint function. Due to its role as a cushion in bone articulation, articular cartilage is subject to many types of damaging insults, including decades of wear and tear, and acute joint injuries. However, this built-for-life tissue has a very poor intrinsic ability in adulthood to durably heal defects created by damaging insults. Consequently, articular cartilage progressively deteriorates and is eventually eroded, exposing the subchondral bone to the joint space, triggering inflammation and osteophyte development, and generating severe pain and joint incapacitation. The disease is called osteoarthritis (OA) and is today the leading cause of pain and disability in the human population. Researchers and clinicians have worked for decades to develop strategies to treat OA and restore joint function, but they are still far from being able to offer patients effective preventive or restorative treatments. Novel ideas, knowledge and technologies that nurture hope for major new breakthroughs are therefore sought. In this review, we first outline the composition, structure, and functional properties of normal human adult articular cartilage, as a reference for tissue conservation and regenerative strategies. We then describe current options that have been used clinically and in pre-clinical trials to treat osteoarthritic patients, and we discuss the benefits and inadequacies of these treatment options. Next, we review research efforts that are currently ongoing to try and achieve durable repair of functional cartilage tissue. Methods include engineering of tissue implants and we discuss the needs and options for tissue scaffolds, cell sources, and growth and differentiation factors to generate de novo or repair bona fide articular cartilage.
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Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: Advances in Chondrogenic Differentiation and Articular Cartilage Regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40610-016-0041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Luciani N, Du V, Gazeau F, Richert A, Letourneur D, Le Visage C, Wilhelm C. Successful chondrogenesis within scaffolds, using magnetic stem cell confinement and bioreactor maturation. Acta Biomater 2016; 37:101-10. [PMID: 27063490 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tissue engineering strategies, such as cellularized scaffolds approaches, have been explored for cartilage replacement. The challenge, however, remains to produce a cartilaginous tissue incorporating functional chondrocytes and being large and thick enough to be compatible with the replacement of articular defects. Here, we achieved unprecedented cartilage tissue production into a porous polysaccharide scaffold by combining of efficient magnetic condensation of mesenchymal stem cells, and dynamic maturation in a bioreactor. In optimal conditions, all the hallmarks of chondrogenesis were enhanced with a 50-fold increase in collagen II expression compared to negative control, an overexpression of aggrecan and collagen XI, and a very low expression of collagen I and RUNX2. Histological staining showed a large number of cellular aggregates, as well as an increased proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes. Interestingly, electron microscopy showed larger chondrocytes and a more abundant extracellular matrix. In addition, the periodicity of the neosynthesized collagen fibers matched that of collagen II. These results represent a major step forward in replacement tissue for cartilage defects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE A combination of several innovative technologies (magnetic cell seeding, polysaccharide porous scaffolds, and dynamic maturation in bioreactor) enabled unprecedented successful chondrogenesis within scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Luciani
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS & University Paris Diderot, Paris F-75205 Cedex 13, France.
| | - Vicard Du
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS & University Paris Diderot, Paris F-75205 Cedex 13, France
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS & University Paris Diderot, Paris F-75205 Cedex 13, France
| | - Alain Richert
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS & University Paris Diderot, Paris F-75205 Cedex 13, France
| | - Didier Letourneur
- Laboratoire de recherche vasculaire translationnelle, INSERM UMR 1148 & University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS & University Paris Diderot, Paris F-75205 Cedex 13, France
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26
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Lietman SA. Induced pluripotent stem cells in cartilage repair. World J Orthop 2016; 7:149-155. [PMID: 27004161 PMCID: PMC4794532 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v7.i3.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage repair techniques are challenging. Human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) theoretically provide an unlimited number of specialized cells which could be used in articular cartilage repair. However thus far chondrocytes from iPSCs have been created primarily by viral transfection and with the use of cocultured feeder cells. In addition chondrocytes derived from iPSCs have usually been formed in condensed cell bodies (resembling embryoid bodies) that then require dissolution with consequent substantial loss of cell viability and phenotype. All of these current techniques used to derive chondrocytes from iPSCs are problematic but solutions to these problems are on the horizon. These solutions will make iPSCs a viable alternative for articular cartilage repair in the near future.
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Murdoch AD, Hardingham TE, Eyre DR, Fernandes RJ. The development of a mature collagen network in cartilage from human bone marrow stem cells in Transwell culture. Matrix Biol 2015; 50:16-26. [PMID: 26523516 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Damaged hyaline cartilage shows a limited capacity for innate repair. Potential sources of cells to augment the clinical repair of cartilage defects include autologous chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells. We have reported that culture of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with specific growth and differentiation factors as shallow multilayers on Transwell permeable membranes provided ideal conditions for chondrogenesis. Rigid translucent cartilaginous disks formed and expressed cartilage-specific structural proteins aggrecan and type II collagen. We report here the analysis of the collagen network assembled in these cartilage constructs and identify key features of the network as it became mature during 28 days of culture. The type II collagen was co-polymerized with types XI and IX collagens in a fibrillar network stabilized by hydroxylysyl pyridinoline cross-links as in epiphyseal and hyaline cartilages. Tandem ion-trap mass-spectrometry identified 3-hydroxylation of Proline 986 and Proline 944 of the α1(II) chains, a post-translational feature of human epiphyseal cartilage type II collagen. The formation of a type II collagen based hydroxy-lysyl pyridinoline cross-linked network typical of cartilage in 28 days shows that the Transwell system not only produces, secretes and assembles cartilage collagens, but also provides all the extracellular mechanisms to modify and generate covalent cross-links that determine a robust collagen network. This organized assembly explains the stiff, flexible nature of the cartilage constructs developed from hMSCs in this culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Murdoch
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy E Hardingham
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David R Eyre
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Russell J Fernandes
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
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Gadjanski I, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Challenges in engineering osteochondral tissue grafts with hierarchical structures. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:1583-99. [PMID: 26195329 PMCID: PMC4628577 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1070825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A major hurdle in treating osteochondral (OC) defects is the different healing abilities of two types of tissues involved - articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Biomimetic approaches to OC-construct engineering, based on recapitulation of biological principles of tissue development and regeneration, have potential for providing new treatments and advancing fundamental studies of OC tissue repair. AREAS COVERED This review on state of the art in hierarchical OC tissue graft engineering is focused on tissue engineering approaches designed to recapitulate the native milieu of cartilage and bone development. These biomimetic systems are discussed with relevance to bioreactor cultivation of clinically sized, anatomically shaped human cartilage/bone constructs with physiologic stratification and mechanical properties. The utility of engineered OC tissue constructs is evaluated for their use as grafts in regenerative medicine, and as high-fidelity models in biological research. EXPERT OPINION A major challenge in engineering OC tissues is to generate a functionally integrated stratified cartilage-bone structure starting from one single population of mesenchymal cells, while incorporating perfusable vasculature into the bone, and in bone-cartilage interface. To this end, new generations of advanced scaffolds and bioreactors, implementation of mechanical loading regimens and harnessing of inflammatory responses of the host will likely drive the further progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gadjanski
- Belgrade Metropolitan University, Center for Bioengineering – BioIRC, Prvoslava Stojanovica 6, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia, Tel: +381 64 083 58 62, Fax: +381 11 203 06 28,
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Columbia University, 622 west 168th Street, VC12-234, New York NY 10032, USA, tel: +1-212-305-2304, fax: +1-212-305-4692,
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Amadori S, Torricelli P, Panzavolta S, Parrilli A, Fini M, Bigi A. Multi-Layered Scaffolds for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering: In Vitro Response of Co-Cultured Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Macromol Biosci 2015; 15:1535-45. [PMID: 26126665 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A promising strategy for osteochondral interface regeneration consists in the development of hybrid scaffolds, composed of distinct but integrated layers able to mimic the different regions of cartilage and bone. We developed multi-layered scaffolds by assembling a gelatin layer with layers containing different amounts of gelatin and hydroxyapatite nanocrystals, and using a gelatin solution (as a glue) to stick layers together. The scaffolds exhibit a high, interconnected porosity and mechanical properties varying with composition along the thickness of the scaffolds up to values of compressive stress and modulus of about 1 and 14 MPa, respectively. In vitro tests demonstrate that the different layers of the scaffolds promote chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of Human Mesenchimal Stem Cells (hMSC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Amadori
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", via Selmi 2 40126 University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Paola Torricelli
- Laboratory of preclinical and surgical studies, Research Institute Codivilla Putti-Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, via di Barbiano, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Panzavolta
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", via Selmi 2 40126 University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
| | - Annapaola Parrilli
- Laboratory of preclinical and surgical studies, Research Institute Codivilla Putti-Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, via di Barbiano, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Fini
- Laboratory of preclinical and surgical studies, Research Institute Codivilla Putti-Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, via di Barbiano, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Adriana Bigi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", via Selmi 2 40126 University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
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Diekman BO, Thakore PI, O'Connor SK, Willard VP, Brunger JM, Christoforou N, Leong KW, Gersbach CA, Guilak F. Knockdown of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 enhances cartilage formation by induced pluripotent stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1261-74. [PMID: 25517798 PMCID: PMC4394871 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited regenerative capacity of articular cartilage contributes to progressive joint dysfunction associated with cartilage injury or osteoarthritis. Cartilage tissue engineering seeks to provide a biological substitute for repairing damaged or diseased cartilage, but requires a cell source with the capacity for extensive expansion without loss of chondrogenic potential. In this study, we hypothesized that decreased expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 would enhance the proliferative and chondrogenic potential of differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Murine iPSCs were directed to differentiate toward the chondrogenic lineage with an established protocol and then engineered to express a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to reduce the expression of p21. Cells expressing the p21 shRNA demonstrated higher proliferative potential during monolayer expansion and increased synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in pellet cultures. Furthermore, these cells could be expanded ∼150-fold over three additional passages without a reduction in the subsequent production of GAGs, while control cells showed reduced potential for GAG synthesis with three additional passages. In pellets from extensively passaged cells, knockdown of p21 attenuated the sharp decrease in cell number that occurred in control cells, and immunohistochemical analysis showed that p21 knockdown limited the production of type I and type X collagen while maintaining synthesis of cartilage-specific type II collagen. These findings suggest that manipulating the cell cycle can augment the monolayer expansion and preserve the chondrogenic capacity of differentiated iPSCs, providing a strategy for enhancing iPSC-based cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian O. Diekman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Shannon K. O'Connor
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Vincent P. Willard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jonathan M. Brunger
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nicolas Christoforou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Charles A. Gersbach
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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31
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Foster NC, Henstock JR, Reinwald Y, El Haj AJ. Dynamic 3D culture: models of chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:19-33. [PMID: 25777047 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The formation of cartilage from stem cells during development is a complex process which is regulated by both local growth factors and biomechanical cues, and results in the differentiation of chondrocytes into a range of subtypes in specific regions of the tissue. In fetal development cartilage also acts as a precursor scaffold for many bones, and mineralization of this cartilaginous bone precursor occurs through the process of endochondral ossification. In the endochondral formation of bones during fetal development the interplay between cell signalling, growth factors, and biomechanics regulates the formation of load bearing bone, in addition to the joint capsule containing articular cartilage and synovium, generating complex, functional joints from a single precursor anlagen. These joint tissues are subsequently prone to degeneration in adult life and have poor regenerative capabilities, and so understanding how they are created during development may provide useful insights into therapies for diseases, such as osteoarthritis, and restoring bone and cartilage lost in adulthood. Of particular interest is how these tissues regenerate in the mechanically dynamic environment of a living joint, and so experiments performed using 3D models of cartilage development and endochondral ossification are proving insightful. In this review, we discuss some of the interesting models of cartilage development, such as the chick femur which can be observed in ovo, or isolated at a specific developmental stage and cultured organotypically in vitro. Biomaterial and hydrogel-based strategies which have emerged from regenerative medicine are also covered, allowing researchers to make informed choices on the characteristics of the materials used for both original research and clinical translation. In all of these models, we illustrate the essential importance of mechanical forces and mechanotransduction as a regulator of cell behavior and ultimate structural function in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola C Foster
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Guy Hilton Research Centre University of Keele, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
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Caldwell KL, Wang J. Cell-based articular cartilage repair: the link between development and regeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:351-62. [PMID: 25450846 PMCID: PMC4339504 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Clinical efforts to repair damaged articular cartilage (AC) currently face major obstacles due to limited intrinsic repair capacity of the tissue and unsuccessful biological interventions. This highlights a need for better therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the recent advances in the field of cell-based AC repair. In both animals and humans, AC defects that penetrate into the subchondral bone marrow are mainly filled with fibrocartilaginous tissue through the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), followed by degeneration of repaired cartilage and osteoarthritis (OA). Cell therapy and tissue engineering techniques using culture-expanded chondrocytes, bone marrow MSCs, or pluripotent stem cells with chondroinductive growth factors may generate cartilaginous tissue in AC defects but do not form hyaline cartilage-based articular surface because repair cells often lose chondrogenic activity or result in chondrocyte hypertrophy. The new evidence that AC and synovium develop from the same pool of precursors with similar gene profiles and that synovium-derived chondrocytes have stable chondrogenic activity has promoted use of synovium as a new cell source for AC repair. The recent finding that NFAT1 and NFAT2 transcription factors (TFs) inhibit chondrocyte hypertrophy and maintain metabolic balance in AC is a significant advance in the field of AC repair. The use of synovial MSCs and discovery of upstream transcriptional regulators that help maintain the AC phenotype have opened new avenues to improve the outcome of AC regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Corresponding Author: Jinxi Wang, Address: University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3017, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Phone: +1 913-588-0870, Fax: +1 913-945-7773,
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