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Zheng P, Dou Y, Wang Q. Immune response and treatment targets of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: innate and adaptive immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1206720. [PMID: 37424786 PMCID: PMC10324618 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1206720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global public health risk that threatens human life and health, although the number of vaccinated people has increased. The clinical outcome of HBV infection depends on the complex interplay between viral replication and the host immune response. Innate immunity plays an important role in the early stages of the disease but retains no long-term immune memory. However, HBV evades detection by the host innate immune system through stealth. Therefore, adaptive immunity involving T and B cells is crucial for controlling and clearing HBV infections that lead to liver inflammation and damage. The persistence of HBV leads to immune tolerance owing to immune cell dysfunction, T cell exhaustion, and an increase in suppressor cells and cytokines. Although significant progress has been made in HBV treatment in recent years, the balance between immune tolerance, immune activation, inflammation, and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B remains unknown, making a functional cure difficult to achieve. Therefore, this review focuses on the important cells involved in the innate and adaptive immunity of chronic hepatitis B that target the host immune system and identifies treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Graduate School of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yongqing Dou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qinying Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Akbar SMF, Mahtab MA, Khan S, Yoshida O, Hiasa Y. Development of Therapeutic Vaccine for Chronic Hepatitis B: Concept, Cellular and Molecular Events, Design, Limitation, and Future Projection. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101644. [PMID: 36298512 PMCID: PMC9612083 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Four decades have passed since the first usage of the therapeutic vaccine in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). However, there is no approved regimen of vaccine therapy for the treatment of CHB. This is mainly attributable to faulty conception, an improper understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CHB, and the impaired design of vaccine therapy for CHB. With the advent of new techniques and a better understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the genesis of CHB, the limitations and failures of previous regimens of therapeutic vaccines have been primarily understood. Additionally, the importance of immune therapy for treating millions of CHB patients and achieving the target of "Elimination of Hepatitis by 2030" has been focused on in the international arena. This has been amplified by the apparent limitation of commercially available antiviral drugs that are infinite in duration, endowed with safety concerns, and unable to cure liver damage due to their minimal immune modulation capacities. The proposed review article comprehensively discusses each of these points and proposes evidence-based approaches for viable types of vaccine therapy for the treatment of CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Mohammad Fazle Akbar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-89-960-5308; Fax: +81-89-960-5310
| | - Mamun Al Mahtab
- Interventional Hepatology Division, Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sakirul Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Osamu Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hiasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Akbar SMF, Al Mahtab M, Khan S, Yoshida O, Aguilar JC, Gerardo GN, Hiasa Y. Innovative Therapies Targeting the Virus and the Host for Treating Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: From Bench to Bedside. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050746. [PMID: 35632502 PMCID: PMC9144882 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a highly complicated pathological process in which the disease is initiated by the hepatitis B virus (HBV); however, host immune responses are primarily responsible for variable extents of liver damage. If the patients with CHB remain untreated, many CHB patients will eventually develop complications like cirrhosis of the liver (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In 2019, an estimated 882,000 patients died due to HBV-related complications worldwide. Accordingly, several drugs with antiviral properties have been used to treat CHB patients during the last four decades. However, the treatment outcome is not satisfactory because viral suppression is not usually related to the containment of progressive liver damage. Although proper reconstruction of host immunity is essential in CHB patients, as of today, there is no acceptable immune therapeutic protocol for them. These realities have exposed new, novel, and innovative therapeutic regimens for the management of CHB patients. This review will update the scope and limitation of the different innovative antiviral and immune therapeutic approaches for restoring effective host immunity and containing the virus in CHB patients to block progression to LC and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Mohammad Fazle Akbar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; (O.Y.); (Y.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-89-960-5308; Fax: +81-89-960-5310
| | - Mamun Al Mahtab
- Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, BSMMU, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Sakirul Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan;
| | - Osamu Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; (O.Y.); (Y.H.)
| | - Julio Cesar Aguilar
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (J.C.A.); (G.N.G.)
| | - Guillen Nieto Gerardo
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba; (J.C.A.); (G.N.G.)
| | - Yoichi Hiasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime 791-0295, Japan; (O.Y.); (Y.H.)
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Ninyio NN, Ho KL, Yong CY, Chee HY, Hamid M, Ong HK, Mariatulqabtiah AR, Tan WS. Chimeric Virus-Like Particles of Prawn Nodavirus Displaying Hepatitis B Virus Immunodominant Region: Biophysical Properties and Cytokine Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041922. [PMID: 33672018 PMCID: PMC7919259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B is a major global health challenge. In the absence of an effective treatment for the disease, hepatitis B vaccines provide protection against the viral infection. However, some individuals do not have positive immune responses after being vaccinated with the hepatitis B vaccines available in the market. Thus, it is important to develop a more protective vaccine. Previously, we showed that hepatitis B virus (HBV) ‘a’ determinant (aD) displayed on the prawn nodavirus capsid (Nc) and expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells (namely, Nc-aD-Sf9) self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs). Immunisation of BALB/c mice with the Nc-aD-Sf9 VLPs showed significant induction of humoral, cellular and memory B-cell immunity. In the present study, the biophysical properties of the Nc-aD-Sf9 VLPs were studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the antigenicity of the Nc-aD-Sf9 VLPs, and multiplex ELISA was employed to quantify the cytokine response induced by the VLPs administered intramuscularly into BALB/c mice (n = 8). CD spectroscopy of Nc-aD-Sf9 VLPs showed that the secondary structure of the VLPs predominantly consisted of beta (β)-sheets (44.8%), and they were thermally stable up to ~52 °C. ELISA revealed that the aD epitope of the VLPs was significantly antigenic to anti-HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) antibodies. In addition, multiplex ELISA of serum samples from the vaccinated mice showed a significant induction (p < 0.001) of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12p70. This cytokine profile is indicative of natural killer cell, macrophage, dendritic cell and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activities, which suggests a prophylactic innate and adaptive cellular immune response mediated by Nc-aD-Sf9 VLPs. Interestingly, Nc-aD-Sf9 induced a more robust release of the aforementioned cytokines than that of Nc-aD VLPs produced in Escherichia coli and a commercially used hepatitis B vaccine. Overall, Nc-aD-Sf9 VLPs are thermally stable and significantly antigenic, demonstrating their potential as an HBV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Nyakaat Ninyio
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.N.N.); (C.Y.Y.); (M.H.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University, P.M.B. 2339, Tafawa Balewa Way, Kaduna 800241, Nigeria
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.L.H.); (H.K.O.)
| | - Chean Yeah Yong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.N.N.); (C.Y.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Hui Yee Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Muhajir Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.N.N.); (C.Y.Y.); (M.H.)
| | - Hui Kian Ong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.L.H.); (H.K.O.)
| | - Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.N.N.); (C.Y.Y.); (M.H.)
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-9769-6715; Fax: +603-9769-7590
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Zheng WP, Zhang BY, Shen ZY, Yin ML, Cao Y, Song HL. Biological effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on hepatitis B virus in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2551-2559. [PMID: 28447750 PMCID: PMC5428401 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of co‑culturing bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) cultured with hepatitis B virus (HBV)‑infected lymphocytes in vitro. BM‑MSCs and lymphocytes from Brown Norway rats were obtained from the bone marrow and spleen, respectively. Rats were divided into the following five experimental groups: Group 1, splenic lymphocytes (SLCs); group 2, HepG2.2.15 cells; group 3, BM‑MSCs + HepG2.2.15 cells; group 4, SLCs + HepG2.2.15 cells; and group 5, SLCs + BM‑MSCs + HepG2.2.15 cells. The viability of lymphocytes and HepG2.2.15 cells was assessed using the MTT assay at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Levels of supernatant HBV DNA and intracellular HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Supernatant cytokine levels were measured by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). T cell subsets were quantified by flow cytometry using fluorescence‑labeled antibodies. In addition, the HBV genome sequence was analyzed by direct gene sequencing. Levels of HBV DNA and cccDNA in group 5 were lower when compared with those in group 3 or group 4, with a significant difference observed at 48 h. The secretion of interferon‑γ was negatively correlated with the level of HBV DNA, whereas secretion of interleukin (IL)‑10 and IL‑22 were positively correlated with the level of HBV DNA. Flow cytometry demonstrated that the percentage of CD3+CD8+ T cells was positively correlated with the levels of HBV DNA, and the CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+ ratio was negatively correlated with the level of HBV DNA. Almost no mutations in the HBV DNA sequence were detected in HepG2.2.15 cells co‑cultured with BM‑MSCs, SLCs, or in the two types of cells combined. BM‑MSCs inhibited the expression of HBV DNA and enhanced the clearance of HBV, which may have been mediated by the regulation of the Tc1/Tc2 cell balance and the mode of cytokine secretion to modulate cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Zheng
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Bo-Ya Zhang
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Yang Shen
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Li Yin
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Yi Cao
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Li Song
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
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