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Nicotine alleviates alcohol-induced memory and long-term potentiation impairment. Neurosci Lett 2022; 786:136813. [PMID: 35878655 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol and nicotine are routinely abused together. There is one plausible explanation that comorbidity can alleviate alcohol-induced cognitive impairment. However, the mechanism involved is not known. The aim of this report was to evaluate the interactive effects of alcohol coadministration with nicotine on hippocampal memory and long-term potentiation (LTP). C57BL/6 mice were distributed into 4 treatment groups: control, alcohol, nicotine, and alcohol plus nicotine. All mice received tap water or alcohol solution and saline or nicotine. In water maze test, the alcohol group showed significant decreases in hippocampus function and acquisition training than control, nicotine, and combined treatment groups. The alcohol group also showed a significantly shorter latency in entering the foot-shock compartment than control, nicotine, and combined treatment groups in a passive avoidance test. Theta burst stimulation was adopted to induce concrete LTP in CA1 field recording using hippocampal slice. Alcohol alone administration failed to maintain LTP. Nicotine alone administration did not alter hippocampal LTP. There were no negative effects of alcohol on hippocampal LTP in mice administrated with nicotine. The current study successfully demonstrated beneficial effects of nicotine on alcohol induced memory impairment accompanied by hippocampal LTP impairment after one week of co-administration and one-day withdrawal.
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Plawecki MH, Boes J, Wetherill L, Kosobud AEK, Stangl BL, Ramchandani VA, Zimmermann US, Nurnberger JI, Schuckit M, Edenberg HJ, Pandey G, Kamarajan C, Porjesz B, Foroud T, O'Connor S. Binge and high-intensity drinking-Associations with intravenous alcohol self-administration and underlying risk factors. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13228. [PMID: 36301209 PMCID: PMC9786574 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Some styles of alcohol consumption are riskier than others. How the level and rate of alcohol exposure contribute to the increased risk of alcohol use disorder is unclear, but likely depends on the alcohol concentration time course. We hypothesized that the brain is sensitive to the alcohol concentration rate of change and that people at greater risk would self-administer faster. We developed a novel intravenous alcohol self-administration paradigm to allow participants direct and reproducible control over how quickly their breath alcohol concentration changes. We used drinking intensity and the density of biological family history of alcohol dependence as proxies for risk. Thirty-five alcohol drinking participants aged 21-28 years provided analytical data from a single, intravenous alcohol self-administration session using our computer-assisted alcohol infusion system rate control paradigm. A shorter time to reach 80 mg/dl was associated with increasing multiples of the binge drinking definition (p = 0.004), which was in turn related to higher density of family history of alcoholism (FHD, p = 0.04). Rate-dependent changes in subjective response (intoxication and stimulation) were also associated with FHD (each p = 0.001). Subsequently, given the limited sample size and FHD range, associations between multiples of the binge drinking definition and FHD were replicated and extended in analyses of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism database. The rate control paradigm models binge and high-intensity drinking in the laboratory and provides a novel way to examine the relationship between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alcohol and potentially the risk for the development of alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H. Plawecki
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Julian Boes
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Ann E. K. Kosobud
- Department of NeurologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Bethany L. Stangl
- Human Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological ResearchNIAAABethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Vijay A. Ramchandani
- Human Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological ResearchNIAAABethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Ulrich S. Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav Carus of the Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany,Department of Addiction Medicine and Psychotherapykbo Isar‐Amper‐Klinikum Haar/MunichMunichGermany
| | - John I. Nurnberger
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Marc Schuckit
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Gayathri Pandey
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics LaboratoryState University of New York Downstate Health Sciences UniversityBrooklynNew YorkUSA
| | - Chella Kamarajan
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics LaboratoryState University of New York Downstate Health Sciences UniversityBrooklynNew YorkUSA
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics LaboratoryState University of New York Downstate Health Sciences UniversityBrooklynNew YorkUSA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Sean O'Connor
- Department of PsychiatryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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Schuckit MA, Smith TL. Endorsement of specific alcohol use disorder criterion items changes with age in individuals with persistent alcohol use disorders in 2 generations of the San Diego Prospective Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2059-2068. [PMID: 34699073 PMCID: PMC8602760 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) alcohol use disorder (AUD) criteria are written in broad enough terms to apply to diverse populations. The current analyses evaluate whether the endorsement of criteria changes with increasing age in individuals with persistent AUDs. METHODS Data regarding AUDs persisting across 3 timepoints between average ages of 31 and 43 were gathered about every 5 years from 318 interviews for 106 San Diego Prospective Study (SDPS) AUD male probands. Similar data regarding persistent AUDs across 2 timepoints were obtained from 136 interviews with 68 SDPS AUD offspring between average ages of 21 and 27. Changes in the endorsement of each AUD criterion were evaluated using Cochran's Q test. RESULTS For AUD probands across time, significant decreases were observed in the proportions endorsing 4 criteria (tolerance, withdrawal, failure to fulfill obligations, and using alcohol in hazardous situations). Increased rates of endorsement were documented for 3 criteria (drinking alcohol in higher amounts or for longer periods of time, spending a great deal of time regarding alcohol, and continued use despite social or interpersonal problems). Significant increases in rates of endorsements for offspring were seen for spending a great deal of time regarding alcohol and giving up or reducing important activities in order to drink. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the salience of many DSM AUD criterion items changed significantly with age in both SDPS generations among individuals with persistent AUDs. The current results support the need for additional systematic research to determine whether specific criterion items might need to be weighted differently in evaluating older and younger individuals with persistent AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tom L Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Martins JS, Bartholow BD, Cooper ML, Irvin KM, Piasecki TM. Interactive Effects of Naturalistic Drinking Context and Alcohol Sensitivity on Neural Alcohol Cue-Reactivity Responses. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1777-1789. [PMID: 31233217 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable evidence indicates that a low level of subjective response to alcohol's acute effects (i.e., low sensitivity) is associated with enhanced risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Recent work suggests that the highest risk response profile consists of blunted sensitivity to alcohol's sedation-like effects, coupled with enhanced sensitivity to alcohol's stimulation-like effects (i.e., differential sensitivity). A largely separate body of work indicates that enhanced reactivity to alcohol-related cues is associated with increased AUD risk. AIMS The current research examined the extent to which variability in alcohol response phenotypes is associated with enhanced P3 event-related potential (ERP) responses to alcohol-related pictures (ACR-P3), and whether this reactivity varies according to depicted drinking contexts. METHODS Eighty young adults (aged 18 to 33 years) completed a self-report measure of alcohol sensitivity (the Alcohol Sensitivity Questionnaire) and viewed images depicting drinking in naturalistic contexts, alcohol and nonalcohol beverages in isolation (devoid of naturalistic drinking context), and neutral nonbeverage control images while ERPs were recorded. RESULTS Results indicated that blunted sensitivity to alcohol's sedative-like effects was differentially associated with enhanced ACR-P3 but reduced P3 reactivity to nonalcohol cues. Variation in sensitivity to alcohol's stimulant-like effects was not associated with differential ACR-P3. Contrary to predictions, these effects were not potentiated by drinking contexts. CONCLUSIONS The current results replicate and extend previous work linking low alcohol sensitivity with enhanced incentive salience for alcohol-related cues and suggest that cues depicting drinking contexts are less likely to differentiate high-risk from low-risk drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge S Martins
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - M Lynne Cooper
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kelsey M Irvin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Thomas M Piasecki
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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5
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Plawecki MH, White K, Kosobud A, Grahame N, Zimmermann US, Crabb D, O’Connor S. Sex Differences in Motivation to Self-Administer Alcohol After 2 Weeks of Abstinence in Young-Adult Heavy Drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1897-1908. [PMID: 30080254 PMCID: PMC6167142 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in animal models document that forced abstinence from usual consumption of alcohol changes subsequent seeking and consumption, with increases or decreases depending on the species, duration of abstinence, number of deprivations, and sex. Human laboratory-based alcohol deprivation studies are rare. METHODS We conducted a 2-session, within-participant, randomized-order comparison of intravenous, progressive ratio, alcohol self-administration during 2.5 hours of progressive work for alcohol and/or vehicle; once while the participants pursued their usual drinking habits and once after 2 weeks of closely monitored, voluntary outpatient abstinence from alcohol. The schedule of work for rewards and the incremental increases in breath alcohol concentration following completion of an alcohol work-set were identical across participants. Fifty young-adult (27 men), heavy-drinking participants completed both sessions. Our primary hypothesis was that motivation to work for alcohol after 2 weeks of abstinence would be greater in participants with a weekly binge pattern of drinking, compared to those who regularly drink heavily, and we intended to explore associations with biological family history of alcoholism and sex. RESULTS We detected no change in work for alcohol associated with recent drinking history. However, females, on average, increased their work for alcohol upon resumption after 2 weeks of abstinence (mean ± SEM = +16.3 ± 9.6%), while males decreased that work (-24.8 ± 13.8%). The sex difference was substantial and significant (p < 0.03), with a medium effect size (Cohen's d = 0.63). CONCLUSIONS We believe a more comprehensive study of mechanisms underlying the sex differences in the human postabstinence response is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Henry Plawecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kurt White
- Indiana University School of Epidemiology, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Ann Kosobud
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nicholas Grahame
- Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, School of Psychology
| | - Ulrich S. Zimmermann
- Technische Universitat Dresden, Germany, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
| | - David Crabb
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sean O’Connor
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko G, Anthenelli R, Schoen L, Kawamura M, Kramer J, Dick DM, Neale Z, Kuperman S, McCutcheon V, Anokhin AP, Hesselbrock V, Hesselbrock M, Bucholz K. A Prospective Comparison of How the Level of Response to Alcohol and Impulsivity Relate to Future DSM-IV Alcohol Problems in the COGA Youth Panel. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1329-1339. [PMID: 28440866 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol problems reflect both environmental and genetic characteristics that often operate through endophenotypes like low levels of response (low LRs) to alcohol and higher impulsivity. Relationships of these preexisting characteristics to alcohol problems have been studied, but few analyses have included both low LR and impulsivity in the same model. METHODS We extracted prospective data from 1,028 participants in the Prospective Youth Sample of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). At Time 1 (age 18), these drinking but non-alcohol-dependent males and females completed the Barratt Impulsivity Scale and the Self-Report of the Effects of Alcohol questionnaire regarding drinks required for effects the first 5 times of drinking (SRE5-LR). Two years later, they reported perceived drinking patterns of peers (PEER), their own alcohol expectancies (EXPECT), and their drinking to cope with stress (COPE). Subsequently, at Time 3, participants reported numbers of up to 11 DSM-IV alcohol criterion items experienced in the 2 years since Time 2 (ALC PROBS). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS In the SEM, Baseline SRE5-LR and impulsivity were weakly related and did not interact in predicting later ALC PROBS. LR was directly linked to Time 3 ALC PROBS and to PEER, but had no direct path to EXPECT, with partial mediation to ALC PROBS through PEER to EXPECT and via COPE. Impulsivity did not relate directly to ALC PROBS or PEER, but was directly related to EXPECT and COPE, with effects on ALC PROBS also operating through EXPECT and COPE. CONCLUSIONS Low LRs and impulsivity related to Time 3 ALC PROBS through somewhat different paths. Education- and counseling-based approaches to mitigate future alcohol problems may benefit from emphasizing different potential mediators of adverse alcohol outcomes for youth with low LRs versus those with high impulsivity or both characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tom L Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - George Danko
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert Anthenelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lara Schoen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mari Kawamura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - John Kramer
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zoe Neale
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Samuel Kuperman
- Child Psychiatry Clinic, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Vivia McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrey P Anokhin
- Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Victor Hesselbrock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Michie Hesselbrock
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Kathleen Bucholz
- Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Setiawan E, Pihl RO, Dagher A, Schlagintweit H, Casey KF, Benkelfat C, Leyton M. Differential Striatal Dopamine Responses Following Oral Alcohol in Individuals at Varying Risk for Dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 38:126-34. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Setiawan
- Department of Psychiatry; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Robert O. Pihl
- Department of Psychiatry; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
- Department of Psychology; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
| | | | - Kevin F. Casey
- Department of Psychiatry; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Chawki Benkelfat
- Department of Psychiatry; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Marco Leyton
- Department of Psychiatry; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
- Department of Psychology; McGill University; Montréal Québec Canada
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology; Concordia University; Montréal Québec Canada
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Schuckit MA, Smith TL. Stability of scores and correlations with drinking behaviors over 15 years for the Self-Report of the Effects of Alcohol Questionnaire. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 128:194-9. [PMID: 22980675 PMCID: PMC3537846 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low level of response (LR) to alcohol is an endophenotype that predicts future heavy drinking and alcohol use disorders (AUDs). LR can be measured by laboratory-based alcohol challenges or by the retrospective Self-Report of the Effects of Alcohol (SRE) questionnaire. This paper reports the relationships among these two measures and how each related to both recent and future drinking quantities and problems across 15 years in 235 men. METHODS Probands from the San Diego Prospective Study (SDPS) participated in alcohol challenges to determine their LR at age 20, and subsequently at ages 35, 40, 45 and 50 filled out an SRE regarding the number of standard drinks needed for up to four effects early in life (SRE5) and across early, recent, and heaviest drinking life epochs (SRET). Changes in SRE scores across time were evaluated with ANOVAs and Pearson correlations were used to evaluate how SRE5, SRET and earlier alcohol challenge-based LRs related to prior five-year drinking histories and future alcohol involvement. RESULTS While SRE scores decreased 9% over the 15 years, the relationships between SRE values with prior five-year drinking parameters and with future alcohol intake and problems remained robust, and even improved with advancing age. A similar pattern was seen for correlations between SRE and alcohol challenge-based LRs 15-30 years previously. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol challenge and SRE-based LRs related to each other, to alcohol use patterns, and to future alcohol problems across age 35-50 in the men studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Schuckit
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, 8950 Villa La Jolla Drive, Suite B-218, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Kalu N, Ramchandani VA, Marshall V, Scott D, Ferguson C, Cain G, Taylor R. Heritability of level of response and association with recent drinking history in nonalcohol-dependent drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 36:1034-41. [PMID: 22235947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Level of response (LR) to alcohol has been shown to be associated with the risk of developing alcohol dependence and can be measured using the self-rating of the effects of alcohol (SRE) questionnaire. This study examined the heritability of the SRE-measured LR and the relationship between LR and recent alcohol drinking history (RDH) in a predominantly African American nonalcohol-dependent population. METHODS This was a sibling study of 101 social drinkers aged 21 to 35 years recruited from the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Participants were administered the SRE to assess LR and the timeline followback (TLFB) to assess RDH. The indices of SRE used were total SRE score (SRTT), early drinking SRE score (SRED), regular drinking SRE score (SRRD), and heavy drinking SRE score (SRHD). Pearson's product-moment correlation and linear regression were used to analyze SRE indices and RDH variables (quantity and drinks per drinking occasion). Heritability analysis was conducted using Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines (SOLAR) software with SRE indices as traits of interest. RESULTS There was a significant relationship between SRE and RDH measures. Drinks per drinking day, maximum drinks, and quantity of drinks were significantly associated with SRTT, SRHD, and SRRD (all p < 0.05). SRTT showed significant heritability (h(2) = 0.67, p = 0.025), however, the SRE subindices (SRED, SRRD, SRHD) were not significantly heritable. Analysis performed in the subset consisting of only African Americans (n = 86) showed similar trends. CONCLUSIONS LR, as measured by the SRE, is associated with RDH. The high level of heritability of the SRE total score suggests that genetics accounts for a significant proportion of the variation in the LR to alcohol in social drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnenna Kalu
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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Positive and negative effects of alcohol and nicotine and their interactions: a mechanistic review. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:57-69. [PMID: 21932109 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine and alcohol are two of the most commonly abused legal substances. Heavy use of one drug can often lead to, or is predictive of, heavy use of the other drug in adolescents and adults. Heavy drinking and smoking alone are of significant health hazard. The combination of the two, however, can result in synergistic adverse effects particularly in incidences of various cancers (e.g., esophagus). Although detrimental consequences of smoking are well established, nicotine by itself might possess positive and even therapeutic potential. Similarly, alcohol at low or moderated doses may confer beneficial health effects. These opposing findings have generated considerable interest in how these drugs act. Here we will briefly review the negative impact of drinking-smoking co-morbidity followed by factors that appear to contribute to the high rate of co-use of alcohol and nicotine. Our main focus will be on what research is telling us about the central actions and interactions of these drugs, and what has been elucidated about the mechanisms of their positive and negative effects. We will conclude by making suggestions for future research in this area.
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Safer DJ. Age-grouped differences in adverse drug events from psychotropic medication. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2011; 21:299-309. [PMID: 21851188 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2010.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aims to detail specific psychotropic medication treatment differences in adverse drug events (ADEs) between children, adolescents, and adults. METHOD A thorough data-based search of ADEs was made, augmented by findings from approved and updated U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug labels, controlled clinical trial reports, and from FDA information on ADEs at scheduled public hearings. RESULTS Children were found to generally exhibit more ADEs to psychotropic medication than adolescents and adults. These ADEs primarily include altered growth velocity, rash, vomiting, dystonia, tics, affect lability, activation, metabolic blood test abnormalities, sedation, sialorrhea, and electrocardiogram irregularities. CONCLUSION Children have more biological vulnerabilities than older individuals, which could account for their greater rate of ADEs to psychotropic medication treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Safer
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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12
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Schuckit MA, Smith TL. Onset and course of alcoholism over 25 years in middle class men. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 113:21-8. [PMID: 20727682 PMCID: PMC3000869 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patterns of drinking and alcohol problems change with age. However, few studies use multiple data points and detailed history spanning early adulthood to middle age. This study reports such data from 373 men in the San Diego Prospective Study. METHODS Data were generated at baseline (T1) at ∼age 20, and through face-to-face followup interviews ∼every 5 years in >90% of these eligible Caucasian and relatively higher educated men. Subjects were placed into 4 groups regarding their course: 62.5% with no alcohol use disorder (AUD); 17.2% with AUD onset 5 years before the 25-year followup. RESULTS On a univariate level, low level of response (LR) to alcohol, family history of AUDs, and higher Novelty Seeking at ∼age 20 predicted AUDs with onset before age 30 (mean age∼25), but among these only LR predicted later onset (mean age 38) as well. Additional predictors of AUDs included demography (lower education), and greater involvement with alcohol, drugs, and nicotine prior to T1. Sustained remission from AUDs among alcoholics was predicted by lower T1 and T10 drinking frequencies, and being separated or divorced at T10, along with a trend for higher Reward Dependence. CONCLUSION These data indicate that information available in ages of the late teens to early twenties can help predict the future onset and course of AUDs, and underscore the importance of longitudinal studies in substance use disorders.
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Taslim N, Soderstrom K, Dar MS. Role of mouse cerebellar nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α(4)β(2)- and α(7) subtypes in the behavioral cross-tolerance between nicotine and ethanol-induced ataxia. Behav Brain Res 2010; 217:282-92. [PMID: 20974182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that nicotine attenuated ethanol-induced ataxia via nicotinic-acetylcholine-receptor (nAChR) subtypes α(4)β(2) and α(7). In the present study, ethanol (2g/kg; i.p.)-induced ataxia was assessed by Rotorod performance following repeated intracerebellar infusion of α(4)β(2)- and α(7)-selective agonists. Localization of α(4)β(2) and α(7) nAChRs was confirmed immunohistochemically. Cerebellar NO(x) (nitrite+nitrate) was determined flurometrically. Repeated intracerebellar microinfusion of the α(4)β(2)-selective agonist, RJR-2403 (for 1, 2, 3, 5 or 7 days) or the α(7)-selective agonist, PNU-282987 (1, 2, 3 or 5 days), dose-dependently attenuated ethanol-induced ataxia. These results suggest the development of cross-tolerance between ethanol-induced ataxia and α(4)β(2) and α(7) nAChR agonists. With RJR-2403, the cross-tolerance was maximal after a 5-day treatment and lasted 48h. Cross-tolerance was maximal after a 1-day treatment with PNU-282987 and lasted 72h. Pretreatment with α(4)β(2)- and α(7)-selective antagonists, dihydro-β-erythroidine and methyllycaconitine, respectively, prevented the development of cross-tolerance confirming α(4)β(2) and α(7) involvement. Repeated agonist infusions elevated cerebellar NO(x) 16h after the last treatment while acute ethanol exposure decreased it. Pretreatment with repeated RJR-2403 or PNU-282987 reversed ethanol-induced decrease in NOx. The NO(x) data suggests the involvement of the nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP signaling pathway in the cross-tolerance that develops between α(4)β(2)- and α(7)-selective agonists and ethanol ataxia. Both α(4)β(2) and α(7) subtypes exhibited high immunoreactivity in Purkinje but sparse expression in molecular and granular cell layers. Our results support a role for α(4)β(2) and α(7) nAChR subtypes in the development of cross-tolerance between nicotine and ethanol with the NO signaling pathway as a potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Taslim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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Campbell JM, Oei TP. A cognitive model for the intergenerational transference of alcohol use behavior. Addict Behav 2010; 35:73-83. [PMID: 19783372 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A family history of alcoholism has shown to be one of the greatest consistent risk factors in the intergenerational transference of alcohol problems. Whereas a large number of studies have attempted to identify the processes responsible for this interfamilial transfer, the mechanisms remain unclear. Family, twin and adoption studies, and environmental theories have resulted in a number of unanswered questions regarding the extent that these factors influence the transmission of alcohol behavior. Recently, cognitive theories have suggested that the observation of parental drinking habits contributes to the child's beliefs and expectations of alcohol's effects. A hypothesised cognitive model will be proposed suggesting that the mechanism for the transference of particular drinking styles from parent to offspring may be further explained by the transference of alcohol cognitions, in particular, alcohol expectancies and drinking refusal self-efficacy. This review focuses on research of bio/psycho/social factors that perpetuate alcohol misuse across generations, and will delineate the proposed cognitive mechanisms for the interfamilial transference of alcohol problems and discuss the implications of the proposed model.
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Morean ME, Corbin WR. Subjective response to alcohol: a critical review of the literature. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 34:385-95. [PMID: 20028359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective response to alcohol (SR), which reflects individual differences in sensitivity to the pharmacological effects of alcohol, may be an important endophenotype in understanding genetic influences on drinking behavior and alcohol use disorders (AUDs). SR predicts alcohol use and problems and has been found to differ by a range of established risk factors for the development of AUDs (e.g., family history of alcoholism). The exact pattern of SR associated with increased risk for alcohol problems, however, remains unclear. The Low Level of Response Model (LLR) suggests that high-risk individuals experience decreased sensitivity to the full range of alcohol effects, while the Differentiator Model (DM) asserts that high risks status is associated with increased sensitivity to alcohol's positive effects but decreased sensitivity to negative effects. AIMS The current paper (1) reviews two prominent models of subjective response, (2) reviews extant laboratory-based research on subjective response, (3) highlights remaining gaps in our understanding and assessment of subjective response, and (4) encourages collaborative efforts to address these methodological and conceptual concerns. METHODS This paper reviews studies which employed placebo-controlled and non-placebo-controlled alcohol challenge paradigms to assess a range of alcohol effects including impairment, stimulation, and sedation. RESULTS The research literature provides at least partial support for both the LLR and DM models. High-risk individuals have been shown to have a reduced response to alcohol with respect to sedative or impairing effects, particularly on the descending limb of the blood alcohol curve (BAC). There is also evidence that ascending limb stimulant effects are more pronounced or operate differently for high-risk individuals. DISCUSSION Despite commendable advances in SR research, important questions remain unanswered. Inconsistent results across studies may be attributable to a combination of an inadequate understanding of the underlying construct and methodological differences across studies (e.g., number and timing of assessments across the BAC, inclusion of a placebo condition). With respect to the underlying construct, existing measures fail to adequately distinguish between cognitive/behavioral impairment and sedation, aspects of which may be perceived positively (e.g., anxiolysis) due to their ability to act as negative reinforcers. CONCLUSIONS Addressing the concerns raised by the current review will be integral to making meaningful scientific progress in the field of subjective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Morean
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Danko GP, Trim R, Bucholz KK, Edenberg HJ, Hesselbrock V, Kramer JJ, Dick DM. An evaluation of the full level of response to alcohol model of heavy drinking and problems in COGA offspring. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2009; 70:436-45. [PMID: 19371495 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2009.70.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The low level of response (LR) to alcohol is an endophenotype related to heavier drinking and alcohol problems. Structural equation models (SEMs) indicate LR affects alcohol outcomes (ALCOUT) both directly and through mediation by drinking in peers (PEER), alcohol expectancies (EXPECT), and drinking to cope with stress (COPE), with some variation depending on the sample tested. This article presents the first full test of this LR-based model in young subjects from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). METHOD Data were generated from 325 12- to 22-year-old (47.4% male) drinking offspring from COGA families, using the Self-Report of the Effects of Alcohol questionnaire to determine LR early in the drinking career and a validated, structured interview for demography and alcohol use/problem patterns. Standardized questionnaires were used to measure PEER, EXPECT, and COPE, with the model tested through the maximum likelihood estimation for analyses of the variance/covariance matrix using both Amos and Mplus. RESULTS The SEM yielded good fit characteristics and explained 59% of the variance, with LR relating both directly to ALCOUT and as partially mediated by PEER and COPE. Although GENDER related to both LR and ALCOUT in the model, and AGE related to ALCOUT, the SEM results were invariant across both AGE and GENDER, with generally similar invariant results regarding the presence or absence of an alcohol-use disorder diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The results support the applicability of the LR-based model of heavy drinking and alcohol problems in the COGA offspring, a group with different demography compared with the two other samples of adolescents tested to date. The modest differences observed across samples will be evaluated in future research to enhance understanding of how the model operates across socioeconomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
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Trim RS, Schuckit MA, Smith TL. Level of response to alcohol within the context of alcohol-related domains: an examination of longitudinal approaches assessing changes over time. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:472-80. [PMID: 18302725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The manner in which a low level of response (LR) to alcohol relates to domains that enhance the risk for heavy drinking has traditionally been studied through cross-sectional models. However, many of the relevant domains, such as the maximum number of drinks consumed in 24 hours (MAXDRINK) and drinking among peers (PEER) typically decrease across adulthood. This study evaluated whether a person's LR to alcohol predicted alcohol-related domains at multiple time-points and examined longitudinal relations among these domains in a sample of probands from the San Diego Prospective Study. METHODS LR to alcohol was assessed in 174 male probands from the San Diego Prospective Study at baseline (T1), and measures of MAXDRINK, PEER, and drinking to cope (COPE) were collected at the 15-year (T15), T20, and T25 follow-ups. RESULTS A low LR to alcohol at T1 predicted higher levels of MAXDRINK and COPE at T15, consistent with prior studies. Using latent growth curve models, higher levels of T15 MAXDRINK predicted less decreases in PEER drinking over time. Additional analyses found a time-specific effect of T20 COPE on T25 MAXDRINK even after accounting for the growth factors of both domains. CONCLUSION These evaluations illustrate that LR prospectively predicted relevant outcomes, and clarify how alcohol-related domains related to each other as the probands progressed through middle adulthood. Treatment implications are discussed and drinking to cope may be an important intervention target for problematic alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Trim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
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Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Kalmijn J, Danko GP. A Cross-Generational Comparison of Alcohol Challenges at about Age 20 in 40 Father-Offspring Pairs. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29:1921-7. [PMID: 16340447 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000187154.94681.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A low level of response (LR) to alcohol is one of several genetically-influenced phenotypes associated with an elevated risk for heavy drinking and alcoholism. While most studies support the influence of genes for this characteristic, no data to date have addressed how LR established from alcohol challenges performs in similarly aged subjects across generations. METHODS Between 1978 and 1988, 18-to-25-year-old non-alcohol-dependent Caucasian male drinkers participated in the San Diego Prospective Study alcohol challenges. The paradigms included self-reports of feelings of "High" and "Intoxication," as well as alcohol-related changes in body sway. In recent years, 40 18-to-29-year-old offspring of 25 of these original probands were tested using a similar protocol. RESULTS Despite the passage of two decades between laboratory sessions across generations, for family history positive (FHP) subjects, significant positive correlations were observed for subjective feelings of intoxication and body sway after alcohol. Parent-offspring correlations were in the predicted direction for subjective feelings for family history negatives (FHNs), but were not significant. Across offspring, LR values were lower for FHPs overall, with significant differences at 60 or 90 min for five items. CONCLUSIONS The similarities in LR across generations, while not proving heritability, are consistent with prior reports regarding genetic influences in the LR to alcohol. The significant correlations across generations and over two decades support the reliability of the alcohol challenge results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Schuckit
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry (116A), VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161-2002, USA.
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Dani JA, Harris RA. Nicotine addiction and comorbidity with alcohol abuse and mental illness. Nat Neurosci 2005; 8:1465-70. [PMID: 16251989 DOI: 10.1038/nn1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization estimates that one-third of the global adult population smokes. Because tobacco use is on the rise in developing countries, death resulting from tobacco use continues to rise. Nicotine, the main addictive component of tobacco, initiates synaptic and cellular changes that underlie the motivational and behavioral alterations that culminate in addiction. Nicotine addiction progresses rapidly in adolescents and is most highly expressed in vulnerable people who have psychiatric illness or other substance abuse problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Dani
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Anderson KG, Brown SA. Testing the level of response to alcohol: social information processing model of alcoholism risk--a 20-year prospective study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 28:1881-9. [PMID: 15608605 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000148111.43332.a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low level of response (LR) to alcohol is a genetically influenced characteristic associated with an enhanced risk for alcohol use disorders (AUDs). An optimal understanding of how this intermediate phenotype relates to the AUD risk requires evaluation of the milieu in which LR operates, and this study tested an LR/social information processing model in adult men. METHODS Almost 300 Caucasian males (97% of those eligible, to date) from the San Diego Prospective Study participated in an alcohol challenge at approximately age 20 and were evaluated with a structural equation model regarding their expectations of the effects of alcohol, drinking among peers, use of alcohol to cope with stress, and alcohol-related problems during follow-up. RESULTS The direct paths in the structural equation model in these 40-year-old men explained 58% of the variance of the alcoholic outcome at age 40 and 35% at age 35 while demonstrating good fitness characteristics. The LR to alcohol was related to the family history of AUDs and to the alcoholic outcome; the latter primarily operated through the use of alcohol to cope with stress. Although drinking in peers and expectations of the effects of alcohol both contributed to the model in these 40-year-old men, they were not directly related to LR. CONCLUSIONS The results continue to support the importance of the low LR to alcohol as a predictor of AUDs, even when evaluated in the context of additional relevant characteristics. Future evaluations of adolescent and young adult subjects will also explore the potential importance of expectations of the effects of alcohol and drinking among peers as mediators or moderators of alcoholism risk among subjects with a low LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry (116A), University of California, San Diego and San Diego Veterans Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, CA 92161-2002, USA.
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