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Sheehan MJ, Vosburgh DJH, O'Shaughnessy PT, Park JH, Sotelo C. Direct-reading instruments for aerosols: A review for occupational health and safety professionals part 2: Applications. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2022; 19:706-729. [PMID: 36197433 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2132256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Direct reading instruments (DRIs) for aerosols have been used in industrial hygiene practice for many years, but their potential has not been fully realized by many occupational health and safety professionals. Although some DRIs quantify other metrics, this article will primarily focus on DRIs that measure aerosol number, size, or mass. This review addresses three applications of aerosol DRIs that occupational health and safety professionals can use to discern, characterize, and document exposure conditions and resolve aerosol-related problems in the workplace. The most common application of aerosol DRIs is the evaluation of engineering controls. Examples are provided for many types of workplaces and situations including construction, agriculture, mining, conventional manufacturing, advanced manufacturing (nanoparticle technology and additive manufacturing), and non-industrial sites. Aerosol DRIs can help identify the effectiveness of existing controls and, as needed, develop new strategies to reduce potential aerosol exposures. Aerosol concentration mapping (ACM) using DRI data can focus attention on emission sources in the workplace spatially illustrate the effectiveness of controls and constructively convey concerns to management and workers. Examples and good practices of ACM are included. Video Exposure Monitoring (VEM) is another useful technique in which video photography is synced with the concentration output of an aerosol DRI. This combination allows the occupational health and safety professional to see what tasks, environmental situations, and/or worker actions contribute to aerosol concentration and potential exposure. VEM can help identify factors responsible for temporal variations in concentration. VEM can assist with training, engage workers, convince managers about necessary remedial actions, and provide for continuous improvement of the workplace environment. Although using DRIs for control evaluation, ACM and VEM can be time-consuming, the resulting information can provide useful data to prompt needed action by employers and employees. Other barriers to adoption include privacy and security issues in some worksites. This review seeks to provide information so occupational health and safety professionals can better understand and effectively use these powerful applications of aerosol DRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura J Sheehan
- Department of Health, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna J H Vosburgh
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Safety & Health, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, Wisconsin
| | | | - Jae Hong Park
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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The Dust Separation Efficiency of Filter Bags Used in the Wood-Based Panels Furniture Factory. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093232. [PMID: 35591566 PMCID: PMC9131136 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the conditions of the use of filter bags made of non-woven fabric and the separation efficiency of wood dust generated in a furniture factory was experimentally determined in the conditions of pulse-jet filtration using a pilot-scale baghouse as waste during the processing of wood composites. The experiments were carried out, and we describe the results of the experiment as consisting in assembling one type of filter bag in two dust extraction installations operating under different operating conditions in the same furniture factory. The filter bags working in the assumed time intervals were then tested for their separation efficiency using a stand for testing filtration processes on a pilot scale. The test results are presented in the form of graphs and tables describing both the characteristics of the dust extraction installations and the filter fabric used, as well as the separation efficiency of bags used at different times in different industrial operating conditions for each of them. The conducted research allowed us to recognize the phenomenon of filtration in relation to a very important value, which is the separating efficiency of dust extraction in various operating conditions of dust extraction installations in a furniture factory during the long-term use of filter fabrics. The obtained results allowed us to determine the separation efficiency for the tested bags at a level of over 99.99% and to state that this separation efficiency increased with the working time of the bag. The structure of the outlet dust from filters in the wood composites processing factory constitutes an element of the working environment if the purified air is returned in a recirculation circuit to the interior of the working area. Thanks to this, it is possible to predict the separation efficiency in the long-term use of filter dust collectors for wood dust in furniture factories.
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Civardi C, Schlagenhauf L, Kaiser JP, Hirsch C, Mucchino C, Wichser A, Wick P, Schwarze FWMR. Release of copper-amended particles from micronized copper-pressure-treated wood during mechanical abrasion. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:77. [PMID: 27894312 PMCID: PMC5126862 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the particles released due to abrasion of wood surfaces pressure-treated with micronized copper azole (MCA) wood preservative and we gathered preliminary data on its in vitro cytotoxicity for lung cells. The data were compared with particles released after abrasion of untreated, water (0% MCA)-pressure-treated, chromated copper (CC)-pressure-treated wood, and varnished wood. Size, morphology, and composition of the released particles were analyzed. Results Our results indicate that the abrasion of MCA-pressure-treated wood does not cause an additional release of nanoparticles from the unreacted copper (Cu) carbonate nanoparticles from of the MCA formulation. However, a small amount of released Cu was detected in the nanosized fraction of wood dust, which could penetrate the deep lungs. The acute cytotoxicity studies were performed on a human lung epithelial cell line and human macrophages derived from a monocytic cell line. These cell types are likely to encounter the released wood particles after inhalation. Conclusions Our findings indicate that under the experimental conditions chosen, MCA does not pose a specific additional nano-risk, i.e. there is no additional release of nanoparticles and no specific nano-toxicity for lung epithelial cells and macrophages. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-016-0232-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Civardi
- Laboratory for Applied Wood Materials, Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland. .,Institute for Building Materials, ETH, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Lukas Schlagenhauf
- Empa, Functional Polymers, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Empa, Analytical Chemistry, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute for Environmental Engineering, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Cordula Hirsch
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Mucchino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Adrian Wichser
- Empa, Analytical Chemistry, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Francis W M R Schwarze
- Laboratory for Applied Wood Materials, Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Heitbrink WA, Lo LM. Effect of Carbon Nanotubes Upon Emissions From Cutting and Sanding Carbon Fiber-Epoxy Composites. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 17:335. [PMID: 26478716 PMCID: PMC4605888 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-015-3140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are being incorporated into structural composites to enhance material strength. During fabrication or repair activities, machining nanocomposites may release CNTs into the workplace air. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the emissions generated by cutting and sanding on three types of epoxy-composite panels: Panel A containing graphite fibers, Panel B containing graphite fibers and carbon-based mat, and Panel C containing graphite fibers, carbon-based mat, and multi-walled CNTs. Aerosol sampling was conducted with direct-reading instruments, and filter samples were collected for measuring elemental carbon (EC) and fiber concentrations. Our study results showed that cutting Panel C with a band saw did not generate detectable emissions of fibers inspected by transmission electron microscopy but did increase the particle mass, number, and EC emission concentrations by 20% to 80% compared to Panels A and B. Sanding operation performed on two Panel C resulted in fiber emission rates of 1.9×108 and 2.8×106 fibers per second (f/s), while no free aerosol fibers were detected from sanding Panels A and B containing no CNTs. These free CNT fibers may be a health concern. However, the analysis of particle and EC concentrations from these same samples cannot clearly indicate the presence of CNTs, because extraneous aerosol generation from machining the composite epoxy material increased the mass concentrations of the EC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li-Ming Lo
- Division of Applied Research and technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Cincinnati, Ohio 45226
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A review and perspective of existing research on the release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:17. [PMID: 24708765 PMCID: PMC4023549 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-11-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in adding nanomaterials to various matrices have occurred in tandem with the identification of potential hazards associated with exposure to pure forms of nanomaterials. We searched multiple research publication databases and found that, relative to data generated on potential nanomaterial hazards or exposures, very little attention has focused on understanding the potential and conditions for release of nanomaterials from nanocomposites. However, as a prerequisite to exposure studying release is necessary to inform risk assessments. We identified fifty-four studies that specifically investigated the release of nanomaterials, and review them in the following release scenario groupings: machining, weathering, washing, contact and incineration. While all of the identified studies provided useful information, only half were controlled experiments. Based on these data, the debris released from solid, non-food nanocomposites contains in varying frequencies, a mixture of four types of debris. Most frequently identified are (1) particles of matrix alone, and slightly less often, the (2) matrix particles exhibit the nanomaterial partially or fully embedded; far less frequently is (3) the added nanomaterial entirely dissociated from the matrix identified: and most rare are (4) dissolved ionic forms of the added nanomaterial. The occurrence of specific debris types appeared to be dependent on the specific release scenario and environment. These data highlight that release from nanocomposites can take multiple forms and that additional research and guidance would be beneficial, allowing for more consistent characterization of the release potential of nanomaterials. In addition, these data support calls for method validation and standardization, as well as understanding how laboratory release scenarios relate to real-world conditions. Importantly, as risk is considered to be a function of the inherent hazards of a substance and the actual potential for exposure, data on nanomaterial release dynamics and debris composition from commercially relevant nanocomposites are a valuable starting point for consideration in fate and transport modeling, exposure assessment, and risk assessment frameworks for nanomaterials.
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Liverseed DR, Logan PW, Johnson CE, Morey SZ, Raynor PC. Comparative emissions of random orbital sanding between conventional and self-generated vacuum systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 57:221-9. [PMID: 23065674 PMCID: PMC3567810 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mes066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conventional abrasive sanding generates high concentrations of particles. Depending on the substrate being abraded and exposure duration, overexposure to the particles can cause negative health effects ranging from respiratory irritation to cancer. The goal of this study was to understand the differences in particle emissions between a conventional random orbital sanding system and a self-generated vacuum random orbital sanding system with attached particle filtration bag. Particle concentrations were sampled for each system in a controlled test chamber for oak wood, chromate painted (hexavalent chromium) steel panels, and gel-coated (titanium dioxide) fiberglass panels using a Gesamtstaub-Probenahmesystem (GSP) sampler at three different locations adjacent to the sanding. Elevated concentrations were reported for all particles in the samples collected during conventional sanding. The geometric mean concentration ratios for the three substrates ranged from 320 to 4640 times greater for the conventional sanding system than the self-generated vacuum sanding system. The differences in the particle concentration generated by the two sanding systems were statistically significant with the two sample t-test (P < 0.0001) for all three substances. The data suggest that workers using conventional sanding systems could utilize the self-generated vacuum sanding system technology to potentially reduce exposure to particles and mitigate negative health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Liverseed
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Göhler D, Stintz M, Hillemann L, Vorbau M. Characterization of nanoparticle release from surface coatings by the simulation of a sanding process. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2010; 54:615-24. [PMID: 20696941 PMCID: PMC2918492 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meq053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are used in industrial and domestic applications to control customized product properties. But there are several uncertainties concerning possible hazard to health safety and environment. Hence, it is necessary to search for methods to analyze the particle release from typical application processes. Based on a survey of commercial sanding machines, the relevant sanding process parameters were employed for the design of a miniature sanding test setup in a particle-free environment for the quantification of the nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings. The released particles were moved by a defined airflow to a fast mobility particle sizer and other aerosol measurement equipment to enable the determination of released particle numbers additionally to the particle size distribution. First, results revealed a strong impact of the coating material on the swarf mass and the number of released particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Göhler
- Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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Koponen IK, Jensen KA, Schneider T. Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints: Physical characterisation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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