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Yu J, Jiang L, Zhao L, Yang X, Wang X, Yang D, Zhuo M, Chen H, Huang W, Zhu Z, Zhang M, Song Y, Li Q, Ma Z, Wang Q, Qu Y, Yu R, Yu H, Zhao J, Shi A. High-dose hyperfractionated simultaneous integrated boost radiotherapy versus standard-dose radiotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer in China: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2024:S2213-2600(24)00189-9. [PMID: 39146944 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(24)00189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the past 20 years, twice-daily thoracic radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy has been the treatment of choice for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC), which has a poor prognosis. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of high-dose, accelerated, hyperfractionated, twice-daily thoracic radiotherapy (54 Gy in 30 fractions) versus standard-dose radiotherapy (45 Gy in 30 fractions) as a first-line treatment for LS-SCLC. METHODS This open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial was performed at 16 public hospitals in China. The key inclusion criteria were patients aged 18-70 years, with histologically or cytologically confirmed LS-SCLC, who had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-1, and who were previously untreated or had received one course of cisplatin or carboplatin and etoposide. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive volumetric-modulated arc radiotherapy (VMAT) of 45 Gy in 30 fractions to the gross tumour volume or VMAT with a simultaneous integrated boost of 54 Gy in 30 fractions to the gross tumour volume starting 0-42 days after the first chemotherapy course. Both groups received 10 fractions of twice-daily thoracic radiotherapy per week. The planning target volume was 45 Gy in 30 fractions in both groups. Patients with responsive disease received prophylactic cranial radiotherapy (25 Gy in 10 fractions). Randomisation was performed using a centralised interactive web response system, stratified by ECOG performance status, disease stage, previous chemotherapy course, and chemotherapy choice. The primary outcome was overall survival in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was analysed in the as-treated population. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03214003. FINDINGS From June 30, 2017, to April 6, 2021, 224 patients (102 [46%] females and 122 [54%] males; median age 64 years [IQR 58-68]) were enrolled and randomly assigned to the 54 Gy group (n=108) or 45 Gy (n=116) group. The median follow-up was 46 months (IQR 33-56). The median overall survival was significantly longer in the 54 Gy group (60·7 months [95% CI 49·2-62·0]) than in the 45 Gy group (39·5 months [27·5-51·4]; hazard ratio 0·55 [95% CI 0·37-0·72]; p=0·003). Treatment was tolerable, and the chemotherapy-related and radiotherapy-related toxicities were similar between the groups. The grade 3-4 radiotherapy toxicities were oesophagitis (14 [13%] of 108 patients in the 54 Gy group vs 14 [12%] of 116 patients in the 45 Gy group; p=0·84) and pneumonitis (five [5%] of 108 patients vs seven [6%] of 116 patients; p=0·663). Only one treatment-related death occurred in the 54 Gy group (myocardial infarction). The study was prematurely terminated by an independent data safety monitoring board on April 30, 2021, based on evidence of sufficient clinical benefit. INTERPRETATION Compared with standard-dose thoracic radiotherapy (45 Gy), high-dose radiotherapy (54 Gy) improved overall survival without increasing toxicity in a cohort of patients aged 18-70 years with LS-SCLC. Our results support the use of twice-daily accelerated thoracic radiotherapy (54 Gy) with concurrent chemotherapy as an alternative first-line LS-SCLC treatment option. FUNDING Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology-Linghang Cancer Research, the Wu Jieping Medical Foundation, and Clinical Research Fund For Distinguished Young Scholars of Peking University Cancer Hospital and Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Incubating Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Leilei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiation Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anyang Cancer Hospital, Anyang, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Minglei Zhuo
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hanxiao Chen
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jiyan, China, Department 1st of Radiation Oncology
| | - Zhengfei Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; Department of Radiotherapy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Song
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Quanfu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ordos Central Hospital, Ordos, China
| | - Zhanshu Ma
- Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng College, Chifeng, China
| | - Qifeng Wang
- Thoracic Department of Radiation Oncology Ward 1, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliate Cancer Hospital Of University Of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanli Qu
- Department of Abdominal and Lymphoma Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hosipital & Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Rong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Huiming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China.
| | - Anhui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.
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Malakouti-Nejad B, Moore S, Wheatley-Price P, Tiberi D. Management of Very Early Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Canadian Survey Study. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:6006-6018. [PMID: 37504310 PMCID: PMC10377764 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30070449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is the standard of care for limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC). Local therapy-surgery or stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT)-with adjuvant chemotherapy may be appropriate for very early (T1-T2, N0) disease. There is variability in the management of these cases, which may lead to variability in patient outcomes. This study aimed to determine practice patterns for the management of very early LS-SCLC in Canada. A survey was developed and distributed to Canadian medical and radiation oncologists specialising in lung cancer. The survey consisted of three sections: (1) physician demographics, (2) general practice approach, and (3) preferred approach for three clinical scenarios (1: peripheral T1 lesion; 2: central T1 lesion; 3: peripheral T2 lesion). Responses were analysed to detect differences across cases and among physician groups. There were 77 respondents. In case 1, assuming medical operability, most respondents (73%) chose surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy, with 19% choosing CRT. CRT was selected by a higher proportion in case 2 (48%) and case 3 (61%) (p < 0.05). If medically inoperable, most chose CRT over local therapy in all cases, with more choosing CRT in case 2 (84%) and case 3 (86%) than in case 1 (55%) (p < 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed a predilection towards CRT in Western Canada and among more experienced physicians, and towards SBRT in Ontario. There is variability in the management of very early LS-SCLC in Canada. CRT remains the most popular strategy in most cases, with surgery preferred for small peripheral lesions. Larger and more central tumours are more likely to be managed with CRT. Variation in practice is correlated with region and physician experience. Our study illustrates the variability in the management of very early LS-SCLC in Canada and highlights the need for more robust investigations into the ideal approach for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Malakouti-Nejad
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Sara Moore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Paul Wheatley-Price
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - David Tiberi
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
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Hyuck Kim B, Song C, Jae Kim H. No survival benefit with early incorporation of thoracic radiotherapy using daily fractionation in patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy in the modern era: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol 2023; 184:109696. [PMID: 37150449 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2023.109696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is administered for limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC), the early incorporation of thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) is generally recommended. However, it is controversial if this approach is really beneficial with most commonly used daily fractionated TRT in the modern era. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed using several databases following the PRISMA guidelines from Jan 2000 to Nov 2022. We excluded twice-daily TRT-based studies. The hazard ratio (HR) for survival following late TRT as a primary effect size was pooled from comparisons within individual studies according to the timing of daily fractionated TRT (early vs. late). RESULTS A total of 10 studies including 10,164 analyzable patients met all inclusion criteria. 'Early' timing usually referred to TRT within 1-2 cycles of concurrent chemotherapy. The pooled results demonstrated that the risk of death was not significantly increased following late TRT compared with early TRT (HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.84-1.20, p = 0.94). All sensitivity analysis and planned subgroup analyses showed similar results. In comparison with early TRT, late TRT did not significantly increase the risk of progression (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.80-1.11, p = 0.48). Furthermore, late TRT was beneficial in alleviating grade 3 or higher esophagitis (OR 0.42, p = 0.01), but no significant differences was found in pneumonitis (OR 0.62, p = 0.38), and neutropenia (OR 0.57, p = 0.11). No evidence of publication bias was found. CONCLUSIONS This is the first meta-analysis to support the late incorporation of TRT in managing patients with LS-SCLC undergoing daily fractionated CCRT in the modern era. This approach may not compromise survival and can prevent severe acute toxicities. Further prospective studies of the daily fractionated TRT timing are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Hyuck Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Departments of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hak Jae Kim
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Dumoulin DW, Bironzo P, Passiglia F, Scagliotti GV, Aerts JGJV. Rare thoracic cancers: a comprehensive overview of diagnosis and management of small cell lung cancer, malignant pleural mesothelioma and thymic epithelial tumours. Eur Respir Rev 2023; 32:220174. [PMID: 36754434 PMCID: PMC9910338 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0174-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress in outcomes seen with immunotherapy in various malignancies, including nonsmall cell lung cancer, the benefits are less in small cell lung cancer, malignant pleural mesothelioma and thymic epithelial tumours. New effective treatment options are needed, guided via more in-depth insights into the pathophysiology of these rare malignancies. This review comprehensively presents an overview of the clinical presentation, diagnostic tools, staging systems, pathophysiology and treatment options for these rare thoracic cancers. In addition, opportunities for further improvement of therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne W Dumoulin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Bironzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Francesco Passiglia
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Giorgio V Scagliotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Joachim G J V Aerts
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Clinical outcomes and toxicities of locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with early thoracic radiation therapy after induction chemotherapy. Int J Clin Oncol 2023; 28:550-564. [PMID: 36735115 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-023-02299-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes and toxicities between induction chemotherapy (IC) + chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) and CRT alone in patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), to explore the appropriate thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) timing after IC and to identify prognostic factors. METHODS 450 ESCC patients were included from September 2011 to December 2020, 238 of whom received IC/CRT. Propensity score matching was performed to balance potential confounders between the two groups. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify the independent prognostic factors. RESULTS Patients who received IC/CRT experienced improved overall survival (OS) (38.5 vs. 28.8 months) and progression-free survival (PFS) (41.0 vs. 22.0 months) before matching, with similar results after matching. In the IC/CRT group, early TRT had more favorable survival than late TRT both matching before and after. In subgroup analysis, early TRT combination concurrent chemotherapy had better OS and PFS than late TRT combination concurrent chemotherapy. In addition, early TRT had better survival benefits regardless of the N stage. Notably, the IC/CRT group and early TRT group had manageable toxicities reaction compared with CRT alone group and the late TRT group. The nomogram was developed to predict the OS and PFS based on multivariate analysis results. The C-index was 0.743 and 0.722, respectively. CONCLUSION IC/CRT and early TRT could yield satisfactory clinical outcomes and controllable toxicities in locally advanced ESCC. The IC plus early concurrent CRT might be a promising treatment strategy for improving further survival in ESCC.
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Laktionov KK, Artamonova EV, Borisova TN, Breder VV, Bychkov IM, Vladimirova LI, Volkov NM, Ergnian SM, Zhabina AS, Kononets PV, Kuzminov AE, Levchenko EV, Malikhova OA, Marinov DT, Miller SV, Moiseenko FV, Mochal’nikova VV, Novikov SN, Pikin OV, Reutova EV, Rodionov EO, Sakaeva DD, Sarantseva KA, Semenova AI, Smolin AV, Sotnikov VM, Tuzikov SA, Turkin IN, Tyurin IE, Chkhikvadze VD, Kolbanov KI, Chernykh MV, Chernichenko AV, Fedenko AA, Filonenko EV, Nevol’skikh AA, Ivanov SA, Khailova ZV, Gevorkian TG, Butenko AV, Gil’mutdinova IR, Gridneva IV, Eremushkin MA, Zernova MA, Kasparov BS, Kovlen DV, Kondrat’eva KO, Konchugova TV, Korotkova SB, Krutov AA, Obukhova OA, Ponomarenko GN, Semiglazova TI, Stepanova AM, Khulamkhanova MM. Malignant neoplasm of the bronchi and lung: Russian clinical guidelines. JOURNAL OF MODERN ONCOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.26442/18151434.2022.3.201848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
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Stokes M, Berfeld N, Gayle A, Descoteaux A, Rohrmoser O, Franks A. A systematic literature review of real-world treatment outcomes of small cell lung cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29783. [PMID: 35777024 PMCID: PMC9239604 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robust evidence from real-world studies is needed to aid decision-makers and other stakeholders in choosing the best treatment options for patients. The objective of this work was to assess real-world outcomes of treatment strategies for limited- and extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) prior to the global introduction of immunotherapies for this disease. METHODS Searches were conducted in MEDLINE and Embase to identify articles published in English from October 1, 2015, through May 20, 2020. Searches were designed using a combination of Medical Subject Heading (Medline), Emtree (Embase subject headings), and free-text terms such as SCLC. Observational studies reporting data on outcomes of initial treatment strategies in patients with limited- and extensive-stage SCLC were included. Studies with limited sample sizes (<100 patients), enrolled all patients prior to 2010, or did not report outcomes for limited- and extensive-stage SCLC separately were excluded. Data were extracted into a predesigned template by a single researcher. All extractions were validated by a second researcher, with disagreements resolved via consensus. RESULTS Forty articles were included in this review. Most enrolled patients from the United States (n = 18 articles) or China (n = 12 articles). Most examined limited-stage (n = 27 articles) SCLC. All studies examined overall survival as the primary outcome. Articles investigating limited-stage SCLC reported outcomes for surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and adjuvant prophylactic cranial irradiation. In studies examining multiple treatment strategies, chemoradiotherapy was the most commonly utilized therapy (56%-82%), with chemotherapy used in 18% to 44% of patients. Across studies, median overall survival was generally higher for chemoradiotherapy (15-45 months) compared with chemotherapy alone (6.0-15.6 months). Studies of extensive-stage SCLC primarily reported on chemotherapy alone, consolidative thoracic radiotherapy, and radiotherapy for patients presenting with brain metastases. Overall survival was generally lower for patients receiving chemotherapy alone (median: 6.4-16.5 months; 3 years, 5%-14.9%) compared with chemotherapy in combination with consolidative thoracic radiotherapy (median: 12.1-18.0 months; 3 years, 15.0%-18.1%). Studies examining whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases reported lower median overall survival (5.6-8.7 months) compared with stereotactic radiosurgery (10.0-14.5 months). CONCLUSIONS Under current standard of care, which has remained relatively unchanged over the past few decades, prognosis remains poor for patients with SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alicia Gayle
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Alicia Gayle, Epidemiology, AstraZeneca, OBU, Global Medical Affairs, Global Real World Evidence Generation, City House, 126–130 Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 1RY, United Kingdom (e-mail: )
| | | | | | - April Franks
- AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
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Zeng H, Zheng D, Witlox WJA, Levy A, Traverso A, Kong FM(S, Houben R, De Ruysscher DKM, Hendriks LEL. Risk Factors for Brain Metastases in Patients With Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:889161. [PMID: 35756675 PMCID: PMC9226404 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.889161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients is controversial. Risk factors for brain metastasis (BM) development are largely lacking, hampering personalized treatment strategies. This study aimed to identify the possible risk factors for BM in SCLC.We systematically searched the Pubmed database (1 January 1995 to 18 January 2021) according to the PRISMA guidelines. Eligibility criteria: studies reporting detailed BM data with an adequate sample size (randomized clinical trials [RCTs]: N ≥50; non-RCTs: N ≥100) in patients with SCLC. We summarized the reported risk factors and performed meta-analysis to estimate the pooled hazard ratios (HR) if enough qualified data (i.e., two or more studies; the same study type; the same analysis method; and HRs retrievable) were available. In total, 61/536 records were eligible (18 RCTs and 39 non-RCTs comprising 13,188 patients), in which 57 factors were reported. Ten factors qualified BM data for meta-analysis: Limited stage disease (LD) (HR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.17-0.67; P = 0.002) and older age (≥65) (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.54-0.92; P = 0.01) were associated with less BM; A higher T stage (≥T3) (HR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.16-2.56; P = 0.007) was a significant risk factor for BM. Male sex (HR = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.99-1.54; P = 0.06) tended to be a risk factor, and better PS (0-1) (HR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.42-1.02; P = 0.06) tended to have less BM. Smoking, thoracic radiotherapy dose were not significant (P >0.05). PCI significantly decreased BM (P <0.001), but did not improve OS in ED-SCLC (P = 0.81). A higher PCI dose did not improve OS (P = 0.11). The impact on BM was conflicting between Cox regression data (HR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.26-1.31; P = 0.20) and competing risk regression data (HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.55-0.99; P = 0.04). Compared to M0-M1a, M1b was a risk factor for OS (P = 0.01) in ED-SCLC, but not for BM (P = 0.19). As regular brain imaging is rarely performed, high-quality data is lacking. Other factors such as N-stage and blood biomarkers had no qualified data to perform meta-analysis. In conclusion, younger age, higher T stage, and ED are risk factors for BM, suggesting that PCI should be especially discussed in such cases. Individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis and well-designed RCTs are needed to better identify more risk factors and further confirm our findings. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021228391, identifier CRD42021228391.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Danyang Zheng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Willem J. A. Witlox
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Technology Assessment, GROW—School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Antonin Levy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Alberto Traverso
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Feng-Ming (Spring) Kong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruud Houben
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dirk K. M. De Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lizza E. L. Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Zeng H, De Ruysscher DK, Hu X, Zheng D, Yang L, Ricardi U, Kong FMS, Hendriks LE. Radiotherapy for small cell lung cancer in current clinical practice guidelines. JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CENTER 2022; 2:113-125. [PMID: 39034955 PMCID: PMC11256623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jncc.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several guidelines including radiotherapy recommendations exist worldwide for the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). To evaluate the differences in radiotherapy recommendations we conducted a systematic review. PubMed and the sites of medical societies were searched for SCLC guidelines published in either English, Chinese, or Dutch. This was limited to January 2018 till February 2021 to only include up-to-date recommendations. Data was extracted and compared regarding the guideline's development method and radiotherapy recommendations. Eleven guidelines were identified (PubMed n=4, societies n=7) from Spain (n=1), Canada (n=1), America (n=3), United Kingdom (n=1), the Netherlands (n=1), and China (n=3), respectively. Nine guidelines assessed the strength of evidence (SOE) and specified the strength of recommendation (SOR), although methods were different. The major radiotherapy recommendations are similar although differences exist in thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) dose, time, and volume. Controversial areas are TRT in resected stage I-IIA (pN1), prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in resected as well as unresected stage I-IIA, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in unresected stage I-IIA, PCI time, and PCI versus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) surveillance in stage IV. The existence of several overlapping guidelines for SCLC treatment indicates that guideline development is (unnecessarily) repeated by different organizations or societies. Improvement could be made by better international collaboration to avoid duplicating unnecessary work, which would spare a lot of time and resources. Efforts should be made to work together on controversial or unknown fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk K.M. De Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danyang Zheng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Feng-Ming Spring Kong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lizza E.L. Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Chevli N, Hunt A, Haque W, Farach AM, Messer JA, Sukpraprut-Braaten S, Bernicker EH, Zhang J, Butler EB, Teh BS. Time Interval to Initiation of Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy in Patients With Small Cell Lung Cancer With Brain Metastasis. Adv Radiat Oncol 2021; 6:100783. [PMID: 34934862 PMCID: PMC8655395 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2021.100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) who have brain metastases require whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT). When there is no emergent indication for WBRT, patients may receive systemic therapy first and WBRT afterward. In scenarios when systemic therapy is initiated first, it has not been previously investigated whether delaying WBRT is harmful. Methods and Materials The National Cancer Database was queried (2004-2016) for patients with SCLC with brain metastases who received 30 Gy in 10 fractions of WBRT. Patients were divided into groups based on whether they received early WBRT (3-14 days after initiation of chemotherapy) or late WBRT (15-90 days after initiation of chemotherapy). Demographic and clinicopathologic categorical variables were compared between those who had early WBRT (3-14 days) and those who had late WBRT (15-90 days). Factors predictive for late WBRT were determined. Overall survival (OS), which was defined as days from diagnosis to death, was evaluated and variables prognostic for OS were determined. Results A total of 1082 patients met selection criteria; 587 (54%) had early WBRT and 495 (46%) received late WBRT. Groups were similarly distributed aside from days from initiating chemotherapy to initiating WBRT (P < .001). The early WBRT group had a median of 7 days (interquartile range [IQR], 5-10 days) from initiating chemotherapy to initiating WBRT and the late WBRT group had a median of 34 days (IQR, 21-57 days). On binary logistic regression analysis, a longer time interval between diagnosis and the start of systemic therapy was predictive for later WBRT. Median OS was 8.7 months for early WBRT and 7.5 months for late WBRT (hazard ratio [HR], 1.165; P = .008). Early WBRT (P = .02), female sex (P = .045), and private insurance (P = .04) were favorable prognostic factors for OS on multivariable analysis, whereas older age (P = .006) was an unfavorable prognostic factor. Conclusions Patients with SCLC and brain metastases who received early WBRT were found to have a modest improvement in OS compared with patients who received late WBRT. These findings suggest that early WBRT should be offered to patients who have brain metastases, even in the absence of an indication for emergent WBRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Chevli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | | | - Waqar Haque
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew M Farach
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jay A Messer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | | | - Eric H Bernicker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - E Brian Butler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Bin S Teh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
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11
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Graabak G, Grønberg BH, Sandvei MS, Nilssen Y, Halvorsen TO. Thoracic Radiotherapy in Limited-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer – a Population-Based Study of Patterns of Care in Norway from 2000 until 2018. JTO Clin Res Rep 2021; 3:100270. [PMID: 35146461 PMCID: PMC8801751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtocrr.2021.100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Twice-daily (BID) thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) of 45 Gy per 30 fractions is recommended for limited-stage (LS) SCLC, but most patients are treated with once-daily (OD) schedules owing to toxicity concerns and logistic challenges. An alternative is hypofractionated OD TRT of 40 to 42 Gy per 15 fractions. A randomized trial by our group indicated that TRT of 45 Gy per 30 fractions is more effective than TRT of 42 Gy per 15 fractions, and because it was not more toxic, 45 BID replaced 42 OD as the recommended schedule in Norway. The aims of this study were to evaluate to what extent BID TRT has been implemented in Norway and whether this practice change has led to improved survival. Methods Data on all patients diagnosed with LS SCLC from 2000 until 2018 were collected from the Cancer Registry of Norway, containing nearly complete data on cancer diagnosis, radiotherapy, and survival. Results A total of 2222 patients were identified; median age was 69 years, 51.8% were women, and 87.1% had stage II to III disease. Overall, 64.6% received TRT. The use of BID TRT increased from 1.8% (2000–2004) to 83.2% (2015–2018). Median overall survival among patients receiving curative TRT improved significantly during the study period (2000–2004: 17.9 mo, 2015–2018: 25.0 mo, p = 0.0023), and patients receiving 45 BID had significantly longer median overall survival than patients receiving 42 OD (BID: 26.2 mo, OD: 19.6 mo, p = 0.0015). Conclusions BID TRT has replaced hypofractionated OD TRT as the standard treatment of LS SCLC in Norway which has led to a significant (p = 0.0023) and clinically relevant survival improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Graabak
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Henning Grønberg
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Oncology, St Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marie Søfteland Sandvei
- Department of Oncology, St Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yngvar Nilssen
- Department of Registration, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tarje Onsøien Halvorsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Oncology, St Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Corresponding author. Address for correspondence: Tarje Onsøien Halvorsen, MD, PhD, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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12
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Qiu B, Li Q, Liu J, Huang Y, Pang Q, Zhu Z, Yang X, Wang B, Chen L, Fang J, Lin M, Jiang X, Guo S, Guo J, Wang D, Liu F, Chu C, Huang X, Xie C, Liu H. Moderately Hypofractionated Once-Daily Compared With Twice-Daily Thoracic Radiation Therapy Concurrently With Etoposide and Cisplatin in Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multicenter, Phase II, Randomized Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 111:424-435. [PMID: 33992717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemotherapy and concurrent thoracic radiation therapy (CCTRT) followed by prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) is the standard of care for limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC). We aimed to compare the efficacy and toxicity of moderately hypofractionated once-daily CCTRT with that of a standard twice-daily regimen. METHODS AND MATERIALS This multicenter, phase 2, randomized study enrolled patients aged 18 to 75 years old who had pathologically confirmed LS-SCLC and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 1. Eligible patients received 4 to 6 cycles of etoposide-cisplatin chemotherapy and were randomized to receive twice-daily CCTRT at 45 Gray (Gy) in 30 fractions or once-daily CCTRT at 65 Gy in 26 fractions, commencing with cycles 1 to 3 of chemotherapy. PCI was given to good responders. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS The analyses included 182 patients, with 94 in the twice-daily group and 88 in the once-daily group. CCTRT started with cycle 3 of chemotherapy for most patients (80.2%). At a median follow-up of 24.3 months, the median PFS was 13.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.8-16.0) in the twice-daily group versus 17.2 months (95% CI, 11.8-22.6) in the once-daily group (P = .031), with 2-year PFS rates of 28.4% (95% CI, 18.2-38.6) and 42.3% (95% CI, 31.1-53.5), respectively. The estimated overall survival was 33.6 months in the twice-daily group versus 39.3 months in the once-daily group (P = .137). The median locoregional PFS was 23.9 months in the twice-daily group and was not reached in the once-daily group (P = .017). The incidences of most toxicities were similar in both groups, except for a higher incidence of ≥grade 3 acute lymphopenia in the once-daily group (71.7% vs 40.2% in the twice-daily group; P < .001). There was no difference in the incidences of ≥grade 3 esophagitis (17.4% vs 15.3%, respectively), pneumonitis (3.3% vs 2.4%, respectively) or treatment-related death (2.2% vs 1.2%, respectively) between the once-daily and twice-daily groups. CONCLUSIONS Moderately hypofractionated, once-daily CCTRT showed improved PFS and similar toxicities compared with twice-daily CCTRT in LS-SCLC. This regimen should be evaluated for comparison in a phase 3 randomized trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Lung Cancer Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Association Study of Thoracic Oncology, Guangzhou, China
| | - QiWen Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Lung Cancer Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Association Study of Thoracic Oncology, Guangzhou, China
| | - JunLing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Association Study of Thoracic Oncology, Guangzhou, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Association Study of Thoracic Oncology, Guangzhou, China
| | - QingSong Pang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - ZhengFei Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - JianLan Fang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - MaoSheng Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - XiaoBo Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - SuPing Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - JinYu Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - DaQuan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - FangJie Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chu Chu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - XiaoYan Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - ChuanMiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Medical Imaging, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Lung Cancer Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Association Study of Thoracic Oncology, Guangzhou, China.
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Surgery in Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030390. [PMID: 33494285 PMCID: PMC7864514 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers and is one of the most aggressive tumors, with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. This review summarizes the main results observed with surgery in SCLC, discussing the critical issues related to the use of this approach. Following two old randomized clinical trials showing no benefit with surgery, several prospective, retrospective, and population-based studies have demonstrated the feasibility of a multimodality approach including surgery in addition to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients with selected stage I SCLC. Currently, the International Guidelines recommend a surgical approach in selected stage I SCLC patients, after adequate staging within a multimodal approach and after a multidisciplinary evaluation. Abstract Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is one of the most aggressive tumors, with a rapid growth and early metastases. Approximately 5% of SCLC patients present with early-stage disease (T1,2 N0M0): these patients have a better prognosis, with a 5-year survival up to 50%. Two randomized phase III studies conducted in the 1960s and the 1980s reported negative results with surgery in SCLC patients with early-stage disease and, thereafter, surgery has been largely discouraged. Instead, several subsequent prospective studies have demonstrated the feasibility of a multimodality approach including surgery before or after chemotherapy and followed in most studies by thoracic radiotherapy, with a 5-year survival probability of 36–63% for patients with completely resected stage I SCLC. These results were substantially confirmed by retrospective studies and by large, population-based studies, conducted in the last 40 years, showing the benefit of surgery, particularly lobectomy, in selected patients with early-stage SCLC. On these bases, the International Guidelines recommend a surgical approach in selected stage I SCLC patients, after adequate staging: in these cases, lobectomy with mediastinal lymphadenectomy is considered the standard approach. In all cases, surgery can be offered only as part of a multimodal treatment, which includes chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy and after a proper multidisciplinary evaluation.
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Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents about 15% of all lung cancers and is marked by an exceptionally high proliferative rate, strong predilection for early metastasis and poor prognosis. SCLC is strongly associated with exposure to tobacco carcinogens. Most patients have metastatic disease at diagnosis, with only one-third having earlier-stage disease that is amenable to potentially curative multimodality therapy. Genomic profiling of SCLC reveals extensive chromosomal rearrangements and a high mutation burden, almost always including functional inactivation of the tumour suppressor genes TP53 and RB1. Analyses of both human SCLC and murine models have defined subtypes of disease based on the relative expression of dominant transcriptional regulators and have also revealed substantial intratumoural heterogeneity. Aspects of this heterogeneity have been implicated in tumour evolution, metastasis and acquired therapeutic resistance. Although clinical progress in SCLC treatment has been notoriously slow, a better understanding of the biology of disease has uncovered novel vulnerabilities that might be amenable to targeted therapeutic approaches. The recent introduction of immune checkpoint blockade into the treatment of patients with SCLC is offering new hope, with a small subset of patients deriving prolonged benefit. Strategies to direct targeted therapies to those patients who are most likely to respond and to extend the durable benefit of effective antitumour immunity to a greater fraction of patients are urgently needed and are now being actively explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Druckenmiller Center for Lung Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Elisabeth Brambilla
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Faivre-Finn
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Chun SG, Simone CB, Amini A, Chetty IJ, Donington J, Edelman MJ, Higgins KA, Kestin LL, Movsas B, Rodrigues GB, Rosenzweig KE, Slotman BJ, Rybkin II, Wolf A, Chang JY. American Radium Society Appropriate Use Criteria: Radiation Therapy for Limited-Stage SCLC 2020. J Thorac Oncol 2020; 16:66-75. [PMID: 33166720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combined modality therapy with concurrent chemotherapy and radiation has long been the standard of care for limited-stage SCLC (LS-SCLC). However, there is controversy over best combined modality practices for LS-SCLC. To address these controversies, the American Radium Society (ARS) Thoracic Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) Committee have developed updated consensus guidelines for the treatment of LS-SCLC. METHODS The ARS AUC are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guidelines include a review and analysis of current evidence with application of consensus methodology (modified Delphi) to rate the appropriateness of treatments recommended by the panel for LS-SCLC. Agreement or consensus was defined as less than or equal to 3 rating points from the panel median. The consensus ratings and recommendations were then vetted by the ARS Executive Committee and subject to public comment before finalization. RESULTS The ARS Thoracic AUC committee developed multiple consensus recommendations for LS-SCLC. There was strong consensus that patients with unresectable LS-SCLC should receive concurrent chemotherapy with radiation delivered either once or twice daily. For medically inoperable T1-T2N0 LS-SCLC, either concurrent chemoradiation or stereotactic body radiation followed by adjuvant chemotherapy is a reasonable treatment option. The panel continues to recommend whole-brain prophylactic cranial irradiation after response to chemoradiation for LS-SCLC. There was panel agreement that prophylactic cranial irradiation with hippocampal avoidance and programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death-ligand 1-directed immune therapy should not be routinely administered outside the context of clinical trials at this time. CONCLUSIONS The ARS Thoracic AUC Committee provide consensus recommendations for LS-SCLC that aim to provide a groundwork for multidisciplinary care and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Chun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | | | - Arya Amini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Indrin J Chetty
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Martin J Edelman
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Fox Chase Comprehensive Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristin A Higgins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Larry L Kestin
- MHP Radiation Oncology Institute/GenesisCare USA, Farmington Hills, Michigan
| | - Benjamin Movsas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - George B Rodrigues
- Department of Radiation Oncology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth E Rosenzweig
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ben J Slotman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Igor I Rybkin
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Andrea Wolf
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Joe Y Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Tjong MC, Mak DY, Shahi J, Li GJ, Chen H, Louie AV. Current Management and Progress in Radiotherapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1146. [PMID: 32760673 PMCID: PMC7372592 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy continue to be widely utilized in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) management. In most limited stage (LS)-SCLC cases, the standard initial therapy remains concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT), typically with an etoposide and platinum-based regimen. Hyperfractionated twice daily (BID) RT remains the standard of care, though conventional daily (QD) RT is now a viable alternative supported by randomized evidence. In LS-SCLC patients who experienced good response to CRT, prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) remains the standard of care. Brain imaging, ideally with MRI, should be performed prior to PCI to screen for clinically apparent brain metastases that may require a higher dose of cranial irradiation. Platinum doublet chemotherapy alone is the historic standard initial therapy in extensive stage (ES)-SCLC. Addition of immunotherapy such as atezolizumab and durvalumab to chemotherapy is now recommended after their benefits were demonstrated in recent trials. In patients with response to chemotherapy, consolidation thoracic RT and PCI could be considered, though with caveats. Emergence of hippocampal avoidance cranial irradiation and SRS in SCLC patients may supplant whole cranial irradiation as future standards of care. Incorporation of novel systemic therapies such as immunotherapies has changed the treatment paradigm and overall outlook of patients with SCLC. This narrative review summarizes the current state, ongoing trials, and future directions of radiotherapy in management of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Tjong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Y Mak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeevin Shahi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - George J Li
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hanbo Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander V Louie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Yang L, Liu L, Yang Y, Lei Y, Wang T, Wu X, Guo X. Twice-daily vs higher-dose once-daily thoracic radiotherapy for limited-disease small-cell lung cancer: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20518. [PMID: 32629632 PMCID: PMC7337461 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The optimal dose and fractionation of thoracic radiotherapy (RT) for limited-disease small-cell lung cancer (LD-SCLC) remain controversial. This meta-analysis was performed to compare the efficacy and RT toxicity between twice-daily thoracic RT (45 Gy with 1.5 Gy twice daily) and higher-dose once-daily RT (60-72 Gy with 1.8 Gy/2 Gy once daily) administered with chemotherapy in LD-SCLC patients. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched up to March 19, 2020 for studies that compared twice-daily thoracic RT (45 Gy with 1.5 Gy twice daily over 3 weeks) with higher-dose once-daily RT (60-72 Gy with 1.8 Gy/2 Gy once daily over 6-8 weeks) in LD-SCLC patients. RESULTS Five studies involving 13,726 patients were included in this analysis. Compared with the once-daily thoracic RT group, the 1-year overall survival (OS) rate (P < .001), the 2-year OS rate (P < .001), the 5-year OS rate (P < .001), the mOS (P < .001), and the 1-year LRFS rate (P = .048) were significantly improved in the twice-daily RT group. The toxic effects of RT (esophagitis: P = .293; pneumonitis: P = .103) were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION Compared with the higher-dose once-daily regimen, the twice-daily thoracic radiotherapy regimen improved efficacy but did not increase RT toxicity in LD-SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology
| | - Yanjie Yang
- Department of Pneumonology, Cancer Centre, 981 Hospital, PLA, Pu-Ning Road, Shuangqiao District, Chengde, China
| | - Yao Lei
- Department of Pulmonary Oncology, 307 Hospital, PLA, Fengtai District, Beijing
| | | | | | - Xiaoling Guo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Cancer Centre, 981 Hospital, PLA, Shuangqiao District, Chengde, China
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Zhao J, Zhang W, Er P, Chen X, Guan Y, Qian D, Wang J, Yuan Z, Zhao L, Wang P, Pang Q. Concurrent or Sequential Chemoradiotherapy after 3-4 Cycles Induction Chemotherapy for LS-SCLC with Bulky Tumor. J Cancer 2020; 11:4957-4964. [PMID: 32742443 PMCID: PMC7378916 DOI: 10.7150/jca.41136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study was to compare the efficacy and safety between concurrent and sequential chemoradiotherapy after 3-4 cycles of induction chemotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) with bulky tumor. From July 2012 to September 2015, a total of 68 patients with stage IIIA and IIIB SCLC who had completed 3-4 cycles of etoposide plus cisplatin/carboplatin and achieved clinical complete response (cCR) or clinical partial response (cPR) were randomized into the two groups equally. The concurrent group received radiotherapy combined with oral etoposide and cisplatin and the sequential group received sequential chemoradiotherapy. Thoracic radiotherapy was performed using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with 95% PTV 60Gy/30 times. After completing chemoradiotherapy, patients received prophylactic cranial irradiation. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), and secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS) and toxicity. The median follow-up time was 63.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 50.8-75.8). Better PFS and OS were observed in concurrent group (median PFS, 26.0 months [95% CI, 9.0-43.0] versus 13.1 months [95%CI, 9.7-16.6], p=0.023; median OS, 35.0 months [95% CI, 25.4-44.6] versus 22.0 months [95% CI, 17.0-27.1], p=0.015). There was no significant difference in the incidence of radiation esophagitis and radiation pneumonitis between the two groups (p=0.795, p=0.525). This study demonstrated that after the completion of 3-4 cycles of chemotherapy with a remission, concurrent chemoradiotherapy with oral etoposide and cisplatin improved survival compared with sequential chemoradiotherapy in LS-SCLC with bulky tumor. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01745445.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Puchun Er
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yong Guan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Dong Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhiyong Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Lujun Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Qingsong Pang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
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Simone CB, Bogart JA, Cabrera AR, Daly ME, DeNunzio NJ, Detterbeck F, Faivre-Finn C, Gatschet N, Gore E, Jabbour SK, Kruser TJ, Schneider BJ, Slotman B, Turrisi A, Wu AJ, Zeng J, Rosenzweig KE. Radiation Therapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer: An ASTRO Clinical Practice Guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol 2020; 10:158-173. [PMID: 32222430 PMCID: PMC10915746 DOI: 10.1016/j.prro.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several sentinel phase III randomized trials have recently been published challenging traditional radiation therapy (RT) practices for small cell lung cancer (SCLC). This American Society for Radiation Oncology guideline reviews the evidence for thoracic RT and prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) for both limited-stage (LS) and extensive-stage (ES) SCLC. METHODS The American Society for Radiation Oncology convened a task force to address 4 key questions focused on indications, dose fractionation, techniques and timing of thoracic RT for LS-SCLC, the role of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) compared with conventional RT in stage I or II node negative SCLC, PCI for LS-SCLC and ES-SCLC, and thoracic consolidation for ES-SCLC. Recommendations were based on a systematic literature review and created using a consensus-building methodology and system for grading evidence quality and recommendation strength. RESULTS The task force strongly recommends definitive thoracic RT administered once or twice daily early in the course of treatment for LS-SCLC. Adjuvant RT is conditionally recommended in surgically resected patients with positive margins or nodal metastases. Involved field RT delivered using conformal advanced treatment modalities to postchemotherapy volumes is also strongly recommended. For patients with stage I or II node negative disease, SBRT or conventional fractionation is strongly recommended, and chemotherapy should be delivered before or after SBRT. In LS-SCLC, PCI is strongly recommended for stage II or III patients who responded to chemoradiation, conditionally not recommended for stage I patients, and should be a shared decision for patients at higher risk of neurocognitive toxicities. In ES-SCLC, radiation oncologist consultation for consideration of PCI versus magnetic resonance surveillance is strongly recommended. Lastly, the use of thoracic RT is strongly recommended in select patients with ES-SCLC after chemotherapy treatment, including a conditional recommendation in those responding to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS RT plays a vital role in both LS-SCLC and ES-SCLC. These guidelines inform best clinical practices for local therapy in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey A Bogart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Alvin R Cabrera
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaiser Permanente, Seattle, WA
| | - Megan E Daly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Nicholas J DeNunzio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Frank Detterbeck
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Corinne Faivre-Finn
- Division of Cancer Science, University of Manchester and The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elizabeth Gore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Salma K Jabbour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Tim J Kruser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL
| | - Bryan J Schneider
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ben Slotman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andrew Turrisi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Mountain Home, TN
| | - Abraham J Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, NY
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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20
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[Lung cancer and elective nodal irradiation: A solved issue?]. Cancer Radiother 2019; 23:701-707. [PMID: 31501024 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer treatment is a heavy workload for radiation oncologist and that field showed many evolutions over the last two decades. The issue about target volume was raised when treatment delivery became more precise with the development of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. Initially based upon surgical series, numerous retrospective and prospective studies aimed to evaluate the risk of elective nodal failure of involved-field radiotherapy compared to standard large field elective nodal irradiation. In every setting, locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer, localized non-small cell lung cancer, localized small cell lung cancer, exclusive chemoradiation or postoperative radiotherapy, most of the studies showed no significant difference between involved-field radiotherapy or elective nodal irradiation with elective nodal failure rate under 5% at 2 years, provided staging had been done with modern imaging and diagnostic techniques (positron emission tomography scan, endoscopy, etc.). Moreover, if reducing irradiated volumes are safe regarding recurrences, involved-field radiotherapy allowed dose escalation while reducing acute and late oesophageal, cardiac and pulmonary toxicities. Consequently, major clinical trials involving radiotherapy initiated in the last two decades and international clinical guidelines recommended omission of elective nodal irradiation in favour of in-field radiotherapy.
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21
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Salem A, Mistry H, Hatton M, Locke I, Monnet I, Blackhall F, Faivre-Finn C. Association of Chemoradiotherapy With Outcomes Among Patients With Stage I to II vs Stage III Small Cell Lung Cancer: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol 2019; 5:e185335. [PMID: 30520977 PMCID: PMC6439849 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.5335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Importance There is limited evidence to guide stage I to II small cell lung cancer (SCLC) treatment. Objective To examine the characteristics and outcomes among patients with stage I to II SCLC treated with modern chemoradiotherapy. Design, Setting, and Participants In this post hoc secondary analysis of the Concurrent Once-Daily vs Twice-Daily Radiotherapy Trial (CONVERT), a multicenter phase 3 trial conducted in patients with limited-stage SCLC from April 7, 2008, to November 29, 2013, patients with TNM stage I to II SCLC were compared with those with stage III disease. Data analysis was performed from November 1, 2017, to February 28, 2018. Interventions In CONVERT, patients were randomized to receive twice-daily (45 Gy in 30 fractions) or once-daily (66 Gy in 33 fractions) chemoradiotherapy. Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) was offered, if indicated. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary trial end point was overall survival (OS). TNM staging information was collected prospectively; this was an unplanned analysis because stratification was not performed according to TNM stage. Results A total of 509 (277 [54.4%] men; mean [SD] age, 61.5 [8.3] years) of 543 patients (93.7%) with TNM staging information were eligible for this subgroup analysis, and 86 of the 509 (16.9%) had TNM stage I to II disease. The median gross tumor volume was smaller in patients with stage I to II disease (38.4 cm3; range, 2.2-593.0 cm3) compared with patients with stage III disease (93 cm3; range, 0.5-513.4 cm3) (P < .001). No other significant differences were found in baseline and treatment characteristics and chemoradiotherapy adherence between the 2 groups or the number of patients with stage I to II disease (78 [90.7%]) and stage III disease (346 [81.8%]) who received PCI (P = .10). Patients with stage I to II disease achieved longer OS (median, 50 months [95% CI, 38 to not reached months] vs 25 months [95% CI, 21-29 months]; hazard ratio, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.44-0.83]; P = .001) compared with patients with stage III disease. In patients with stage I to II disease, no significant survival difference was found between the trial arms (median, 39 months in the once-daily arm vs 72 months in the twice-daily arm; P = .38). Apart from lower incidence of acute esophagitis in patients with stage I to II disease compared with patients with stage III disease (grade ≥3, 9 [11.3%] vs 82 [21.1%]; P < .001), the incidences of acute and late toxic effects were not significantly different. Conclusions and Relevance Patients with stage I to II SCLC in CONVERT achieved long-term survival with acceptable toxic effects after chemoradiotherapy and PCI. This study suggests that patients with stage I to II small cell lung cancer treated with modern chemoradiotherapy have better outcomes compared with patients with stage III disease, providing information that practitioners can potentially give their patients to aid clinical decisions. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00433563.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Salem
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hitesh Mistry
- Division of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Isabelle Monnet
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Fiona Blackhall
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne Faivre-Finn
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Role of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Early Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Era of Lung Cancer Screening. Am J Clin Oncol 2019; 42:123-130. [DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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23
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Selek U, Sezen D, Bolukbasi Y. Lung Cancer. Radiat Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-97145-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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24
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Optimal timing of thoracic radiotherapy in limited stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with daily fractionation: A brief report. Radiother Oncol 2018; 132:23-26. [PMID: 30825965 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Survival in limited stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) improves with faster initiation of hyper-fractionated thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) following chemotherapy, however, it is unknown if this association exists for more commonly employed daily fractionated regimens. Our results suggest that this association is present even with daily fractionation.
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25
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Zhao S, Zhou T, Ma S, Zhao Y, Zhan J, Fang W, Yang Y, Hou X, Zhang Z, Chen G, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Zhang L. Effects of thoracic radiotherapy timing and duration on progression-free survival in limited-stage small cell lung cancer. Cancer Med 2018; 7:4208-4216. [PMID: 30019533 PMCID: PMC6143999 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has been recommended and applied widely as the standard treatment for limited‐stage small cell lung cancer (LS‐SCLC). However, controversies remain regarding the optimal timing and treatment duration of thoracic radiotherapy (TRT), and their effects on patient survival. To evaluate prognostic values of TRT timing and duration on progression‐free survival (PFS) in LS‐SCLC and their dependence on TRT fractionation and clinicopathological characteristics, we retrospectively analyzed 197 LS‐SCLC patients receiving CRT from 2000 to 2016 at Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center. Based on the optimal cut‐off values of TRT timing and duration generated by Cutoff Finder, patients were divided into early TRT/late TRT group and short TRT/long TRT group respectively. Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis were performed to assess correlations of TRT timing, duration, fractionation, and clinicopathological characteristics with PFS. Univariate analysis revealed that early‐initiated TRT (P = 2.54 × 10−4) and short TRT (P = .001) significantly correlated with longer PFS. Their PFS benefits persisted in patients receiving hyperfractionated TRT and etoposide‐cisplatin (EP) chemotherapy, but were less prominent in those receiving once‐daily TRT and non‐EP chemotherapy. Multivariate analysis further identified early initiated TRT (P = .004) and short TRT (P = .017) as independent prognostic factors for longer PFS in LS‐SCLC. Our study confirmed that early‐initiated TRT and short TRT had positive prognostic roles in LS‐SCLC, especially in patients receiving hyperfractionated TRT and etoposide‐cisplatin chemotherapy. TRT fractionation was not an independent prognostic factor in LS‐SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Zhao
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuxiang Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunpeng Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaxiong Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiation therapy plays an important role in the management of SCLC both in curative and palliative setting, however, conflicting data from clinical trials incite debate over the appropriate use of radiation therapy regarding prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) and/or thoracic consolidative in extensive-stage SCLC (ES-SCLC). This survey is conducted to evaluate the current pattern of care among Italian radiation oncologists. METHODS In June 2016, all Italian radiation oncologists were invited to a web-based survey. The survey contained 34 questions regarding the role of RT in SCLC. Questions pertaining the role of RT in the clinical management of both limited-stage (LS) and ES-SCLC were included. RESULTS We received 48 responses from Italian radiation oncologists. More than half of respondents had been practicing for more than 10 years after completing residency training and 55% are subspecialists in lung cancer. Preferred management of LS-SCLC favored primary concurrent chemoradiotherapy (89%), even if the 36.9% usually delivered RT during or after the cycle 3 of chemotherapy, due to organizational issues. The most common dose and fractionation schedule in this setting was 60 Gy in 30 once-daily fractions. Furthermore, almost all respondents recommended PCI in patients with LS-SCLC. For ES-SCLC scenario, chemotherapy was defined the standard treatment by all respondents. PCI was recommended in ES-SCLC patients with thoracic complete remission (63% of respondents), with thoracic partial response (45%) and with thoracic stable disease (17%) after first-line chemotherapy. Lastly, the thoracic consolidative RT was recommended by 51% of respondents in patients with ES-SCLC in good response after first-line chemotherapy and a great variability was shown in clinical target volume definition, doses and fractionation schedules. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis showed a high adherence to current guidelines among the respondents in regard to chemoradiation approach in LS-SCLC patients and to PCI indications and doses. The great variability in radiation therapy doses and volumes in the thoracic consolidative radiotherapy in ES-SCLC is concerning. Future clinical trials are needed to standardize these treatment approaches to improve treatment outcomes among patients with ES-SCLC.
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27
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Farago AF, Keane FK. Current standards for clinical management of small cell lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2018; 7:69-79. [PMID: 29535913 PMCID: PMC5835595 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2018.01.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma. Despite over 30 years of clinical research, little progress has been made in the management of SCLC, and outcomes remain poor. Here, we review the current clinical standards for management of SCLC and the data supporting these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna F. Farago
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florence K. Keane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Yilmaz U, Anar C, Korkmaz E, Yapicioglu S, Karadogan I, Ozkök S. Carboplatin and Etoposide Followed by Once-Daily Thoracic Radiotherapy in Limited Disease Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Unsatisfactory Results. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 96:234-40. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161009600208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background There has been a trend to replace cisplatin with carboplatin in the treatment of small-cell lung carcinoma. The goal of the present study was to determine the efficacy of carboplatin and etoposide followed by thoracic radiotherapy in patients with previously untreated limited disease small-cell lung carcinoma. Methods From February 2001 to March 2007, 47 patients with limited disease small-cell lung cancer were enrolled in the study. Etoposide, 100 mg/m2, was administrated intravenously on days 1-3 in combination with carboplatin, AUC 6, on day 1 every 21 days for 6 cycles. In cases considered to have non-progressive disease following induction chemotherapy, thoracic radiotherapy was given with in a once daily fraction of 2.0 Gy, 5/wk, up to 50-60 Gy. Results Forty-one patients were evaluated. Median age was 62 (range, 40-78), 88% of patients were male. ECOG PS was 0-1 in 38 patients. Seven of the 41 patients (17.5%) had pleural effusion (one malignant) and 7 patients (17.5%) had involved supraclavicular lymph nodes. Ninety percent of patients had elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase levels. Median follow-up was 13.5 mo. A total of 209 cycles of chemotherapy was administered (median, 6; range, 1-6). Thoracic irradiation was given to 33 patients. The overall response rate to combined modality on an intention-to-treat basis was 73%. Median survival time was 13.7 months (95% CI, 10.3-17.1), and median progression-free survival was 9.5 months (95% CI, 8.6-10.4). Two- and four-year overall survival was 23% and 7%, respectively. Grade 3-4 neutropenia and leukopenia were the most common adverse events and occurred in 46.0% and 24.0% of the patients, respectively. Six (14%) patients experienced febrile neutropenia. Three patients (7%) died of sepsis and neutropenic fever. Non-hematological toxicities were mild. Conclusions Carboplatin and etoposide chemotherapy followed by thoracic radiotherapy in LD-SCLC appears to be unsatisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Yilmaz
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Suat Seren Chest Disease and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir
| | - Ceyda Anar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Suat Seren Chest Disease and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir
| | - Esra Korkmaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Suat Seren Chest Disease and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir
| | - Sena Yapicioglu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Suat Seren Chest Disease and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir
| | - Ilker Karadogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Suat Seren Chest Disease and Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Izmir
| | - Serdar Ozkök
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ege, Izmir, Turkey
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Stinchcombe TE. Current Treatments for Surgically Resectable, Limited-Stage, and Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer. Oncologist 2017; 22:1510-1517. [PMID: 28778960 PMCID: PMC5728020 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has declined in the U.S. as the prevalence of tobacco use has declined. However, a significant number of people in the U.S. are current or former smokers and are at risk of developing SCLC. Routine histological or cytological evaluation can reliably make the diagnosis of SCLC, and immunohistochemistry stains (thyroid transcription factor-1, chromogranin, synaptophysin, and CD56) can be used if there is uncertainty about the diagnosis. Rarely do patients present with SCLC amendable to surgical resection, and evaluation requires a meticulous workup for extra-thoracic metastases and invasive staging of the mediastinum. Resected patients require adjuvant chemotherapy and/or thoracic radiation therapy (TRT), and prophylactic cranial radiation (PCI) should be considered depending on the stage. For limited-stage disease, concurrent platinum-etoposide and TRT followed by PCI is the standard. Thoracic radiation therapy should be started early in treatment, and can be given twice daily to 45 Gy or once daily to 60-70 Gy. For extensive-stage disease, platinum-etoposide remains the standard first-line therapy, and the standard second-line therapy is topotecan. Preliminary studies have demonstrated the activity of immunotherapy, and the response rate is approximately 10-30% with some durable responses observed. Rovalpituzumab tesirine, an antibody drug conjugate, has shown promising activity in patients with high delta-like protein 3 tumor expression (approximately 70% of patients with SCLC). The emergence of these and other promising agents has rekindled interest in drug development in SCLC. Several ongoing trials are investigating novel agents in the first-line, maintenance, and second-line settings. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This review will provide an update on the standard therapies for surgically resected limited-stage small cell lung cancer and extensive-stage small cell lung cancer that have been investigated in recent clinical trials.
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Faivre-Finn C, Snee M, Ashcroft L, Appel W, Barlesi F, Bhatnagar A, Bezjak A, Cardenal F, Fournel P, Harden S, Le Pechoux C, McMenemin R, Mohammed N, O'Brien M, Pantarotto J, Surmont V, Van Meerbeeck JP, Woll PJ, Lorigan P, Blackhall F. Concurrent once-daily versus twice-daily chemoradiotherapy in patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (CONVERT): an open-label, phase 3, randomised, superiority trial. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:1116-1125. [PMID: 28642008 PMCID: PMC5555437 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the standard of care in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer, but the optimal radiotherapy schedule and dose remains controversial. The aim of this study was to establish a standard chemoradiotherapy treatment regimen in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. METHODS The CONVERT trial was an open-label, phase 3, randomised superiority trial. We enrolled adult patients (aged ≥18 years) who had cytologically or histologically confirmed limited-stage small-cell lung cancer, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-2, and adequate pulmonary function. Patients were recruited from 73 centres in eight countries. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 45 Gy radiotherapy in 30 twice-daily fractions of 1·5 Gy over 19 days, or 66 Gy in 33 once-daily fractions of 2 Gy over 45 days, starting on day 22 after commencing cisplatin-etoposide chemotherapy (given as four to six cycles every 3 weeks in both groups). The allocation method used was minimisation with a random element, stratified by institution, planned number of chemotherapy cycles, and performance status. Treatment group assignments were not masked. The primary endpoint was overall survival, defined as time from randomisation until death from any cause, analysed by modified intention-to-treat. A 12% higher overall survival at 2 years in the once-daily group versus the twice-daily group was considered to be clinically significant to show superiority of the once-daily regimen. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00433563) and is currently in follow-up. FINDINGS Between April 7, 2008, and Nov 29, 2013, 547 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive twice-daily concurrent chemoradiotherapy (274 patients) or once-daily concurrent chemoradiotherapy (273 patients). Four patients (one in the twice-daily group and three in the once-daily group) did not return their case report forms and were lost to follow-up; these patients were not included in our analyses. At a median follow-up of 45 months (IQR 35-58), median overall survival was 30 months (95% CI 24-34) in the twice-daily group versus 25 months (21-31) in the once-daily group (hazard ratio for death in the once daily group 1·18 [95% CI 0·95-1·45]; p=0·14). 2-year overall survival was 56% (95% CI 50-62) in the twice-daily group and 51% (45-57) in the once-daily group (absolute difference between the treatment groups 5·3% [95% CI -3·2% to 13·7%]). The most common grade 3-4 adverse event in patients evaluated for chemotherapy toxicity was neutropenia (197 [74%] of 266 patients in the twice-daily group vs 170 [65%] of 263 in the once-daily group). Most toxicities were similar between the groups, except there was significantly more grade 4 neutropenia with twice-daily radiotherapy (129 [49%] vs 101 [38%]; p=0·05). In patients assessed for radiotherapy toxicity, was no difference in grade 3-4 oesophagitis between the groups (47 [19%] of 254 patients in the twice-daily group vs 47 [19%] of 246 in the once-daily group; p=0·85) and grade 3-4 radiation pneumonitis (4 [3%] of 254 vs 4 [2%] of 246; p=0·70). 11 patients died from treatment-related causes (three in the twice-daily group and eight in the once-daily group). INTERPRETATION Survival outcomes did not differ between twice-daily and once-daily concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer, and toxicity was similar and lower than expected with both regimens. Since the trial was designed to show superiority of once-daily radiotherapy and was not powered to show equivalence, the implication is that twice-daily radiotherapy should continue to be considered the standard of care in this setting. FUNDING Cancer Research UK (Clinical Trials Awards and Advisory Committee), French Ministry of Health, Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (Cancer Research Fund, Lung Cancer, and Radiation Oncology Groups).
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Faivre-Finn
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | | | - Linda Ashcroft
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Trials Co-ordination Unit, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Wiebke Appel
- Rosemere Cancer Centre, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Multidisciplinary Oncology & Therapeutic Innovations Department, Aix Marseille Univ, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Adityanarayan Bhatnagar
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrea Bezjak
- Canadian Cancer Trials Group, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Felipe Cardenal
- GECP, Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Català'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet (Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pierre Fournel
- GFPC, Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Lucien Neuwirth, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Susan Harden
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cecile Le Pechoux
- Département d'Oncologie Radiothérapie, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Rhona McMenemin
- Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nazia Mohammed
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mary O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - Jason Pantarotto
- Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Veerle Surmont
- Department of Respiratory Medicine/Thoracic Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Penella J Woll
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul Lorigan
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fiona Blackhall
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Wong AT, Rineer J, Schwartz D, Becker D, Safdieh J, Osborn V, Schreiber D. Effect of Thoracic Radiotherapy Timing and Fractionation on Survival in Nonmetastatic Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Clin Lung Cancer 2017; 18:207-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ishibashi N, Maebayashi T, Aizawa T, Sakaguchi M, Nishimaki H, Masuda S. Correlation between the Ki-67 proliferation index and response to radiation therapy in small cell lung cancer. Radiat Oncol 2017; 12:16. [PMID: 28086989 PMCID: PMC5237196 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-016-0744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the breast cancer, the decision whether to administer adjuvant therapy is increasingly influenced by the Ki-67 proliferation index. In the present retrospective study, we investigated if this index could predict the therapeutic response to radiation therapy in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Methods Data from 19 SCLC patients who received thoracic radiation therapy were included. Clinical staging was assessed using the TNM classification system (UICC, 2009; cstage IIA/IIB/IIIA/IIIB = 3/1/7/8). Ki-67 was detected using immunostained tumour sections and the Ki-67 proliferation index was determined using e-Count software. Radiation therapy was administered at total doses of 45–60 Gy. A total of 16 of the 19 patients received chemotherapy. Results Patients were divided into two groups, one with a Ki-67 proliferation index ≥79.77% (group 1, 8 cases) and the other with a Ki-67 proliferation index <79.77% (group 2, 11 cases). Following radiation therapy, a complete response (CR) was observed in six cases from group 1 (75.0%) and three cases from group 2 (27.3%). The Ki-67 proliferation index was significantly correlated with the CR rate (P = 0.05), which was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (P = 0.04). The median survival time was 516 days for all patients, and the survival rates did not differ significantly between groups 1 and 2. Conclusions Our study is the first to evaluate the correlation between the Ki-67 proliferation index and SCLC tumour response to radiation therapy. Our findings suggest that a high Ki-67 proliferation index might represent a predictive factor for increased tumour radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Ishibashi
- Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Maebayashi
- Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Takuya Aizawa
- Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Masakuni Sakaguchi
- Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Haruna Nishimaki
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shinobu Masuda
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
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Pietanza MC, Zimmerman S, Peters S, Curran WJ. Seeking New Approaches to Patients With Small Cell Lung Cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2017; 35:e477-82. [PMID: 27249756 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_158710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental approach to the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has not changed in the last several decades, with most advances being restricted to improved radiation approaches. The standard first-line chemotherapy regimen in the United States and Europe remains cisplatin or carboplatin plus etoposide in the treatment of limited stage (LS-SCLC) and extensive stage (ES-SCLC) disease. Radiation therapy is administered to those patients with LS-SCLC, whose cancer is confined to the chest in a single tolerable radiation field. This article will summarize a number of exciting observations regarding the biology of SCLC and how a deeper understanding of newly integrated targets and target pathways may lead to new and better therapeutic approaches in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Catherine Pietanza
- From the Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ; Department of Oncology, HFR Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stefan Zimmerman
- From the Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ; Department of Oncology, HFR Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Solange Peters
- From the Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ; Department of Oncology, HFR Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Walter J Curran
- From the Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ; Department of Oncology, HFR Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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王 大, 徐 利, 赵 路, 章 文, 庞 青, 刘 宁, 陈 曦, 陈 秀, 袁 智, 王 平. [Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy with Original Chemotherapy Regimens may not be Suitable for Patients Who Failed to Respond to Induction Chemotherapy
in Limited-stage Small Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2016; 19:871-878. [PMID: 27978874 PMCID: PMC5973452 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2016.12.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The group of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) are usually highly sensitive to chemotherapy, and less than 15% of them are resistant to drugs. We respectively evaluate the correlation of the sequence and timing of radiotherapy with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with limited-stage SCLC (LS-SCLC), and to figure out whether concurrent chemoradiotherapy is superior to sequent chemoradiotherapy. METHODS Sixty-seven patients diagnosed with LS-SCLC from January 2009 to June 2014 failed to respond to induction chemotherapy. According to the sequence of therapy, they were divided into concurrent chemoradiotherapy group (n=32) and sequent chemoradiotherapy group (n=35). Ninety-four percent of the patients were diagnosed with stage III, and six percent were stage Ib-IIb. Twenty-five patients were treated with prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival time and Log-rank test was used for between-group comparisons. Between-group comparison of categorical data was made by χ2 test. RESULTS In all patients, the 2-year OS, PFS and LC rates were 53.7%, 20.9% and 58.2%. The 2-year OS and PFS rates of concurrent chemoradiotherapy group and sequent chemoradiotherapy were 37.5% vs 54.3% (P=0.048) and 12.5% vs 28.6% (P=0.149). Hematologic toxicities were more common in concurrent group than sequent one (P=0.031), and no statistical difference was observed between the two groups in terms of grade 3 radiation esophagitis, pneumonitis and gastrointestinal reactions (9.4% vs 0, P=0.176; 12.5% vs 2.9%, P=0.318; 12.5% vs 2.9%, P=0.109). Patients treated with PCI have superior OS and PFS comparing with those not (56.0% vs 38.1%, P=0.029; 24% vs 19%, P=0.012). CONCLUSIONS Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with original chemotherapy regimens may not be suitable for patients who failed to respond to induction chemotherapy in LS-SCLC, and second-line regimens or radiotherapy alone can be used for them, but prospective trils with large sample are still needed to confirm that.
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Affiliation(s)
- 大权 王
- />300060 天津,天津医科大学肿瘤医院放疗科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - 利明 徐
- />300060 天津,天津医科大学肿瘤医院放疗科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - 路军 赵
- />300060 天津,天津医科大学肿瘤医院放疗科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - 文成 章
- />300060 天津,天津医科大学肿瘤医院放疗科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - 青松 庞
- />300060 天津,天津医科大学肿瘤医院放疗科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - 宁波 刘
- />300060 天津,天津医科大学肿瘤医院放疗科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - 曦 陈
- />300060 天津,天津医科大学肿瘤医院放疗科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - 秀丽 陈
- />300060 天津,天津医科大学肿瘤医院放疗科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - 智勇 袁
- />300060 天津,天津医科大学肿瘤医院放疗科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - 平 王
- />300060 天津,天津医科大学肿瘤医院放疗科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
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Woolf DK, Slotman BJ, Faivre-Finn C. The Current Role of Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2016; 28:712-719. [PMID: 27522475 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy has been shown to play a key role in the management of small cell lung cancer. There are well-established data in the literature for the use of concurrent chemoradiotherapy for stage I-III disease, although key questions remain over the timing of radiation, the optimal dose/fractionation and particularly once versus twice daily treatment, the use of elective nodal irradiation and drug combinations. Data for the use of thoracic radiation in stage IV disease, after chemotherapy, have recently become available and are leading to a change in practice. Prophylactic cranial irradiation has been shown to be of use in both stage I-III and stage IV disease, although uncertainties surround its use in the elderly population and the use of brain imaging before treatment. This overview will address the current available evidence and focus on areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Woolf
- The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - B J Slotman
- VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Faivre-Finn
- The Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre (MCRC), Manchester, UK
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Sas-Korczyńska B, Łuczyńska E, Kamzol W, Sokołowski A. Analysis of risk factors for pulmonary complications in patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer : A single-centre retrospective study. Strahlenther Onkol 2016; 193:141-149. [PMID: 27785518 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-016-1069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The most effective therapy in patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS SCLC) seems to be chemotherapy (using platinum-based regimens) and thoracic radiotherapy (TRT), which is followed by prophylactic cranial irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analysed group comprised 217 patients who received combined treatment for LS SCLC, i.e. chemotherapy (according to cisplatin and etoposide schedule) and TRT (concurrent in 101 and sequential in 116 patients). The influence of chemoradiotherapy (ChT-RT) schedule on treatment results (frequency of complete response, survival rates, and incidence of treatment failure and complications) was evaluated, and the frequency and severity of pulmonary complications were analysed to identify risk factors. RESULTS The 5‑year survival rates in concurrent vs. sequential ChT-RT schedules were 27.3 vs. 11.7% (overall) and 28 vs. 14.3% (disease-free). The frequencies of adverse events in relation to concurrent vs. sequential therapy were 85.1 vs. 9.5% (haematological complications) and 58.4 vs. 38.8% (pulmonary fibrosis), respectively. It was found that concurrent ChT-RT (hazard ratio, HR 2.75), a total dose equal to or more than 54 Gy (HR 2.55), the presence of haematological complications (HR 1.89) and a lung volume receiving a dose equal to or greater than 20 Gy exceeding 31% (HR 1.06) were the risk factors for pulmonary complications. CONCLUSION Pulmonary complications after ChT-RT developed in 82% of patients treated for LS SCLC. In comparison to the sequential approach, concurrent ChT-RT had a positive effect on treatment outcome. However, this is a factor that can impair treatment tolerance, which manifests in the appearance of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Sas-Korczyńska
- Clinic of Oncology and Department of Radiotherapy, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Garncarska 11, 31-115, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Łuczyńska
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Garncarska 11, 31-115, Cracow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kamzol
- Clinic of Oncology and Department of Radiotherapy, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Garncarska 11, 31-115, Cracow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sokołowski
- Department of Statistics, Cracow University of Economics, Rakowicka 27, 31-510, Cracow, Poland
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Manapov F, Eze C, Niyazi M, Roengvoraphoj O, Li M, Hegemann NS, Hildebrandt G, Fietkau R, Belka C. Investigating a Correlation between Chemoradiotherapy Schedule Parameters and Overall Survival in a real-life LD SCLC Patient Cohort. J Cancer 2016; 7:2012-2017. [PMID: 27877216 PMCID: PMC5118664 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is a treatment standard in limited disease (LD) small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Currently, the timing of thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) remains the subject of randomised trials and meta-analyses. To investigate a correlation between CRT schedule parameters and overall survival (OS) in a real-life patient cohort, a temporal analysis was performed. Methods: 182 LD SCLC patients successfully treated with definitive CRT were retrospectively reviewed. TRT was applied concurrently or sequentially. Impact of the treatment mode and interval of simultaneous treatment (IST) (an interval in days when chemotherapy and TRT were applied simultaneously, including time between chemotherapy cycles and weekends) on OS was analysed. Results: 71 (39%) patients were treated with concurrent and 111 (61%) with sequential CRT. Median overall survival (MS) for the entire cohort was 534 days (95%CI 461 - 607) without any significant difference between the concurrent and sequential groups (589: 95%CI 358 - 820 vs. 533: 95%CI 446 - 620 days, p=0.746, log-rank test). IST was 0 days in 111 (61%) patients treated sequentially whereas in the concurrent group, 20 (11%) and 51 (28%) patients showed an IST < 35 and > 35 days, respectively. Patients with IST > 0 and < 35 days demonstrated a trend to improved overall survival (MS: IST 0 vs. > 35 vs. < 35 was 533 vs. 448 vs. 1169 days, p=0.109, log-rank test). When patients treated with sequential CRT (IST 0) were excluded from the analysis, statistical difference in overall survival according to the IST subgroups (IST > 35 vs. < 35) became significant (p=0.021, log-rank test). On multivariate analysis of patients treated with concurrent CRT, IST > 0 and < 35 days remained a variable that significantly correlated with better overall survival (p=0.039, HR 0.38). Conclusion: In this real-life LD SCLC patient cohort, improved overall survival was achieved in patients treated with CRT schedule according to the IST > 0 and < 35-day concept. By exceeding the 35-day interval, we have seen deterioration in survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farkhad Manapov
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Chukwuka Eze
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Niyazi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Olarn Roengvoraphoj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Minglun Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina-Sophie Hegemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Südring 75, 18059, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Universitätsstrasse 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claus Belka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, LMU Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, The German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
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De Ruysscher D, Lueza B, Le Péchoux C, Johnson DH, O'Brien M, Murray N, Spiro S, Wang X, Takada M, Lebeau B, Blackstock W, Skarlos D, Baas P, Choy H, Price A, Seymour L, Arriagada R, Pignon JP. Impact of thoracic radiotherapy timing in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: usefulness of the individual patient data meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1818-28. [PMID: 27436850 PMCID: PMC5035783 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy (CT) combined with radiotherapy is the standard treatment of 'limited-stage' small-cell lung cancer. However, controversy persists over the optimal timing of thoracic radiotherapy and CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a meta-analysis of individual patient data in randomized trials comparing earlier versus later radiotherapy, or shorter versus longer radiotherapy duration, as defined in each trial. We combined the results from trials using the stratified log-rank test to calculate pooled hazard ratios (HRs). The primary outcome was overall survival. RESULTS Twelve trials with 2668 patients were eligible. Data from nine trials comprising 2305 patients were available for analysis. The median follow-up was 10 years. When all trials were analysed together, 'earlier or shorter' versus 'later or longer' thoracic radiotherapy did not affect overall survival. However, the HR for overall survival was significantly in favour of 'earlier or shorter' radiotherapy among trials with a similar proportion of patients who were compliant with CT (defined as having received 100% or more of the planned CT cycles) in both arms (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.69-0.91), and in favour of 'later or longer' radiotherapy among trials with different rates of CT compliance (HR 1.19, 1.05-1.34, interaction test, P < 0.0001). The absolute gain between 'earlier or shorter' versus 'later or longer' thoracic radiotherapy in 5-year overall survival for similar and for different CT compliance trials was 7.7% (95% CI 2.6-12.8%) and -2.2% (-5.8% to 1.4%), respectively. However, 'earlier or shorter' thoracic radiotherapy was associated with a higher incidence of severe acute oesophagitis than 'later or longer' radiotherapy. CONCLUSION 'Earlier or shorter' delivery of thoracic radiotherapy with planned CT significantly improves 5-year overall survival at the expense of more acute toxicity, especially oesophagitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D De Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Oncology, Experimental Radiation Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Lueza
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology and "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer" meta-analysis platform, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France CESP, INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif
| | - C Le Péchoux
- Department of Oncology and radiation therapy, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - D H Johnson
- UT Southwestern University School of Medicine, Dallas, USA
| | - M O'Brien
- EORTC Data Center, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Murray
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - S Spiro
- University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - X Wang
- Alliance Data and Statistical Center, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - M Takada
- Osaka Prefectural Habikino Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - B Lebeau
- Hôpital St Antoine, Paris, France
| | - W Blackstock
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - D Skarlos
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, Metropolitan Hospital N. Faliro, Athens, Greece
| | - P Baas
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Choy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - A Price
- NHS Lothian and University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - L Seymour
- NCIC Clinical Trials Group and Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - R Arriagada
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J-P Pignon
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology and "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer" meta-analysis platform, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France CESP, INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif
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Stecklein SR, Jhingran A, Burzawa J, Ramalingam P, Klopp AH, Eifel PJ, Frumovitz M. Patterns of recurrence and survival in neuroendocrine cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2016; 143:552-557. [PMID: 27645621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze patterns of recurrence and survival and identify prognostic factors in women with neuroendocrine cervical cancer (NECC). METHODS We reviewed patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage I-IVA NECC who were enrolled in the Neuroendocrine Cervical Tumor Registry and treated with curative intent. Event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) according to disease and treatment characteristics were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Among 40 patients with NECC, 25 (62%) had small cell NECC, eight (20%) had large cell NECC, and seven (18%) had unspecified neuroendocrine histology. With a median follow-up of 21.5months, 32 patients (80%) experienced progression, and 28 (70%) died. For all patients, the 5-year EFS rate was 20%, and the 5-year OS rate was 27%. Patients with large cell NECC had significantly better median EFS (median not reached vs. 10.0months, p=0.02) and showed a trend toward better median OS (153months vs. 21months, p=0.08) than patients with other histologic types. In patients with early-stage clinically node-negative disease, chemoradiation was associated with significantly better median EFS than surgery (median not reached vs. 18.0months, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Patients with large cell NECC have better outcomes than patients with other subtypes of NECC. In early-stage node-negative NECC, chemoradiation yields better EFS than surgery. Most patients with NECC, even those with no evidence of nodal disease at diagnosis, rapidly develop widespread hematogenous metastases and die of their disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane R Stecklein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anuja Jhingran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer Burzawa
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Preetha Ramalingam
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ann H Klopp
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Patricia J Eifel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Frumovitz
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
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40
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Wang D, Koh ES, Descallar J, Pramana A, Vinod SK, Ho Shon I. Application of novel quantitative techniques for fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2016; 12:349-358. [PMID: 27550522 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) is routinely used in non-small-cell lung cancer. This study aims to assess the prognostic value of quantitative FDG-PET/CT parameters including standard uptake value (SUV), metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesional glycolysis (TLG) in non-small-cell lung cancer. METHODS A retrospective review of 92 nonsurgical patients with pathologically confirmed stage I-III non-small-cell lung cancers treated with radical dose radiotherapy (≥50 Gy) was conducted. Metabolically active tumor regions on FDG-PET/CT scans were contoured manually. SUV, MTV and TLG were calculated for primary, nodal and whole-body disease. Univariate and multivariate (adjusting for age, sex, disease stage and primary tumor size in centimeters) Cox regression modeling were performed to assess the association between these parameters and both overall and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS On univariate analysis, overall survival (OS) was significantly associated with primary MTV (P = 0.03), whole-body MTV (P = 0.02), whole-body maximum SUV (P = 0.05) and whole-body TLG (P = 0.03). PFS was significantly associated with primary MTV (P = 0.01), primary TLG (P = 0.04), whole-body MTV (P < 0.01) and whole-body TLG (P = 0.01). On multivariate analysis, OS was significantly associated with whole-body MTV (P = 0.05). PFS was significantly associated with whole-body MTV (P = 0.02) and whole-body TLG (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Whole-body MTV was significantly associated with overall and PFS, and whole-body TLG was significantly associated with PFS on multivariate analysis. These two parameters may be significant prognostic factors independent of other factors such as stage. SUV was not significantly associated with survival on multivariate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Wang
- The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eng-Siew Koh
- The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joseph Descallar
- The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Shalini K Vinod
- Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres, Sydney, Australia.,University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Southwestern Sydney Clinical School, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ivan Ho Shon
- The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Nicholls L, Keir GJ, Murphy MA, Mai T, Lehman M. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in small cell lung cancer: A single institution experience. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2016; 12:415-420. [PMID: 27453519 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare patient demographics, prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) utilization and overall survival (OS) of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) referred to a large tertiary center with those reported in large clinical trials. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of consecutive patients with limited stage (LS) and extensive stage (ES) SCLC diagnosed at the Princess Alexandra Hospital between January 2008 and December 2013. RESULTS Two hundred and three patients with a mean age of 65.4 (±10.7) years were followed for a median duration of 7.6 months (range 0.5-76.5). At diagnosis, 129 (64%) patients had ES-SCLC, including 39 (19.2%) with cerebral metastases. Median OS in LS-SCLC patients receiving PCI was 18.8 months (0.9-69.4), compared with 8.2 months (0.1-34.4) in patients who did not receive PCI (P < 0.001). Median OS in the ES-SCLC cohort receiving PCI was 13.6 months (5.2-37.5) compared to 5.6 months (0.1-73.6) in patients who did not receive the therapy (P < 0.001). There was a significant improvement in intracranial disease-free survival of 7.1 months in patients with ES-SCLC who received PCI. Forty-two LS-SCLC patients (57%) did not receive PCI due to patient suitability. CONCLUSIONS In our SCLC cohort, median OS following PCI in LS-SCLC and ES-SCLC is comparable to published data. PCI use at our institution was lower than utilization rates in large meta-analyses, predominately due to poor chemotherapy tolerance and patient suitability. This may be more representative of patients treated in clinical practice rather than those recruited into large phase III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Nicholls
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregory J Keir
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Tao Mai
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Margot Lehman
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Shahi J, Wright JR, Gabos Z, Swaminath A. Management of small-cell lung cancer with radiotherapy-a pan-Canadian survey of radiation oncologists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:184-95. [PMID: 27330347 DOI: 10.3747/co.23.3023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of small-cell lung cancer (sclc) with radiotherapy (rt) varies, with many treatment regimens having been described in the literature. We created a survey to assess patterns of practice and clinical decision-making in the management of sclc by Canadian radiation oncologists (ros). METHODS A 35-item survey was sent by e-mail to Canadian ros. The questions investigated the role of rt, the dose and timing of rt, target delineation, and use of prophylactic cranial irradiation (pci) in limited-stage (ls) and extensive-stage (es) sclc. RESULTS Responses were received from 52 eligible ros. For ls-sclc, staging (98%) and simulation or dosimetric (96%) computed tomography imaging were key determinants of rt suitability. The most common dose and fractionation schedule was 40-45 Gy in 15 once-daily fractions (40%), with elective nodal irradiation performed by 31% of ros. Preferred management of clinical T1/2aN0 sclc favoured primary chemoradiotherapy (64%). For es-sclc, consolidative thoracic rt was frequently offered (88%), with a preferred dose and fractionation schedule of 30 Gy in 10 once-daily fractions (70%). Extrathoracic consolidative rt would not be offered by 23 ros (44%). Prophylactic cranial irradiation was generally offered in ls-sclc (100%) and es-sclc (98%) after response to initial treatment. Performance status, baseline cognition, and pre-pci brain imaging were important patient factors assessed before an offer of pci. CONCLUSIONS Canadian ros show practice variation in sclc management. Future clinical trials and national treatment guidelines might reduce variability in the treatment of early-stage disease, optimization of dose and targeting in ls-sclc, and definition of suitability for pci or consolidative rt.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shahi
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
| | - J R Wright
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON;; Juravinski Cancer Centre at Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON
| | - Z Gabos
- Department of Oncology, University of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB.; Cross Cancer Institute at Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB
| | - A Swaminath
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON;; Juravinski Cancer Centre at Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON
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Shafiq J, Hanna TP, Vinod SK, Delaney GP, Barton MB. A Population-based Model of Local Control and Survival Benefit of Radiotherapy for Lung Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2016; 28:627-38. [PMID: 27260488 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the population-based locoregional control and overall survival benefits of radiotherapy for lung cancer if the whole population were treated according to evidence-based guidelines. These estimates were based on a published radiotherapy utilisation (RTU) model that has been used to estimate the demand and planning of radiotherapy services nationally and internationally. MATERIALS AND METHODS The lung cancer RTU model was extended to incorporate an estimate of benefits of radiotherapy alone, and of radiotherapy in conjunction with concurrent chemotherapy (CRT). Benefits were defined as the proportional gains in locoregional control and overall survival from radiotherapy over no radiotherapy for radical indications, and from postoperative radiotherapy over surgery alone for adjuvant indications. A literature review (1990-2015) was conducted to identify benefit estimates of individual radiotherapy indications and summed to estimate the population-based gains for these outcomes. Model robustness was tested through univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses. RESULTS If evidence-based radiotherapy recommendations are followed for the whole lung cancer population, the model estimated that radiotherapy alone would result in a gain of 8.3% (95% confidence interval 7.4-9.2%) in 5 year locoregional control, 11.4% (10.8-12.0%) in 2 year overall survival and 4.0% (3.6-4.4%) in 5 year overall survival. For the use of CRT over radiotherapy alone, estimated benefits would be: locoregional control 1.7% (0.8-2.4%), 2 year overall survival 1.7% (0.5-2.8%) and 5 year overall survival 1.2% (0.7-1.9%). CONCLUSIONS The model provided estimates of radiotherapy benefit that could be achieved if treatment guidelines are followed for all cancer patients. These can be used as a benchmark so that the effects of a shortfall in the utilisation of radiotherapy can be better understood and addressed. The model can be adapted to other populations with known epidemiological parameters to ensure the planning of equitable radiotherapy services.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shafiq
- Collaboration for Cancer Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CCORE), Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia.
| | - T P Hanna
- Collaboration for Cancer Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CCORE), Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - S K Vinod
- Collaboration for Cancer Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CCORE), Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - G P Delaney
- Collaboration for Cancer Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CCORE), Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - M B Barton
- Collaboration for Cancer Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CCORE), Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
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Alvarado-Luna G, Morales-Espinosa D. Treatment for small cell lung cancer, where are we now?-a review. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016; 5:26-38. [PMID: 26958491 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2016.01.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents between 13% and 15% of all diagnosed lung cancers worldwide. It is an aggressive neoplasia, with a 5-year mortality of 90% or more. It has historically been classified as limited disease (LD) and extensive disease (ED) in most study protocols. The cornerstone of treatment for any stage of SCLC is etoposide-platinum based chemotherapy; in limited stage (LS), concomitant radiotherapy to thorax and mediastinum. Prophylactic radiotherapy to the central nervous system (CNS) [prophylactic cerebral irradiation (PCI)] has diminished the incidence of brain metastasis as the site for relapse in LD and ED patients, therefore it should be offered to patients with complete response to induction first-line treatment. Regarding second-line treatment, results are more modest and topotecan is accepted as treatment for this scenario offering a modest benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Alvarado-Luna
- 1 Fundación Clínica, Médica Sur. Puente de piedra 150, Col Toriello Guerra, 14050 Mexico City, Mexico ; 2 Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain ; 3 Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniela Morales-Espinosa
- 1 Fundación Clínica, Médica Sur. Puente de piedra 150, Col Toriello Guerra, 14050 Mexico City, Mexico ; 2 Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Spain ; 3 Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Pietanza MC, Byers LA, Minna JD, Rudin CM. Small cell lung cancer: will recent progress lead to improved outcomes? Clin Cancer Res 2016; 21:2244-55. [PMID: 25979931 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine malignancy with a unique natural history characterized by a short doubling time, high growth fraction, and early development of widespread metastases. Although a chemotherapy- and radiation-sensitive disease, SCLC typically recurs rapidly after primary treatment, with only 6% of patients surviving 5 years from diagnosis. This disease has been notable for the absence of major improvements in its treatment: Nearly four decades after the introduction of a platinum-etoposide doublet, therapeutic options have remained virtually unchanged, with correspondingly little improvement in survival rates. Here, we summarize specific barriers and challenges inherent to SCLC research and care that have limited progress in novel therapeutic development to date. We discuss recent progress in basic and translational research, especially in the development of mouse models, which will provide insights into the patterns of metastasis and resistance in SCLC. Opportunities in clinical research aimed at exploiting SCLC biology are reviewed, with an emphasis on ongoing trials. SCLC has been described as a recalcitrant cancer, for which there is an urgent need for accelerated progress. The NCI convened a panel of laboratory and clinical investigators interested in SCLC with a goal of defining consensus recommendations to accelerate progress in the treatment of SCLC, which we summarize here.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Catherine Pietanza
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
| | - Lauren Averett Byers
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Prophylactic cranial irradiation in 399 patients with limited-stage small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2654-2660. [PMID: 27073534 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefit of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) was established in a meta-analysis performed in 1999. Since then, considerable progress has been made in the diagnosis, staging and treatment of LS-SCLC, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which led to a longer survival time in patients. Therefore, the magnitude of the benefit of PCI should be re-evaluated. Furthermore, the optimum timing of PCI for LS-SCLC treatment has not been established and more data is required to demonstrate this. In the present retrospective study, the cases of patients that were diagnosed with LS-SCLC between March 2005 and December 2010 were reviewed. The main eligibility criteria of patients were a diagnosis of LS-SCLC and the achievement of a complete response (CR) or near CR subsequent to receiving ≥3 cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy, with or without advanced thoracic radiotherapy. Early and late PCI groups were separated using the median time interval between the start of primary chemotherapy and the start of PCI. In total, 80 patients were excluded from the analysis, including 9 patients that developed brain metastases, 2 during primary chemotherapy and 7 during radiotherapy. The remaining 399 patients were deemed eligible. PCI was administered to 185 patients; 92 patients were in the early PCI group and 93 were in the late PCI group. PCI significantly decreased the incidence of brain metastases [P<0.001; HR, 0.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.15-0.39] and improved the overall survival time of the patients (median survival time, 21.5-38.8 months; P<0.001; HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.45-0.79). However, no significant difference was identified between the early and late PCI groups, either in the incidence of brain metastases (P=0.875) or the overall survival time (P=0.361). Multivariate analysis revealed that PCI (P=0.004) and thoracic radiotherapy (P=0.023) were the only 2 independent favorable prognostic factors of overall survival time. The present study demonstrates that PCI may be of considerable benefit to increase the survival rate and time of patients, and early PCI is as effective as late PCI. However, the present study recommends that PCI should be offered as soon as primary chemotherapy is completed, since there is a greater risk of developing brain metastases during thoracic radiotherapy.
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Almquist D, Mosalpuria K, Ganti AK. Multimodality Therapy for Limited-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer. J Oncol Pract 2016; 12:111-7. [DOI: 10.1200/jop.2015.009068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) occurs in only one third of patients with SCLC, but it is potentially curable. Combined-modality therapy (chemotherapy and radiotherapy) has long been the mainstay of therapy for this condition, but more recent data suggest a role for surgery in early-stage disease. Prophylactic cranial irradiation seems to improve outcomes in patients who have responded to initial therapy. This review addresses the practical aspects of staging and treatment of patients with limited-stage SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Almquist
- University of Nebraska Medical Center; and Veterans Administration Nebraska–Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE
| | - Kailash Mosalpuria
- University of Nebraska Medical Center; and Veterans Administration Nebraska–Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE
| | - Apar Kishor Ganti
- University of Nebraska Medical Center; and Veterans Administration Nebraska–Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE
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Kim E, Biswas T, Bakaki P, Dowlati A, Sharma N, Machtay M. Comparison of cisplatin/etoposide versus carboplatin/etoposide concurrent chemoradiation therapy for limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) in the elderly population (age >65 years) using national SEER-Medicare data. Pract Radiat Oncol 2016; 6:e163-e169. [PMID: 27142494 DOI: 10.1016/j.prro.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Standard therapy for limited-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (American Joint Committee on Cancer stages I-III) is concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CRT) with cisplatin/etoposide (EP), but carboplatin/etoposide (EC) is often used in clinical practice. Though a growing proportion of this disease is diagnosed in older patients, there are limited studies of older patients comparing cisplatin to carboplatin. This study compared survival outcomes of elderly patients with limited-stage SCLC treated with concurrent EC or EP and radiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS Limited-stage SCLC diagnosed at ages 66 to 80 years during 1992 to 2007 were selected from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare database to compare EP with EC. Concurrent CRT was defined as starting radiation and cisplatin or carboplatin within 14 days. Study endpoints were overall survival (OS, time from diagnosis until death) and cause-specific survival (CSS, time from diagnosis until death from lung cancer). RESULTS Final analysis included 565 cases: 219 EP (39%) and 346 EC (61%), with median age 72 and gender ratio 1.0. A majority of the cases were stage III (85%). Median and 5-year OS were 13.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.4-15.0 months) and 10.2% (95% CI, 6.2-15.3%) for EP, versus 13.7 months (95% CI, 12.0-15.6 months) and 10.9% (95% CI, 7.6-14.8%) for EC (P = .51). CSS were also similar (P = .91). OS and CSS were not statistically different in single- or multivariable survival analysis. CONCLUSIONS EC and EP had similar survival outcomes, suggesting EC could be used with (or instead of) EP as the standard of care, at least in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Tithi Biswas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Paul Bakaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Afshin Dowlati
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Neelesh Sharma
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Mitchell Machtay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH.
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Faivre-Finn C, Falk S, Ashcroft L, Bewley M, Lorigan P, Wilson E, Groom N, Snee M, Fournel P, Cardenal F, Bezjak A, Blackhall F. Protocol for the CONVERT trial-Concurrent ONce-daily VErsus twice-daily RadioTherapy: an international 2-arm randomised controlled trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy comparing twice-daily and once-daily radiotherapy schedules in patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) and good performance status. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e009849. [PMID: 26792218 PMCID: PMC4735219 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concurrent ONce-daily VErsus twice-daily RadioTherapy (CONVERT) is the only multicentre, international, randomised, phase III trial open in Europe and Canada looking at optimisation of chemoradiotherapy (RT) in limited stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC). Following on from the Turrisi trial of once-daily versus twice-daily (BD) concurrent chemoradiotherapy, there is a real need for a new phase III trial using modern conformal RT techniques and investigating higher once-daily radiation dose. This trial has the potential to define a new standard chemo-RT regimen for patients with LS-SCLC and good performance status. METHODS AND ANALYSIS 447 patients with histologically or cytologically proven diagnosis of SCLC were recruited from 74 centres in eight countries between 2008 and 2013. Patients were randomised to receive either concurrent twice-daily RT(45 Gy in 30 twice-daily fractions over 3 weeks) or concurrent once-daily RT(66 Gy in 33 once-daily fractions over 6.5 weeks) both starting on day 22 of cycle 1. Patients are followed up until death. The primary end point of the study is overall survival and secondary end points include local progression-free survival, metastasis-free survival, acute and late toxicity based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events V.3.0, chemotherapy and RTdose intensity. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The trial received ethical approval from NRES Committee North West-Greater Manchester Central (07/H1008/229). There is a trial steering committee, including independent members and an independent data monitoring committee. Results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN91927162; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Faivre-Finn
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre (MCRC), The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Sally Falk
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Trials Coordination Unit (MAHSC-CTU), The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Linda Ashcroft
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Trials Coordination Unit (MAHSC-CTU), The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Michelle Bewley
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Lorigan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Elena Wilson
- Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nicki Groom
- Radiotherapy Trials Quality Assurance Team, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, UK
| | | | - Pierre Fournel
- Institut de Cancérologie Lucien Neuwirth, Saint-Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Felipe Cardenal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Bezjak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fiona Blackhall
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre (MCRC), The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Utilization of Hyperfractionated Radiation in Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Its Impact on Survival. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 10:1770-5. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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