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Shu S, Shi Y, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Fan B. Comprehensive agricultural ecological effects of aeration on regenerated liquid fertilizer of mini flush toilet. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174234. [PMID: 38917901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The high concentration of organic waste liquid obtained from the mini flush pipeline discharge technology based on source separation has the potential for fertilizer utilization. However, there are concerns about the risk of secondary pollution. This study proposes the idea of aeration treatment for regenerated liquid fertilizers to induce beneficial changes in their material composition and properties. Initially, this study compares the characteristic changes in nitrogen transformation of liquid fertilizer through aeration treatment. Subsequently, it examines the effects of different types of liquid fertilizers on soil properties, plant physiology, and soil microbial communities. Finally, we elucidate the flow and distribution of nitrogen in soil, plants, and nitrogen-containing gas emissions in agricultural ecosystems through material flow accounting. The study found that aeration treatment can reduce the ammonia nitrogen ratio while increasing the proportions of nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. The regenerated liquid fertilizer through aeration treatment not only significantly increased the chlorophyll, protein, and polysaccharide content of vegetable leaves (P < 0.05) but also reduced nitrate accumulation. Moreover, it can reduce the risk of soil nitrate nitrogen leaching and increase the diversity of soil bacterial communities, enhancing the ecological functions of bacteria involved in carbon and nitrogen cycling. Material flow accounting indicated that aeration treatment for liquid fertilizer could reduce gaseous nitrogen loss by 50.0 %, improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency of vegetables by 95.5 %, and enhance soil nitrogen retention by 11.4 %. Overall, the results show that aeration treatment can improve the agricultural utilization of liquid fertilizer and reduce the risk of secondary pollution, providing preliminary decision-making support for optimizing resource treatment strategies for mini-flush toilet fecal waste to realize the agricultural cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyi Shu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunpeng Shi
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zixiao Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yubing Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bin Fan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Pasos-Panqueva J, Baker A, Camargo-Valero MA. Unravelling the impact of light, temperature and nutrient dynamics on duckweed growth: A meta-analysis study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 366:121721. [PMID: 39018836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Nature-based solutions have been proven in recent decades as a reliable and cost-effective technology for the treatment of wastewaters. Different plant species have been studied for this purpose, but particular attention has been given to duckweeds, the smallest flowering plant in the world. Duckweed-based systems for simultaneous wastewater treatment and nutrient recovery have the potential to provide sustainable and cost-effective solutions to reduce water pollution and increase nutrient efficiency at catchment level. However, despite being considered a seemingly simple technology, the performance of wastewater treatment systems using duckweed depends on environmental and operational conditions not very well understood. For that reason, careful consideration must be given to such environmental factors controlling duckweed biomass growth but the evidence in published literature is scare and dispersed. This study employs a systematic review approach to conduct a meta-analysis of the effect of environmental conditions on duckweed growth by means of standardised IQ-scores. The results suggest that duckweed biomass growth rates reach a maximum within specific ranges for temperature (11.4-32.3 °C), daily light integral (DLI) (5-20 mol m-2), and nitrogen (>5 mg N L-1) and phosphorus (>1 mg P L-1) concentrations; DLI was found to be a better parameter to assess the overall effect of light (photoperiod and intensity) on duckweed growth and that the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus supply should consider the nitrogen species available for plant growth and its ratio to phosphorus concentrations (recommended N:P ratio = 15:1). By establishing the optimal range of culture conditions for duckweed, this study provides important insights for optimizing engineered wastewater treatment systems that rely on duckweed for nutrient control and recovery, which is primarily mediated by duckweed growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Pasos-Panqueva
- BioResource Systems Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Campus La Nubia, Manizales 170003, Colombia
| | - Alison Baker
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Miller Alonso Camargo-Valero
- BioResource Systems Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Campus La Nubia, Manizales 170003, Colombia.
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Yang Z, Yao B, Li R, Yang W, Dong D, Ye Z, Wang Y, Ma J. Systematic review assessing the effects of amendments on acidic soils pH in tea plantations. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17653. [PMID: 39071124 PMCID: PMC11283173 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Soil acidification has emerged as a critical limiting factor for the sustainable development of the tea industry. In this article, a comprehensive review of 63 original research articles focusing on the impact of amendments on the pH in tea plantations soil was conducted. Through meta-analysis, the effect of applying soil amendments to increase the pH of tea plantation soil and its influencing factors were investigated. The results revealed that lime had a significant impact, increasing the pH by 18% in tea plantation soil, while rapeseed cake had a minimal (2%) effect. It was observed that as the quantity of amendments and pH levels increased, so did their impact on the pH of tea plantation soil. Subgroup analysis within biochar showed varying effects, depending on soil pH, with an 11% increase in acidic soil. Among these amendments, biochar produced at pyrolysis temperature ranging from 501-600 °C and derived from animal waste demonstrated significant effect on increasing soil pH in tea plantations by 9% and 12%, respectively. This study offers valuable insights into improving and ensuring the health and sustainability of tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yang
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hang Zhou, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hang Zhou, China
| | - Ronghui Li
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Quzhou, Quzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Yang
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hang Zhou, China
| | - Dubin Dong
- Zhejiang A&F University, Hang Zhou, China
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengqian Ye
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hang Zhou, China
| | - Yuchun Wang
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hang Zhou, China
| | - Jiawei Ma
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hang Zhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hang Zhou, China
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Wen X, Wu D, Chen D, Xu P, Zhao T, Chen S, Zhu Z, Zhong H, Chen P. Soil organic matter and total nitrogen as key driving factors promoting the assessment of acid-base buffering characteristics in a tea (Camellia sinensis) plantation habitat. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:596. [PMID: 38839676 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The issue of soil acidification in tea plantations has become a critical concern due to its potential impact on tea quality and plant health. Understanding the factors contributing to soil acidification is essential for implementing effective soil management strategies in tea-growing regions. In this study, a field study was conducted to investigate the effects of tea plantations on soil acidification and the associated acid-base buffering capacity (pHBC). We assessed acidification, pHBC, nutrient concentrations, and cation contents in the top 0-20 cm layer of soil across forty tea gardens of varying stand ages (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, and 20-40 years old) in Anji County, Zhejiang Province, China. The results revealed evident soil acidification due to tea plantation activities, with the lowest soil pH observed in tea gardens aged 10-20 and 20-40 years. Higher levels of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), Olsen phosphorus (Olsen-P), available iron (Fe), and exchangeable hydrogen (H+) were notably recorded in 10-20 and 20-40 years old tea garden soils, suggesting an increased risk of soil acidification with prolonged tea cultivation. Furthermore, prolonged tea cultivation correlated with increased pHBC, which amplified with tea stand ages. The investigation of the relationship between soil pHBC and various parameters highlighted significant influences from soil pH, SOM, cation exchange capacity, TN, available potassium, Olsen-P, exchangeable acids (including H+ and aluminum), available Fe, and available zinc. Consequently, these findings underscore a substantial risk of soil acidification in tea gardens within the monitored region, with SOM and TN content being key driving factors influencing pHBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Ecological Civilization Academy, Anji, 313300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Donglei Wu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Ecological Civilization Academy, Anji, 313300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dingjiang Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Ecological Civilization Academy, Anji, 313300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peiran Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, Hubei, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, Hubei, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenhao Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, Hubei, China
| | - Hang Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, Hubei, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, Hubei, China
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Akhtar K, Ain NU, Prasad PVV, Naz M, Aslam MM, Djalovic I, Riaz M, Ahmad S, Varshney RK, He B, Wen R. Physiological, molecular, and environmental insights into plant nitrogen uptake, and metabolism under abiotic stresses. THE PLANT GENOME 2024; 17:e20461. [PMID: 38797919 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) as an inorganic macronutrient is inevitable for plant growth, development, and biomass production. Many external factors and stresses, such as acidity, alkalinity, salinity, temperature, oxygen, and rainfall, affect N uptake and metabolism in plants. The uptake of ammonium (NH4 +) and nitrate (NO3 -) in plants mainly depends on soil properties. Under the sufficient availability of NO3 - (>1 mM), low-affinity transport system is activated by gene network NRT1, and under low NO3 - availability (<1 mM), high-affinity transport system starts functioning encoded by NRT2 family of genes. Further, under limited N supply due to edaphic and climatic factors, higher expression of the AtNRT2.4 and AtNRT2.5T genes of the NRT2 family occur and are considered as N remobilizing genes. The NH4 + ion is the final form of N assimilated by cells mediated through the key enzymes glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase. The WRKY1 is a major transcription factor of the N regulation network in plants. However, the transcriptome and metabolite profiles show variations in N assimilation metabolites, including glycine, glutamine, and aspartate, under abiotic stresses. The overexpression of NO3 - transporters (OsNRT2.3a and OsNRT1.1b) can significantly improve the biomass and yield of various crops. Altering the expression levels of genes could be a valuable tool to improve N metabolism under the challenging conditions of soil and environment, such as unfavorable temperature, drought, salinity, heavy metals, and nutrient stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Akhtar
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Noor Ul Ain
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - P V Vara Prasad
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Sustainable Intensification, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Misbah Naz
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mehtab Muhammad Aslam
- College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources (CAFNR), Division of Plant Sciences & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ivica Djalovic
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- WA State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bing He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ronghui Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Xin W, Zhang J, Yu Y, Tian Y, Li H, Chen X, Li W, Liu Y, Lu T, He B, Xiong Y, Yang Z, Xu T, Tang W. Root microbiota of tea plants regulate nitrogen homeostasis and theanine synthesis to influence tea quality. Curr Biol 2024; 34:868-880.e6. [PMID: 38366595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The flavor profile of tea is influenced not only by different tea varieties but also by the surrounding soil environment. Recent studies have indicated the regulatory role of soil microbes residing in plant roots in nutrient uptake and metabolism. However, the impact of this regulatory mechanism on tea quality remains unclear. In this study, we showed that a consortium of microbes isolated from tea roots enhanced ammonia uptake and facilitated the synthesis of theanine, a key determinant of tea taste. Variations were observed in the composition of microbial populations colonizing tea roots and the rhizosphere across different seasons and tea varieties. By comparing the root microorganisms of the high-theanine tea variety Rougui with the low-theanine variety Maoxie, we identified a specific group of microbes that potentially modulate nitrogen metabolism, subsequently influencing the theanine levels in tea. Furthermore, we constructed a synthetic microbial community (SynCom) mirroring the microbe population composition found in Rougui roots. Remarkably, applying SynCom resulted in a significant increase in the theanine content of tea plants and imparted greater tolerance to nitrogen deficiency in Arabidopsis. Our study provides compelling evidence supporting the use of root microorganisms as functional microbial fertilizers to enhance tea quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xin
- College of Horticulture, School of Future Technology, and Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; College of Ecology and Resources Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, Fujian, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- College of Ecology and Resources Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, Fujian, China
| | - Yongdong Yu
- College of Horticulture, School of Future Technology, and Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yunhe Tian
- College of Horticulture, School of Future Technology, and Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Hao Li
- College of Horticulture, School of Future Technology, and Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaolu Chen
- College of Horticulture, School of Future Technology, and Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanlin Liu
- College of Horticulture, School of Future Technology, and Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Ting Lu
- College of Horticulture, School of Future Technology, and Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Biyun He
- College of Horticulture, School of Future Technology, and Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- College of Horticulture, School of Future Technology, and Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- College of Horticulture, School of Future Technology, and Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China.
| | - Tongda Xu
- College of Horticulture, School of Future Technology, and Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Wenxin Tang
- College of Horticulture, School of Future Technology, and Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
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Li D, Jin Y, Lu QH, Ren N, Wang YQ, Li QS. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of NIN-like protein (NLP) genes: Exploring their potential roles in nitrate response in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108340. [PMID: 38199025 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
NIN-like proteins (NLPs) are evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that are unique to plants and play a pivotal role in responses to nitrate uptake and assimilation. However, a comprehensive analysis of NLP members in tea plants is lacking. The present study performed a genome-wide analysis and identified 33 NLP gene family members of Camellia sinensis that were distributed unequally across 5 chromosomes. Subcellular localisation predictions revealed that all CsNLP proteins were localised in the nucleus. Conservative domain analysis revealed that all of these proteins contained conserved RWP-RK and PB1 domains. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the CsNLP gene family into four clusters. The promoter regions of CsNLPs harboured cis-acting elements associated with plant hormones and abiotic stress responses. Expression profile analysis demonstrated that CsNLP8 was significantly upregulated in roots under nitrate stress conditions. Subcellular localisation analysis found CsNLP8 localised to the nucleus. Dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that CsNLP8 positively regulated the expression of a nitrate transporter gene (CsNRT2.2). These findings provide a comprehensive characterisation of NLP genes in Camellia sinensis and offer insights into the biological function of CsNLP8 in regulating the response to nitrate-induced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Li
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Ya Jin
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China; College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qin-Hua Lu
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Ning Ren
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Ying-Qi Wang
- College of Tea Science and Tea Culture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Li
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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Manzoor, Ma L, Ni K, Ruan J. Influence of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Tea Growth and Quality and Soil Properties of Tea Orchards' Top Rhizosphere Soil. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:207. [PMID: 38256759 PMCID: PMC10820999 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Organic-based fertilizers have been ratified to be effective in ameliorating tea growth and the fertility of soil. However, the effect of integrated fertilization on tea growth and quality and the chemical properties of the soil in tea gardens are unclear. To address this, from 2020 to 2021, five different treatments were carried out in the greenhouse of the Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, CAAS, including CK (control), NPK (chemical fertilizers), RC (rapeseed cake), NPK+B (chemical fertilizer + biochar), and NPK+RC, to investigate the effects of different fertilizations on soil chemistry and tea growth and quality. The results indicated that NPK+B and NPK+RC significantly improved the different amino acid and catechin concentrations in the young shoots, stems, and roots of the tea compared to the CK. The plant growth parameters, e.g., the plant height, no. of leaves, mid-stem girth, and fresh weights of stems and leaves, were significantly increased with integrated fertilization (NPK+B and NPK+RC) compared to the CK and solo organic and inorganic fertilizers. The chlorophyll contents (Chl a, Chl b, and Chl a+b) were generally higher with NPK+RC than with the CK (37%, 35%, and 36%), RC (14%, 26%, and 18%), and NPK (9%, 13%, and 11%) treatments. Integrated fertilization buffered the acidic soil of the tea garden and decreased the soil C:N ratio. NPK+RC also significantly increased the soil's total C (31% and 16%), N (43% and 31%), P (65% and 40%), available P (31% and 58%), K (70% and 25%), nitrate (504% and 188%), and ammonium (267% and 146%) concentrations compared to the CK and RC. The soil macro- (Mg and Ca) and micronutrients (Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu) were significantly improved by the RC (100% and 72%) (49%, 161%, 112%, and 40%) and NPK+RC (88% and 48%) (47%, 75%, 45%, and 14%) compared to the CK. The chlorophyll contents and soil macro- and micronutrients were all significantly positively correlated with tea quality (amino acids and catechin contents) and growth. These results indicated that integrated fertilization improved the soil nutrient status, which is associated with the improvement of tea growth and quality. Thus, integrated nutrient management is a feasible tool for improving tea growth, quality, and low nutrient levels in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Tea, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna 666303, China
| | - Lifeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Tea, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Kang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Tea, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Tea, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, The Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
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Samarina L, Fedorina J, Kuzmina D, Malyukova L, Manakhova K, Kovalenko T, Matskiv A, Xia E, Tong W, Zhang Z, Ryndin A, Orlov YL, Khlestkina EK. Analysis of Functional Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and Leaf Quality in Tea Collection under Nitrogen-Deficient Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14538. [PMID: 37833988 PMCID: PMC10572165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study discusses the genetic mutations that have a significant association with economically important traits that would benefit tea breeders. The purpose of this study was to analyze the leaf quality and SNPs in quality-related genes in the tea plant collection of 20 mutant genotypes growing without nitrogen fertilizers. Leaf N-content, catechins, L-theanine, and caffeine contents were analyzed in dry leaves via HPLC. Additionally, the photochemical yield, electron transport efficiency, and non-photochemical quenching were analyzed using PAM-fluorimetry. The next generation pooled amplicon-sequencing approach was used for SNPs-calling in 30 key genes related to N metabolism and leaf quality. The leaf N content varied significantly among genotypes (p ≤ 0.05) from 2.3 to 3.7% of dry mass. The caffeine content varied from 0.7 to 11.7 mg g-1, and the L-theanine content varied from 0.2 to 5.8 mg g-1 dry leaf mass. Significant positive correlations were detected between the nitrogen content and biochemical parameters such as theanine, caffeine, and most of the catechins. However, significant negative correlations were observed between the photosynthetic parameters (Y, ETR, Fv/Fm) and several biochemical compounds, including rutin, Quercetin-3-O-glucoside, Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, Theaflavin-3'-gallate, gallic acid. From our SNP-analysis, three SNPs in WRKY57 were detected in all genotypes with a low N content. Moreover, 29 SNPs with a high or moderate effect were specific for #316 (high N-content, high quality) or #507 (low N-content, low quality). The use of a linear regression model revealed 16 significant associations; theaflavin, L-theanine, and ECG were associated with several SNPs of the following genes: ANSa, DFRa, GDH2, 4CL, AlaAT1, MYB4, LHT1, F3'5'Hb, UFGTa. Among them, seven SNPs of moderate effect led to changes in the amino acid contents in the final proteins of the following genes: ANSa, GDH2, 4Cl, F3'5'Hb, UFGTa. These results will be useful for further evaluations of the important SNPs and will help to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of nitrogen uptake efficiency in tree crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiia Samarina
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Jaroslava Fedorina
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Daria Kuzmina
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Lyudmila Malyukova
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Karina Manakhova
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Tatyana Kovalenko
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexandra Matskiv
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Enhua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (E.X.)
| | - Wei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (E.X.)
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (E.X.)
| | - Alexey Ryndin
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Yuriy L. Orlov
- Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344002 Sochi, Russia; (L.M.); (A.M.)
- Agrarian and Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena K. Khlestkina
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olimpiyskiy Ave. b.1, 354340 Sirius, Russia; (L.S.); (J.F.); (D.K.); (K.M.); (T.K.); (E.K.K.)
- Federal Research Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 196632 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Yang J, Lou J, Zhong W, Li Y, He Y, Su S, Chen X, Zhu B. Chemical Profile of Turnip According to the Plant Part and the Cultivar: A Multivariate Approach. Foods 2023; 12:3195. [PMID: 37685128 PMCID: PMC10486609 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) is a cruciferous plant cultivated worldwide that serves as a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds. Most turnip studies have focused on a few compounds or on part of the plant. The establishment of a complete chemical profile of different plant parts would facilitate its use for nutritional and medicinal purposes. In the current study, mineral elements, soluble sugars, free amino acids (FAA), total phenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF), and glucosinolates (GS) were quantified in the leaves, stems, and roots. Results were compared for 20 strains of turnip. The outcomes showed significant differences between parts of the plant and strains. The leaves exhibited the highest TF, TP, indispensable FAA, and microelement levels, and they showed a higher GS. Moreover, the stems had a high content of GS and macroelements. Furthermore, the roots showed high levels of free sugars and total FAA. The findings of this work provide the basis for utilizing each part of the turnip plant based on its chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Jiashu Lou
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Weiwei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yaochen Li
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yong He
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Shiwen Su
- Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325006, China (X.C.)
| | - Xianzhi Chen
- Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325006, China (X.C.)
| | - Biao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
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11
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Chen L, Khan S, Long X, Shao F, Huang J, Yin L. Effects of the ammonium stress on photosynthesis and ammonium assimilation in submerged leaves of Ottelia cordata - an endangered aquatic plant. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 261:106606. [PMID: 37331201 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Although ammonium (NH4+-N) is an important nutrient for plants, increases in soil nitrogen (N) input and atmospheric deposition have made ammonium toxicity a serious ecological problem. In this study, we explored the effects of NH4+-N stress on the ultrastructure, photosynthesis, and NH4+-N assimilation of Ottelia cordata (Wallich) Dandy, an endangered heteroblastic plant native to China. Results showed that 15 and 50 mg L-1 NH4+-N damaged leaf ultrastructure and decreased the values of maximal quantum yield (Fv/Fm), maximal fluorescence (Fm), and relative electron transport rate (rETR) in the submerged leaves of O. cordata. Furthermore, when NH4+-N was ≥ 2 mg L-1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity (PEPC) and soluble sugar and starch contents decreased significantly. The content of dissolved oxygen in the culture water also decreased significantly. The activity of the NH4+-N assimilation enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) significantly increased when NH4+-N was ≥ 10 mg L-1 and NADH-glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT) and Fd-glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT) increased when NH4+-N was at 50 mg L-1. However, the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADPH-GDH) did not change, indicating that GS/GOGAT cycle may play an important role in NH4+-N assimilation in the submerged leaves of O. cordata. These results show that short-term exposure to a high concentration of NH4+-N is toxic to O. cordata.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shahbaz Khan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Crop Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xipeng Long
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Fuyao Shao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiaquan Huang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Tropical Crop Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Liyan Yin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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12
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Jiang Y, Yang X, Ni K, Ma L, Shi Y, Wang Y, Cai Y, Ma Q, Ruan J. Nitrogen addition reduces phosphorus availability and induces a shift in soil phosphorus cycling microbial community in a tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plantation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 342:118207. [PMID: 37263035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two important nutrient elements that limit the growth of plants and microorganisms. The effect of the N supply on soil P cycling and its mechanism remain poorly known. Here, we characterized the effects of different N application rates on soil P availability, the abundances of P-cycling functional genes, and microbial communities involved in P-cycling following the application of N for 13 years in a tea plantation. Soil available P (AP) decreased significantly under N application. The opposite pattern was observed for the activity of soil phosphatases including alkaline (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP). Furthermore, N addition increased the abundance of ppa but decreased the abundance of phoD in soil. Both ppa- and phoD-harboring communities varied with N application levels. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil pH was a key variable modulating ppa-harboring and phoD-harboring microbial communities. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) revealed that long-term N application indirectly reduced soil P availability by altering the abundances of phoD-harboring biomarker taxa. Overall, our findings indicated that N-induced reductions in AP increased microbial competition for P by selecting microbes with P uptake and starvation response genes or those with phosphatases in tea plantation system. This suggests that tea plantations should be periodically supplemented with P under N application, especially under high N application levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Jiang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China; College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Tea Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, 550006, China
| | - Xiangde Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Kang Ni
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Lifeng Ma
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Xihu National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yuanzhi Shi
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yanjiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qingxu Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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13
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Duan Y, Yang H, Yang H, Wei Z, Che J, Wu W, Lyu L, Li W. Physiological and Morphological Responses of Blackberry Seedlings to Different Nitrogen Forms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1480. [PMID: 37050106 PMCID: PMC10097381 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Blackberries are an emerging third-generation fruit that are popular in Europe, and specific nitrogen (N) supply is an important factor affecting their growth and development. To study the optimal N fertilizer for blackberry seedlings, no N (CK), nitrate (NO3-)-N, ammonium (NH4+)-N and urea were applied to one-year-old 'Ningzhi 4' blackberry plants at a key growth period (from May to August) to explore the effects of different N forms on the physiological characteristics. Correlation and principal component analysis were used to determine the relationships between various indexes. Ammonium (NH4+) or urea-fed plants had a better growth state, showed a greater plant height, biomass, SPAD values and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and photosynthesis. In addition, NH4+ was beneficial to the accumulation of sugars and amino acids in leaves and roots, and promoted the transport of auxin and cytokinin to leaves. NO3- significantly inhibited root growth and increased the contents of active oxygen, malondialdehyde and antioxidants in roots. Correlation and principal component analysis showed that growth and dry matter accumulation were closely related to the antioxidant system, photosynthetic characteristics, amino acids and hormone content. Our study provides a new idea for N regulation mechanism of blackberry and proposes a scientific fertilization strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Duan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.D.); (H.Y.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-sen), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China; (W.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Hao Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.D.); (H.Y.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Zhiwen Wei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.D.); (H.Y.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jilu Che
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.D.); (H.Y.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Wenlong Wu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-sen), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China; (W.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Lianfei Lyu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-sen), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China; (W.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Weilin Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.D.); (H.Y.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
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14
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Wang S, Zhang X, Li X, Shen J, Sun L, Zaman S, Wang Y, Ding Z. Different changes of bacterial diversity and soil metabolites in tea plants-legume intercropping systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1110623. [PMID: 37008505 PMCID: PMC10060988 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1110623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As an essential agroforestry, intercropping legumes can improve the physical, chemical, and biological fertility of the soil in tea plantations. However, the effects of intercropping different legume species on soil properties, bacterial communities, and metabolites remain elusive. In this study, the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soils of three planting patterns (T1: tea plants/mung bean intercropping, T2: tea plants/adzuki bean intercropping, T3: tea plants/mung bean and adzuki bean intercropping) were sampled to explore the diversity of the bacterial community and soil metabolites. The findings showed that, as compared to monocropping, intercropping systems had greater concentrations of organic matter (OM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Notably, pH values were significantly lower, and soil nutrients increased in intercropping systems compared with monoculture in 20-40 cm soils, especially in T3. In addition, intercropping resulted in an increased relative abundance of Proteobacteria but a decreased relative abundance of Actinobacteria. 4-methyl-Tetradecane, acetamide, and diethyl carbamic acid were key metabolites mediating the root-microbe interactions, especially in tea plants/adzuki intercropping and tea plants/mung bean, adzuki bean mixed intercropping soils. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that arabinofuranose, abundant in tea plants and adzuki bean intercropping soils, showed the most remarkable correlation with the soil bacterial taxa. Our findings demonstrate that intercropping with adzuki beans is better at enhancing the diversity of soil bacteria and soil metabolites and is more weed-suppressing than other tea plants/legume intercropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojia Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojiang Li
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jiazhi Shen
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Litao Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shah Zaman
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
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15
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Lin ZH, Chen CS, Zhao SQ, Liu Y, Zhong QS, Ruan QC, Chen ZH, You XM, Shan RY, Li XL, Zhang YZ. Molecular and physiological mechanisms of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) leaf and root in response to nitrogen deficiency. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:27. [PMID: 36650452 PMCID: PMC9847173 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an economically important crop, tea is strongly nitrogen (N)-dependent. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the response of N deficiency in tea are not fully understood. Tea cultivar "Chunlv2" [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] were cultured with a nutrient solution with 0 mM [N-deficiency] or 3 mM (Control) NH4NO3 in 6 L pottery pots containing clean river sands. RESULTS N deficiency significantly decreased N content, dry weight, chlorophyll (Chl) content, L-theanine and the activities of N metabolism-related enzymes, but increased the content of total flavonoids and polyphenols in tea leaves. N deficiency delayed the sprouting time of tea buds. By using the RNA-seq technique and subsequent bioinformatics analysis, 3050 up-regulated and 2688 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were isolated in tea leaves in response to N deficiency. However, only 1025 genes were up-regulated and 744 down-regulated in roots. Gene ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis showed that 205 DEGs in tea leaves were enriched in seven GO terms and 152 DEGs in tea roots were enriched in 11 GO items based on P < 0.05. In tea leaves, most GO-enriched DEGs were involved in chlorophyll a/b binding activities, photosynthetic performance, and transport activities. But most of the DEGs in tea roots were involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and plant hormones with regard to the GO terms of biological processes. N deficiency significantly increased the expression level of phosphate transporter genes, which indicated that N deficiency might impair phosphorus metabolism in tea leaves. Furthermore, some DEGs, such as probable anion transporter 3 and high-affinity nitrate transporter 2.7, might be of great potential in improving the tolerance of N deficiency in tea plants and further study could work on this area in the future. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated N deficiency inhibited the growth of tea plant, which might be due to altered N metabolism and expression levels of DEGs involved in the photosynthetic performance, transport activity and oxidation-reduction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-He Lin
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Chang-Song Chen
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Shui-Qing Zhao
- Laixi Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Shandong Province, Laixi, 266699 China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Laixi Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Shandong Province, Laixi, 266699 China
| | - Qiu-Sheng Zhong
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Qi-Chun Ruan
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Zhi-Hui Chen
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Xiao-Mei You
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Rui-Yang Shan
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Xin-Lei Li
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
| | - Ya-Zhen Zhang
- grid.418033.d0000 0001 2229 4212Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu’an, 355000 China
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Genome-Wide Identification of AMT2-Type Ammonium Transporters Reveal That CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 Potentially Regulate NH 4+ Absorption among Three Different Cultivars of Camellia sinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415661. [PMID: 36555302 PMCID: PMC9779401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4+), as a major inorganic source of nitrogen (N) for tea plant growth, is transported and distributed across membranes by the proteins of ammonium transporters (AMTs). However, the AMT2-type AMTs from tea plants remain poorly understood. In this study, five CsAMT2 subfamily genes were identified in tea plant genomes, and their full-length coding sequences (CDS) were isolated from roots. Then, a NH4+ uptake kinetic comparison of Fudingdabaicha (FD), Huangdan (HD), and Maoxie (MX) showed that FD was a high N efficiency (HNE) cultivar that had a wide range of adaptability to NH4+, HD was a high N efficiency under high N conditions (HNEH) cultivar, in which it was easy to obtain higher yield in a high N environment, and MX was a high N efficiency under low N conditions (HNEL) cultivar, which had a higher affinity for NH4+ than the other two. Tissue-specific expression analysis suggested that CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 were highly expressed in the roots, indicating that these two members may be unique in the CsAMT2 subfamily. This is further supported by our findings from the temporal expression profiles in the roots among these three different N adaptation cultivars. Expression levels of CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 in FD and HD were upregulated by a short time (2 h) under high NH4+ treatment, while under low NH4+ treatment, CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 were highly expressed at 0 h and 2 h in the HNEL-type cultivar-MX. Furthermore, the functional analysis illustrated that CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 could make a functional complementation of NH4+-defective mutant yeast cells at low NH4+ levels, and the transport efficiency of CsAMT2.3 was higher than that of CsAMT2.2. Thus, we concluded that CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 might play roles in controlling the NH4+ uptake from the soil to the roots. These results will further the understanding of the NH4+ signal networks of AMT2-type proteins in tea plants.
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D’Auria JC, Cohen SP, Leung J, Glockzin K, Glockzin KM, Gervay-Hague J, Zhang D, Meinhardt LW. United States tea: A synopsis of ongoing tea research and solutions to United States tea production issues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:934651. [PMID: 36212324 PMCID: PMC9538180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.934651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tea is a steeped beverage made from the leaves of Camellia sinensis. Globally, this healthy, caffeine-containing drink is one of the most widely consumed beverages. At least 50 countries produce tea and most of the production information and tea research is derived from international sources. Here, we discuss information related to tea production, genetics, and chemistry as well as production issues that affect or are likely to affect emerging tea production and research in the United States. With this review, we relay current knowledge on tea production, threats to tea production, and solutions to production problems to inform this emerging market in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. D’Auria
- Metabolic Diversity Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Stephen P. Cohen
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Jason Leung
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Kayla Glockzin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kyle Mark Glockzin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Gervay-Hague
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Lyndel W. Meinhardt
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Yi X, Ji L, Hu Z, Yang X, Li H, Jiang Y, He T, Yang Y, Ni K, Ruan J. Organic amendments improved soil quality and reduced ecological risks of heavy metals in a long-term tea plantation field trial on an Alfisol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156017. [PMID: 35588827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tea plantation can cause strong soil degradation, e.g. acidification, basic nutrient decrease and microbial diversity loss, naturally by its root activity and secondary by practically tremendous synthetic N input. Organic amendments application is considered a practical way to mitigate the above adverse consequence. However, the trade-off between agronomic and environmental effects on the application of the organic amendments is still under debate. Herein, we conducted a long-term field experiment with four treatments, including control (without and fertiliser) (CK), chemical fertiliser treatment (CF), chicken manure treatment (CM) and chicken manure combined with biochar treatment (CMB) to investigate the effects of organic amendments application on soil quality, heavy metal contamination and tea production in a tea plantation. Totally 16 plots were arranged randomly with a completely randomised design. The results showed that CM and CMB treatments improved soil nutrient, mitigated soil acidification and ameliorated soil porosity compared to CF treatment. CMB treatment displayed a relatively high tea yield and quality in three consecutive years of monitoring. However, CM and CMB treatments elevated the heavy metal (HM) potential ecological risk (RI) and Nemerow's composite index (Ps). CM treatment significantly increased available As, Pb, Cu and Zn concentrations compared to CF treatment, while CMB treatment significantly decreased available Cr and Cu concentrations and slightly decreased available Cd, Pb and Ni concentrations compared to CM treatment. But the increase of available As and Zn in CMB treatment compared to CM treatment also indicated adverse effects of biochar addition. The PLS-PM model showed HM risk had direct negative effects on tea quality. Moreover, soil fungal community revealed positive effects on tea yield and negative effects on tea quality. Overall, our study proved that CMB treatment could improve soil quality, reduce available Cr and Ni concentrations, maintain tea yield and increase tea quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Yi
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lingfei Ji
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilisers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenmin Hu
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiangde Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Haitao Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Tiehu He
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yiyang Yang
- Institute of Leisure Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Kang Ni
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Xihu National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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19
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Xie H, Chen Z, Feng X, Wang M, Luo Y, Wang Y, Xu P. L-theanine exuded from Camellia sinensis roots regulates element cycling in soil by shaping the rhizosphere microbiome assembly. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155801. [PMID: 35561922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Root exudate metabolites are a key medium for the interaction between plants and soil microbiota. L-theanine is a unique non-protein amino acid critical for the flavor and potential health benefits of tea products; however, its biological function in tea plants is not well understood. As L-theanine is mainly synthesized in the roots of tea plants, we hypothesized that L-theanine could affect the function of the rhizosphere microbiota by modulating microbial assembly. In the present study, L-theanine was detected in the exudates of tea plant roots using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that L-theanine significantly altered the structure of the rhizosphere microbiota and selectively shaped rhizosphere microbial assembly. Moreover, metagenomic data showed that L-theanine affected the abundance of genes encoding element cycling in soil. Interestingly, the denitrification and complete nitrification pathways were significantly inhibited by L-theanine by decreasing the narH, napA, and napB genes abundance. These findings provide new insights into the biological function of L-theanine, as well as the implications of interactions between tea plant root exudates and the rhizosphere microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengtong Xie
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zimeng Chen
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengcen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Institute of Soil & Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Institute of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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20
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Xu W, Li J, Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhao H, Guo F, Wang Y, Wang P, Chen Y, Ni D, Wang M. Metabolome and RNA-seq Analysis of Responses to Nitrogen Deprivation and Resupply in Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis) Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:932720. [PMID: 36092416 PMCID: PMC9459018 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.932720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an important contributor in regulating plant growth and development as well as secondary metabolites synthesis, so as to promote the formation of tea quality and flavor. Theanine, polyphenols, and caffeine are important secondary metabolites in tea plant. In this study, the responses of Camellia sinensis roots to N deprivation and resupply were investigated by metabolome and RNA-seq analysis. N deficiency induced content increase for most amino acids (AAs) and reduction for the remaining AAs, polyphenols, and caffeine. After N recovery, the decreased AAs and polyphenols showed a varying degree of recovery in content, but caffeine did not. Meanwhile, theanine increased in content, but its related synthetic genes were down-regulated, probably due to coordination of the whole N starvation regulatory network. Flavonoids-related pathways were relatively active following N stress according to KEGG enrichment analysis. Gene co-expression analysis revealed TCS2, AMT1;1, TAT2, TS, and GOGAT as key genes, and TFs like MYB, bHLH, and NAC were also actively involved in N stress responses in C. sinensis roots. These findings facilitate the understanding of the molecular mechanism of N regulation in tea roots and provide genetic reference for improving N use efficiency in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenluan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingle Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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21
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Lin S, Chen Z, Chen T, Deng W, Wan X, Zhang Z. Theanine metabolism and transport in tea plants ( Camellia sinensis L.): advances and perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:327-341. [PMID: 35430936 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2036692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Theanine, a tea plant-specific non-proteinogenic amino acid, is the most abundant free amino acid in tea leaves. It is also one of the most important quality components of tea because it endows the "umami" taste, relaxation-promoting, and many other health benefits of tea infusion. Its content in tea leaves is directly correlated with the quality and price of green tea. Theanine biosynthesis primarily occurs in roots and is transported to new shoots in tea plants. Recently, great advances have been made in theanine metabolism and transport in tea plants. Along with the deciphering of the genomic sequences of tea plants, new genes in theanine metabolic pathway were discovered and functionally characterized. Theanine transporters were identified and were characterized on the affinity for: theanine, substrate specificity, spatiotemporal expression, and the role in theanine root-to-shoot transport. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of theanine accumulation by: cultivars, seasons, nutrients, and environmental factors are also being rapidly uncovered. Transcription factors were identified to be critical regulators of theanine biosynthesis. In this review, we summarize the progresses in theanine: biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport processes. We also discuss the future studies on theanine in tea plants, and application of the knowledge to crops to synthesize theanine to improve the health-promoting quality of non-tea crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Ziping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Weiwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
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22
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Yang X, Leng Y, Zhou Z, Shang H, Ni K, Ma L, Yi X, Cai Y, Ji L, Ruan J, Shi Y. Ecological management model for the improvement of soil fertility through the regulation of rare microbial taxa in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plantation soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 308:114595. [PMID: 35124311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural management is essential to enhance soil ecosystem service function through optimizing soil physical conditions and improving nutrient supply, which is predominantly regulated by soil microorganisms. Several studies have focused on soil biodiversity and function in tea plantation systems. However, the effects of different agriculture managements on soil fertility and microbes remain poorly characterized, especially for what concerns perennial agroecosystems. In this study, 40 soil samples were collected from 10 tea plantation sites in China to explore the effects of ecological and conventional managements on soil fertility, as well as on microbial diversity, community composition, and co-occurrence network. Compared with conventional management, ecological management was found to significantly enhance soil fertility, microbial diversity, and microbial network complexity. Additionally, a significant difference in community composition was clearly observed under the two agriculture managements, especially for rare microbial taxa, whose relative abundance significantly increased under ecological management. Random forest modeling revealed that rare taxa (e.g., Rokubacteria and Mortierellomycota), rather than dominant microbial taxa (e.g., Proteobacteria and Ascomycota), were key variables for predicting soil fertility. This indicates that rare taxa might play a fundamental role in biological processes. Overall, our results suggest that ecological management is more efficient than conventional management in regulating rare microbial taxa and maintaining a good soil fertility in tea plantation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangde Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Tea, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yang Leng
- National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Zeyu Zhou
- National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Huaiguo Shang
- National Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Kang Ni
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Tea, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Lifeng Ma
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Tea, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Xihu National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yi
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Tea, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yanjiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Lingfei Ji
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Tea, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Yuanzhi Shi
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization of Tea, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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23
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Pokharel SS, Zhong Y, Changning L, Shen F, Likun L, Parajulee MN, Fang W, Chen F. Influence of reduced N-fertilizer application on foliar chemicals and functional qualities of tea plants under Toxoptera aurantii infestation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:166. [PMID: 35366797 PMCID: PMC8976352 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) is a polyphagous pest predominant in tea orchards and has become the most pernicious pest deteriorating tea quality. Nitrogen (N) is essential to plant growth improvement, and it can significantly impact plant defensive ability against aphid infestation. This study was designed to quantify the influence of reduced N-fertilizer application on foliar chemicals and functional quality parameters of tea plants against the infestation of T. aurantii. In this study, the tea seedlings (cv. Longjing43) were applied with normal level (NL) of N-fertilizer (240 kg N ha-1) along with reduced N-fertilizer levels (70%NL and 50%NL), and with and without T. aurantii infestation. RESULTS The results showed that N-fertilizer application significantly affected plant biomass and photosynthetic indexes, foliar soluble nutrients and polyphenols, tea catechins, caffeine, essential amino acids, volatile organic compounds of tea seedlings, and the population dynamics of T. aurantii. Compared with the normal N-fertilizer level, the reduced N-fertilizer application (70%NL and 50%NL) significantly decreased all the foliar functional quality components of tea seedlings without aphid infestation, while these components were increased in tea seedlings with aphid infestation. Moreover, the transcript expression levels of foliar functional genes (including CsTCS, CsTs1, and CsGT1) were significantly higher in the NL, and significantly lower in the 50%NL for tea seedlings without aphid infestation, while the transcript expression levels were significantly higher in 50%NL in aphid inoculated tea seedlings. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that the reduced N-fertilizer application could enhance foliar chemicals and functional quality parameters of tea plants especially with T. aurantii infestation, which can relieve soil nitrogen pressure and reduce pesticide use for control of tea aphid infestation in tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanni Zhong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lv Changning
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fangyuan Shen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Li Likun
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Megha N Parajulee
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX79403, USA
| | - Wanping Fang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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24
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Characteristics of NH4+ and NO3− Fluxes in Taxodium Roots under Different Nitrogen Treatments. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070894. [PMID: 35406875 PMCID: PMC9003431 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To understand the characteristics of net NH4+ and NO3− fluxes and their relation with net H+ fluxes in Taxodium, net fluxes of NH4+, NO3− and H+ were detected by a scanning ion-selective electrode technique under different forms of fixed nitrogen (N) and experimental conditions. The results showed that higher net NH4+ and NO3− fluxes occurred at 2.1–3.0 mm from the root apex in T.ascendens and T. distichum. Compared to NH4+ or NO3− alone, more stable net NH4+ and NO3− fluxes were found under NH4NO3 supply conditions, of which net NH4+ flux was promoted at least 1.71 times by NO3−, whereas net NO3− flux was reduced more than 81.66% by NH4+ in all plants, which indicated that NH4+ is preferred by Taxodium plants. T. ascendens and T. mucronatum had the largest net NH4+ and total N influxes when NH4+:NO3− was 3:1. 15N Atom% and activities of N assimilation enzymes were improved by single N fertilization in the roots of T. distichum. In most cases, net H+ fluxes were tightly correlated with net NH4+ and NO3− fluxes. Thus, both N forms and proportions could affect N uptake of Taxodium. These findings could provide useful guidance for N management for better productivity of Taxodium plants.
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25
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Characterization of Young Shoot Population, Yield, and Nitrogen Demands of Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Harvested under Different Standards. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The quality of green tea is greatly influenced by the harvest standards for young shoots. The present field experiment was conducted to characterize the young shoot populations, yields, and nitrogen (N) demands of tea plants subjected to four different harvest standards, i.e., buds with one, two, or three young expanding leaves (referred to as B1L, B2L, and B3L, respectively) and a combination of B1L and B3L (B1L/B3L) throughout the year. Weight per shoot was closely related to the number of expanding leaves and was greater in B3L than B1L and B2L, and also greater in summer and autumn than in spring, whereas B1L revealed the greatest young shoot density and highest N concentration. Annual shoot yield and shoot N content were largest in B3L and decreased in the following order: B3L > B2L ≈ B1L/B3L > B1L. However, in the early spring the shoot density, yield, and shoot N content of B1L were much higher than those of B3L. The harvest of B3L significantly reduced the biomass of brown roots and its ratio against the above-ground biomass compared to other harvest standards, suggesting a decreased allocation of carbon to the root system due to seasonal removal. The N dilution curve (Nys = a × Yysb, where Nys is the shoot N content and Yys is the shoot yield) of spring tea differed markedly from those of summer and autumn teas, suggesting different coordination properties for shoot growth and N supply among the seasons. The annual harvest index (NHI) measured by 15N traces ranged between 0.18 and 0.23, indicating relatively low N allocation to young shoots, whereby large proportions (58.2–66.9% of the total 15N absorption) remained in the plant at the end of the experiment. In conclusion, the seasonal distribution of the shoot density, weight per shoot, yield, and N demands vary with harvest standards and highlight the importance of N precision management in tea production to be finely tuned to meet the changes in harvest season and requirements.
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Ren H, Li X, Guo L, Wang L, Hao X, Zeng J. Integrative Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis Reveals the Absorption and Metabolism of Selenium in Tea Plants [ Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:848349. [PMID: 35283867 PMCID: PMC8908381 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.848349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Certain tea plants (Camellia sinensis) have the ability to accumulate selenium. In plants, the predominant forms of bioavailable Se are selenite (SeO3 2-) and selenate (SeO4 2-). We applied transcriptomics and proteomics to hydroponically grown plants treated with selenite or selenate for 48 h in the attempt to elucidate the selenium absorption and assimilation mechanisms in tea. A total of 1,844 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 691 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained by comparing the Na2SeO3 and Na2SeO4 treatments against the control. A GO analysis showed that the genes related to amino acid and protein metabolism and redox reaction were strongly upregulated in the plants under the Na2SeO3 treatment. A KEGG pathway analysis revealed that numerous genes involved in amino acid and glutathione metabolism were upregulated, genes and proteins associated with glutathione metabolism and ubiquinone and terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis were highly expressed. Genes participating in DNA and RNA metabolism were identified and proteins related to glutathione metabolism were detected in tea plants supplemented with Na2SeO4. ABC, nitrate and sugar transporter genes were differentially expressed in response to selenite and selenate. Phosphate transporter (PHT3;1a, PHT1;3b, and PHT1;8) and aquaporin (NIP2;1) genes were upregulated in the presence of selenite. Sulfate transporter (SULTR1;1 and SULTR2;1) expression increased in response to selenate exposure. The results of the present study have clarified Se absorption and metabolism in tea plants, and play an important theoretical reference significance for the breeding and cultivation of selenium-enriched tea varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengze Ren
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lina Guo
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Hao
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Zeng
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. It is mostly grown in the tropics with a heavy dependence on mineral nitrogen (N) fertilisers to maintain high yields while minimising the areas under cultivation. However, N is often applied in excess of crop requirements, resulting in substantial adverse environmental impacts. We conducted a systematic literature review, synthesising the findings from 48 studies to assess the impacts of excessive N application on soil health, and identify sustainable, alternative forms of N management. High N applications lead to soil acidification, N leaching to surface and groundwater, and the emission of greenhouse gases including nitrous oxide (N2O). We identified a range of alternative N management practices, the use of organic fertilisers, a mixture of organic and inorganic fertilisers, controlled release fertilisers, nitrification inhibitors and soil amendments including biochar. While many practices result in reduced N loading or mitigate some adverse impacts, major trade-offs include lower yields, and in some instances increased N2O emissions. Practices are also frequently trialled in isolation, meaning there may be a missed opportunity from assessing synergistic effects. Moreover, adoption rates of alternatives are low due to a lack of knowledge amongst farmers, and/or financial barriers. The use of site-specific management practices which incorporate local factors (for example climate, tea variety, irrigation requirements, site slope, and fertiliser type) are therefore recommended to improve sustainable N management practices in the long term.
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Wang Y, Xuan YM, Wang SM, Fan DM, Wang XC, Zheng XQ. Genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression analysis of the ammonium transporter gene family in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13646. [PMID: 35129836 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a preferred nitrogen form, ammonium (NH4 + ) transport via specific transporters is particularly important for the growth and development of tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). However, our understanding of the functions of the AMT family in tea plants is limited. We identified and named 16 putative AMT genes according to phylogenetic analysis. All CsAMT genes were divided into three groups, distributed on 12 chromosomes with only one segmental duplication repetition. The CsAMT genes showed different expression levels in different organs, and most of them were expressed mainly in the apical buds and roots. Complementation analysis of yeast mutants showed that CsAMTs restored the uptake of NH4 + . This study provides insights into the genome-wide distribution and spatial expression of AMT genes in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Min Xuan
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Mao Wang
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Mei Fan
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Chang Wang
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Liu J, Liu M, Fang H, Zhang Q, Ruan J. Accumulation of Amino Acids and Flavonoids in Young Tea Shoots Is Highly Correlated With Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Roots and Mature Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:756433. [PMID: 34868150 PMCID: PMC8636729 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.756433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The quality of tea product and the metabolism of quality-related compounds in young shoots are significantly affected by the nitrogen(N) supply. However, little is known of the metabolic changes that take place in tea roots and mature leaves under different supplies, which has a large effect on the accumulation of quality-related compounds in young shoots. In this study, young shoots, mature leaves, and roots under different N conditions were subjected to metabolite profiling using gas chromatography and ultraperformance liquid chromatography, coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The contents of free amino acids (e.g., theanine and glutamate) involved in N metabolism were significantly greater under high N than under low N, while a high N supply reduced soluble sugars (e.g., glucose) in all three tissues. Organic acids (e.g., malate, fumarate, α-ketoglutatare, and succinate) involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle remarkably increased as the nitrogen supply increased, which confirms that carbon (C) allocation was restricted by increasing the nitrogen supply, especially in mature leaves. RT-PCR results indicated that gene expression related to nitrogen assimilation significantly increased in roots with increasing nitrogen supply, which had a significant positive relationship with the level of free amino acids in young shoots. In addition, the expression of most genes involved in flavonoid synthesis was significantly upregulated under conditions of low nitrogen supply relative to high nitrogen supply in young shoot and roots. These data suggest that enhanced assimilation of N in tea roots and the coordinated regulation of C (sugars, organic acids, and flavonoids) and N(amino acids) in mature leaves can lead to a high accumulation of amino acids in young shoots. Furthermore, as the N supply increased, more C was partitioned into compounds containing N in mature leaves and roots, resulting in a decrease in flavonoids in young shoots. In conclusion, the accumulation of amino acids and flavonoids in young tea shoots is highly correlated with carbon and nitrogen metabolism in roots and mature leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Biology and Resource Application of Tea, The Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Fuyang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiya Liu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Biology and Resource Application of Tea, The Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Biology and Resource Application of Tea, The Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory for Plant Biology and Resource Application of Tea, The Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Lin ZH, Chen CS, Zhong QS, Ruan QC, Chen ZH, You XM, Shan RY, Li XL. The GC-TOF/MS-based Metabolomic analysis reveals altered metabolic profiles in nitrogen-deficient leaves and roots of tea plants (Camellia sinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:506. [PMID: 34727870 PMCID: PMC8561955 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is commonly considered as one of the most important limiting factors in the agricultural production. As a result, a large amount of N fertilizer is used to improve the yield in modern tea production. Unfortunately, the large amount of N fertilizer input has led to increased plant nitrogen-tolerance and decreased amplitude of yield improvement, which results in significant N loss, energy waste and environment pollution. However, the effects of N-deficiency on the metabolic profiles of tea leaves and roots are not well understood. RESULTS In this study, seedlings of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze Chunlv 2 were treated with 3 mM NH4NO3 (Control) or without NH4NO3 (N-deficiency) for 4 months by sandy culture. The results suggested that N-deficiency induced tea leaf chlorosis, impaired biomass accumulation, decreased the leaf chlorophyll content and N absorption when they were compared to the Control samples. The untargeted metabolomics based on GC-TOF/MS approach revealed a discrimination of the metabolic profiles between N-deficient tea leaves and roots. The identification and classification of the altered metabolites indicated that N deficiency upregulated the relative abundances of most phenylpropanoids and organic acids, while downregulated the relative abundances of most amino acids in tea leaves. Differentially, N-deficiency induced the accumulation of most carbohydrates, organic acids and amino acids in tea roots. The potential biomarkers screened in N-deficient leaves compared to Control implied that N deficiency might reduce the tea quality. Unlike the N-deficient leaves, the potential biomarkers in N-deficient roots indicated an improved stress response might occur in tea roots. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated N deficiency had different effects on the primary and secondary metabolism in tea leaves and roots. The findings of this study will facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the N-deficient tea plants and provide a valuable reference for the optimized N nutrient management and the sustainable development in the tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-He Lin
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China.
| | - Chang-Song Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Qiu-Sheng Zhong
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Qi-Chun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Xiao-Mei You
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Rui-Yang Shan
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Xin-Lei Li
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
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Kui L, Xiang G, Wang Y, Wang Z, Li G, Li D, Yan J, Ye S, Wang C, Yang L, Zhang S, Zhang S, Zhou L, Gui H, Xu J, Chen W, Zhang J, Huang T, Majeed A, Sheng J, Dong Y. Large-Scale Characterization of the Soil Microbiome in Ancient Tea Plantations Using High-Throughput 16S rRNA and Internal Transcribed Spacer Amplicon Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:745225. [PMID: 34721345 PMCID: PMC8555698 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.745225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a special interaction between the environment, soil microorganisms, and tea plants, which constitute the ecosystem of tea plantations. Influenced by environmental factors and human management, the changes in soil microbial community affected the growth, quality, and yield of tea plants. However, little is known about the composition and structure of soil bacterial and fungal communities in 100-year-old tea plantations and the mechanisms by which they are affected. In this regard, we characterized the microbiome of tea plantation soils by considering the bacterial and fungal communities in 448 soil samples from 101 ancient tea plantations in eight counties of Lincang city, which is one of the tea domestication centers in the world. 16S and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing techniques were applied in this study. The results showed that the abundance, diversity, and composition of the bacterial and fungal communities have different sensitivity with varying pH, altitude, and latitude. pH and altitude affect soil microbial communities, and bacterial communities are more sensitive than fungi in terms of abundance and diversity to pH. The highest α-diversity of bacterial communities is shown in the pH 4.50–5.00 and 2,200-m group, and fungi peaked in the pH 5.00–5.50 and 900-m group. Because of environmental and geographical factors, all microbes are similarly changing, and further correlations showed that the composition and structure of bacterial communities are more sensitive than fungal communities, which were affected by latitude and altitude. In conclusion, the interference of anthropogenic activities plays a more important role in governing fungal community selection than environmental or geographical factors, whereas for the bacterial community, it is more selective to environment adaptation than to adaptation to human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Kui
- Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guisheng Xiang
- Yunnan Agricultural University Applied Genomics Technology Laboratory, School of Biological Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ya Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Zijun Wang
- Yunnan Agricultural University Applied Genomics Technology Laboratory, School of Biological Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guorong Li
- Lincang Tea Research Institute, Lincang, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Yunnan Agricultural University Applied Genomics Technology Laboratory, School of Biological Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Yunnan Agricultural University Applied Genomics Technology Laboratory, School of Biological Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuang Ye
- Yunnan Agricultural University Applied Genomics Technology Laboratory, School of Biological Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Chunping Wang
- Yunnan Agricultural University Applied Genomics Technology Laboratory, School of Biological Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Yunnan Agricultural University Applied Genomics Technology Laboratory, School of Biological Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Yunnan Agricultural University Applied Genomics Technology Laboratory, School of Biological Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuangyan Zhang
- Yunnan Agricultural University Applied Genomics Technology Laboratory, School of Biological Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Yunnan Agricultural University Applied Genomics Technology Laboratory, School of Biological Big Data, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,Longrun Pu'er Tea College of Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Heng Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tingyuan Huang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aasim Majeed
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Lahore, India
| | - Jun Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming, China.,Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Research Institute for Local Plateau Agriculture and Industry, Kunming, China
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Dūmiņš K, Andersone-Ozola U, Samsone I, Elferts D, Ievinsh G. Growth and Physiological Performance of a Coastal Species Trifolium fragiferum as Affected by a Coexistence with Trifolium repens, NaCl Treatment and Inoculation with Rhizobia. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102196. [PMID: 34686005 PMCID: PMC8539394 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the growth and physiological performance of two coexisting species, Trifolium fragiferum, and Trifolium repens, under the effect of NaCl and rhizobial symbiosis. Seeds of T. fragiferum and T. repens were collected from populations in the wild, and plants were cultivated in an automated greenhouse, two plants per container. Three basic types of planting were performed: (1) both plants were T. fragiferum (single species), (2) one T. fragiferum and one T. repens (species coexistence), (3) both plants were T. repens (single species). For every basic type, three subtypes were made: (1) non-inoculated, (2) inoculated with rhizobia taken from T. fargiferum, (3) inoculated with rhizobia taken from T. repens. For every subtype, half of the containers were used as control, and half were treated with NaCl. Shoot fresh mass of plants was significantly (p < 0.001) affected by species coexistence, inoculant, and NaCl. Three significant two-way interactions on plant shoot growth were found: between species coexistence and NaCl (p < 0.001), inoculant and species (p < 0.05), and NaCl and species (p < 0.001). A significant three-way interaction between inoculant, NaCl, and species (p < 0.001) indicated different responses of shoot growth of the two species to inoculant type and NaCl. NaCl treatment was an important factor for T. fragiferum, resulting in better growth in conditions of species coexistence, but the positive effect of bacterial inoculant was significantly more pronounced. A decrease in peroxidase activity in leaves was a good indicator of relative NaCl tolerance, while the absence/presence of rhizobial inoculation was reflected by changes in leaf chlorophyll concentration and photochemical activity of photosystem II. It can be concluded that interaction between biotic and abiotic factors affected the outcome of the coexistence of the two Trifolium species. Distribution of T. fragiferum in sea-affected habitats seems to be related to a higher competitive ability with allied species at increased substrate salinity, based on better physiological salinity tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kārlis Dūmiņš
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (K.D.); (U.A.-O.); (I.S.)
| | - Una Andersone-Ozola
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (K.D.); (U.A.-O.); (I.S.)
| | - Ineta Samsone
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (K.D.); (U.A.-O.); (I.S.)
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Gederts Ievinsh
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1 Jelgavas Str., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (K.D.); (U.A.-O.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhang F, He W, Yuan Q, Wei K, Ruan L, Wang L, Cheng H. Transcriptome analysis identifies CsNRT genes involved in nitrogen uptake in tea plants, with a major role of CsNRT2.4. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:970-979. [PMID: 34571390 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tea trees have a high demand for nitrogen (N) fertilizer to improve the yield and quality of tea. In this research, transcriptome analysis revealed the effect of N starvation and resupply upon N uptake in tea plants. We identified 4098 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were significantly enriched in amino acid and N metabolism and were extensively mapped to the tea genome. The CsNRT gene family plays vital roles in the nitrogen uptake of tea plants. The full CDS sequences of CsNRT1.1, CsNRT1.2, CsNRT1.5, CsNRT1.7, CsNRT2.4, CsNRT2.5, CsNRT3.1 and CsNRT3.2 were cloned. One-year-old cutting seedlings of Zhongcha302 (ZC302) were selected for hydroponic culture and were used for gene expression analysis. The seedlings were resupplied with 0.2 and 2 mM N after N starvation. The results of the gene expression under different N treatments and in various tissues indicated that the expression of CsNRT2.4 was highly expressed in tea roots and was greatly induced by N. Overexpressed CsNRT2.4 in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana increased the root lengths and fresh weights and improved the NO3- uptake rate in the Arabidopsis roots at a low NO3- level. Thus, we inferred that CsNRT2.4 was a key gene for N uptake in tea plant roots. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of tea plant responses to N resupply and reveals hub genes for improving nitrogen usage efficiency (NUE) in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Qingyun Yuan
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Li Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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Wang Y, Wang YM, Lu YT, Qiu QL, Fan DM, Wang XC, Zheng XQ. Influence of different nitrogen sources on carbon and nitrogen metabolism and gene expression in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:561-566. [PMID: 34454315 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen plays an important role in plant growth and development, with different nitrogen forms also having an impact on carbon/nitrogen metabolism. Unlike most plants, tea plants prefer ammonium over nitrate. In this paper, we focused on how different nitrogen sources regulate the carbon/nitrogen metabolism in tea plants. Tea seedlings of 'Longjing 43' were cultivated hydroponically in four different solutions (zero-nitrogen, only NH4+, only NO3- and mixed nitrogen (NH4+: NO3- = 1:1). We analyzed characteristic components of tea plants and related genes in carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Tea polyphenols and catechins representing carbon pool, increased when NO3- was supplied as the nitrogen source, and similar findings were recorded in the zero-nitrogen treatment. The expression of most catechins biosynthesis-related genes was up regulated under NO3- and zero-N treatment, that was associated with tea polyphenols and catechins changes. Compared with NO3- as the nitrogen source, NH4+ and mixed nitrogen treatments had a positive effect on the accumulation of amino acids, especially theanine, glutamate and arginine, and these components contribute to the freshness flavor of tea. The expression of ammonium-assimilation genes was also up-regulated with NH4+ supply. Under mixed nitrogen treatment, the ratio of total polyphenols to free amino acids (PP/AA) was between sole NH4+ and NO3- supply. Therefore, compared with single nitrogen source, carbon and nitrogen metabolism of tea plant was more balanced under mixed nitrogen treatment. The results suggested that NO3- as the nitrogen source promoted the biosynthesis of catechins enriching the carbon pool, whereas NH4+ supply was more conducive to nitrogen metabolism, indicating that different nitrogen sources could affect the carbon and nitrogen balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Mao Wang
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ting Lu
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Li Qiu
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Fan
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chang Wang
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin-Qiang Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Gao S, He P, Lin T, Liu H, Guo B, Lin H, Hu Y, Chen Q, Xiang P, Zou L, Li X, Xiong Z, Lin J. Consecutive soybean (Glycine max) planting and covering improve acidified tea garden soil. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254502. [PMID: 34255775 PMCID: PMC8277052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Planting soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in tea gardens decreased soil pH in theory but increased it in practice. This controversy was addressed in this study by treating the tea garden soil consecutively with different parts of a soybean cover crop: aboveground soybean (ASB) parts, underground soybean (USB) root residues, and the whole soybean (WSB) plants. In comparison with the control, the soil pH increased significantly after the third ASB and WSB treatments, but there was no significant change in the soil pH in the USB treatment. Concordantly, the soil exchangeable acidity decreased significantly and the soil exchangeable bases increased significantly in the ASB and WSB treatments. The exchangeable acidity increased in the USB treatment, but the amount of the increased acidity was less than that of the increased bases in the ASB treatment, resulting in a net increase in the exchangeable bases in the WSB treatment. Soybean planting and covering also increased the microbial richness and abundance significantly, which led to significantly more soil organic matters. Exchangeable K+ and Mg2+, and soil organic matters played significantly positive roles and exchangeable Al3+ played negative roles in improving soil pH. Our data suggest that consecutive plantings of soybean cover crop increase the pH of the acidified tea garden soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuilian Gao
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Peng He
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tianxiu Lin
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Haijuan Liu
- The College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Bin Guo
- The College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huiling Lin
- The College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yunfei Hu
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qianjie Chen
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- The College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lifeng Zou
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xinghui Li
- Tea Research Institute, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongguo Xiong
- School of Plant Sciences, BIO5 and College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jinke Lin
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Yang T, Xie Y, Lu X, Yan X, Wang Y, Ma J, Cheng X, Lin S, Bao S, Wan X, Lucas WJ, Zhang Z. Shading Promoted Theanine Biosynthesis in the Roots and Allocation in the Shoots of the Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis L.) Cultivar Shuchazao. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4795-4803. [PMID: 33861578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Shading was thought as an effective approach to increase theanine in harvested tea shoots. Previous studies offered conflicting findings, perhaps since the integration of theanine metabolism and transport in different tissues was not considered. Theanine is synthesized primarily in the roots and is then transported, via the vascular system, to new vegetative tissues. Here, we found that theanine increased in the stem, was reduced in the leaf, and remained stable in the roots, under shading conditions. Notably, in tea roots, shading significantly increased ethylamine and activated the theanine biosynthesis pathway and theanine transporter genes. Furthermore, shading significantly increased the expression of theanine transporter genes, CsAAP2/4/5/8, in the stem, while decreasing the expression of CsAAP1/2/4/5/6 in the leaf, in accordance with shading effects on theanine levels in these tissues. These findings reveal that shading of tea plants promotes theanine biosynthesis and allocation in different tissues, processes which appear to involve the theanine biosynthesis pathway enzymes and AAP family of theanine transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yunxia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Jingzhen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xunmin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Shijia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Shilai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - William J Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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Wang J, Tu X, Zhang H, Cui J, Ni K, Chen J, Cheng Y, Zhang J, Chang SX. Effects of ammonium-based nitrogen addition on soil nitrification and nitrogen gas emissions depend on fertilizer-induced changes in pH in a tea plantation soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:141340. [PMID: 32795801 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants have an optimal pH range of 4.5-6.0, and prefer ammonium (NH4+) over nitrate (NO3-); strong soil acidification and nitrification are thus detrimental to their growth. Application of NH4+-based fertilizers can enhance nitrification and produce H+ that can inhibit nitrification. However, how soil acidification and nitrification are interactively affected by different NH4+-based fertilizers in tea plantations remains unclear. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the application of different forms and rates of NH4+-based fertilizers on pH, net nitrification rates, and N2O and NO emissions in an acidic tea plantation soil. We conducted a 35-day aerobic incubation experiment using ammonium sulphate, urea and ammonium bicarbonate applied at 0, 100 or 200 mg N kg-1 soil. Urea and ammonium bicarbonate significantly increased both soil pH and net nitrification rates, while ammonium sulphate did not affect soil pH but reduced net nitrification rates mainly due to the acidic nature of the fertilizer. We found that the effect of different NH4+-based nitrogen on soil nitrification depended on the impact of the fertilizers on soil pH, and nitrification played an important role in NO emissions, but not in N2O emissions. Overall, urea and ammonium bicarbonate application decoupled crop N preference and the form of N available in spite of increasing soil pH. We thus recommend the co-application of urease and nitrification inhibitors when urea is used as a fertilizer and nitrification inhibitors when ammonium bicarbonate is used as a fertilizer in tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Xiaoshun Tu
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingya Cui
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kang Ni
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jinlin Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Scott X Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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Chen Z, Li H, Yang T, Chen T, Dong C, Gu Q, Cheng X. Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the molecular bases in response to different nitrogen forms-induced oxidative stress in tea plant roots (Camellia sinensis). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:1073-1082. [PMID: 32605706 DOI: 10.1071/fp20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that the maintenance of redox homeostasis is essential for plant growth. Here we investigated how redox homeostasis and signalling is modulated in response to different nitrogen (N) forms in tea plant roots. Our results showed that both N deficiency and nitrate (NO3-) can trigger the production of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation in roots. In contrast, these responses were not altered by NH4+. Further, N deficiency and NO3--triggered redox imbalance was re-established by increased of proanthocyanidins (PAs) and glutathione (GSH), as well as upregulation of representative antioxidant enzyme activities and genes. To further explore the molecular bases of these responses, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed, and redox homeostasis-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected for bioinformatics analysis. Most of these genes were involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis, GSH metabolism and the antioxidant system, which was specifically altered by N deficiency or NO3-. Moreover, the interplay between H2O2 (generated by RBOH and Ndufab1) and hormones (including abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin and ethylene) in response to different N forms was suggested. Collectively, the above findings contribute to an understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of redox homeostasis and signalling in alleviating oxidative stress in tea plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; and Corresponding author.
| | - Huiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chunxia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Quan Gu
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xunmin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Zeng L, Zhou X, Liao Y, Yang Z. Roles of specialized metabolites in biological function and environmental adaptability of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) as a metabolite studying model. J Adv Res 2020; 34:159-171. [PMID: 35024188 PMCID: PMC8655122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aim of review Key scientific concepts of review
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Tang D, Liu MY, Zhang Q, Fan K, Ruan J. Isolation and characterization of chloroplastic glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS2) in tea plant Camellia sinensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:321-329. [PMID: 32798900 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is an ammonium preferring plant species. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying this preference. Herein, a chloroplastic glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS2), which is vital for nitrogen assimilation in mesophyll tissue, was isolated from tea cultivar C. sinensis cv. 'Longjing43'. The full length cDNA of CsGS2 was 1622 bp, having a 1299 bp open reading frame encoding a 432-amino acid protein. Homology search and sequence analysis demonstrated that CsGS2 protein carried the basic characteristics of a canonical GS2 domain and shared high identity with GS2s from other plant species. Subcellular localization and immunolocalization of CsGS2 revealed that it is localized in chloroplast. qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed that CsGS2 was expressed in a leaf-specific pattern, such that both CsGS2 and its protein were most abundant in mature leaves. Temporal expression patterns of CsGS2 showed minor differences in response to ammonium and nitrate nutrition. The transcript level of CsGS2 was significantly induced in mature leaves during the development of new shoots, whereas darkness inhibited this induction significantly. These results suggested that CsGS2 does not play a role in the differential utilization mechanisms of differing nitrogen forms in tea, and imply a light dependent transcription regulation in mature leaves during the development of new shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Mei-Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Kai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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Zhang X, Liu H, Pilon-Smits E, Huang W, Wang P, Wang M, Guo F, Wang Y, Li R, Zhao H, Ni D. Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Nitrogen-Regulated Genes in Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze) and Characterization of Amino Acid Transporter CsCAT9.1. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091218. [PMID: 32957496 PMCID: PMC7569990 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vigor of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) and tea quality are strongly influenced by the abundance and forms of nitrogen, principally NO3−, NH4+, and amino acids. Mechanisms to access different nitrogen sources and the regulatory cues remain largely elusive in tea plants. A transcriptome analysis was performed to categorize differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in roots and young leaves during the early response to four nitrogen treatments. Relative to the continuously nitrogen-replete control, the three nitrogen-deprived and resupplied treatments shared 237 DEGs in the shoots and 21 DEGs in the root. Gene-ontology characterization revealed that transcripts encoding genes predicted to participate in nitrogen uptake, assimilation, and translocation were among the most differentially expressed after exposure to the different nitrogen regimes. Because of its high transcript level regardless of nitrogen condition, a putative amino acid transporter, TEA020444/CsCAT9.1, was further characterized in Arabidopsis and found to mediate the acquisition of a broad spectrum of amino acids, suggesting a role in amino acid uptake, transport, and deposition in sinks as an internal reservoir. Our results enhance our understanding of nitrogen-regulated transcript level patterns in tea plants and pinpoint candidate genes that function in nitrogen transport and metabolism, allowing tea plants to adjust to variable nitrogen environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingle Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of information and computing science Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China;
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Dejiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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42
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Nitrogen Forms Alter Triterpenoid Accumulation and Related Gene Expression in Cyclocarya paliurus (Batalin) Iljinsk. Seedlings. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11060631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclocarya paliurus (Batalin) Iljinsk. is a multiple function tree species distributed in subtropical areas, and its leaves have been used in medicine and nutraceutical foods in China. However, little information on the effects of nitrogen (N) forms and ratios on growth and secondary metabolite accumulation is available for C. paliurus. The impact of five NO3−/NH4+ ratios on biomass production, triterpenoid accumulation and related gene expression in C. paliurus seedlings was evaluated at the middle N nutrition supply. Significant differences in seedling growth, triterpenoid accumulation and relative gene expression were observed among the different NO3−/NH4+ ratio treatments. The highest triterpenoid content was achieved in a sole NO3− or NH4+ nutrition, while the mixed N nutrition with equal ratio of NO3− to NH4+ produced the highest biomass production in the seedlings. However, the highest triterpenoid accumulation was achieved at the treatment with the ratio of NO3−/NH4+ = 2.33. Therefore, the mixed N nutrition of NO3− and NH4+ was beneficial to the triterpenoid accumulation per plant. The relative expression of seven genes that are involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis were all up-regulated under the sole NH4+ or NO3− nutrition conditions, and significantly positive correlations between triterpenoid content and relative gene expression of key enzymes were detected in the leaves. Our results indicated that NO3− is the N nutrition preferred by C. paliurus, but the mixture of NO3− and NH4+ at an appropriate ratio would improve the leaf triterpenoid yield per area.
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Yan P, Wu L, Wang D, Fu J, Shen C, Li X, Zhang L, Zhang L, Fan L, Wenyan H. Soil acidification in Chinese tea plantations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136963. [PMID: 32014781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil acidification is a major problem in intensive agricultural systems and is becoming increasingly serious. Most research has reported the soil acidification of cereal crops, forests, and grasslands. However, there is no information about soil acidification under tea cultivation on a national scale. Therefore, we conducted a nationwide survey of soil acidification in the major tea-planting areas of China and used two nationwide surveys in three Chinese counties to evaluate changes in soil acidity over the past 20-30 years. Finally, the acidity of soil from forests and traditional and organic tea plantations was compared to evaluate the effects of agricultural management on soil acidification in tea plantations. Our results show that: (1) the average soil pH was 4.68 nationally and ranged from 3.96 to 5.48 in different provinces. Overall, 46.0% of the soil samples had a pH <4.5, which is too acidic for tea growth and only 43.9% had a soil pH of 4.5-5.5, which is optimal for tea growth. (2) In the past 20-30 years, the greatest soil acidification was observed in tea plantations; the pH decreased by 0.47 to 1.43, which is much greater than the decrease seen in fruit and vegetable systems (0.40 to 1.08) and cereals (0.30 to 0.89). (3) Compared with forests, tea cultivation with chemical fertilizer application caused serious soil acidification, while no significant acidification was observed at organic tea plantations. In conclusion, serious soil acidification occurs nationally in China, and organic management is an adaptive choice for sustainable tea growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liangquan Wu
- College of Resources and the Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jianyu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Chen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Lichao Fan
- University of Göttingen, Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen DE 37077, Germany
| | - Han Wenyan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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44
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Yang T, Li H, Tai Y, Dong C, Cheng X, Xia E, Chen Z, Li F, Wan X, Zhang Z. Transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root (Camellia sinensis L.). Sci Rep 2020; 10:6868. [PMID: 32321966 PMCID: PMC7176667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Free amino acids, including theanine, glutamine and glutamate, contribute greatly to the pleasant taste and multiple health benefits of tea. Amino acids in tea plants are mainly synthesized in roots and transported to new shoots, which are significantly affected by nitrogen (N) level and forms. However, the regulatory amino acid metabolism genes have not been systemically identified in tea plants. Here, we investigated the dynamic changes of free amino acid contents in response to N deficiency and forms in tea plant roots, and systemically identified the genes associated amino acid contents in individual metabolism pathways. Our results showed that glutamate-derived amino acids are the most dynamic in response to various forms of N and N deficiency. We then performed transcriptomic analyses of roots treated with N deficiency and various forms of N, and differentially expressed amino acid metabolic genes in each pathway were identified. The analyses on expression patterns and transcriptional responses of metabolic genes to N treatments provided novel insights for the molecular basis of high accumulation of theanine in tea plant root. These analyses also identified potential regulatory genes in dynamic amino acid metabolism in tea plant root. Furthermore, our findings indicated that the dynamic expression levels of CsGDH, CsAlaDC, CsAspAT, CsSDH, CsPAL, CsSHMT were highly correlated with changes of amino acid contents in their corresponding pathways. Herein, this study provides comprehensive insights into transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuling Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chunxia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xunmin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Enhua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ziping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
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45
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Wang Z, Geng Y, Liang T. Optimization of reduced chemical fertilizer use in tea gardens based on the assessment of related environmental and economic benefits. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136439. [PMID: 31954250 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemical fertilizer application is the primary method used to maintain tea yield and quality, but has a negative environmental impact owing to its excessive use. This study sought to assess the environmental and economic benefits of three different chemical fertilizer reduction modes: Single reduction of chemical fertilizer (SRCF), combined application of organic and chemical fertilizer (CAOF), and controlled-release fertilizer substitute (CRFS). Differences in soil nutrient content, NP (NH4+-N, NO3-N and total P) runoff loss, tea yield and quality, and the revenue of tea planting across different fertilizer reduction treatments were then discussed. We also analyzed the coupling effects of these different fertilization modes, fertilization rate and time on soil NP runoff loss, which allowed us to determine the optimum fertilization method based on differences in their respective environmental and economic benefits. Our results revealed differences in soil nutrient content, tea yield and quality, NP runoff loss, and revenue owing to tea planting across the different fertilization treatments. Soil pH after fertilization was significantly lower than before fertilization. CAOF was beneficial and improved soil nutrients as well as tea yield and quality. Of the tested methods, 50% combined application of organic and chemical fertilizer (CAOF2) was the best, as it resulted in the best tea quality and yield. CAOF2 also had the highest revenue. In addition, it was beneficial in reducing NP runoff loss. CRFS was advantageous in its persistent fertilizer efficiency and reduction in NP runoff loss. With CAOF, NP runoff loss was primarily caused by quick-acting chemical fertilizer. With extended time, NP runoff loss caused by fertilization was gradually decreased. Given our analysis of the environmental and economic benefits of different fertilizer reduction methods, CAOF2 emerged in this study as the best fertilizer reduction treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziteng Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanbo Geng
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Tao Liang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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46
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Worldwide Regulations and Guidelines for Agricultural Water Reuse: A Critical Review. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12040971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Water reuse is gaining momentum as a beneficial practice to address the water crisis, especially in the agricultural sector as the largest water consumer worldwide. With recent advancements in wastewater treatment technologies, it is possible to produce almost any water quality. However, the main human and environmental concerns are still to determine what constituents must be removed and to what extent. The main objectives of this study were to compile, evaluate, and compare the current agricultural water reuse regulations and guidelines worldwide, and identify the gaps. In total, 70 regulations and guidelines, including Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), the United States (state by state), European Commission, Canada (all provinces), Australia, Mexico, Iran, Egypt, Tunisia, Jordan, Palestine, Oman, China, Kuwait, Israel, Saudi Arabia, France, Cyprus, Spain, Greece, Portugal, and Italy were investigated in this study. These regulations and guidelines were examined to compile a comprehensive database, including all of the water quality monitoring parameters, and necessary treatment processes. In summary, results showed that the regulations and guidelines are mainly human-health centered, insufficient regarding some of the potentially dangerous pollutants such as emerging constituents, and with large discrepancies when compared with each other. In addition, some of the important water quality parameters such as some of the pathogens, heavy metals, and salinity are only included in a small group of regulations and guidelines investigated in this study. Finally, specific treatment processes have been only mentioned in some of the regulations and guidelines, and with high levels of discrepancy.
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Zhang F, Wang L, Bai P, Wei K, Zhang Y, Ruan L, Wu L, Cheng H. Identification of Regulatory Networks and Hub Genes Controlling Nitrogen Uptake in Tea Plants [ Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2445-2456. [PMID: 31899627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) uptake, as the first step of N metabolism, is a key limiting factor for plant growth. To understand the gene expression networks that control N absorption and metabolism in tea plants, we analyzed transcriptomes in the young roots of two groups of tea plants with significantly different growth rates under different N treatments (0, 0.2, and 2 mM). Using pairwise comparisons and weighted gene co-expression network analyses (WGCNA), we successfully constructed 16 co-expression modules. Among them, a specific module (turquoise) that substantially responded to the low N treatment was identified. Based on KEGG analysis, the relative genes that enriched in the "N metabolism" pathways were used to construct gene co-expression networks of N metabolism. Finally, a high-affinity ammonium (NH4+) transporter designated CsAMT1.2 was identified as a hub gene in the N metabolism network in tea plant roots and the gene expression could be highly induced by N resupply. The gene functional analysis revealed that CsAMT1.2 could make functional complementation of MEP1, MEP2, and MEP3 genes in 31019b yeast cells and improve NH4+ uptake rate in 31019b at low NH4+ level. Thus, CsAMT1.2 was a key gene controlling N uptake in tea plants and might play a vital role in promoting NH4+ uptake from the environment in tea roots. This study provided a useful foundation for improving the NUE in tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Peixian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Yazhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Li Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Liyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
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Zhang J, Lv J, Xie J, Gan Y, Coulter JA, Yu J, Li J, Wang J, Zhang X. Nitrogen Source Affects the Composition of Metabolites in Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) and Regulates the Synthesis of Capsaicinoids through the GOGAT-GS Pathway. Foods 2020; 9:E150. [PMID: 32033346 PMCID: PMC7073546 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical analyses of pepper fruit metabolites have been reported; however, much less is known about the influence of different forms of nitrogen (N), which is critical for plant growth and fruit quality formation. The "Longjiao No. 5" variety (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in Northwestern China was profiled using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled with multivariate data analysis to explore the composition of different metabolites in pericarp and placenta, and to investigate the effect of three ammonium (NH4+)-to-nitrate (NO3-) ratios (0:100, 25:75, and 50:50). A total of 215 metabolites were obtained by qualitative analysis, where 31 metabolites were the major differential metabolite components of pepper fruits between placenta and pericarp, and 25 among N treatments. The addition of ammonium up-regulated carbohydrates, such as α-lactose and sucrose, as well as phenylalanine lyase (PAL) of placenta tissue. The supply of 25% NH4+-N and 75% NO3--N exhibited a relatively higher levels of ascorbic acid in pericarp and amino acids, capsaicin, and dihydrocapsaicin in placenta, and led to higher fruit weight among the ammonium-to-nitrate ratios. The expression and activities of glutamic acid synthetase (GOGAT) and glutamine synthetase (GS) that are involved in ammonium assimilation were affected by adjusting the ammonium-N proportion, and they were significantly positively correlated with capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin contents, capsaicinoid synthetase (CS), as well as the relative expression levels of genes related to capsaicinoid biosynthesis, such as acyltransferase 3 (AT3) and acyl-ACP thioesterase (FatA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmeng Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jian Lv
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmeng Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmeng Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yantai Gan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada;
| | - Jeffrey A. Coulter
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmeng Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jing Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmeng Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Junwen Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmeng Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmeng Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China; (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.Y.); (J.L.); (J.W.); (X.Z.)
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Tang D, Liu MY, Zhang Q, Ma L, Shi Y, Ruan J. Preferential assimilation of NH 4+ over NO 3- in tea plant associated with genes involved in nitrogen transportation, utilization and catechins biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110369. [PMID: 31928660 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Physiological effects of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) on tea have confirmed that tea plants prefer NH4+ as the dominant nitrogen (N) source. To investigate the possible explanations for this preference, studies of 15NH4+ and 15NO3- assimilation using hydroponically grown tea plants were conducted. During the time course of 15NH4+ and 15NO3- assimilation, the absorption of 15N from 15NH4+ was more rapid than that from 15NO3-, as there was a more efficient expression pattern of NH4+ transporters compared with that of NO3- transporters. 15NH4+-fed tea plants accumulated more 15N than 15NO3- fed plants, which was demonstrated by that genes related to primary N assimilation, like CsNR, CsNiR, CsGDH and CsGOGAT, were more affected by 15NH4+ than 15NO3-. Markedly higher NH4+ concentrations were observed in 15NH4+-fed tea roots in comparison with NO3- treatment, whereas tea plants maintained a balanced concentration of NH4+ in tea leaves under both these two N forms. This maintenance was achieved through the increased expression of genes involved in theanine biosynthesis and the inhibition of genes related to catechins derived from phenylpropanoid pathway. The current results suggest that efficient NH4+ transportation, assimilation, and reutilization enables tea plant as an ammonium preferring plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mei-Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Lifeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yuanzhi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
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Zhang Q, Li T, Wang Q, LeCompte J, Harkess RL, Bi G. Screening Tea Cultivars for Novel Climates: Plant Growth and Leaf Quality of Camellia sinensis Cultivars Grown in Mississippi, United States. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:280. [PMID: 32231677 PMCID: PMC7083152 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The United States (U.S.) consumed over 80 billion servings of tea, approximately 3.8 billion gallons, in the year of 2018. With the vast majority of tea demand being met by importation, the United States became the third largest tea importer worldwide after Russia and Pakistan. As demand for domestically produced tea increases and growers expressing increasing interest in growing and producing tea, tea production became an emerging industry in the United States. Compared to major tea producing countries with centuries of growing history, tea production in the United States is limited and requires research support in many aspect of tea production including selecting suitable cultivars adapted to local climatic conditions. This study evaluated nine tea cultivars, including 'BL1,' 'BL2,' 'Black Sea,' 'Christine's Choice,' 'Dave's Fave,' 'Large Leaf,' 'Small Leaf,' 'Sochi,' and 'var. assamica,' for plant growth, leaf morphological characteristics, cold tolerance, and leaf biochemical compositions when grown in Mississippi United States with a subtropical climate. The nine tested cultivars had varying plant growth indices (PGI) and varying degrees of cold tolerance to freezing temperatures in winter, but resumed healthy growth the following spring. 'BL2' showed the highest PGI of 104.53 cm by February 2019, which might be helpful toward suppressing weed and early establishment of tea plantation. The nine cultivars also showed varying leaf characteristics in terms of leaf length, width, area, fresh and dry weights, and new shoot weight. There existed a diversity in leaf biochemical composition including soluble solids, carbohydrates, total polyphenols (TP), free amino acids (AA), L-theanine and caffeine among the nine cultivars and among different harvesting seasons of spring, summer, and fall within a certain cultivar. The nine cultivars in this study generally grow well in local environment. All tea samples collected from nine cultivars and three seasons were considered suitable for green tea processing with low TP/AA ratios ranging from 1.72 to 3.71 in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Zhang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Tongyin Li
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Qiushuang Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou, China
| | - Judson LeCompte
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Richard L. Harkess
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Guihong Bi
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
- *Correspondence: Guihong Bi,
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